UNIT # 4

CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE AND MANAGEMENTS

ABDUL MOED
Contents
Development of construction industry:.................................................................................................1
Civil work:..........................................................................................................................................1
Structural work:.................................................................................................................................1
Mechical work:..................................................................................................................................1
Electrical Work:.................................................................................................................................1
Material work:...................................................................................................................................1
Wood work:.......................................................................................................................................2
Survey work:......................................................................................................................................2
 Real estate company:............................................................................................................2
 Architecture Company:..........................................................................................................2
 Civil Engineering:...................................................................................................................2
 Materials Engineering:...........................................................................................................2
 MEP Construction company:.................................................................................................2
Construction project management team:.........................................................................................2
Construction survey team:....................................................................................................................2
Drafting and designing:..................................................................................................................3
Architectural engineer:......................................................................................................................3
Civil engineering:...........................................................................................................................3
Project managing unit:...................................................................................................................3
Types of constructure work tendered...............................................................................................3
Types of construction companies......................................................................................................3
General contractors.......................................................................................................................3
Owner Buildings.............................................................................................................................3
Real estate development...............................................................................................................3
BIM:.......................................................................................................................................................4
Construction planning techniques used in micro project and macro project:.......................................4
Micro project:................................................................................................................................4
Boundary survey:...........................................................................................................................5
Drawing:........................................................................................................................................5
Estimation of material:..................................................................................................................5
Layout:...........................................................................................................................................5
Excavation:....................................................................................................................................5
Shattering:.....................................................................................................................................5
Survey:...........................................................................................................................................5
 Boundary survey:...........................................................................................................................5
Preparation of drawing for macro project:............................................................................................5
Layout:...........................................................................................................................................5
Excavation:....................................................................................................................................5
Shattering and scohoffelding:........................................................................................................5
Impact of BIM........................................................................................................................................5
How health and safety is an integrated part of the construction process:........................................6
Government rules and legislation about health and safety:..............................................................6
Precautions in case of fire:................................................................................................................6
Fencing of machinery:.......................................................................................................................6
Employment of young persons on dangerous machines:..................................................................6
Casing of new machinery:..................................................................................................................6
Hoists and lifts:..................................................................................................................................6
Excessive weights:.............................................................................................................................6
Protection of eyes:.............................................................................................................................7
Precautions against dangerous fumes:..............................................................................................7
Explosive or inflammable dust, gas, etc:............................................................................................7

Development of construction industry:

Though man has been constructing structures since the dawn of time, the methods of construction
have evolved with time. The earliest human-made shelters are made of stone boulders and mud.

The advent of bricks, blocks, and cements revolutionises construction as simple tools and machinery
are produced and science progresses. Commercial and residential structures as well as industrial and
industry-related buildings are constructed using bricks, blocks, and cements since they are generally
affordable to use and easy to work with.

As a consequence of the practical use of steel in building work, there has been a major revolution in
the construction business; steel has many helpful features, such as elasticity, durability, and
flexibility; as a result, towering and huge structures have been built.

In 1982, the introduction of auto cad in the construction drawing sector ushered in a new era,
enabling for a wide range of architectural and structural drawings to be made. BIM Revit was
brought to the market, simplifying the construction model as technology progressed.

Scope and linkage within different parties in a construction organization

The construction industry encompasses a vast range of activities, some of which are mentioned
below:

 Work on a new bridge has begun.

 Building a commercial, industrial, or residential construction from the ground up
  As well as constructing roadways like freeways and motorways.
 The building of tracks for the railroad is well under progress.
 A skyscraper is now being constructed.
 Establishing naval bases, military ports, and other facilities of this kind

Construction involves a wide range of operations, all of which need a diverse set of skills in order to
be completed effectively and quickly.

Following are the different parties and their linkages

Civil work:
It may operate under the guidance of a licenced Civil Engineer. A professional organization's
knowledge is required for many different forms of work, such as civil construction and electrical or
plumbing work.

Structural work:
Structural Engineers are required in RCC construction since the task requires a well-dressed person.

Machinal work: An engineer in mechanical engineering supervises all mechanical work, such as
plumbing and senecitary.

Electrical Work: The presence of an electrical engineer is required for the completion of any
electrical work on site during construction.

Material work: The material processing may be completed. an industrial material engineer is in
charge.

Wood work: A construction project's woodwork is the responsibility of the carpenter.

Survey work: A survivor does the survey work on a building site.
Different of work tendered by the contractor in a construction project

These are only some of the services that the contractor may provide, but they are just some
examples of what they may do for you:

 Material to site of project e.g. concrete, marbles, tiles etc.

 Electrical work
 Pluming work
 Shattering work
 wood Work

Identify the different types of Construction Company in the markets

In the construction industry, there are a wide range of operations that need the aid of many
different companies. The following are some of the sorts of businesses that are developed in the
construction sector as a result of these activities:

 Real estate company: With the most up-to-date construction technology, they planned and
developed a large-scale neighbourhood.
 Architecture Company: It works on the design to put on paper a well-planned design of
the project within the constraints of the available area.
  Civil Engineering: The civil engineering firm carries out the project's design on the
project's site in accordance with the regulations of civil work established by the state.
 Materials Engineering: As an example, they give concrete and test its workability.
 MEP Construction company: Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing services are provided
for a project by a mechanical, electrical, and plumbing contractor.

Explain the relationship between different construction organizations

In the construction business, there is a strong connection between the many organisations involved.
Construction work is done in a chain, much like other types of work, and the work flow begins with
the specified procedure.

Construction project management team:

The first phase included the management team visiting the project site and doing various forms of
study, including, for example,

 How to get to the location

 What is the soil's carrying capacity in terms of weight? What is the current level of the
groundwater table?
 What kind of environment can you expect in the area? What are the norms and regulations
in the area?

Construction survey team:

Following a thorough examination of the above, the survey team conducts a topographical
assessment of the site, noting numerous features like as trees, electric pull, a water canal around the
buildings, and other features.

Drafting and designing:

The survey data was then translated to DWG format, and the structural drawing was created by a
structural engineer first.

Architectural engineer:
Following the completion of the structural drawing, the architect will produce the architectural
design, including all of its details, and give it to the civil engineer for consideration.

Civil engineering:
After that, the civil engineer will design the layout of the drawing and begin working on the project
itself.

MEP work: As the structural foundation and slabs for the building are being constructed, the MEP
work begins, which is carried out in the presence of a mechanical and electrical engineer.

Project managing unit:

The project manager is in charge of all of the work management tasks listed above.

Identify the types of contracture work tendered by the constructor.

In a building project, the primary tendering procedure is often for the contract for the job, which is
built by a number of various trades of contractors working together.

Types of constructure work tendered

 Serial tendering single-and Two-stage tendering
  Public procurement.
 Open tendering
 Selective tendering

Identify the different types of construction companies in the market.

Types of construction companies

 Owner Builder
 Real Estate Developer
 Small renovation contractors
 General contractors

It is necessary with these sorts of businesses to have a little quantity of capital as well as a small
work force.

It usually performs small home alteration and office work.

General contractors
This kind of company is often experienced in either new construction or renovation work.

Owner Buildings
The corporation that functions as an owner builder is not a contractor in the traditional sense of the
term.

A corporation like this constructs buildings only for the benefit of its shareholders.

Real estate development

This is the same as an owner builder in addition to the ability to cell the structures before or after
the project's competition.

BIM:
As the world changes day by day, so does the specification and structure of building materials, as
well as the changing needs of clients. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the process of acquiring
detailed knowledge and information about advanced modelling in the building as the world changes
day by day

Because of this, the global building management unit established a plate form known as building
information modelling to design buildings in accordance with current Clint requirements as dictated
by structural, architectural, and mechanical engineering norms.

Modern construction process with in a construction industry on identification is required with each
process.

Building a suitable chain from beginning to finish is essential to the contemporary construction
process. The project manager begins by planning and sketching out which tasks must be completed
at what times and when a specific task should be completed using the appropriate tools and
materials. During the course of a building project

For this reason, in my capacity as site and project manager for Raja Builder Construction Company, I
plan the different processes of the project under my supervision in the methods listed below.

 As the first thing that a project engineer does is visit the site in order to get a rough idea of
the location of the site and how the necessary things will be provided on the site, I went to a
 site that was located within the city of Rawalpindi, where the owner wanted to construct a
three-story commercial building for commercial use.
 The next day, after visiting the location and taking note of its condition, I invited the survivor
to do a boundary survey of the plot at a later date. The survivor completed the survey and
returned the DWG file with its coordinates to me the following day.
 I provide the survey data to my architectural engineer, who will use it to create an
architecture design that corresponds to the specifications provided by Clint.
 Following the completion of the architecture drawing, I requested that the structural
engineer test the soil and prepare a structure drawing for the architecture drawing, taking
into consideration all aspects of safety and accuracy for the achieve drawing to ensure that
no clashes and cradles occurred.
 The survivor and the site engineer were asked to draw the layout using modern technology,
which is the laser survey through TOTAL STATION, which is more accurate and precise. After
the excavation was completed I asked them to draw the layout using modern technology,
which is the laser survey through TOTAL STATION, which is more accurate and precise.
 After that, I requested the Amount Survivor to determine the quantity of steel specified in
the design for the building's foundation. The estimator used contemporary software to
determine the quantity of material.

Construction planning techniques used in micro project and macro

project:
Micro Project:
Projects in the construction business are separated into two categories: micro projects and macro
projects. These categories are determined by the methodologies and complicated catty of the
project.

Micro project: These are the projects that are not very difficult and do not need much preparation
on their part. It can only be managed by a small number of members of staff. The techniques that
were employed to deal with it are listed below.

Boundary survey: The boundary survey for a micro project is carried out manually using a
measuring tape; all of the dimensions are measured and recorded in a notebook using the
measuring tape.

Drawing: It is not necessary to create elaborate drawings for the micro project since it is simple and
may be prepared with a manual sketch and copied and drawn elements.

Estimation of material:
Simple calculations in a notebook are used to estimate the amount of material that will be utilised in
the project, such as the number of cement bags needed, the quantity of sand needed, and the
quantity of cruch needed.

Layout: a blueprint is completed for a mirco or a tiny project by stringing together lengths of thread
and tightening them to different grids, as well as corner and wall markers depicted in the drawings.

Excavation: For the purpose of completing the work, the labourers dig with a shovel.
Shattering: Rather of using schoffoldings, long strips of wood were used, which were supported by
grabs of wood.
Macro projects:
The project that is sophisticated, has more technical elements present, and is vastly difficult to
manage with just a few members of staff is referred to as a macro project. Examples include:

The equipment and techniques that are used to properly manage it are a bit different.

Survey: The survey for the project is carried out using a suitable survey machine known as a TOTAL
STATION, which ensures that the exact dimensions and length measurements between different
places are obtained between the various sites.

Boundary surveyFor example, in commercial areas, where the cost of one square foot or one
square metre might vary greatly, the boundary survey is carried out using a total station to
ensure that no piece of land is wasted and that the area is accurately surveyed.

Preparation of drawing for macro project:

It is entirely different from the drawing formation for a micro project in that the architectual drawing
is created first, and then the structural drawing is created by a structural engineer in accordance
with the architectural drawing.

Layout: The plan for a macro project is completed using a total station or GPS, which are both error-
free and provide precise measurements for all of the items shown in the drawings.

Excavation: The excavation is carried out with the assistance of a machine called an excavator.
Shattering and scohoffelding: Steel is used for the shattering material, which is per casted for the
beam and column, and steel pipe is used for the schoffolding, which is safer and more exact than
concrete.

Impact of BIM
Because skyscrapers are increasingly in demand, the building sector is one of the fastest expanding
industries in the world. The value of real estate is growing, which is why construction firms are
currently focusing on designs that are environmentally friendly, take up less area while providing
more amenities at a more accessible price range, among other things. In order to meet all of these
requirements, detailed planning is essential, which may save costs while also improving the
aesthetics of the project. It is critical to have a proper management system in place to make all of
this possible; however, with the advancement of technology and the incorporation of betterment
management, things are becoming easier; one simple but extremely effective step in this regard is
the development of building information modelling, or BIM. The majority of people are not familiar
with BIM, and they consider it to be a technology or 3D model that is created prior to the start of
building. BIM, on the other hand, is more than simply a 3D model; it is a model with a digital
description that answers the physical project's requirements.

BIM has long been recognised as a watershed moment in the construction industry; it has made the
processes of design, construction, and project management simpler, more precise, and more easy to
handle than ever before.

How health and safety is an integrated part of the construction process:

We can increase the acuity and economic value of a project if we follow health and safety
regulations in construction. Without health and safety regulations, we not only lose employees, but
we also damage the precious materials used in construction, resulting in a reduction in the project's
overall acuity and economic value.

Government rules and legislation about health and safety:

Every nation in the world has standards in place to govern health and safety in the workplace,
whether it is in the construction industry, the medical profession, or any other industry.

Construction involves a significant level of danger and material loss, which is why every government
has regulations in place to protect employees and materials.

Precautions in case of fire: Every factory is required to provide such fire escape routes as may
be specified in the event of a fire. The exit doors must not be locked or secured in such a way that
they cannot be readily and instantly opened from the inside while anybody is present in the room,
and all such doors, unless they are of the sliding kind, must be designed so that they open outwards
when opened.

Fencing of machinery: The following items must be securely fenced in every factory by
safeguards of substantial construction that are maintained in place while the sections of equipment
that must be fenced are in motion or in operation.

Employment of young persons on dangerous machines: No kid or teenager under the age
of 17 should be allowed to operate any machine unless he or she has received thorough training on
the hazards and precautions that must be followed. To be effective at the machine, he must have
received proper training in its operation or must be under the supervision of someone who has
extensive knowledge and expertise with the equipment.

Casing of new machinery: All power-driven equipment placed in any plant must have every set
screw, belt, and key on every rotating shaft, spindle, wheel, and pinion properly protected by sinking
them, encasing them, or otherwise successfully guarding them to avoid injury or death.

Hoists and lifts: Hoists and lifts, as well as rotating equipment, are subject to certain regulations
and requirements.

Excessive weights: The lifting, carrying, or moving of any weight that is so heavy that it is likely to
cause him damage should not be performed in any factory by any employee.

 For the older adult (17 years or more) The maximum weight restriction for a man worker is 200
lbs.
 The maximum weight restriction for an adult female worker is 50 pounds.
 The maximum weight limit for male teenagers (15-17 years) is 50 pounds.
 The maximum weight limit for female adolescents is 40 lbs.
 For children under the age of 15 years, the maximum weight restriction is 35 lb.

Protection of eyes: If the work process or being in its vicinity involves a risk of injury to the eyes
from particles or fragments thrown off during the process, or a risk of injury to the eyes as a result of
exposure to excessive light or heat, the government may require that effective screens or suitable
goggles be provided.

Precautions against dangerous fumes: It is prohibited to enter or be allowed to enter any

chamber, tank, vat, pit, pipe, flue, or other confined area in which harmful fumes are likely to be
present to such an amount that there is a risk of humans being overtaken by the fumes, unless there
is an adequate means of exit available.
Explosive or inflammable dust, gas, etc: When a manufacturing process in a factory creates
dust, gas, fume, or vapour of a kind and quantity that makes it probable that it may explode upon
ignition, all reasonably possible steps must be taken to avoid such an explosion.