01. T X = X-Y ............

Given

Y Y

Required to prove or show whether the given transformation is linear or else not linear, Now
for the case of linear transformation three common properties must be met for the given
matrix to be linear and that is

I. T (0)=0

Let

U = Any matrix of zero say that

U= 0

But given

T X = X-Y

Y Y

X=0 and Y=0

T 0 = 0-0

0 0

T 0 = 0

0 0

T 0 = 0 Hence shown.

ii. For the second scenario or properties is that

T ( CU ) = CT (U)
Now,

Let; U = a

Then, CU = C a

CU = Ca

Cb

T ( CU ) = Ca - Cb

Cb

T ( CU ) = C a - b

This is the left H and side ( L.H.S)

And the R.H.S

C ( TCU ) = C a - b

L.H.S = R.H.S

The second property agrees and that the transfo6is linear and since the two property agreed
then the Interpretation is that the third property also must agree and hence or therefore the given
transformation is linear.

02. T X = X + 2Y - Z

Y Y + Z

Z X + Y - 2Z
 Required to prove or show whether the given transformation is linear or else not linear

Now, for the property that the transformation is linear then the first property.

i. T (0) = 0

Now,

Let Any matrix U of zeros

U = 0

T X = X + 2Y - z

Y Y + Z

Z X + Y - 2Z

T 0 = 0 + 0 - 0

0 0 + 0

0 0 + 0 - 0

T 0 = 0

0 0

0 0

T (0)=0

Therefore the first property has agreed which. Is an indication that the given transformation is a
linear transformation.

ii. The second property foe a matrix to be linear is that,

 T ( CU ) = ( TCU )

Let,

U = a

And,

C be a scalar

UC = C a

UC = Ca

Cb

CD

Consider the R.H.S

But recall,

T X = X + 2Y - Z

Y Y + Z

Z X + Y - 2Z

T ( CU ) = Ca + 2 ( Cb ) - Cd

Cb + Cd

Ca + Cb - 2Cd
 T ( CU ) = C a + 2b - d

b + d

a + b - 2d

The left hand side ( L.H.S. )

Now considering R.H.S

C T (U)

U = a

T X = X + 2Y -Z

Y Y + Z

Z a + Y - 2Z

CT a = C a + 2b - d

b b + d

C a + b + 2d

Clearly; TU R.H.S = L.H.S

Therefore this verifies that the transformation is linear since the properties have agreed then
yeast property also must agreed that is

T ( U + V ) = T ( U ) + T ( V ).
03. a. T X = X + 2Y - Z

Y Y + Z

Z X + Y - 2Z

T ( e1 ) = 1

T ( e2 ) = 2

T ( e3 ) = -1

-2

T X = 1 2 -1

Y 0 1 1

Z 1 1 -2

Let the matrix be A it is referred to as the image per first question we are required to find
the value of basis by perform row echelon which would enable the determination of the provotal
column which are linearly independent to form the basis

Starting performing;

R3 = - R1 + R2

1 2 -1
 0 1 1

0 -1 -1

R3 = R2 + R1

1 2 -1

0 1 1

0 0 0

V1 and V2 form pivotal columnand therfore Considered as linear independent and hence
the basis are

V1 = 1

and V2 = 2

Basis (V1, V2) = 1 2

1 1

1 1

Dimension of kernel image of T is 3

b. Since we already have the echelon form then reduce to refer ( row reduction echelon
form)

Gaussian Elimination

1 2 -1
 0 1 1

0 0 0

R1 = R1 + R2

1 3 0

0 1 1

0 0 0

Then to determine the kernel basis proceeed as follow;

1 2 0 X = 0

0 1 1 Y 0

0 0 0 Z 0

X + 3Y = 0

X = - 3Y

Y + 2 = 0

Y = -2

2 = Z

X = 3

Y -1

Z 0

Basis is 3

-1

0
 Dimension of kernel is 3

04. a. Given

2 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 1

Required to reduce the above vector into echelon form and the pivotal column will be the basis
then proceed as follows;

Row 2 transponse Row1

1 0 0 0 1 0 0

2 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 1

Multiply row 1 by -2 and add to row 2 to get R2

1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 1 1 -1 1 0

0 1 0 0 -1 1 0

0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Finally on the reduction you get

1 0 0 0 1 0 0
 0 1 0 -1 0 0 0

0 0 -1 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0

V1, V2, v3 and V4 form pivotal column and therefore they are linearly independent which
means that they form basis of vectors thus the basis of the vector is given as;

( V1, V2, V3, V4 ) = 2 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0

b. For linear independence

V1X1 + V2X2 + V3X3 = 0

Let,

X1 = C1

X2 = C2

X3 = C3

C1 ( X² - 1 ) + C2 ( X² + 1 ) + 4C3 + (2X - 3)C4 = 0

Collect like terms together,

X²( C1 + C2 ) + c4 (X) + 4C3 - C1 + C2 - 3C4=0

Comparing:

X² ( C1 + C2 )= 0

C1 + C2 = 0
 C4=0

4C3 - 3C4 - C1 + C2=0

C4 = 0

C1 = -C2

C3 = ½CC2

C2 = C2

C4 = 0

Therefore the basis of subspace of P, such that the space of all polynomials spanned by,

X² - 1, X² + 1, 4, 2X - 3 is given by basis ( -1 , ½, 1, 0 ).

And hence the polynomial are linearly independent given their basis in terms of other
coefficient.

05. Let, F (X) = aX³ + bX² + CX + d

F(0) = d

F(1) = a + b + c + d

F(0) = F(1)

d=a+b+c+d

a+b+c=d-d

a+b+c=0 ...............(i)

C=-(a+b) ...............(ii)

F(X) = aX³ + bX² +( -(a + b)X + d = 0

 F(X) = aX³ + bX² - ( a + b )X +d = 0

Then, d = 0

a+b+c=0

Then U is subspace of P3

a + b + c + d = 0, SHOWN

b. T X = X -Y

Y 2X 3Y

T X = 1 -1 X

Y 2 3 Y

B 1

T X = 1 -1 1 = 1×1-1×1

Y 2 3 1 2×1+3×1

T X = 1 -1 0

Y 2 +3 5

T X = X-Y

Y 2X + 3Y

T X = 1 -1 X

Y 2 3 Y

X = 1/2
 Y

T X = 1 -1 1

Y 2 3 2

T X = 1×1 -2×1

Y 2×1+3×2

T X = 1 - 2 -1

Y 2 + 6 8

T1 X . T2 X 0 -1

Y Y 5 8

Therefore, the matrix obtained is 0 -1

5 8

06. a. For linear independence

determinant =/ 0

A1 = 1 0 = ( 1×1 - 0x0 = 1)=/ 0

0 1

A2 = 1 0 = ( 1×1 - 1×0 ) = 1=/0

1 1

A3 = 1 1 = ( 1×0 - 1×1)=/ = -1

1 0

A4 = 0 1 = ( 0×0 - 1×1) = -1=/0

 1 0

Since the determinant of the given four vectors are not similar or equal to zero then they are
independent to each other.

b. For combination

A = C1A1 + C2A2 +C3A3

4 9 = C1 1 2 + C2 1 2 + c3 1 1

8 5 1 1 2 1 3 2

4 = C1 + C2 + C3 ..........(i)

9 = 2C1 + 3C2 + C3 .........(ii)

8 = C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 ..........(iii)

Solving the three equation simultaneously

C1= 1

C2 = 2

C3 = 1

Therefore this means that it is a linear combination for there exist solution for C1 = 1, C2 =
2, C3 = 1.