Sequences and Series by Dr.

Shakeel Awan, Head of

Mathematics Department , Hadaf College Peshawar 03331759601
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of Natural numbers.

What do you know about Carl Friedrich Guass ?

Fibonacci Sequence and its uses in daily life, Golden Ratio. Recursive sequence.
𝑛(𝑛+1)
Triangular sequence 𝑎𝑛 = 2
Or 𝑡1 = 1, 𝑡𝑛+1 = 𝑡𝑛 + (𝑛 + 1), 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …

Factorial sequence 𝑓0 = 1, 𝑓𝑟+1 = (𝑟 + 1)𝑓𝑟 , 𝑟 = 0,1,2,3, …

Pascal Sequence 𝑝0 = 1, 𝑝𝑟+1=𝑛−𝑟 𝑝𝑟 , 𝑟=0,1,2,3,…

𝑟+1

General form of sequence and sequence to general form

1 4.2 A.P (Arithmetic Progression) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

𝑎+𝑏 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑
2 4.2
A.M (Arithmatic Mean) 𝐴=
2
𝑛
3 4.3 A.S. (Arithmetic Series) 𝑆𝑛 = [𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 ]
2 1
𝑛
4 4.3 A.S. (Arithmetic Series) 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2

5 4.3 Three numbers in A.P are 𝑎 − 𝑑 ,𝑎 ,𝑎 + 𝑑 03005901266

6 4.3 Four numbers in A.P. are 𝑎 − 3𝑑 , 𝑎 − 𝑑 , 𝑎 + 𝑑 , 𝑎 + 3𝑑

𝑎 − 2𝑑 , 𝑎 − 𝑑 , 𝑎 , 𝑎 + 𝑑 , 𝑎
Five numbers in A.P. are
7 4.3 + 2𝑑

8 4.4 G.P. (Geometric Progression) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1

Sequences and Series formulas by Dr. Shakeel Awan HOD Mathematics , Hadaf college Peshawar , 03331759601
 Sequences and Series by Dr. Shakeel Awan, Head of
Mathematics Department , Hadaf College Peshawar 03331759601
9 4.4 G.M (Geometric Mean) 𝐺 = ±√𝑎𝑏 𝐺𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛

𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
10 4.5
Geometric Series 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎1 Shakeel Maths
11 4.5
Geometric Series 𝑆𝑛 = Academy
𝑟−1
𝑎
12 4.5 Three Numbers in G. P. are , 𝑎 , 𝑎𝑟 03219071644
𝑟
̅̅̅̅, Ball problems, Apple series
Convergence and divergence of Infinite geometric series, 0. 81
𝑎1
13 4.5 Infinite Geometric series 𝑆∞ = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑟| < 1
1−𝑟
2𝑎𝑏 1
H.M.(Harmonic Mean) 𝐻= 𝐻𝑛 =
14 4.6 𝑎+𝑏 𝐴𝑛

Relation of A.M, G.M & H.M

𝑛

∑[𝑘 𝑚 − (𝑘 − 1)𝑚 ] = 𝑛𝑚
𝑘=1

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
∑𝑘 =
15 5.1 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑛 2
𝑘=1

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
2 2 2 2
1 + 2 +3 + 4 + ⋯+ 𝑛 2 ∑ 𝑘2 =
16 5.1 6
𝑘=1

𝑛
3 3 3 3 3 𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
3
1 +2 +3 +4 +⋯+𝑛 ∑𝑘 =
17. 5.1 4
𝑘=1

𝑎 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑛 [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]𝑟 𝑛
𝐴𝐺 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑆𝑛 = + − −
18 5.2 1 − 𝑟 (1 − 𝑟)2 (1 − 𝑟)2 1−𝑟

Method of differences
Telescoping series

Sequences and Series formulas by Dr. Shakeel Awan HOD Mathematics , Hadaf college Peshawar , 03331759601