Chapter 3: Material

3.1 Types of Materials ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ ﻭﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ‬، ‫ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻭﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻭﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺻﺭ ﺍﻻﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻧﺟﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‬
: ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬- ‫ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺎﻫﺯﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬- ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬
: Raw Material ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‬-1
‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺒﺔ‬-2
Fabricated Material ‫ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ‬Bulk Material -3
Engineered/Designed Materials -4

Question 1: Which one of the following represents the four basic material
categories?
A. Rare materials, bulk materials, fabricated materials, engineered/designed
materials.
B. Raw materials, bulk materials, fabricated materials, engineered/designed
materials.
C. Raw materials, bulk materials, fabricated materials, long lead materials.
D. Raw materials, pre-packed materials, fabricated materials,
engineered/designed materials.
 3.2. Material Handling Principals ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺩﻯء ﻣﻧﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬
1. Material movement should be over the shortest distance possible; ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ‬
2. Terminal time should be in the shortest time possible, since the objective is to
move materials; ‫ﺍﻗﻝ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ‬
3. Eliminate manual material handling when mechanized methods are feasible;
4. Avoid partial transport loads, since full loads are more economical; and,
full load ‫ ﻟﻭ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻋﺭﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺛﻼ ﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ‬، ‫ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻭﻟﺔ‬
5. Materials should be readily identifiable and retrievable. ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻣﻳﻳﺯﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺭﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬

Question 2: All of the following statements regarding material handling are

false except:
A. Poor material handling can result in damage to raw materials or the finished
product.
B. Efficient material handling can slow production operations.
C. Material handling has no significant issues.
D. Material handling is not a requirement, as inefficiencies are labor based.

3.3. Materials Handling Decision Factors

1. Material to be handled
2. Production system type
3. Facility type
4. Materials handling system costs
‫‪Question 3: All of the following decision factors affect material handling‬‬
‫‪except:‬‬
‫‪A. Material to be handled.‬‬
‫‪B. Employee type.‬‬
‫‪C. Production system type.‬‬
‫‪D. Material handling costs..‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪3.4. Lead Time‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﺎﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻭﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻛﺗﻣﺎﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺗﺞ‬
‫‪ The period of time between the initiation of any process of production and‬‬
‫‪the completion of that process‬‬

‫‪3.3. Material Quality‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻻﺑﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ ﺑﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﺻﺎﻥ ‪ Poor Quality‬ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ‪.‬‬

‫‪3.4 Material Quantity‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻼﺑﺩ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﻳﻌﻁﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﻭﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺳﺗﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺑﺎﺣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﻔﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻛﺩ ﻣﺛﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﺳﻊ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻥ ‪ Safety Stock‬ﺳﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻭﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪3.5 Economic Order Quantity EOQ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻻﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺗﺗﻠﺧﺹ ﻓﻠﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺳﺎﻭﻯ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﺍء ‪ EOQ‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫]‪EOQ = [√ (2 x D x P) / S‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺑﺭ ‪ D‬ﻋﻥ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪Annual Production‬‬

‫‪ P‬ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ‪purchase order costs‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ S‬ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ‪storage/carrying costs‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﻳﺻﻝ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﻭﻱ ﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺣﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 1800‬ﻁﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ 4‬ﺭﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﺑﻠﻎ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ‪ 100‬﷼ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺟﺏ ﻁﻠﺑﻬﺎ ؟‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪EOQ = [√ (2 x D x P) / S] = [√ (2 x 1800 x 100) / 4] = 300‬‬
‫‪Unit‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻌﻧﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ‪ 300‬ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺛﻡ ‪ 300‬ﺍﺧﺭﻳﻥ ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 1800‬ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺩﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺟﺏ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻌﻬﺎ ‪ ..‬ﻧﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺻﺩﺭ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺭﻳﺩ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻧﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺳﻳﻘﺗﺭﺏ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺻﻔﺭ ﺑﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻡ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻭ ‪Reorder‬‬
‫‪Point‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫‪RP = (O x R) + I‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ O‬ﻫﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ‪Order Time‬‬

 ‫ﻭ ‪ R‬ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ‪Production Rate‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭ ‪ I‬ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻶﻣﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ‪minimum inventory level or safety stock‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺑﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪ 60‬ﻣﻭﺗﻭﺭ ﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ‪ 60‬ﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ‪Lead‬‬
‫‪ Time‬ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺳﺏ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻵﻣﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ‪ 180‬ﻣﺣﺭﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪PR =(O (5 days) X R (60 unit/day) ) + I (180) = 480 Unit :‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻧﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﺻﺩﺭ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺗﻭﺭﻳﺩ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 480‬ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﻧﺗﺞ‬
‫‪ 300‬ﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

‫‪Example 2 : Define the economic order quantity (EOQ) for a mechanical firm that‬‬
‫‪supports a contractor on development of 4,500 homes a year for water heating‬‬
‫‪systems. The cost of purchasing each water heater is $250. The storage cost for‬‬
‫‪the water heaters is $36 per year for space and financing. Furthermore, calculate‬‬
‫‪the computing reorder point (RP) for the water heaters. Based on water heater‬‬
‫‪per home of 90 per day and lead time is 10 days, the safety level of stock is 250‬‬
‫)‪water heaters (minimum level‬‬

‫‪EOQ = [√ (2 * 4,500 * $250) / $36] = 250 should be ordered‬‬

‫‪RP = (10 days x 90 units per day) + 250 = 1,150 Units‬‬

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‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻲ ‪3.6 Just in Time Inventory Techniques‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻭﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺣﺗﻳﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺻﻔﺭ‬
‫‪ The exact materials quantities needed are delivered at the exact time needed.‬‬
‫‪The goal is to reduce inventories.‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻖ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺳﻔﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻻﺑﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺑﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ‪ Material Quality‬ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﻼ ﻋﻳﻭﺏ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺑﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺭﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻝ‬
‫‪Zero idle inventory‬‬

‫‪3.7 Individual Purchasing Orders & System Contracts‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺭﻧﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭﻱ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻗﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻼء‬

‫‪3.8 Expediting‬‬
‫‪ The purpose of expediting is to ensure that the materials are delivered on-time‬‬
‫‪as promised‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪3.9 Plant Material Management‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻠﻳﺔ – ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺳﻣﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ – ﻫﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻳﺑﺔ ‪ Solvents‬ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻳﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺣﻭﻡ ‪ Greases‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻳﻪ ‪ Original Equipment Manufacturer OEM‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻻﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﻁﻳﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﺑﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺧﻼﻑ ﺧﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺧﻁﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺗﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺧﻁﺔ ﺍﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻳﺔ ‪ fallback Plan‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺫﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺑﺄﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻁﻝ ﺳﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺎﺟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬