Sets and Sets Operations

Sets And Set Operations
Rashidi Y.R
Mzumbe University-DSM Campus College
November 6, 2023
Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Sets And Set
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College) November 6, 2023 1 / 98
Role of Mathematics and Statistics

Statistical skills enable them to
intelligently collect, analyze and interpret
data relevant to their decision-making.
Statistical concepts and statistical thinking
enable them to:

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Solve problems in a diversity of contexts.
Add substance to decisions.
Reduce guesswork
It helps to make sound statistical thinking
understandable in business terms.

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Role of Mathematics
Role of Mathematics
Business managers and professionals are
increasingly required to justify decisions on
the basis of data.

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Role of Mathematics
Role of Mathematics
Business managers and professionals are
increasingly required to justify decisions on
the basis of data.
In today’s business world statistics and
mathematics has played an important role.

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Role of Mathematics
Role of Mathematics
Every decision in the business whether it is
related to production, sales, expansion,
management is based on these statistical
data and mathematical calculations.

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Statistics measures the quality of
information. Probability quantifies and
directs uncertainty.
Modeling and computation build the
mathematical idea’s of reality upon which
these and many other powerful
mathematical tools operates.
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Contents
1 Role of Mathematics
2 Sets and Set Operations
Set Notations
Relationship Between Sets: Subsets
Power Set
Partition of a Set
Operations On Sets
Venn Diagrams
Sets And Set
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Set Notations
Set Notations
In Mathematics, the idea of a set is
fundamental and all mathematical objects
and constructions go back to the set
Theory.

Sets And Set
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Set Notations
Set Notations
In Mathematics, the idea of a set is
fundamental and all mathematical objects
and constructions go back to the set
Theory.
In social sciences and business analysis we
have sets of data, sets of items produced,
sets of outcomes of decisions and so forth.
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Set Notations
Set Notations
Words like groups, family, flocks, crowd,
associations, etc are often used to convey
the idea of a set in everyday life.

Sets And Set
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Set Notations
Set Notations
Words like groups, family, flocks, crowd,
associations, etc are often used to convey
the idea of a set in everyday life.
Enumeration and measurement lead to
numbers and sets whose study gives us a
good insight into the depth of a subject.

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Set Notations
Definition (Set)
A set is a (unordered) collection, or
aggregate, or family, or ensemble (all of
which words are used synonymously with set)
of objects which are called the elements, or
members of the set.

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Set Notations
Set Notations
We shall generally employ capital letter(eg
A,B,C) to denote sets and lower-case
letters(eg; a,b,c) or numbers(eg 1,2,3) to
denote their elements.

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Set Notations
Set Notations
We shall generally employ capital letter(eg
A,B,C) to denote sets and lower-case
letters(eg; a,b,c) or numbers(eg 1,2,3) to
denote their elements.
The symbol ∈ is used to denote
membership in a set, so that x ∈ S means
that x is an element of the set S.
Sets And Set
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Set Notations
Set Notations
The statement “x is not an element of S”is
abbreviated
x∈
/S

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Set Notations
Set Notations
The statement “x is not an element of S”is
abbreviated
x∈
/S
A set is known or determined by its

elements.

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Set Notations
Set Notations
A set is well defined if and only if it
can be decided that a given object is an
element of the set.

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Set Notations
Set Notations
element of the set.
The elements of a set are usually enclosed
in a curly braces.

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Set Notations
Set Notations
element of the set.
The elements of a set are usually enclosed
in a curly braces.
There are three ways in which sets can be
presented.
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Set Notations
How to present a set

1) The Listing or Roster or Tabulation
method.

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Set Notations

1) The Listing or Roster or Tabulation
method.
In this method, we can denote a set, say E
in writing by listing all of its elements in
curly braces.

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Set Notations
For example: if E is a set of all even
integers between 1 and 15, then we can
simply denote set E as follows:
E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

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Set Notations

2) The Descriptive phrase method.

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Set Notations

2) The Descriptive phrase method.
This method consists of placing a phrase
describing the property, the characteristics
of the elements of the set within the braces.

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Set Notations
Consider the example in method 1 above
E = {Even numbers between 1 and 15}

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Set Notations
Consider the example in method 1 above
E = {Even numbers between 1 and 15}
Note that, this technique is suitable for

large number of elements or when all the
elements cannot be listed down.
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Set Notations
3) The set builder notation
technique(sometimes called Rule
method or Property Description)

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Set Notations
3) The set builder notation
technique(sometimes called Rule
method or Property Description)
This technique involves enclosing within
the braces the general element followed by
property description of it.
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Set Notations
Again from example in method 1 above we
have
E = {x|x is an even integer, 1 < x < 15}

Sets And Set
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Set Notations
Again from example in method 1 above we
have
E = {x|x is an even integer, 1 < x < 15}
Remember that, a set is determined by
its elements and not by the method of
description.
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Basic Properties of Sets

The set E described above remain the
same irrespective of the technique used to
describe it.

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The set E described above remain the
same irrespective of the technique used to
describe it.
Sets are inherently unordered, no
matter what objects, eg. a, b and c denote.

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That is
{a, b, c} = {a, c, b} = {b, a, c} =
{b, c, a} = {c, a, b} = {c, b, a}

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All elements are distinct (unequal).

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Multiple listings make no difference!
{a, b, c} = {a, a, a, b, a, b, c, c, c, c, b}

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Multiple listings make no difference!
{a, b, c} = {a, a, a, b, a, b, c, c, c, c, b}
The general idea here is that, this set

contains at most 3 elements, irrespective of
the repetition of some elements.
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Definition of Set Equality

Two sets are declared to be equal if and
only if they contain exactly the same
elements.

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Two sets are declared to be equal if and
only if they contain exactly the same
elements.
In particular, it does not matter how the
set is defined or denoted.

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For instance, let
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {x : x is an integer where 0 < x < 5}
C = {x|x +ve integer, x2 > 0 and x2 < 25}

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We notice that the three sets are equal
since they contain the same elements
though they are denoted differently.

Sets And Set
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We notice that the three sets are equal
since they contain the same elements
though they are denoted differently.
That is the three sets are equal and so
A = B = C.

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Null Set or Empty Set

The Null set(or Empty set) is the
unique set that contains no elements
whatsoever.

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The Null set(or Empty set) is the
unique set that contains no elements
whatsoever.
A null set is denoted by ∅ or {}.

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Example of Empty sets:

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1) A = {x|x is a married bachelor} = ∅

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2) B = {y :
y is a 1st yr law student doing QMS 101} =
∅

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2) B = {y :
y is a 1st yr law student doing QMS 101} =
∅
3) C = {z :
z is a potato growing on a mango tree} = ∅

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The Order of Sets: Finite and
Infinite Sets
The Finite Sets

A set is said to be Finite if it contains
only a finite number of elements.

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Infinite Sets
The Finite Sets

A set is said to be Finite if it contains
only a finite number of elements.
The elements of such a set can be counted
by a finite number.

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Infinite Sets
The Finite Sets

The number of elements in a finite set, say
S is called a cardinality and is denoted
by |S| or n(S).

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Infinite Sets
The Finite Sets
Example of finite sets:

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Infinite Sets
The Finite Sets
1) S =
{a|a is MU 1st yr student doing QMS 101}

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Infinite Sets
The Finite Sets
1) S =
2) T = {b : b is a day in week}

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Infinite Sets
The Finite Sets
1) S =
2) T = {b : b is a day in week}
3) U =
{c|c is FST 2nd yr student doing QMS 101}

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Infinite Sets
The Finite Sets

Question: What is the
cardinality(number of elements) of each of
the sets above?

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Finite and Infinite Sets
The Infinite Sets
If a set has an infinite number of elements
then it is said to be Infinite set.

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The Infinite Sets
It’s cardinality is infinite ie if A is an
infinite set then |A| = n(A) = ∞.

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The Infinite Sets
It’s cardinality is infinite ie if A is an
infinite set then |A| = n(A) = ∞.
The elements of such a set cannot be
counted by a finite number.
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The Order of Sets: Infinite Sets
The Infinite Sets

Example of Infinite sets:

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The Infinite Sets

1) N = {x|x is a natural number}

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The Infinite Sets

2) Z = {b : b is an integer}

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The Infinite Sets

2) Z = {b : b is an integer}
Question:Is it possible to determine the

number of elements in each of the sets
above?

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Singleton or Unit Set
A singleton set (a unit set) is a set
containing only one element.

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For example:

Sets And Set
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For example:
1) P = {6} is a unit set

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For example:
2) X = {0} is a unit set containing a single
element 0.

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For example:
2) X = {0} is a unit set containing a single
element 0.
Remember that, in example 2, X is not a
null set, but rather have an element 0 in it.
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Contents
Set Notations
Power Set
Partition of a Set
Operations On Sets
Venn Diagrams
Sets And Set
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Relationship Between Sets
Subsets
If from a set we want to select some
elements having a special property, it
means we are interested in a subset of the
set.

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Subsets
If from a set we want to select some
elements having a special property, it
means we are interested in a subset of the
set.
A subset say A of a set say B is a set
consisting of some or all of the elements of
B.
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Subsets
The set A is a subset of B if and only if
every element of A is also an element of B
and we write
A ⊆ B equivalently to B ⊇ A

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Subsets
This is called the Inclusion relation.

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Subsets
That is A is included in B or B contains
A.

Sets And Set
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Subsets
That is A is included in B or B contains
A.
The set A is called a subset of a set B and
set B is called a superset of A.

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Proper and Improper Subsets
A set A is called a proper subset of B if
and only if
A ⊂ B and A ̸= B and A ̸= ∅

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A set A is called a proper subset of B if
and only if
A ⊂ B and A ̸= B and A ̸= ∅
A set A may be called an improper subset
of B if and only if
A ⊆ B and A = B

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Remember that every set is a subset of
itself. That is A ⊆ A

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Remember also that, an emptyset is a
subset of every set. That is for any set A,
∅⊂A

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Remember also that, an emptyset is a
subset of every set. That is for any set A,
∅⊂A
If the sets A and B are equal then we
denote as
A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A
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Subsets
Property: If A ⊂ B and B ⊂ C, then
A ⊂ C.

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Subsets
A finite set has a finite subset and infinite
set may have infinite subset.

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Subsets
If a set Y is not a subset of a set X we
write
Y ⊈X

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Subsets
If a set Y is not a subset of a set X we
write
Y ⊈X
Here the set Y may have some elements
which are also in X but not all elements of
Y are in X.
Sets And Set
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Subsets
Question 1: Order the sets of numbers:
Z; R; Q; N using ⊂.

Sets And Set
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Subsets
Question 1: Order the sets of numbers:
Z; R; Q; N using ⊂.
Question 2: Suppose that A = {2, 4, 6},
B = {2, 6}, and C = {4, 6}: Determine
which of these sets are subsets of which
other(s) of these sets.
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Subsets

Question 3: Determine whether each of
the following statements is true or false.
(a) x ∈ {x}; (b) {x} ⊂ {x}; (c) {x} ∈ {x}

(d) {x} ∈ {{x}}; (e) ∅ ⊂ {x}; (f ) ∅ ∈ {x}

Sets And Set
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Contents
Set Notations
Power Set
Partition of a Set
Operations On Sets
Venn Diagrams
Sets And Set
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Power Set
Power Set
The class of all subsets of a set, say A is
called the Power set of A and is denoted by
P(A) or 2A.

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Power Set
Power Set
P(A) or 2A.
The cardinality of power set is given by
|P(A)| = 2|A| = 2n(A).

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Power Set
Power Set
P(A) or 2A.
The cardinality of power set is given by
|P(A)| = 2|A| = 2n(A).
It turns out that |P(A)| > |A|

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Power Set
Power Set
The empty set ∅ and the set itself say A
are the trivial subsets of a set A and hence
the elements of the power set P(A).

Sets And Set
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Power Set
Power Set
The empty set ∅ and the set itself say A
are the trivial subsets of a set A and hence
the elements of the power set P(A).
Question 4: If A = {0, 1} and
S = {a, b, c}. Find the power set of each
of the given set.

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Power Set
Power Set
Question 5: Find the cardinality of
A = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5}}, B = {1, 2, 3} and
C = ∅.

Sets And Set
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Contents
Set Notations
Power Set
Partition of a Set
Operations On Sets
Venn Diagrams
Sets And Set
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Exhaustive Sets
Definition (Exhaustive Sets)
We say that a group of sets is exhaustive
of another set if their union is equal to that
set. For example, if
A∪B =C
then we say that A and B are exhaustive
with respect to C. For example consider
sets A = {4, 5}, B = {1, 2, 3} and
C = {1, 3, 4, 5, 2}. Then A ∪ B = C
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mutually exclusive
Definition (mutually exclusive)
We say that two sets A and B are
mutually exclusive if
A∩B =∅
that is, the sets have no elements in
common.

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mutually exclusive
Definition (mutually exclusive)
We say that two sets A and B are
mutually exclusive if
A∩B =∅
that is, the sets have no elements in
common.
For example consider sets A = {4, 5},
B = {1, 2, 3} and then A ∩ B = ∅
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Partition of a Set
Definition (Partition of a Set)

We say that a group of sets partitions another
set if they are pairwise mutually exclusive
and exhaustive with respect to that set.

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Partition of a Set
Partition of a Set
Suppose given a set X. A partition of a set
X is a collection S of non-overlapping
non-empty subsets of X whose union is the
whole X.

Sets And Set
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Partition of a Set
Partition of a Set
Example: A partition of
X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} could be
S = {{1, 2, 4, 8}, {3, 6}, {5, 7, 9, 10}}.

Sets And Set
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Partition of a Set
Partition of a Set
Example: A partition of
X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} could be
S = {{1, 2, 4, 8}, {3, 6}, {5, 7, 9, 10}}.
Given a partition S of a set X, every
element of X belongs to exactly one
member of S.
Sets And Set
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Contents
Set Notations
Power Set
Partition of a Set
Operations On Sets
Venn Diagrams
Sets And Set
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Operations
Operations On Sets
Operations On Sets
Sets may be combined and operated on in
various ways to form new sets.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
Operations On Sets
Sets may be combined and operated on in
various ways to form new sets.
The main operations on sets are:
Complementation, union,
intersection, difference and
symmetric difference.
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Operations On Sets
Operations On Sets
Before we get to know about Complement
of a set, let us define a Universal set.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
Definition (Universal Set)
A universal set is a main set containing
everything.
OR It is the totality of the elements under
consideration as elements of any set.
OR It is the set of all objects relevant to a
particular application and is often drawn as a
rectangle
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Operations On Sets
The complement of a set
A universal set is denoted by U or E or S
etc.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
The complement of a set
A universal set is denoted by U or E or S
etc.
If A is a subset of the universal set U ,
then the collection of elements belonging to
U but not belonging to A is called the
complement of A in U
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Operations On Sets
The Union of a sets
The complement of a set A is denoted by
Ac or A′ or A or U \A or U − A.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
The Union of a sets
The complement of a set A is denoted by
Ac or A′ or A or U \A or U − A.
Example 1: Given universal set
U = {The set of alphabet} and
A = {The set of vowels}. What is the
complement of set A in U ?

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Operations On Sets
The Union of a sets
The union of two sets A and B is a set
containing all the elements in either A or
B or to both A and B.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
The Union of a sets
The union of two sets A and B is a set
containing all the elements in either A or
B or to both A and B.
Symbolically it is often written as
A ∪ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

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Operations On Sets
The Union of a sets

Example 2: Given sets
A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Find the set A ∪ B.

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Operations On Sets
The Intersection of a sets
The intersection of two sets A and B is
a set containing all the elements that are
both in A and B.

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Operations On Sets
both in A and B.
A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}

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Operations On Sets
both in A and B.
A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Example 3: From the sets in example 2,
find the set A ∩ B.
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Operations On Sets
Theorem
For any sets A and B, we have
1 A ∩ B ⊆ A ⊆ A ∪ B and
2 A∩B ⊆B ⊆A∪B

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Operations On Sets
The Disjoint Sets
If sets A and B have no elements in
common, that is A ∩ B = ∅,then A and B
are termed disjoint sets.

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Operations On Sets
The Disjoint Sets
If sets A and B have no elements in
common, that is A ∩ B = ∅,then A and B
are termed disjoint sets.
For instance, let A = {all odd numbers}
and B = {all even numbers}, then A and
B are disjoint sets.
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Operations On Sets
The Disjoint Sets

Question: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and
B = {all vowels}. Find (a) = A ∪ B and
(b) = A ∩ B. State if the sets are disjoint
or not.

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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
If A and B are two sets then the
difference set A − B is the set of all
elements of A which do not belong to B.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
If A and B are two sets then the
difference set A − B is the set of all
elements of A which do not belong to B.
If B is a subset of A, then A − B is
sometimes called the complement of B in
A.
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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
Technically we call the difference set
A − B a relative complement of B
with respect to A.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
Technically we call the difference set
A − B a relative complement of B
with respect to A.
Mathematically the relative complement of
B with respect to A defined as
A − B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈
/ B}
Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets

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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
The difference set A − B is also denoted
by A ∩ B c. That is
A − B = A ∩ Bc = A ∩ B

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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
A − B = A ∩ Bc = A ∩ B
Activity: If A = {a, b, c, d, e, f },
B = {a, e, g, h, j} and C = {b, c, f, g}.
What are the following subsets?

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
A − B = A ∩ Bc = A ∩ B
Activity: If A = {a, b, c, d, e, f },
B = {a, e, g, h, j} and C = {b, c, f, g}.
What are the following subsets?
a) A ∪ B (b) B ∩ C (c) A ∩ B and
(d) A ∩ (B ∪ C).
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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
Question: Let U = R. Consider the sets
A = {x ∈ R|x < −1 or x > 1} and
B = {x ∈ R|x ≤ 0}.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
The Difference Set
Question: Let U = R. Consider the sets
A = {x ∈ R|x < −1 or x > 1} and
B = {x ∈ R|x ≤ 0}.
Find
(a) Ac and (b) B − A

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Operations On Sets
Symmetric Difference
Given two sets, their symmetric difference
is the set of elements that belong to either
one or the other set but not both.

Sets And Set
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Operations On Sets
Given two sets, their symmetric difference
is the set of elements that belong to either
one or the other set but not both.
That is, given sets A and B, then their
symmetric difference is just the set of all
elements in A but not in B or elements in
B but not in A.
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Operations On Sets
The symmetric Difference of sets A and B
is mathematically defined as
A △ B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A)
= (A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B)
= (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∩ B)

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Operations On Sets
Sometimes the symetric difference of sets is
denoted by the symbol ⊕.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Operations On Sets
Sometimes the symetric difference of sets is
denoted by the symbol ⊕.
That is the symetric difference of sets A
and B is
A ⊕ B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A)
= (A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B)
Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Operations On Sets
We illustrate this by using the sets in
example 2. That is A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
and B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, and required to
find the following sets

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Operations On Sets
example 2. That is A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
a) A − B (b) B − A and then (c) A △ B and
(d) B △ A.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Operations On Sets
example 2. That is A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
a) A − B (b) B − A and then (c) A △ B and
(d) B △ A.
e) Is A △ B = B △ A?.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Contents
Set Notations
Power Set
Partition of a Set
Operations On Sets
Venn Diagrams
Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams
Often the relationships that exist between
sets can best be shown using a Venn
diagram.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams
Often the relationships that exist between
sets can best be shown using a Venn
diagram.
To construct a Venn diagram we let a
certain region, usually a rectangle,
represent the universal set.
Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams
Individual sets are then represented by
regions, often circles, within this rectangle.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams
Individual sets are then represented by
regions, often circles, within this rectangle.
One can then easily depict intersections,
unions, complements, etc. on the diagram
(See the figure below).

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagram for Intersection region

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagram for relative complement
of A w.r.t B region

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagram for set A and its
Complement

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagram for union of 2 sets

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagram for 3 sets

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams
Given three sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
B = {1, 5, 9, 15, 21} and
C = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21}. Use
venn diagram to find the following sets

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams
B = {1, 5, 9, 15, 21} and
C = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21}. Use
a) A ∪ B, (b) B ∪ C (c) C ∪ A (d) A ∩ B

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams
B = {1, 5, 9, 15, 21} and
C = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21}. Use
a) A ∪ B, (b) B ∪ C (c) C ∪ A (d) A ∩ B
e) A ∪ B ∪ C (f ) A ∩ B ∩ C and

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams
B = {1, 5, 9, 15, 21} and
C = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21}. Use
a) A ∪ B, (b) B ∪ C (c) C ∪ A (d) A ∩ B
e) A ∪ B ∪ C (f ) A ∩ B ∩ C and
g) Find the cardinality(number of elements)
of the sets found in a, b, c, d, e and f above.
Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Inclusion-Exclusion formula
The venn diagram we have seen above can
be used to derive the inclusion-exclusion
formula.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
The venn diagram we have seen above can
be used to derive the inclusion-exclusion
formula.
Here we will be confined up to three sets
only

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Let A and B be two sets. Then the
number of elements of the set
|A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| − |A ∩ B|

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Let A and B be two sets. Then the
number of elements of the set
|A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| − |A ∩ B|
For three sets then the formula becomes
n(A ∪ B ∪ C) =n(A) + n(B) + n(C)
− (A ∩ B) − (A ∩ C)
− (B ∩ C) + (A ∩ B ∩ C)
Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Example of Word problem
Question 1: A firm has 40 workers
working in its factory premises, 30 working
in office and 20 working in both the places.
How many workers are there in the firm?
How many are working exclusively in the
(a) factory (b) office?

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams

Question 2: Dar es Salaam city has two
radio stations, an AM station and an FM
station. A survey of 100 residents of the
town produced the following results:

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Question 2: Continuation.......In the last
30 days, 65 people have listened to the AM
station, 45 people have listened to the FM
station, and 30 have listened to both
stations. Draw the venn diagram for this
problem.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams

Question 3: In a survey of 500
businesses it was found that 250 had
copiers and 300 had fax machines. It was
also determined that 100 had both the
copiers and fax machines.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams

Question 3: In a survey of 500
businesses it was found that 250 had
copiers and 300 had fax machines. It was
also determined that 100 had both the
copiers and fax machines.
a) How many had either a copier or fax
machine?

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
Question 3: Continuation.....

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
b) How many had neither a copier nor a fax
machine?

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
machine?
c) How many had a copier, but not a fax
machine?

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
machine?
machine?
d) How many had a fax machine, but not a
copier?

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Venn Diagrams
machine?
machine?
d) How many had a fax machine, but not a
copier?
e) How many had no fax machine?
Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Contents
Set Notations
Power Set
Partition of a Set
Operations On Sets
Venn Diagrams
Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
There are eight basic laws of set algebra.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
They provide the basis for manipulating
sets.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
sets.
These laws can be tested by means of Venn
diagram.

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
sets.
These laws can be tested by means of Venn
diagram.
Let A, B and C be any subsets in the
universal set E .
Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
Then we have the following laws of
operations on sets:

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
operations on sets:
1) Idempotent Laws
a) A ∪ A = A and (b) A ∩ A = A

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
operations on sets:
1) Idempotent Laws
a) A ∪ A = A and (b) A ∩ A = A
2) Commutative Laws
a) A ∪ B = B ∪ A and (b) A ∩ B = B ∩ A

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
3) Associative Laws
a) A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C and
(b) A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
3) Associative Laws
a) A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C and
(b) A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
4 Distributive Laws
a) A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C) and
(b) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
5) Identity Laws
a) A ∪ ∅ = A and (b) A ∩ E = A

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
5) Identity Laws
a) A ∪ ∅ = A and (b) A ∩ E = A
6) Domination Laws
a) A ∩ ∅ = ∅ and (b) A ∪ E = E

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
7) Complementary Laws
a) A ∪ A′ = E (b) (A′)′ = A
(c) A ∩ A′ = ∅, (d) E ′ = ∅, (e) ∅′ = E

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Set Identities
Set Identities
7) Complementary Laws
a) A ∪ A′ = E (b) (A′)′ = A
(c) A ∩ A′ = ∅, (d) E ′ = ∅, (e) ∅′ = E
8) De Morgan’s Laws
a) (A∪B)′ = A′ ∩B ′ (b) (A∩B)′ = A′ ∪B ′

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations
Questions?

Sets And Set
Campus
Operations

Sets and Sets Operations

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Sets And Set Operations

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Role of Mathematics and Statistics

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Role of Mathematics and Statistics

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Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

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A set is known or determined by its

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How to present a set

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How to present a set

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

How to present a set

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

How to present a set

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

E = {Even numbers between 1 and 15}

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

E = {Even numbers between 1 and 15}

Note that, this technique is suitable for

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Basic Properties of Sets

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Basic Properties of Sets

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Basic Properties of Sets

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Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

The general idea here is that, this set

Definition of Set Equality

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Definition of Set Equality

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Definition of Set Equality

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Definition of Set Equality

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Definition of Set Equality

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Null Set or Empty Set

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Null Set or Empty Set

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Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

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Rashidi Y.R (Mzumbe University-DSM

The Finite Sets

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