Chapter 7 oreo schoo Designing the Curriculum Curriculum i c The Teacher as a Curriculum Designer eMac A curriculum as a planned sequence of learning experiences should be at the heart and mind of every teacher. Every teacher as a curriculatist should be involved in designing a curriculum. In fact, it ig one of the teachers’ roles as a curricularist. As such, you will be a part of the intellectual journey of your learners. You will be providing them the necessary experiences that will enable the learner what you intend them learn, As a curriculum designer this task was'not given much attention in the past. Every single day, a teacher designs a lesson or utilizes a curriculum that has been made and was previously written. Designing a curriculum is a very challenging task. It is here where the style and creativity of the teacher come in. Thus this module will provide the necessary concepts and activities that you as a teacher can refer to as you prepare yourself to be a curriculum designer, : Comm Fundamentals of Curriculum Design SS eee ee Desired Learning Outcomes > Identify the fundamentals of curriculum designing » Appreciate the task of designing a curriculum Building on Peter Oliva’s 10 Axioms for Curriculum Designers As we begin to discuss about curriculum designing, all teachers need to know the different axioms or theorems regarding curriculum as presented by Gordon, W., Taylor R., and Oliva, P, in 2019, These axioms will be used to guide curricularist in designing a curriculum. Axioms are principles that Practitioners as curriculum designer can use as guidelines or a frame of reference, 1, Curriculum change is inevitable, ecessary, and desirable. Earlier it was stated that one of the characteristics of curriculuma a8 pet dynamic, Because of this, teachers should respond to 4 . i ‘anges that occur in schools and in their context. Societal velopment and knowledge revolution come so fast that the need to address the changing condition requires new curriculum designs, 2. Curriculum is a product of its time. A relevant curriculum should Tespond to changes brought about by current social forces, philosophical positions, psychological principles, new knowledge, and educational reforms. This is also called timeliness. 3. Curriculum changes made earlier can exist concurrently with newer curriculum changes. A revision in a curriculum starts and ends slowly. More often, curriculum is gradually phased in and phased out, thus the changes that occur can coexist and oftentimes overlap for long periods of time. > Curriculum change depends on people who will implement the change. Teachers who will implement the curriculum should be involved in its development, hence should know how to design a curriculum. Because the teachers are the implementers of the curriculum, it is best that they should design and own the changes. This will ensure an effective and long lasting change. a Curriculum development is a cooperative group activity. Group decisions'in some aspects of curriculum development are suggested. Consultations with stakeholders when possible will add to a. sense of ownership. Even learners should participate in some aspect of curriculum designing. Any significant change in the curriculum should involve a broad range of stakeholders to gain their understanding, support, and input. 6. Curriculum development is a decision-making process made from choices of alternatives. A curriculum developer or designer must decide what contents to teach, philosophy or point of view to support, how to provide for multicultural groups, what methods or strategies, and what type of evaluation to use. Curriculum development is an ongoing process. Continuous monitoring, examination, evaluation, and improvement of curricula are to be considered in the design of the curriculum. As the needs of learners change, as society changes, and as new knowledge and technology appear, the curriculum must change. a 8. Curriculum development is more effective if it is a comprehensive process, rather than a “piecemeal”. A curriculum design should be based on a careful plan, should clearly establish intended outcomes, support resources and needed time available and should equip teaching staff pedagogically.‘THE TEACHER AND THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM 9. Curriculum development is more effective when it follows a systematic process. A curriculum design is composed of desired outcomes, subject matter content complemented with references, set of procedures, needed materials and resources and evaluation procedure which can be placed in a matrix. 10, Curriculum development starts from where the curriculum is, Curriculum planners and designers should begin with existing curriculum. An existing design is a good starting point for any teacher who plans to enhance and enrich a curriculum. Building upon the ideas of Oliva, let us continue learning how to design a curriculum by identifying its components. For most curricula the major components or elements are answers to: the following questions: F 1. What learning outcomes need to be achieved? (Intended Learning Outcomes) 5 2. What content should be included to achieve the learning outcomes? (Subject Matter) 3. What learning experiences and resources should be employed? (Teaching-Learning Methods) 4. How will the achieved learning outcomes be measured? (Assessment of Achieved Learning Outcomes) Elements or Components of a Curriculum Design There are’ many labels or names for curriculum design. Some would call it a syllabus of a lesson plan. Some would call it a unit plan or a course design. Whatever is the name of the design, the common components for all of them are almost the same. However some schools, institutions or departments may add other minor parts or trimmings to the design. Let us take the Lesson Plan as a miniscule curriculum. A lesson plan or teaching guide includes (1) Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) or the Desired Learning Outcome (DLO) formerly labelled as behavioral objectives, (2) Subject Matter or Content, (3) Teaching and Learning Methods and (4) Assessment Evaluation. Each of these components or elements is described below. I Behavioral Objectives or Intended Learning Outcomes Begin with the end in view. The objectives or intended learning outcomes are the reasons for undertaking the learning lesson from the student’s point of view; it is desired learning outcome that is to be accomplished in a particular learning episode, engaged in by the learners under the guidance of the teacher. As a curriculum designer, the beginning of the learning journey is the learning outcomes to be achieved. In this way, both the learner and the teacher are guided by what to accomplish. .The behavioral objectives, intended learning outcomes or desired learning outcomes are expressed in action words found in the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy of Objectives (Andersen and Krathwohl, 2003) for the development of the cognitive skills. For the affective skills, refer to the taxonomy made by Krathwohl and for the psychomotor domain by ‘Simpson. / The statement should be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Result-oriented and Time-bound. For a beginner, it would help if you provide the Condition, Performance and Extent or Level of Performance in the statement of the intended earning outcomes. For example, if a lesson intends the students to identify the parts of a simple flower as stated in the desired learning outcomes, then students should have identified the parts of a simple flower, at the end of the lesson. Sometimes the phrase intended learning outcomes is used to refer to the anticipated results after completing the planned activity or lesson. In framing learning outcomes, it is good practice to: ‘Express each outcome in terms of what successful students will be able to do. For example, rather than stating Students will be able to explain the reason why... it should be: ‘Students must have explained the reasons why...’ This helps students to focus on what they have to achieve as learning. It will also help curricularists devise appropriate assessment tasks. * Include different kinds of outcomes. The most common are cognitive objectives (learning facts, theories, formulae, principles etc.) and performance outcomes (learning how to carry out procedures, calculations and processes, which typically include gathering information and communicating results). In some contexts, affective outcomes are important too (for developing attitudes or values, e.g. those required as a person and for a particular profession). IL. Content/Subject Matter The content of the’ lesson or unit is the topic or subject matter that will be covered, In selecting content, you should bear in mind the following principles in addition to those mentioned about the content in previous lessons; Subject matter should be relevant to the outcomes of the * curriculum. An effective curriculum is purposive and clearly focused on the planned learning outcomes,, Subject matter should be appropriate to the level of the lesson or unit, An effective curriculum is Progressive, leading students towards building on previous lessons. Contents which are too basic or too advanced for the development levels of leamers make students either bored or baffled and affect their motivation to learn.* Subject matter should be up-to-date and, if Possible, reflect current knowledge and concepts. * Subject matter should follow the principle of BASIC S. Shoulg | III. References The reference follows the content. It tells where the Content op subject matter has been taken. The reference may be a book, a modul, or any publication. It must bear the author of the material and jg Possible, the publications. Some examples are given below. 1. Project Wild (1992) K to 12 Activity Guide, An Interdisciplinary Supplementary Conservation and Environmental Education Program.Council of Environmental Education, Bethesda, MD 2. Shipman, James and Jerry Wilson, et al (2009), An Introduction to Physical Science. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston MA 3. Romo, Salvador B. (2013). Horticulture an Exploratory Course, Lorimar Publishing Inc. Quezon City 4. Bilbao, Purita P. and Corpuz, Brenda B. et al (2012). The Teaching Profession 2“ Ed. Lorimar Publishing Inc: Quezon City TV. Teaching and Learning Methods These are the activities where the learners derive experiences, It is always good to keep in mind the teaching strategies that students will experience (lectures, laboratory classes, fieldwork etc. ways. Group projects and activities considerably enhance the curriculum. Independent learning activities allow learners to develop Personal responsibility, The degree of independence to learn how to leam is enhanced. This Strategy is more appropriate for fast learners, Competitive activities, where students will test their Competencies against another in a healthy manner, allow leamers to perform to their maximum. Most Successful individuals in their adult life are competitive, even in early schooling. They mostly become the survivors in a very competitive world.a ¢ The use of various delivery modes to provide learning experiences is recommended. Onliné'learning and similar modes are increasingly important in many curricula, but these need to be planned carefully to be effective. 9 There are some examples of very simple teaching-learning methods with detailed steps that you can start using as you begin teaching. Some Behaviorist Teaching Learning Methods A. Direct Instruction: Barak Rosenshine Model (in Ornstien & Hunkins, 2018) : Detailed Steps: a 1, State Learning Objectives/ Outcomes: Begin lesson with a short statement of objective or. desired lesson learning outcomes, 2. Review: Introduce short review of previous or prerequisite learning. 3. Present new materials: Present materials in small, sequenced manner. . 4, Explain: Give clear and detailed instructions and explanations. Practice: Provide active practice for all students. . Guide. Guide students during initial practice; or provide seatwork activities. - 7. Check for understanding. Ask several questions, assess students comprehension. ’ 8. Provide Feedback. Provide systematic feedback and corrections. 9.. Assess performance, Obtain student success rate of 80 percent or more during practice session. 10. Review and test. Provide for spaced review and testing. ay B. Guided Instruction: Madeline Hunter Model (in Ornstein & Hunkins, 2018) i : 1. Review. Focus on previous lesson, ask students to summarize ‘~ main points. 2.. Anticipatory set. Focus student’s attention on new lesson. Stimulate interest in the new materials. 3. Objective, State explicitly what is to be learned; state rationale or how it will be useful. 4, Input. Identify needed knowledge and skills for learning new lesson; present materials in sequenced steps. 5, Modeling. Provide several examples or demonstrations throughout the lesson. io> US ASKIER AND THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM 6. Check for understanding. Monitor students’ work befo, they become involved in lesson activities, check to see the . understand ditections or tasks. " 7. Guided practice. Periodically ask students questions and cheek their answers. Agaii monitor understanding. 8. Independent practice. Assign independent work or Practice | when it is reasonably sure that students can work on their Own with understanding and minimal frustration. C. Mastery Learning; JH Block and Lorin Anderson Model (a Ornstein & Hunkins, 2018) 1. Clarify. Explain to students what they are expected to leam, Inform. Teach the lesson, relying on the whole group instruction. 3. Pretest. Give a formative quiz on a no fault-basis, students can check their own paper. i 4. Group. Based on results, divide the class into mastery and non. * mastery groups (80% is considered mastery) 5. Enrich and correct. Give enrichment instruction to mastery group. Give corrective (practice/drill) to non-mastery group. | 6. ‘Monitor. Monitor student progress; vary amount of teacher time and support for each group based on group size and performance. a 7. Posttest. Give a summary test for non-mastery group. 8. Assess performance. At least 75% of the students should |) , achieve mastery by the summative test. , 9. Reteach. If not, repeat procedures; starting with corrective instructions (small study groups, individual tutoring, alternative instructional materials, extra homework, reading materials practice and drill). D. Systematic Instruction: Thomas Good and Jere Brophy (it Ornstein and Hunkins, 2018) 1. Review. Review concepts and skills related to homework, provide review éxercises, 2. Development. Promote students understanding, provide controlled practice, 3. Assess comprehension, Ask questions, provide controlled practice, 4, Seatwork, Provide uninterrupted seatwork; get everyon® involved, sustain momentum, 5. Accountability. Check the students work. 6, Homework. Assign homework regularly; provide review problems.Lesson 3.1 - Fundamentals of Curriculum Desigt 7. Special reviews, Provide weekly reviews to check and further maintain and enhance learning, ‘Teaching-Learning Environment In the choice of the teaching learning methods, equally important is the teaching learning environment, Brian Castaldi in 1987 suggested four criteria in the provision of the environment or learning spaces in designing a curriculum. These criteria include (1) adequacy, (2) suitability, (3) efficiency and (4) economy. 1, Adequacy- This refers to the actual learning space or Classrooms, Is the classtoom large enough for student’s mobility for class interaction and collaborative work. Is there enough light and ventilation so that the learning space is conducive, and safe for learning? To provide learning condition that will provide opportunities that will develop the 21* century skills, there must be a provision for the utilization of technology for teaching and learning and the use of the cyberspace. 2. Suitability- This relates to planned activities. Suitability should consider chronological and developmental ages of learners, Also to be considered will be the socio-cultural, economic even religious background of the learners. 3. Efficiency- This refers to operational and instructional effectiveness. ‘ 4. Economy- This refers to cost effectiveness. How much is needed to provide instructional materials? VI. Assessment/Evaluation Learning occurs most effectively when students receive feedback, i.e. when they receive information on what they have already (and have not) learned. The process by which this information is generated is assessment. It has three main forms: : Self assessment, through which students learn to monitor and evaluate their own learning. This should be a significant element in the curriculum because we aim to produce graduates. who are appropriately reflective and self-critical. % Peer assessment, in which students provide feedback on each other’s learning. This can be viewed as an extension of self- assessment and presupposes trust and mutual Tespect. Research Suggests that students can learn to judge each other’s work as reliably as staff, % Teacher assessment, in which the teacher prepares and administers tests and gives feedback on the student’s performance,TAB TEACHER AND THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM Assessment may be formative (providing feedback to help the student learn more) or summative (expressing a judgment on the student’s achievement by reference to stated criteria). Many assessment tasks involve an element of both, e.g. an assignment that is marked ang returned to the student with detailed comments. Summative assessment usually involves the allocation of marks or grades. This helps the teacher make decisions about the progress or performance of the students. Students usually learn more by understanding the strengths and weaknesses of their-work’than by knowing the mark or grade given to it. For this reason, summative assessment tasks (including unseen examinations). should include an element of formative feedback, if possible. Application of the Fundamental Components to Other Curriculum Designs While our example refers only to designing a lesson plan which is a mini curriculum, similar components will also be used in making a syllabus for teaching in higher education courses or other curricular projects. Based on the curriculum models we have learned, the fundamental components include the following: Major components of a Course Design or Syllabus 1.. Intended Outcomes (or Objectives) 2. Content/Subject Matter (with references) : 3. Methods/Strategies (with. needed resources) 4. Evaluation (means of assessment) Simply put, curriculum design is the organization of curriculum components. All other additional. components are trimmings that each designer may add. This may be institutional template or suggested by other curriculum experts-or required by educational agencies like the Department of Education, Commission on Higher Education, Accrediting Agencies, Professional Regulation Commission to achieve a specific purpose of such agency.