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Chapter 1-Stressdistributioninsoil
Chapter 1-Stressdistributioninsoil
Chapter 1-Stressdistributioninsoil
DEPARTMENT
FOUDATION DESIGN 1
Lecture
2
1 Stress Distribution in Soil
References
2
Stress Distribution in Soil
3
Stress due to self weight
The vertical stress on element A can be determined
simply from the mass of the overlying material.
If represents the unit weight of the soil, the
vertical stress is
Ground surface Variation of stresses with depth
A
σz =γ ⋅z
4
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in a Layered Deposit
The stresses in a deposit consisting of layers of
soil having different densities may be determined as
n
σ z = γ 1 ⋅ h1 + γ 2 ⋅ h2 + ...... + γ n ⋅ hn = ∑ γ i ⋅ hi
i =1
6
Stress due to self weight
Vertical Stresses
7
Stress due to self weight
Total vertical stress
Consider a soil mass having a horizontal
surface and with the water table at surface
level. The total vertical stress at depth z is
equal to the weight of all material (solids +
water) per unit area above that depth ,i.e
!"!#$ %#! ∗
8
Stress due to self weight
Pore water pressure
If the pores of a soil mass are filled with water
and if a pressure induced into the pore water, tries
to separate the grains, this pressure is termed as
pore water pressure
The pore water pressure at any depth will be
hydrostatic since the void space between the solid
particles is continuous, therefore at depth z:
&∗
9
Stress due to self weight
Effective vertical stress due to self weight of soil
The pressure transmitted through grain to grain at
the contact points through a soil mass is termed as
effective pressure.
The difference between the total stress ( !"!#$ ) and
the pore pressure (u) in a saturated soil has been
defined by Terzaghi as the effective stress ( ' ).
'
!"!#$ −
10
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil
If water is seeping, the effective stress at any
point in a soil mass will differ from that in
the static case.
It will increase or decrease, depending on the
direction of seepage.
The increasing in effective pressure due to the
flow of water through the pores of the soil is
known as seepage pressure.
11
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage
A column of saturated soil mass with no seepage of
water in any direction.
)&
The total stress at the
elevation of point A can be )*
obtained from the saturated + Pore water
A
unit weight of the soil and 0 +
the unit weight of water
above it. Thus, Solid particle
12
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated
)&
Soil without Seepage
)*
Pore water
&) ,)* − )- %#!
+
where 0
A
+
Solid particle
+ . +
/+ 0 1
+ .+ 2 +
%#!
+
)* 2 + 3 4 0
Forces acting at the points of contact of soil
1+ 2 + . +4
particles at the level of point A
13
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage
Stress at point A,
• Total stress: * &)
)
• Pore water pressure: * &) 6
• Effective stress: *
'
*− * 0 5
) 8
Stress at point B,
• Total stress: : &) ) ∗ %#! 7
Valve (closed)
• Pore water pressure : ,) ) - &
• Effective stress:
'
: :− :
'
: ) %;<
14
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage
Pore water
Stress at point C, Total stress Pressure, u Effective stress
• Total stress:
= & ) ∗ %#!
• Pore water pressure:
> ,) - &
• Effective stress:
'
> > − >
'
> %;<
Depth Depth Depth
15
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage
@
(A -
Stress at point A, B
?
• Total stress:
)
* & ) 6
* & ) 7
16
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage
Stress at point B,
• Total stress: : & ) ) ∗ %#!
17
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage
Stress at point C,
• Total stress: = & ) ∗ %#!
' −
> %;< &
)
Note that h/H2 is the hydraulic gradient i
caused by the flow, and therefore >' %;< − &
18
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage
Pore water
Total stress Effective stress
Pressure, u
• Total stress:
) ?
* & ) 6
* & ) 7
'
* * − * 0
21
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage
Stress at point B,
• Total stress: : & ) ) ∗ %#!
22
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage
Stress at point C,
• Total stress: = & ) ∗ %#!
' '
> %;< & > %;< &
)
23
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage
Pore water
Total stress Pressure, u Effective stress
γ1 X H1
γ1 X H1 + γ2 X H2
γ1 X H1 + γ2 X H2 + γsub X H3
γw X Hw
γ1 X H1 + γ2 X H2 + γ3 X H3
27
Stress due to surface load
When a load is applied to the soil surface, it
increases the vertical stresses within the soil
mass. The increased stresses are greatest
directly under the loaded area, but extend
indefinitely in all directions.
28
Stress due to surface load
29
Stress due to surface load
31
Stresses in soil due to surface load
•Boussinesq’s Formula
•Wastergaard Formula
32
Stresses in soil due to surface load
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
33
Vertical Stress in Soil
34
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
Assumption:
The soil mass is elastic, isotropic (having
identical properties in all direction
throughout), homogeneous (identical elastic
properties) and semi-infinite depth.
The soil is weightless.
35
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
36
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
37
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
According to Boussinesq’s analysis, the vertical stress
increase at point A caused by a point load of magnitude P
is given by
O
P
. D
P
D
Q ∆
∆ M 1 ∆ N
38
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
According to Boussinesq’s analysis, the vertical stress
increase at point A caused by a point load of magnitude P
is given by
3P 1
σz = ……. 7 − 1
Q
2π z 2 [1 + ( r / z ) 2 ]5/ 2
or ∆
P .
σz = 2 Ib 1
z
39
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
where
3 1 …………. 7 − 2
Ib =
2π [1 + (r / z ) 2 ]5/ 2
40
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
It should be noted that the expression for z is
independent of elastic modulus (E) and
Poisson’s ratio (µ), i.e. stress increase with depth
is a function of geometry only.
41
Influence Factor Ib
r/Z IB r/Z IB r/Z IB r/Z IB
42
Influence Factor Ib
r/Z IB r/Z IB r/Z IB r/Z IB
0.74 0.1603 0.94 0.0981 1.14 0.0595 1.34 0.0365
0.75 0.1565 0.95 0.0956 1.15 0.0581 1.35 0.0357
0.76 0.1527 0.96 0.0933 1.16 0.0567 1.36 0.0348
0.77 0.1491 0.97 0.0910 1.17 0.0553 1.37 0.0340
0.78 0.1455 0.98 0.0887 1.18 0.0539 1.38 0.0332
0.79 0.1420 0.99 0.0865 1.19 0.0526 1.39 0.0324
0.80 0.1386 1.0 0.0844 1.20 0.0513 1.40 0.0317
0.81 0.1353 1.01 0.0823 1.21 0.0501 1.41 0.0309
0.82 0.1320 1.02 0.0803 1.22 0.0489 1.42 0.0302
0.83 0.1288 1.03 0.0783 1.23 0.0477 1.43 0.0295
0.84 0.1257 1.04 0.0764 1.24 0.0466 1.44 0.0283
0.85 0.1226 1.05 0.0744 1.25 0.0454 1.45 0.0282
0.86 0.1196 1.06 0.0727 1.26 0.0443 1.46 0.0275
0.87 0.1166 1.07 0.0709 1.27 0.0433 1.47 0.0269
0.88 0.1138 1.08 0.0691 1.28 0.0422 1.48 0.0263
0.89 0.1110 1.09 0.0674 1.29 0.0412 1.49 0.0257
0.90 0.1083 1.10 0.0658 1.30 0.0402 1.50 0.0251
0.91 0.1057 1.11 0.0641 1.31 0.0393 1.51 0.0245
0.92 0.1031 1.12 0.0626 1.32 0.0384 1.52 0.0240
0.93 0.1005 1.13 0.0610 1.33 0.0374 1.53 0.0234
43
Influence Factor Ib
r/Z IB r/Z IB r/Z IB r/Z IB
44
Vertical Stress in Soil
Pressure Distribution Diagram
Equation may be used to draw three types of pressure
distribution diagram. They are:
The vertical stress distribution on a horizontal
plane at depth of z below the ground surface
The vertical stress distribution on a vertical plane
at a distance of r from the load point, and
The stress isobar.
45
Vertical Stress in Soil
Distribution on a horizontal plane
The vertical stress distribution on a horizontal
plane at depth of z below the ground surface
U
46
Vertical Stress in Soil
Distribution on a vertical plane O
47
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress isobars U
48
Worked Examples
Example 2
What is the vertical stress at point A of figure below
for the two loads, P1 and P2 ?
P2 = 470 kN P1 = 350 kN
1.1 m 2.3 m
Z= 2.5 m
49
Worked Examples
Example 3
A four concentrated forces are located at corners of
a rectangular area with dimensions 8 m by 6 m as
shown in figure in the next slide. Compute the
vertical stress at points A and B, which are located
on the lines A – A’ , B – B’ at depth of 4 m below
the ground surface.
50
Worked Examples
700 kN 700 kN
Example 3
8m
700 kN B’ 700 kN
A’
4m
4m
A 51
Vertical Stress in Soil
Westergaard Formula
Westergaard proposed a formula for the
computation of vertical stress by a point load,
P at the surface as
O + …. 7 − 3
/
.
2V +
+ 1 − 2X /,2 − 2X-
54
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress caused by a strip load
The term strip loading will be used to indicate a
loading that has a finite width along the x axis
but an infinite length along the y axis.
The fundamental equation for the vertical stress
increase at a point in a soil mass as the result of
a line load can be used to determine the vertical
stress at a point caused by a flexible strip load of
width B.
55
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress caused by a strip load
Vertical stress at point A can be determined by equation:
B
β
α
qo 6
σz = [α + sin α cos ( α + 2 β ) ] …. 7 − 6
π
56
Worked Examples
Example 4
Refer to figure below, The magnitude of the strip
load is 120 kPa. Calculate the vertical stress at
points, a , b, and c. B
0.5 \
0.25 \
]
[ 0.25 \
0.5 \ \
57
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading
The vertical stress increase in the soil mass due to
an embankment of height H may be expressed as
+ 4
qoa +b b
σ z = [( ) (α1 + α 2 ) − (α 2 )] "
π a a
…. 7 − 7
where: ) _ _
"
`4+ a` 6
) `4+ a`
58
Worked Examples
Example 4
Refer to figure below. The magnitude of the load is
120 kPa. Calculate the vertical stress at points,
A , B, and C.
3` 2`
120 aO+
2`
^ 7 6
59
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress due to a uniformly loaded circular area
1- Under the center: The increase in the vertical
stress ( ) at depth z ( point A)under the center
of a circular area of diameter D = 2R carrying
a uniform pressure q is given by
1
1− …. 7 − 8
Q/ 1 /
60
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress due to a uniformly loaded circular area
6'
Q
6'
6
6
61
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress due to a uniformly loaded circular area
62
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress due to a uniformly loaded circular area
Q . 7'
.
7'
7
7
63
Vertical Stress in Soil
Variation of 1' with z/R and r/R.
64
Vertical Stress in Soil
Variation of 1' with z/R and r/R.
65
Vertical Stress in Soil
Variation of \' with z/R and r/R.
66
Vertical Stress in Soil
Variation of \' with z/R and r/R.
67
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular loaded area
The increase in the vertical stress ( ) at depth z under a
corner of a rectangular area of dimensions B = m z and
L = n z carrying a uniform pressure q is given by:
σ z = qo I z … . 7 − 10
where :
d \
c 3 +3 . 2 0 2 .+ + 2
68
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular loaded area
1 2` ` 1 ` 2 e
2` ` 1
c +
4V ` ` 1 ` 1 ` −` 1
d \ … . 7 − 11
where : ` + 2
69
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular loaded area
The increase in the stress at any point below a
rectangular loaded area can be found by dividing
the area into four rectangles. The point A’ is the
corner common to all four rectangles.
1 6' 2
* f
4 3
g c g
70
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular loaded area
1 2
4 1 2
5
+ h5 h5
6' 3 7 8 9
7 9 4 3
− h5
6' 3
1 5
7 8
− h5 h5i
'
6 4
6' 4
* − − f
71
Variation of c with m and n
Variation of c with m and n
Variation of c with m and n
Variation of c with m and n
Approximate Method
2V:1H method
A simple but approximate method is sometimes used for
calculating the stress change at various depths as a
result of the application of a pressure at the ground
surface. O
The transmission of stress is "
76
Approximate Method
2V:1H method
For uniform footing (B x L) we can estimate the
change in vertical stress with depth using the Boston
Rule. Assumes stress at depth is constant below
foundation influence area O
"
"d\ … . 7 − 12
,d - ,\ - 1 B
O 2 z
"
d \
B+z
77
Approximate Method
2V:1H method j
Stress on this plane "
d∗\
B L
z
B
1
B+z B+z
"d\
Stress on this plane at depth z, ,d - ,\ -
Rectangular footing
78
Newmark Method
• Stresses due to foundation loads of arbitrary
shape applied at the ground surface
• Newmark’s chart provides a graphical
method for calculating the stress increase due
to a uniformly loaded region, of arbitrary
shape resting on a deep homogeneous
isotropic elastic region.
79
Newmark Method
• The Newmark’s Influence Chart method
consists of concentric circles drawn to scale,
each square contributes a fraction of the
stress.
• In most charts each square contributes
1/200 (or 0.005) units of stress. (influence
value, I)
80
Newmark Method
The use of the chart is
based on a factor
termed the influence
value, determined from
the number of units
into which the chart is
subdivided.
A
1 unit
B Influence value 0.005
81
Newmark Method
Total number of block on chart = 200 and influence
value = 1/200
A B Influence
value = 0.005
Newmark Method
83
Newmark Method
The footing plan will be placed on the influence
chart with the point for which the stress is desired at
the center of the circles.
The units (segments or partial segments) enclosed
by the footing are counted, and the increase in
stress at the depth z is computed as
" cj … . 7 − 13
Where I is the influence factor of the chart.
" +00 2 0. . +. + 2+ 3 +3 0. .
j `4 . 3 2 , 0+. + +. `+ 2-
84
Newmark Method
85