SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

CHAPTER5
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED FOOTINGS
‫تصميم القواعد المنفصلة بحمل غير مركزى‬

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

1
REFRANCE
The references to multiple sources are text & figure , drawing ,
pictures, photos,…..etc.)
ALL THE RIGHTS BELONG TO ORIGINAL AUTHORS
.‫ السيد عبد الفتاح القصبى‬/ ‫ هندسة االساسات تصميم وتنفيذ االساسات السطحيه أ د م‬
) ‫ االساسات للدكتور اسامه مصطفى الشافعى ( الجزء االول والجزء الثاني‬
 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (Volume 3) Pr.Dr. Mashhour A.
Ghon4eim & Ass.Pr.Dr. Mahmoud T.El-Mihilmy
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING HANDBOOK (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
 Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI 7th Edition BRAJA M. DAS
 Spread Footings: Analysis and Design Manjriker Gunaratne
 Geotechnical Engineering: Soil Mechanics
Professor John N. CernicQ, P.E., Ph.D
 Soil & Soil Mechanics Textbook
Collected by Ing. Jaafar MOHAMMED PhD
 Soil Mechanics: Basic Concepts and Engineering Applications
A. AYSEN Geotechnical Engineering: Soil Mechanics
 Professor John N. CernicQ, P.E., Ph.D.
 Advanced foundation engineering V.N.S.Murthy
 Geotectonical engineering principles and practices of soil mechanics and foundation
engineering V.N.S.Murthy
 Basics of Foundation Design
Electronic Edition, January 2006 Bengt H. Fellenius Dr. Tech., P. Eng SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 M P  6*e 
Eccentricity , e  M s1  1  
P 2 B* L  L 

2 1
s2
Soil Pressure
s1
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 3
 Soil stresses Distribution P M
under eccentrically
loaded footings

different CASES +
‫الحاالت المحتمله‬ =
‫لتوزيع إجهادات التربة أسفل‬
‫قاعدة محملة بحمل محورى‬ OR
‫مع وجود عزم انحناء على‬
)‫القاعده‬
OR

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 4

 ‫‪Soil stresses under‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪eccentrically loaded‬‬
‫) ‪footings (cases‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫الحاالت المحتمله‬
‫لتوزيع إجهادات التربة أسفل‬ ‫‪P/A‬‬
‫قاعدة محملة بحمل محورى‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫مع وجود عزم انحناء على‬ ‫‪M/Z‬‬
‫القاعده)‬ ‫=‬
‫‪ e < L/6‬التوجد مشاكل‬
‫‪OR‬‬
‫‪ e = L/6‬التوجد مشاكل‬
‫‪OR‬‬
‫‪e > L/6‬‬
‫يوجد شد عند احد طرفي القاعدة تحتاج تصميم خاص‬
‫‪3 November 2020‬‬ ‫‪SHALLOW FOUNDATION‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
 ‫إجهادات التربة – ‪Soil Stress‬‬
‫) ‪s1 ≤ qall soil ) NO PROBLEM‬‬
‫أن اإلجهاد عند نقطة (‪ )1‬ال يزيد عن قدرة تحمل التربة‬
‫توجد ثالثة إحتماالت ‪There are three possibilities at point ( 2 ).‬‬
‫(‪3 Cases may be encountered )2‬‬
‫أن اإلجهاد عند نقطة (‪ )2‬ضغط ‪Case (1): s2 compression‬‬
‫أن اإلجهاد عند نقطة (‪ = )2‬صفر ‪Case (2): s2 = zero‬‬
‫أن اإلجهاد عند نقطة (‪ )2‬شد ‪Case (3): s2 tension‬‬
‫الحالتين (‪ )1‬و (‪ )2‬مقبولتين ‪Cases (1) and (2) are acceptable,‬‬
‫‪Case (3) needs special design‬‬
‫اذا كان االجهاد عند نقطه ‪ 2‬ضغط او يساوى صفر التوجد مشاكل ‪.‬‬
‫اما اذا كان االجهاد على القاعده شد (الحالة ‪ )3‬فذلك يحتاج إلى تصميم‬
‫خاص‬

‫‪3 November 2020‬‬ ‫‪SHALLOW FOUNDATION‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

 ‫‪In Case (3): s2 tension‬‬
‫أذا كان اإلجهاد عند نقطة (‪ )2‬شد فلدينا احد اختيارين‬

‫االختيار (‪:)1‬‬
‫تغيير مكان العمود على القاعدة (بمعنى ترحيل القاعدة اسفل العمود )‬
‫مسافة )‪ (e‬لتالفى اجهاد اشد على القاعدة‬
‫االختيار (‪:)2‬‬
‫اذا تعذر االختيار رقم ( ‪ ) 1‬لتالفى اجهاد الشد على القاعده يتم حساب‬
‫‪Option (1):‬‬ ‫ضغط التربة على الوضع الحالى والتصميم عليه‬
‫‪Change the location of the column on foundation )Offset‬‬
‫)‪the footing under column distance (e‬‬
‫‪Option (2):‬‬
‫‪Calculate the actual soil pressure, and design the footing‬‬
‫‪to resist the tension .‬‬
‫‪3 November 2020‬‬ ‫‪SHALLOW FOUNDATION‬‬
If the resultant lies
P
within core of section,
no tension, if it lies
outside core there will
be tension e
‫إذا وقعت المحصلة فى داخل قلب‬
‫القطاع فلن يحدث شد عند‬
‫ واذا وقعت خارج القلب‬،‫األركان‬
B/6
‫يحدث شد فى الجانب المقابل‬ B
-: ‫ولعالج ذلك يتم عمل االتى‬
L/6

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 8

 ‫‪1- Moving the footing‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪under the column,‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪used with the moment‬‬
‫‪is fixed in value and‬‬
‫‪direction‬‬
‫تحريك القاعدة أسفل العمود (‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫وليس نقل مكان العمود معمارياً)‪،‬‬
‫وتستخدم هذه الطريقة فى حالة ما‬
‫اذا كان العزم ثابت القيمة واإلتجاه‬
‫واليتغير الى سبب كان حتى‬
‫اليحدث هبوط او كسر او انقالب‬
‫للقاعده ( بمعنى ادق اذا كانت‬
‫االحمال ‪ L.L‬قليله بالنسبة‬
‫لالحمال ‪D.L.‬‬
‫‪3 November 2020‬‬ ‫‪SHALLOW FOUNDATION‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
 2- For footing subjected to Mx and My:
Option (2): Removing the tension zone
from the footing area to be L' * B'
L' = L – 2 eL
B' = B – 2 eB

:)2( ‫االختيار رقم‬

‫للقاعدة المعرضة لعزوم‬
eL
‫فى االتجاهين يتم إزالة‬
eB
‫المساحة المعرضة للشد‬
B'
B
‫من المساحة الفعالة‬
‫للقاعدة‬ L'

L
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 10
 Example (1):
Eccentrically Loaded Isolated Footing
Design a reinforced concrete isolated footing ( so that
the soil pressure will be almost uniform ) to support
the followings column loads at the ground surface:
D.L. = 900 kN, L.L. = 600 kN
MD.L. = 250 kN.m, ML.L. = 150 kN.m
HD.L = 60 kN, HL.L=25 kN.
Column dimensions, 80 x 40 cm
qall soil = 1.50 kg/cm2, fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 360 N/mm2.
F.L. = - 2.00 m from the ground level (G.L.).
Design a footing

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 11

 P
H M
G.L.
2.0 m
F.L.
L

0.40
B

0.80

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 12

 Solution
-Column Service Loads Pc = PD.L. + PL.L.
- Pc = 900 + 600 = 1500 kN = 150.0 ton
-P at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc = 150.0 x 1.10 = 165.00 ton
Dimensions of P.C. footing
‫نوجد أبعاد القاعدة العادية بنفس الخطوات السابق ذكرها‬
AR.C. = P / qall = 165.0 / 15.0 = 11.00 m2
a-b 0.8 - 0.40
L p.c.  A p.c.   11   3.52  3.60 m
2 2
a -b 0.8 - 0.40
B p.c.  A p.c. -  11 -  3.11  3.20 m
2 2

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 13

 Ϭ2- Ϭ 1 ‫ ( وقيمة‬e ) ‫نوجدالعزوم عند منسوب التاسيس ونوجد قيمة‬
-M at F.L. = MD.L. + ML.L. + MH
-MH = (HD.L. + HL.L. )* DF.L.
-MH = (6.0 + 2.5) * 2.0 = 17.0 t.m
-M at F.L. = MD.L. + ML.L. + MH
-M at F.L. = 25.0 + 15.0 + 17.0 = 57.0 t.m
M 57.0
e   0.346  0.35 m
P 165.00
P  6*e 
s1  1  
2 B* L  L 
165.00  6 * 0.35 
s1  1    14.322 * (1  0.583)
2 3.2 * 3.6  3.60 

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 14

 P
M

0.35

3.60 m
Uniform soil pressure
‫توزيع منتظم لضغط التربة‬ 0.35
P
fn  
3.20 m

A R.C. 0.40
165 0.80
 14.322 t/m 2
3.2 * 3.6
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 15
-Ultimate Column Load
Pcu = 1.4*PD.L. + 1.6*PL.L.
- Pcu = 1.4*90.0 + 1.6*60.0 = 222.00 ton
-Pu at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc = 222.0 x 1.10 = 244.20 ton
-Ultimate Contact Pressure:
3.60 m
Pu
f un  
A R.C. 0.35
244.20
 21.20 t/m 2 0.40
3.00

3.20 * 3.60 1.05 1.75 m

0.80

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 16

 Flexural Design I
Critical Section for Moment
Long Direction LR.C.


 LR.C . - a 
e
x1
2
a 1.0
b
x1 
3.60 - 0.80 
 0.35  1.75 m
2

x12 *1.0 x1
M u / m'  f un *
2 I
1.752 *1.0
M u / m'  21.2 *  32.4625 m.t/m'
2

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 17

 ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪ω‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪ω‬‬
‫‪Mu‬‬ ‫‪0.009‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.105‬‬ ‫‪0.14‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0.017‬‬ ‫‪0.02‬‬ ‫‪0.111‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬
‫‪f cu * b s * d‬‬ ‫‪0.025‬‬ ‫‪0.03‬‬ ‫‪0.117‬‬ ‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪0.033‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫‪0.123‬‬ ‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪f cu‬‬ ‫‪0.041‬‬ ‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫‪0.129‬‬ ‫‪0.18‬‬
‫‪As   * * b s * d‬‬ ‫‪0.049‬‬ ‫‪0.06‬‬ ‫‪0.135‬‬ ‫‪0.19‬‬
‫‪fy‬‬ ‫‪0.057‬‬ ‫‪0.07‬‬ ‫‪0.140‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪0.064‬‬ ‫‪0.08‬‬ ‫‪0.145‬‬ ‫‪0.21‬‬
‫او نوجد ‪ d‬من المعادله‬
‫‪0.071‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬ ‫‪0.150‬‬ ‫‪0.22‬‬
‫‪Mu‬‬ ‫‪0.078‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.155‬‬ ‫‪0.23‬‬
‫‪d c‬‬
‫‪f cu * b‬‬ ‫‪0.085‬‬ ‫‪0.11‬‬ ‫‪0.160‬‬ ‫‪0.24‬‬
‫‪0.092‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬ ‫‪0.165‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬
‫‪0.099‬‬ ‫‪0.13‬‬
‫وناخذ ‪ 5 = C‬ونوجد تسليح القاعده بعد ايجاد‬
‫قيمة ‪ J‬من الجداول الخاصه بها‬
‫‪3 November 2020‬‬ ‫‪SHALLOW FOUNDATION‬‬
 Flexural Design
Mu
R 2 From Chart, for R
f cu * b s * d
5 = 0.0335,  = 0.04
32.4625 *10
R 2
 0.0335
320 *100 * 55
f cu As = 18.33 cm2
As   * * b s * d As = 10f16 /m'
f y
30
As  0.040 * *1000 * 550  1833.33 mm 2

360
0 .6 0 .6
As min  bs d  * 1000 * 550  917 mm 2
fy 360
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 19
 Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment in Short Direction

y1 
3.20 - 0.40 
 1.40 m 2
2 1.40 *1.0
M u / m'  21.20 *
2
y * 1 .0 2
M u / m'  f un 1
 20.776 m.t/m'
2

1.0
5
20.7761*10
R
320 *100 * 552

y1
 0.0214
BR.C.

From Chart, for R = b

0.021,  = 0.025 a
LR.C.
20
 Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment in Short Direction
30
As  0.021 * *1000 * 550  962.50 mm 2

360
As = 9.63 cm2
As = 5f16 /m'

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 21

 Check of Shear

x2 
 LR.C . - a - d 
e
2
x2 
3.60 - 0.80 - 0.55  0.35  1.475  1.48 m
2

Qsh = 21.20* 1.48 * 3.20 = 100.403 ton

LR.C. fun
Check of Shear:
Qsh a d/2
qu   q cu b BR.C.
B R.C. * d
100.403 *1000
qu   5.705 kg/cm 2
320 * 55
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
x2 22
 Check of Shear
Allowable Shear
f cu gc = 1.50
qcu  0.16
gc
30
qcu  0.16  0.72 N/mm 2

1.50
 7.20 kg/cm 2

qu (5.705 kg/cm2) < qcu (7.20 kg/cm2) O.K.

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 23

 Check of Punching
ap = (a+d) = 0.80 + 0.55 = 1.35 m
bp = (b+d) = 0.40 + 0.55 = 0.95 m
Punching Section Perimeter:
bpunch = 2 [(a+d) + (b+d)]
bpunch = 2 [(1.35) + (0.95)] = 4.60 m
Qp=fun [LR.C. BR.C. –ap*bp ]
LR.C.
Qp= 21.20*[3.60*3.20 – ap
1.35*0.95] = 217.04 t BR.C. d/2
bp
d/2
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 24
 Check of Punching
f cu 30
qcup  0.316  0.316  1.41  1.6 N/mm 2
gc 1 .5
 ap  f cu
qcup  0.316  0.50  
 b  gc
 p 

 0.40  30
qcup  0.316  0.50    1.41 N/mm 2

 0.80  1 .5
  d  f cu
qcup  0.80  0.20  
 b  gc
 p 

 4 * 0.55  30.0
qcup  0.80  0.20    2.43 N/mm 2
3 November 2020
 4.60  1.50
SHALLOW FOUNDATION 25
 Check of Punching
Qup 217.04 * 1000
qup    8.579 kg/cm 2

b punch * d 460 * 55
qup (8.579 kg/cm2) < qcup 14.10 kg/cm2 ) O.K.
For footing subjected to large lateral loads, check of
sliding should be performed. Sliding resistance will be:
Footing base resistance with underlying soils.
Passive earth pressure due to wall embedment
‫ حيث‬،‫يجب عمل اختبار االنزالق للقواعد المعرضة لقوى أفقية كبيرة‬
‫ إحتكاك القاعدة مع التربة أسفلها وضغط التربة المقاوم‬:‫يقاوم االنزالق‬

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 26

 Example (2): Isolated Footing Under
Moment and Horizontal Forces
Design a reinforced concrete isolated footing to support
the followings column loads at the ground surface:
D.L. = 900 kN, L.L. = 600 kN
MD.L. = 250 kN.m, ML.L. = 150 kN.m
HD.L = 60kN, HL.L=25 kN.
Column dimensions, 80 x 40 cm
qall soil = 1.50 kg/cm2, fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 360 N/mm2.
F.L. = - 2.00 m from the ground level (G.L.).

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 27

 P
H M
G.L.
2.0 m
F.L.
L

0.40
B

0.80

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 28

 Solution
Dimensions of P.C. footing to avoid tension in the
soil:
L≥6e (e L / 6 ) to avoid tension on the soil
L = 6*e + a
Or to be calculated by the usual method,
whichever is larger
‫ مرات البعد عن المركز‬6 ‫يجب اختيار طول القاعدة لكى يزيد عن‬
‫أو يتم حسابها بالطريقة العادية ويؤخذ أكبرهما‬
M 57.0
e   0.35 m
P 165
L1p.c. = 6*e + a = 6 * 0.35 + 0.80 = 2.90 ≈ 3.00 m
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 29
-Column Service Loads Pc = PD.L. + PL.L.
- Pc = 900 + 600 = 1500 kN = 150.0 ton
-P at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc = 150.0 x 1.1 = 165.00 ton

Dimensions of P.C. footing ‫أبعاد القاعدة العادية‬

AR.C. = P / qall = 165 / 15.0 = 11.00 m2
a-b 0.8 - 0.40
L2 p.c.  A p.c.   11   3.52  3.60 m
2 2
Therefore, Lp.c. is chosen to be 3.40 m
a-b 0.8 - 0.40
B p.c.  A p.c. -  11 -  3.12  3.20 m
2 2
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 30
 P  6*e  165  6 * 0.35 
s1  1   1  
2 B* L  L  3.2 * 3.6  3.6 
s1 = 14.323*(1 + 0.583)
= 22.68 t/m2 > 15.0 t/m2, unsafe
s2 = 14.323*(1 - 0.583)
= 5.97 t/m2 > 0.0 (no tension), safe
The footing length is increased to 5.20 m to reduce
the soil stress s1. For such large footing, increase the
footing weight to be 0.15 of the column load.
‫ متر لتخفيض اإلجهادات الواقعة‬5.20 ‫يتم زيادة طول القاعدة إلى‬
‫ وبما ان زودنا ابعاد القاعده نزود‬.‫على التربة إلى القيم المسموح بها‬
. Pat F.L = Pc x 1.15 ‫ من حمل العمود لتكون‬0.15 ‫وزنها إلى‬
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 31
-P at F.L. = 1.15 x Pc = 150.0 x 1.15 = 172.50 ton
M 57.0
e   0.33 m
P 172.5
P  6 * e  172.50  6 * 0.33 
s1  1   1  
2 B* L  L  3.2 * 5.2  5.20 
s1 = 10.37*(1 + 0.381)
= 14.321 t/m2 < 15.0 t/m2, safe
s2 = 10.37*(1 – 0.381)
= 6.42 t/m2 > 0.0 (no tension), safe

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 32

 172.5
Column
R.C.

57.0 P.C.

6.42 t/m2
14.321 t/m2
Soil Pressure under the P.C. footing
‫توزيع اإلجهادات على التربة أسفل القاعدة العادية‬
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 33
- Assume tp.c. = 40 cm
- Reinforced Concrete Dimensions:
LR.C. = Lp.c. – 2 x = 5.20 – 2 * 0.40 = 4.40 m
BR.C. = Bp.c. – 2 x = 3.20 – 2 * 0.40 = 2.40 m
AR.C. = LR.C. * BR.C. = 4.40 * 2.40 = 10.56 m2
R.C. Footing Design ‫تصميم القاعدة المسلحة‬
Forces and Moments at the interface between
reinforced and plain concrete footings:
-Ultimate Column Load
Pcu = 1.4*PD.L. + 1.6*PL.L.
- Pcu = 1.4*90.0 + 1.6*60.0 = 222 ton

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 34

 4.40 m

R.C.
2.40 m
3.20 m

1.80 m 1.80 m
0.40
0.80

P.C.
5.20m

35
-Mu at R.C. top level = 1.4 MD.L. + 1.6 ML.L. + MH
-MHu = (HD.L. + HL.L. )* DR.C.
DR.C. = DF.L. – tp.c. = 2.00 – 0.40 = 1.60 m
-MHu = (1.4*6.0 + 1.6*2.5) * 1.60 = 19.84 t.m
-Mu at R.C.-P.C. Interface
= 1.4*25.0 + 1.6*15.0 + 19.84 = 78.84t.m
M u 78.84
e1    0.355  .36 m
Pu 222.0
222  6 * 0.36 
fu 
1  1   21.02 * (1  0.49)
2 4.40 * 2.40  4.40 
fu1 = 21.02*(1 + 0.49) = 31.32 t/m2
fu2 = 21.02*(1 – 0.49) = 10.72 t/m2
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 36
 Contact Pressure between R.C. & P.C.
‫توزيع ضغط التالمس بين القاعدة المسلحة والعادية‬
222 t
x1
78.84

10.72 t/m2
fu3 =22.89 t/m2
31.32 t/m2

f u 3  10.72  31.32 - 10.72 *

2.60
 22.89 t/m 2

4.40
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 37
 Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment
Long Direction

 LR.C . - a  
4.40 - 0.80 
 1.80 m
x1  x1
2
2
f u1  f u 2 31.32  22.89
f un  avg    27.11 t/m 2
2 2
x1 1 .8
M u / m'  f un  avg * x1 *  27.11*1.8 *  43.92m.t / m'
2 2
5
Mu 43.92 *10
R 2
R 2
 0.048
f cu * b s * d 300 *100 * 55
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 38
 Flexural Design
From Chart, for R = 0.047,  = 0.058
f cu
As   * * b s * d
fy
30
As  0.06 * *1000 * 550  2750 mm 2

360
As = 27.50 cm2 As = 8f22 /m'
0 .6 0 .6
As min  bs d  * 1000 * 550  917 mm 2
fy 360
39
Flexural
Design 10.72 t/m2
Critical Section for Moment in Short Direction 31.32 t/m2
 10.72  31.32 - 10.72 *
3.40
fu 4  26.64 t/m 2

4.40
f u1  f u 4 31.32  26.64 ‫نختار الشريحه عند‬
f uns  avg    28.98 t/m 2 ‫اعلى‬ stress
2 2
2.40 - 0.40 

1.0
y1   1.00 m
2

y1
y12 *1.0
M u / m'  f un
BR.C.

2
2
1.00 *1.0
b
M u / m'  28.98 *
2
a
 14.49 m.t/m' LR.C.
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 40
 Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment in Short Direction
14.49 *105
R 2
 0.016 From Chart, for R =
300 *100 * 55 0.016,  = 0.020
f cu
As   * * b s * d
fy
30
As  0.020 * *1000 * 550  916.67 mm 2

360
As = 9.17 cm2, As = 5f16 /m'

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 41

 Check of Shear
x2 
 LR.C . - a - d  x2 
4.40 - 0.80 - 0.55
 1.53 m
2 2
 10.72  31.32 - 10.72 *
2.87
f u shear  24.16 t/m 2
4.40
f u1  f u  shear 31.32  24.16
f unshear  avg    27.74 t/m 2
2 2
Qsh = 27.74* 1.53 * 2.40 = 101.86 ton
LR.C.
Check of Shear:
a d/2
b BR.C.
Qsh
qu   q cu
B R.C. * d
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
x2 42
 Check of Shear
101.86 *1000
qu   7.71 kg/cm 2
240 * 55
f cu
Allowable Shear : qcu  0.16
gc gc = 1.50
30
qcu  0.16  0.72 N/mm 2  7.20 kg/cm 2
1.50
qu (7.71 kg/cm2) > qcu (7.20 kg/cm2) Unsafe.
Increase d to 60 cm, and t to 65 cm, then x2 = 1.50m,
Qsh = 27.74* 1.50 * 2.40 = 99.86 ton
fu-shear-avg = 27.74 t/m2, Qsh =99.86 ton,
99.86 *1000
qu   6.935 kg/cm 2
240 * 60
qu = 6.946 kg/cm2 < 7.20 kg/cm2, O.K.
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 43
 Contact Pressure for Punching
‫توزيع ضغط التالمس الختبار االختراق‬
208
d/2
1.50 m 1.50

78.84

10.72 t/m2

fu6 =17.74t/m2 31.32 t/m2

fu5 =24.30 t/m2
f u 5  10.72  31.32 - 10.72 *
2.90
 24.30 t/m 2
4.40
f u 5  10.72  31.32 - 10.72 *
1.50
 17.74t/m 2
4.40
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 44
 Check of Punching
f u5  f u 6 24.30  17.74
f unpunch. avg    21.02 t/m 2
2 2
ap = (a+d) = 0.80 + 0.60 = 1.40 m
bp = (b+d) = 0.40 + 0.60 = 1.00 m
Punching Section Perimeter:
bpunch = 2 [(a+d) + (b+d)]
bpunch = 2 [(1.40) + (1.00)] = 4.80 m LR.C.
ap
Qp=fun [LR.C. BR.C. –ap*bp ]
d/2
Qp= 21.02*[4.40*2.40 –
BR.C.
bp
1.40*1.00] = 192.54t d/2
3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 45
 Check of Punching
f cu 30
qcup  0.316  0.316  1.41  1.6 N/mm 2
gc 1 .5
 ap  f cu
qcup  0.316  0.50  
 b  gc
 p 

 0.40  30
qcup  0.316  0.50    1.41 N/mm 2

 0.80  1 .5
  d  f cu
qcup  0.80  0.20  
 b  gc
 p 

 4 * 0.60  30.0
qcup  0.80  0.20    2.50 N/mm 2
3 November 2020
 4.80  1.50
SHALLOW FOUNDATION 46
 Check of Punching
Qup 192.818 * 1000
qup    6.7 kg/cm 2

b punch * d 480 * 60
qup (6.7 kg/cm2) < qcup 14.10 kg/cm2 ) O.K.
Check of footing sliding
‫القوة االفقيه التى تؤثرعلى العمود عند سطح االرض نقلنا تاثيرها الى‬
‫القاعده بعزم وقوة افقيه ما تاثيرها على القاعده ؟؟‬
‫ممكن تدفع القاعده وتسبب زحفها ؟؟ لذلك يجب عمل‬
Check of footing sliding Fresisting /FSliding:
‫نحتاجًانًنعرفًالقوىًالمؤثرة‬
( Driving forces ) forces Sliding (Fsliding or F driving )

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 47

 Resisting forces ‫ماهى القوى التى تقاوم االنزالق‬
1- Frication resistances ‫قوىًاالحتكاك‬
2- passive resistance for shallow depths
Check of footing sliding,
F.S. = FResisting/Fsliding > 1.50
FSliding = Horizontal forces
FResisting = P tan d for sand, d = ½ up to ¾ f
P = column working loads
FResisting = Ca * L for clay, Ca ≈ 0.80 C,
L = footing length
Ignore passive resistance for shallow depths, and
take it for relatively large depths.
F.S. > 1.50
 Check of Development Length
‫طول السيخ الكافى لنقل الشد اللى فيه للخرسانه‬
Ld = 60f for deformed high grade bars
(long direction)
‫المسلحة‬
Ld1 = 60*2.20 = 132 cm
x1 = 180 cm > Ld O.K. 5 f16 /m' ‫العادية‬
8 f22 /m'
(short direction)
Ld2 = 60*1.60 = 96 cm (short direction)
y1 = 90 cm < Ld2, bend bars upward

3 November 2020 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 49

 4.40 = ‫طول القاعده‬

222 t
4.40 - 1.80 =2.60 X1=1.80

78.84

10.72 t/m2
fu3 =22.89 t/m2
31.32 t/m2
 d/2
d/2
1.50 m 1.50

BR.C.
bp
d/2 d/2
1.50 m 1.50
30 30
10.72 t/m2 31.32 t/m2
fu6 =17.74t/m2
fu5 =24.30 t/m2
 LR.C.

BR.C. d/2
bp
d/2