CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) known as IT

industrial training, is a program designed for students in tertiary institution
to enable them get acquainted or exposed to the practical aspect based on
whatever is the study, the program was exposed by the ITF (Industrial
Training Fund) to prepare students for the challenges they will face in their
respective fields when they become part of the nation’s workforce.
Furthermore, ITF through SIWES, aims to ensure that the universities do not
produce “half-baked graduates” that will not be useful industrially because
of their inability to relate the theoretical knowledge so acquired in school
lecture thearters to the necessary industrial practice/works.

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES was established by ITF (industrial training fund) in the year 1973 to
solve the problem of lack of adequate proper skills for employment of
tertiary institution graduate by Nigerian industries. The students industrial
work experience scheme (SIWES) was founded to be a skill training
program to help expose and prepare student of university, Polytechnic and
colleges of education for the industrial work situation to be met after
graduation. This scheme serves as a smooth transition from the classroom to
the world of work and further helps in the application of knowledge. The
scheme provides students with the opportunity of acquiring and exposing
themselves to the experience required in handling and managing the
equipment and machinery that are usually not made available in their
institutions. Before this scheme was established, there was a growing

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concern and trend notice by industrialist as a graduates of Higher institutions
lack sufficient practical background for employment. It used to be that
students who got into Nigerian institutions to study science and technology
were not trained in the practical know-how of their various field of study. As
a result, they could not easily find jobs due to the lack of work in experience.

Therefore, the employers thought that the theoretical education going on in

higher institution was not responsive to the need of employers of Labour.
This was a huge problem for thousands of Nigerians until 1973. it is against
this background that the fundamental reason for initiating and designing the
scheme by the fund in 1973/74 was introduced.

The ITF organization (industrial training fund) made a decision to help all
interested Nigerian students and establish the SIWES program. It was
officially approved and presented by the Federal Government in 1974. The
scheme was solely founded by the ITF during its formative years but as the
financial involvement became unbearable to defund, it withdrew from the
scheme in 1978. In 1979, The federal government handed over the
management of the scheme to both the National University commission
(NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Latter, in
November 1984, the Federal Government reverted the management and
implementation of the scheme to ITF. In July 1985, it was taken over by the
industrial training fund(ITF) while the funding was Solely borne by the
Federal Government. (Culled from job specifications on Students Industrial
Work Experience Scheme).

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 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The following are aims to be achieved by SIWES

• Advancing relationship between educational and industrial sector.

• Ensuring that institution of higher knowledge produce qualified graduates

who are fit as the nation's workforce.

• Enable students contribute their own quoter towards the development of the
country.

• Expose students to the handling and usage of equipment which may not be
available in their respctive schools.

• Maintaining the balance between theoretical and practical knowledge.

• Preparing students for the challenges in working environment before and

after graduation.

1.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF WORKPLACE

NISSI HOSPITAL was Established in 2003 in area 1 masaka, karu ,

Nasarawa state. It was started in 3 bed room rented apartment as Nissi clinic
and maternity. In 2007 the Hospital was renamed NISSI HOSPITAL after
moving to current permanent site. Services rendered include : medical out
patient treatment, obstretic care, sirgical servicies , laboratory services,
peadiatric care, immunization, ultrasound.

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 SECTIONS/DEPARTMENTS:

• Administrative Department

• Nursing Department

• Pharmacy Department

• Laboratory Department

Services offered are General healthcare services, such as; Antenatal, surgical
sections, nursing/midwifery services, laboratory and pharmaceutical
services.

1.4 LOCATION AND ADDRESS OF THE HOSPITAL

Name

NISSI HOPITAL

Address

Area 1, Masaka, Nasarawa State.

Location .

Area 1, Masaka Nasarawa State

Owner

Dr. Ijaja Onuoche

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ORGANIZATION'S VISION

To be the leading family hospital in Nigeria.

ORGANIZATION'S MISSION

To render quality and effective healthcare services to all our esteemed

clients

1.5 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS IN THE CLINIC

Laboratory Services : Involves carrying out serological tests like malaria

parasite test, Widal agglutination tests, HIV rapid tests etc, Chemistry tests
like liver and kidney function tests, blood sugar tests, etc.

Nursing : carry out immunization, assisting the medical doctors, catering for
patient's needs and administering injections.

Pharmacy : purchase and dispensation of medicine/drugs

Administrative office : concerned with registration of clients.

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1.6 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF NISSI HOSPITAL

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS IN THE LABORATORY

• Bench work tops and incubators must be disinfected regularly.

• Dispose used sharps in the sharps container

• Do no overfill the waste containers

• Whenever spills occur use a cotton swab with methylated spirit or bleach to
sterilize or disinfect the area.

• Wearing of face masks and gloves in all procedures within the laboratory.

• Making and answering phone calls in the laboratory is prohibited.

• Eating, drinking and smoking are highly prohibited in the laboratory.

• Wearing laboratory coat is mandatory.

• Careful handling of tissue samples and chemical reagents in the laboratory.

• Cleaning and sterilization of laboratory equipment before and after use.

• Talking while carrying out a laboratory test is forbidden.

• Heels and sandals are not allowed in the work area.

• Dispose all waste properly

• All laboratory glasswares must be sterilized in the autoclave before use

• Habitual hand washing before and after work is compulsory

• Sleeping and loitering in the laboratory is prohibited

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 2.1 EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES USED IN THE LABORATORY

The equipments and devices used in the laboratory includes:

• Microscope: this is the instrument used in the laboratory for viewing tiny
microorganisms which are not visible with the naked eye. The microscope
has different magnifications such as 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x depending on the
size of the specimen on the slide.

• Autoclave: this is an instrument used in sterilizing certain biological waste

and media before pouring into plate and bottles. To be effective, the
autoclave must reach and maintain a temperature of 121°C for at least
30minutes by using saturated steam under at least 15psi of pressure.

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Procedure

First, the water inside the autoclave must be up to normal level. The medias
to be sterilized are loaded inside tray, then we put the upper tray and load the
bottle (to be used in pouring the medias after sterilization) inside the top
tray, then cover with the lid and the upper lid is fastened down and the
valves closed, the temperature is set to 121°C for 15 minutes. It is then
switched on and the water starts to boil, when pressure rises to the normal
range, the valve is closed and the temperature start rising, when it reaches
121°C, the autoclave is switched off and the pressure is allowed to cool
down until it reaches zero.

The valve is opened and the remaining pressure is allowed to come out after
which the lid is unfastened and the media are taken out for pouring.

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• Centrifuge: it is used for spinning liquid/fluid samples e.g urine or blood
etc. at different revolution for specific minute e.g

• Spinning of blood samples to separate the red blood cells from the plasma.

• Spinning urine samples to separate the supernatant from the deposit.

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• Incubator: this is a device in which organisms are allowed to grow in
cultures because of the favorable temperature. This incubator has already
been set to normal temperature for the growth of organisms (35°C - 37°C).
the cultures are left inside the incubator for 18 – 24 hours but it highly
varies and depends on the type of cultures requested.

• Refrigerator: it is used in storing agar media, Widal agglutination antigens,

antisera, cholesterol and glucose buffer solutions.

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• Manual Blood Cell Counter : This is used to record and calculate
adequately the relatve number of each type of white blood cell present in the
blood such as Eosinophils, Neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes and
monocytes. It is also called the Manual white blood cell/ differential blood
counter. The normal range for white blood cells in the human body is 4,500
to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter (4.5 to 11.0×10⁹/L)

• Electrophoresis machine : it is used to carryout genotype tests. It involves

applying electric charges to molecules causing them to migrate towards the
oppositely charged electrode. It consists of a buffer solution, acetate paper,
positive and negative electrode.

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2.2 EXPERIENCE AND GAIN FROM NISSI HOSPITAL
LABORATORY UNIT

As a microbiologist who needs to get familiar with microbes and their

importance, this period of my Industrial Training has broadened my
knowledge on microbes generally. I have also been able to have the practical
understanding of my discipline and not restricted to theoretical knowledge
based on the myriad of tests carried out in the laboratory during this period.
It was a wonderful combination of theoretical and practical knowledge and
skills.

Familiarities with apparatus/devices used in the laboratory such as the

Micro- hematocrit reader, light microscope, hot plates, refrigerator,
autoclave, centrifuge, slides, agar plates, test tubes, electrophoresis machine,
inoculation loop, incubator etc.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST : This test is used to

determine the specific antibiotic that will inhibit or stop the growth and
multiplication of a particular microorganism.

PROCEDURE :

• The colony is picked using an inoculation loop and it is streaked over a

nutrient agar plate.

• The sensitivity/ susceptibility disc is placed over the already streaked agar.
The sensitivity disc contains minute amounts of several antibiotics/drugs e.g
Septrin (SXT), Zinnacef (Z), Ampiclox (APX), Gentamicin (CN),
Erythromycin (E), etc.

RESULT :

If the microorganisms are sensitive to the antibiotics,it shows a clear zone of

inhibition around the disc while otherwise no clear region is observed
implying they are resistant.

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3.1 PREPARATION OF AGAR

This is the room where different type of Media; solid media and liquid
Media including semi solid Agar are prepared. This room is the prime part
of the department because all the benches depend on them for media, it is
more often than not called the kitchen. The room is always there to avoid
contamination there are a number of precautions in the media room which
include; the bench for working is always sterilised with disinfectant,
example 70% ethanol or methylated spirit, the walls set up must be done in a
sterile environment with the air conditioner switched off and Windows
closed the mouth of the bottles of flask must be sterilized by flaming before
pouring out media from them, talking is prohibited while pouring the media
into the plates to avoid contamination, random movement of people in the
media room is also prohibited while preparation is carried out.

3.2 NUTRIENT AGAR : it is a general purpose medium supporting the

growth of a wide range of non-fastidious microbes. It is yellow in colour and
usually used to carry out sensitivity tests. It is prepared by mixing 28g of
nutrient Agar with 1,000ml of distilled water after which the mixture is
sterilised in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes, and then it was allowed to
Cool at 45°C. After cooling, it was poured in sterile plate (petri dish) in
aseptically allowed to solidify/gel before it is used for culturing.

3.3 BLOOD AGAR : it is an enrichment medium often used to grow

fastidious microbes and to differentiate Bactria based on their hemolytic
properties. It is reddish in colour and prepared by mixing 37 g of blood Agar
base powder into 1,000ml of distilled water, heat dissolved the medium and
sterilised at 120°C for 15 minutes in an autoclave after which it was allowed

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to cool at 45°C. then 5% to 7% of sterile defabrication blood, swirl to mix
and pour plate aseptically.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 STOOL ANALYSIS:

This is an analysis that is used to investigate parasitic diseases and enteric

parasites such as ascaris, hookworm, tapeworm and whipworm can be
diagnosed by examining stools under a microscope for the presence of their
larvae or eggs. Some bacterial such as Clostridium difficile can also be
identified.

Equipment and materials required

• Fecal/stool sample

• Coverslip

• Normal saline

• Glass slide

• Microscope

Procedure : Firstly the general appearance (macroscopy) of the fecal sample

is observed before a clean slide is prepared with a drop of normal saline
placed on the centre of the slide. A small piece of the taken and smeared
over the slide using a tiny mixing rod. It is afterwards viewed under the
microscope at 50x magnification to observe for helminths, mucus, blood,
yeasts or ovas of worms.

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4.1 BLOOD CULTURE : it is a test that checks for bacteria, yeast and
other microorganisms in the blood. It requires the patient's blood sample
which will be incorporated in nutrient agar. It is usually requested by the
doctor when a blood infection or septicemia is suspected.

Procedure :

Nutrient agar is prepared and the blood sample mixed into the molten agar in
a conical flask and poured into a petri dish. It is incubated at 37°C for 5
days. Usually a sensitivity test is done after observing growth.

4.2 MALARIA PARASITE TEST (M.P)

This is carried out to check for the presence of plasmodium species in a

patient's blood usually to confirm the symptoms of malaria illness
diagnosed.

Procedure : a drop of the patient's blood is placed on a clean glass slide and
a thin blood film is made using another slide by smearing along the length of
the slide. It is afterwards left to dry for 30 seconds and stained with leishman
dye, it is then allowed to sit for 30-60 seconds to allow penetration of the
stain before it is rinsed and viewed under the microscope.

RESULT : observation of the intracellular parasites within the red blood

cells confirms the presence of plasmodium species casuing malaria.

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4.3 HIGH VAGINAL SWAB (H.V.S)

Vaginal discharge are due to infections of the female genitalia, usually the
vagina, cervix and uterus. The most notable pathogen causing vaginal
infections are the candida species.

Procedure : a sterile swab stick is utilised to obtain samples by inserting

into the vagina and rotated. It is then emulsified with normal saline. A drop
of the emulsion is placed on a microscope slide and viewed under the
microscope for the presence of yeast cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells
and crystals. The remnant is then streaked over a nutrient agar plate and
incubated at 37°C for 24-48hours to observe for colony growth.

4.4 ENDOCERVICAL SWAB (E.C.S)

This is a laboratory test carried out to help identify infection of the cervix.

Procedure : Using a speculum the vagina is held open to permit visibility of

the cervix. The sterile swab stick is inserted and rotated around the cervix to
obtain a sample. It is afterwards emulsified and streaked over nutrient agar
to be incubated at 37°C for 24-28hours to detect growth of microbes.

4.5 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TEST(HIV)

This test is performed to detect or confirm the presence of human

immunodeficiency virus which causes AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome).

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Procedure : The patient's blood sample is drawn and dispensed into an
EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Triacetic acid) tube containing an anticoagulant.
It is then spun in the centrifuge for 60 seconds to obtain the serum. A
Determine HIV-1/2 strip is inserted into the tube in an upright position. The
strip possesses a control and patient area on either ends.

RESULT : If a band is observed in only the control area, the test is negative
but if two bands are observed in both the control and patient (test) area, it is
confirmed positive.

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 WIDAL AGGLUTINATION TEST (TYPHOID TEST)

It is an indirect agglutination test for enteric fever whereby bacteria causing

typhoid fever is mixed with a serum containing specific antibodies obtained
from an infected individual.

Procedure : Firstly,the patient's blood is drawn and dispensed into an

EDTA tube and spun in the centrifuge for 2 minutes to obtain the serum.

The widal test kit is assembled. The kit contains six different antigens “AO,
BO, CO, O, H, CH" and a rocking tile with six circular sections.

A drop of each antigen is placed on each circle and a drop of the patient's
serum is added to each of the antigens before mixing and rocking for 2-3
minutes observing for agglutination.

RESULT: If agglutination is observed with the strongest antigen, it

confirms the presence of antibodies against Salmonella typhi and if no
agglutination is observed, then the test is negative.

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5.1 GENOTYPE : Genotype or haemoglobin electrophoresis is used to
separate and identify the different haemoglobins by their migration within an
electric field. Haemoglobin variants separate at different rates due to
different in their surface electric charges as determined by their amino acid
structure .the predominant Genotype are AA and AS ,SS while AC ,SC etc

Aim :to detect ones genotype.

Apparatus: sterile swap, 2m1 syringe ,harid glove ,Tris buffer cellulose
acetate membrane, clean and dry tile ,application ,a positive and negative
control i.e. AS and. AA ,water, pasture’s pipettes, electrophoresis machine.

PROCEDURE:

After blood collection using pasture’s pipette

The blood is placed using on a clean tile also your control placed at a
different division.
Using another pasture’s pipette ,pipette small volume of water and
application to make the mixture light for easy separate of the samples.

Using respectively applicators place the sample on a cellulose acetate

membrane respectively.
Pour l00mis of this EDTA borate buffer ip each of the electrophoresis
chamber.
Put the cellulose acetate member in an electrophoresis machine placed side
down.

Cover the tank and correct to power supply leave for 25 minutes to separate.

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RESULT : If the result is AA when there are two lines when the S migrate
to the positive electrode and then A to the negative electrode then is AS.
When A migrate only to the negative electrode then it is

AA and when the S riigrate to positive electrode and another S migrate to

the positive electrode then it is SS. add to the respective blood samples.then
mix separate using an

5.2 BLOOD GROUPING: Blood grouping of the ABO system is

determined with Anti-A, Anti B, and Anti -D sera, which forms
agglutination complex with antibodies found in blood sample.

AIM: To determine the blood group and rhesus determinants of patients.

APPARATUS:
gloves,
Pasteur pipette,
Applicator stick.
Blood sample in EDTA
Alcohol Swabs
Lancet
Clean glass slide
Sterile cotton balls
Biohazard disposal container
Monoclonal Antibodies (Anti-A, B, and D)
REAGENTS: Anti- A, Anti - B, Anti- D sera.

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5.2.1 PROCEDURE:

Venous blood was collected into an EDTA sample bottle

The blood was placed 3 spots on the tile with the aid of Pasteur pipette.

Antiserum A, B and D were placed carefully on each spots,

An applicator stick or Pasteur pipette was used to mix the drop of blood with
the antisera one after the other without contamination.

The tile was gently rocked from side to side for 3 minutes to allow
agglutination occurrence, then result was observed.

RESULT
ANTISERA (MONOCLONAL) ANTI -A ANTI –B AND ANTI-D

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 PRECAUTIONS

Discard the alcohol swabs, lancet, cotton balls and toothpick after
their use. Drop all the materials, including the glass slide into the
biohazard disposal container after observing the result.

5.3 BLOOD GLUCOSE TEST

A blood glucose test measures the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your

blood. When you eat carbohydrates, your body converts them into glucose to
use as energy. Having too much or too little glucose in your blood could
mean you have a serious medical condition.

WHAT ARE BLOOD GLUCOSE TESTS USED TO DIAGNOSE

Glucose testing is primarily done to diagnose or manage type 1 diabetes,

type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes.

Diabetes is a condition that causes blood glucose levels to rise.

Test carried out in blood glucose

fasting

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oral glucose tolerance test(2-hrs test)

random ( non-fasting)

post-prandial test (2HPP)

FASTING BLOOD SUGAR TEST PREPARATION

For a fasting blood glucose test, you can’t eat or drink anything except water
for 8 hours before your test. This test is important because it’ll provide more
accurate result that are easier for doctors to interpret.

RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR TESTING PREPARATION

A random (non-fasting) blood glucose test doesn’t require one not to eat or
drink before the test.

POST- PRANDIAL TESTING PREPARATION

A test given two hours after starting a meal is used to measure post prandial
plasma glucose. This test is more often done at home when you have
diabetes.

PRINCIPLE

To measure the concentration of glucose in the blood.

APPARATUS:

Glucometer, glucose strip, lancet, gloves, alcohol swab.

PROCEDURES:

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Disinfect the finger with 70% of alcohol swab.

Use the lancet device that came with your kit to prick the side of a fingertip.

Touch the edge of a test strip to the drop of blood that arises after the finger
prick.

Place the strip in the glucometer.

Track and record your result.

Dispose the used lancet and the used test strip.

Normal ranges

Fasting blood sugar: 75-115mg/dl

4.0-6.0mmol/l

Random blood sugar: 75-150mg/dl

4.5-8.5mmol/l

PRECAUTIONS:

Make sure to wash and dry your hands before testing.

Do not squeeze your finger when taking a blood drop sample
Every time one starts to use a new pack/box/container of glucose test
strips, one should make sure to calibrate the glucometer and check the
strips are within their expiry date. One will find the expiry date
printed on the container.
Make sure that the lid of your test strips is sealed tightly, as moisture
from the air may affect the accuracy of the result.

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5.4 PEPTIC ULCER TEST (H.PYLORI RAPID TEST) : This is a rapid
test that detects IgG antibodies specific to H.pylori in a patient's blood or
serum.

Procedure : After the patient's blood sample has been drawn, it is

transferred into an EDTA tube and centrifuged for 60seconds to obtain the
serum. The H.pylori rapid test strip is inserted into the tube in an upright
position with the patient/test area down and the control area up.

RESULT : If two bands are observed in both the test and control area, the
test is positive but if a band is only seen in the control area, it is negative.

5.5 PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)

Packed cell volume also known as haematocrit is used to screen for anemia
when (haemoglobin) Hb is not measured accurately is also used to check
dehydration, burn derue haemorrhagic fever and cythaemia e.t.c

Aim : To detect the percentage of cell in blood

Apparatus :Edta containing blood capillary tubes (2)micro haematocrit

reader, sealant ,centurion micro haemtocrit centrifuge.

Procedure :Using the capillary tubes collected blood from well mixed
EDTA anti coagulated blood container, respectively in the capillary tubes.
Seal the unfilled end of the capillary tubes with a sealant respectively. Place
capillary tubes in the haematocrit centrifuge and spinned for five (5)minutes.

Bring out the capillary tubes and place in a micro heamatocrit reader and
take your reading.

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Result:
Children at birth 44-54%

Children 2-5 years 34 -40 %

Children 6-12 years 35-45%

Adult men 40-54%

Adult women 36-46%

5.6 URINALYSIS

This is non- specific test that was used to determine the presence of some
metabolites in urine whose concentration was used to determine the health
condition of a patient such as diabetes, metabolic abnormalities, urinary tract
infection, and hepatic obstructions

MATERIALS
Wears (PPE) e.g. hand gloves
Urine container
Urine
Absorbent Material

REAGENT
Test pad
SPECIMEN COLLECTION & PREPARATION

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Collect the urine in a clean and dry container that allows complete
immersion of the entire field on the test slip.
Do not add preservative.
Test the specimen as soon as possible with the sample well mix but don’t
centrifuge.
The use of fresh morning urine is recommended for optimal nitrite test as
well as valid determination of blimbin test and urobilomogen since this
compound are unstable when expose to light .

If immediate test is not possible, the sample should be stored in a

refrigerator, but not frozen and then brought to room temperature before use.
Unpreserved urine at room temperature may undergo PH changes due to
microbial proliferation, which may interfere with protein determination. If
clear specimen are not collected from female, positive result for leukocytes
can be found due to contamination from outside urinary tract skin cleanses
containing chlorhexidine may affect the protein test result if specimen
contamination occur.

TEST PAD & EXPECTED VALUES

Urobilogen –

Glucose – a small amount of glucose (up to 30mg/dl) are excreted by kidney

PH – URINE VALUES GENERALLY RANGES FROM PH 5 – 9

S.G – Normal range 1.001 – 1.035

Nitrite - if positive signifies infections, Etc.

PROCEDURES

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Follow the procedures exactly to achieve accurate results.
Do not compare the strips with color chart before the strip is dip in urine.

Dip the strip into the urine up to test area for no more than two seconds.

Draw the edge of the strip along the brim of the vessel to remove excess
urine. At the same time/point don’t make the test area touch the brim of the
vessel.

Turn the strip on one side & tap once on a absorbent material to remove any
remaining urine.

NOTE: Excessive urine on the strip may cause the interaction of the
chemicals between adjacent reagent pads so that an incorrect result
may occur.

Compare the color of the reagent pads exactly after 60sec, leukocyte after
(90-120sec)

With the color chart on the viral label under found tight. While company ,
keep the strip horizontally to prevent possible mixing of chemicals when
excessive urine is present,

PRECAUTIONS
Store in cool dry place at temp between 20c – 30c

Do not store in a refrigerator or a freezer.

Replace the bottle cap immediately and tightly after the removal of the test
strip.

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Do not touch test areas of urine reagent STRIPS

Do not open container until ready to use.

Don’t use after the expiring date.

5.7 URINE MICROSCOPY AND CULTURE

Urine microscopy is a test that looks at a sample of your urine under a

microscope. It can see cells from your urinary tract, blood cells, crystals,
bacteria, parasites, and cells from tumors.

Urine culture is a test done to identify the type of microorganism causing

urinary tract infection. It involves culturing one's urine sample on an agar
plate.

PROCEDURE FOR URINE MICROSCOPY : The patient's urine sample

is collected and dispensed into a test tube and centrifuged for 10-15 minutes
to separate the supernatant from the deposit.

It is then decanted and the deposit is transferred to a clean glass slide and
viewed under the microscope at x10 and 40x magnification to observe for
the presence of crystals or blood.

PROCEDURE FOR URINE CULTURE : After obtaining the patient's

urine sample, a sterile swab is dipped into the urine and streaked over a
nutrient agar plate. It is incubated at 37°C for 18-24hours.

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5.8PREGNANCY TEST (PGT) : This is a test that measures the presence
of the hormone human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) in human urine or
blood for early detection of pregnancy. It is a hormone produced during
gestation/ pregnancy.

Procedure : The patient's blood or urine sample is obtained firstly. For

urine, the rapid PGT test strip is immediately inserted into the tube
containing the urine but for the blood,it is dispensed into an EDTA tube and
centrifuged for about 3 minutes to get the serum before the test strip is
inserted.

RESULT : The presence of a band on the control area only confirms the test
is negative and the presence of bands in the test and control area confirms
the test is positive.

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CHAPTER SIX

6.0 SUMMARY OF ATTACHMENT ACTIVITIES

During my period of attachment at Unity Clinic and Maternity, Abuja, I was

engaged cataloging some information materials for The Laboratory and I
also did some activities for the dispatch such as; attending to patients
confirming and examining their request forms, entering their detail into the
register and detailling them concerning the test they are to undergo and
directed them to where it is to be carried out. I acquired a lot of practical
knowledge in the laboratory, amazed at how popular test for common
ailments and illnesses are carried out, how to operate laboratory equipment
and devices.

6.1 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED

No challenges were encountered, everything went smoothly, accommodation

and transport were not a problem as the hospital was in close proximity to
my area of accommodation.

6.2 CONCLUSION

My industrial attachment with Nissi Hospital , has been one of the most
interesting, intriguing, instructive and educative experience in my life.
Through this training I have gained new insights and more comprehensive
understanding about the real industrial working condition and practice and
also improved myself and functional skills. All these valuable experience
and knowledge that I have gained were not only acquired through direct
involvement in task but also, through other aspect of training such as work
observation, supervision, interaction with colleagues supervised experience

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and other people are related to the field. It also exposed me to certain things
about medical ambiance and from what I have undergone, I am sure that the
industrial training program has achieved its primary objective.

6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

I recommend that all institutions or bodies involved in student industrial

working experience scheme, should provide place of placement for
industrial attachment for student industrial training fund and also pay some
allowances to students. The company should also provide more safety
equipment to prevent further environmental and health hazard.

Also, to students that are to undergo the training, I recommend that they
should take it very seriously, because it is one of the most important part of
their studies which will help them build a very significant and effective
meaning in their career pursuit.

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6.4 REFERENCES

Microbiology (2010) analytic study, published by Sagar Aryal

NISSI Hospital Limited (2022). Widal slide test.

NISSI Hospital Limited (2022). Laboratory

Uttaranchal (P.G) College of bio-medical science and hospital.

Medical laboratory science theory and practice by J. Ochei and A.

Kolhatkar.

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