RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING

CORPS

MILITARY SCIENCE - 2

HANDBOOK/WORKBOOK
(INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

SERIES 2007

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 MILITARY SCIENCE 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapters Pages

1. GENERAL MILITARY SUBJECTS

A. PA ORGANIZATION
B. TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE
C. RESERVIST AND RESERVE FORCE DEVELOPMENT
D. INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS

2. SMALL UNIT TACTICS

A. PATROLLING
B. RAIDS
C. AMBUSCADES
D. RIFLE SQUAD TACTICS

3. INDIVIDUAL/UNIT TRAINING

A. VISUAL TRACKING
B. MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING
C. JUNGLE BASE OPERATION
D. MARCHES AND BIVOUACS
E. MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

4. MARKMANSHIP TRAINING

A. MARKMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS
B. RANGE SAFETY PROCEDURES

5. INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A. PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

B. FIRST AID (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)

6. DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

7. MANDATORY READINGS

A. INTRO TO ARTILLERY OPERATIONS

B. FORWARD OBSERVER
C. INTRODUCTION TO ARMOR OPERATIONS
D. INTRODUCTION TO UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
E. PLATOON TACTICS
F. CREW SERVE WEAPONS’ TRAINING
1) 60MM/81MM MORTAR
2) CAL .50 MACHINE GUN

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8. ANNEX

A. RA 7077
B. RIDS

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 CHAPTER 1

GENERAL MILITARY SUBJECTS

A. PHILIPPINE ARMY ORGANIZATION

PRESENT PA ORGPANIZATION

ARMY

COMBAT UNIT

INF DIV SOCOM LA Bde

COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

ENGR BDE 525 ECB 1SG SIG BN CAG

SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS

RESCOM TRADOC ASCOM AMIC FIN CTR HHSG SEG

MISSION: To provide command, control and supervision of element

(organic and attach) in support of its security role by planning, directing and
reviewing the operation and administration of the Army establishment, regular
and reserve, to include the organization, training, equipment and development
of land forces on the conduct of prompt and sustained combat operations on
land in accordance with plans for national security and to perform such
peacetime task as may be directed.

FUNCTIONS:

1. Provide staff planning, control and supervision of administration

and operation of the Philippine Army.
2. Plan for and provide direction and supervision related to civil
function such as:
a. Participation in Socio –Economic Military Program
b. Emergency function in the public interest, such as disaster
relief and domestic disturbance, the latter when directed by higher authority.
c. Operation of essential utilities directed towards national
interest.
d. Civil Works, such as flood control.
3. Prepare plans and program for use of Army, both separately and
in conjunction with air and naval forces in organizing, supplying, equipping,
training, mobilizing and demobilizing the Philippine Army.

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 4. Prepare detailed instruction for the execution of approved plans
and to supervise the execution of such plan.
5. Supervise the development, execution and review and analysis of
Army Programs, to include budgetary and logistical considerations.
6. Individuals of this unit, except those specifically exempted by
existing regulations and laws, can fight as infantrymen when required.

COMBAT UNITS

1. INFANTRY DIVISION

MISSION: To destroy enemy military forces and to control land

areas including population and resources.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct independent offensive and defensive operations.

b. Conduct sustained combat operations against similarly or
less equipped land forces independently or as part of a larger force.
c. Conduct operations in any local weather and terrain and in
any visibility condition.
d. Participate in air assault operations.
e. Participate in amphibious operations.
f. Control population and restore order.
g. Operate in conjunction with heavy forces.
h. Rapidly accept and integrate augmenting forces.

2. LIGHT ARMOR DIVISION

MISSION: To destroy enemy military forces and to control land

areas including population and resources.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct sustained combat operation against similarly or

lass well-equipped land forces independently or as part of a larger forces.
b. Conduct independent offensive, defensive and retrograde
operations.
c. Conduct operations in any local weather and terrain and in
any visibility condition.
d. Disperse over great distances and concentrate rapidly from
widely separated areas.
e. Act as covering forces in offensive, defensive and
retrograde operations.
f. Participate in amphibious operations.
g. Operate in conjunction with light forces.
h. Rapidly accept and integrate augmentation forces.

3. SPECIAL OPERATION COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY

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 MISSION: To plan for, conduct and support special operations.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct unconventional warfare operations.

b. Conduct special reconnaissance and intelligence
operations
c. Conduct disaster relief and rescue operations.
d. Conduct raids ambuscade and sabotage operations.
e. Conduct recovery operations.
f. Conduct Civil Military Operations.
g. Conduct Special Operations Training.
h. Conduct Counter Terrorist Operations.

COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

1. ENGINEER BRIGADE

MISSION: To provide general engineer support to PA units and

contribute to the socio-economic development program of the government.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Undertake construction project in support to the Base

Development Program of the Philippine Army.
b. Undertake construction project in support to the socio-
economic Development Program of the National Government.
c. Assist in relief, rescue and rehabilitation operations.
d. Provide organizational maintenance on organic equipment.
e. Undertake Combat Engineering Support activities when
directed.

2. SIGNAL GROUP, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To provide Communication-Electronics services to

the Philippine Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Install, operate and maintain fixed Commel facilities and

radio terminals/relays on all echelon of command.
b. Install, operate and maintain multi-channel tactical
microwave and satellite communication terminals.
c. Supervise the construction and installation of outside plan
facilities.
d. Conduct electronic-warfare activities.
e. Provide up to 4th echelon repair and maintenance of
Commel equipment.

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 f. Provide Commel support to HPA units and task
forces/special units organized by the command during times of emergency
and calamities.
g. Conduct special studies researches tests and evaluation of
Commel equipment.
h. Monitor Commel personnel management recommend
career and specialization training and subsequently assignment and/or
reassignment.
i. Maintain satellite communication terminals.
j. Act as commodity manager on Commel supplies and
equipment for acquisition.

3. CIVIL AFFAIRS GROUP, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To conduct Psychological Operations in support to

Army units and to conduct Civil Affairs activities in coordination with the Local
Government agencies (LGU’s), Local Government Units (LGU’s), Non
Government Organization (NGO’s), People Organization (PO) and other
sectors of society aimed at winning the heart and mind of the people.

FUNCTIONS:

a. To influence the people’s emotion, belief, behavior and

attitude as well as the enemies in favor of the AFP and the government.
b. To weaken the will of the enemy to fight to reduce their
strength by inducing surrender, defection and desertion.
c. To conduct research and area studies to determine the
issues obtaining in the target areas for propaganda exploitation.
d. To conduct counter-PSYOPS to negate enemy propaganda.
e. To establish a good working relationship with the media,
LGA’s, LGU’s, NGO’s, PO’s and other sector to have a concerted efforts in
uplifting the plight of the people in the depressed areas.
f. To conduct civil affairs activity in coordination with other
AFP units NGO,s and LGU’s.
g. To plan, provide, conduct and evaluate PSYOPS actions
covering the following areas of concerns security and laws enforcement,
religious, economic, social, political, educational, cultural, heath and media
people.
h. To analyze and evaluates propaganda activities and
conduct counter PSYOPS.
i. To conduct and provide instructions for CMO, PSYOPS, Tri
Media, Public Affairs Courses and SOT training.
j. To develop produce, and evaluate PSYOPS products using
the following forms of media, face to face , radio, TV and object merchandize.
k. To maintain networking with LGU’s, LGA’s, and NGO’s for a
collaborated effort in the conduct of humanitarian assistance in depressed
localities tagged as national priority areas.
l. To enhance the socio-economic well-being of soldiers and
their dependence through livelihood training.
m. To conduct news coverage of all command activities.

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 n. To provide command and control of PA NCR DRTU.
o. To conduct photo/video coverage, film showing and other
related civil-military operations.

4. INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY GROUP

MISSION: To conduct special intelligence and counter-

intelligence operations in support of the Philippine Army mission.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct penetration and infiltration operations targeting

specific enemy personalities and organizations of the CPP/NPA/NDF the MILF,
the ASG and other threat groups.
b. Conduct Tactical Intelligence operations to directly support
PA infantry Divisions.
c. Conduct counter-intelligence and operations independently
or in support of other PA units.
d. Conduct signal intelligence operations in support of human
intelligence operations.
e. Conduct specialized intelligence and security training PA-
wide.
f. Conduct limited propaganda operations.
g. Operate as an infantry unit.

5. 525th ENGINEER BATTALION

MISSION:

a. To provide general engineering support to combat units of

the Philippine Army and to perform general engineer works to bolster the
Army’s Socio-Economic program.
b. To construct and rehabilitate roads, bridges and drainage
structures airfield and related in support of the socio-economic program of the
government.
c. To engage and perform reforestation activities of the
Philippine Army.
d. To assist in disaster relief, rescue and rehabilitation
operations during calamity.
e. To undertake and carry out the mission of an infantry
battalion when required.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Provide engineer staff planning and suspension for organic

and attached engineer troops.
b. Performs construction, repair and maintenance of roads,
bridges ford and culverts.

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 c. Provide support of hasty stream-crossing operations
opportunity with boats and raffs and coordination of organic and engineer
troops for deliberate river crossing.
d. Assists in the emplacement of obstacle including mines
and bobby traps.
e. Construction and rehabilitation of roads bridges and
drainage structures airfield and related facilities to include installation and
repair of utilities.
f. Perform deep well drilling operations and related activities
as directed by higher Headquarters.
g. Providing its own administrative supply mess and limited
general support to an engineer equipment and vehicle of the battalion.
h. Medical services for the battalion to include emergency
medical treatment operations of battalion and station, evacuation of sick and
injured when prescribed and supervision of sanitation of the battalion.
i. Take-over and operate existing sawmills
j. implement forestry laws rules and regulations.
k. Conduct relocation survey in support to engineer
construction units.
l. Conduct construction survey in support to engineer
construction units.
m. Produce terrain intelligence by collecting analyzing and
interpreting military geographic information.
n. Provide field maintenance for organic engineer equipment.
Vehicle and sawmill equipment of the battalion.
o. Maintaining and operate heavy engineer equipment not
available in the construction companies and the operation and a maintenance
of the quarry.

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS

1. HEADQUARTERS & HEADQUARTERS SUPPORT GROUP, PA

MISSION: To provide administrative, security, ceremonial

service and service support function as complimentary unit for Headquarters
Philippine Army.

CAPABILITIES:

a. Provide security the commanding General Philippine Army

and other important personages.
b. Secure important personages, camp facilities, vital
installation and detention center.
c. Conduct military ceremonial activities.
d. Provide appropriate music in military ceremonies and
recreational activities.
e. Provide transportation and limited engineering construction
service to Headquarters, Philippine Army.
f. Provide medical, dental and chaplain services.

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 g. Provide maintenance service of utilities, building facilities
and grounds.
h. Enforce military laws, AFP and Post Rules and Regulations.
i. Perform limited security operations outside camp as
directed.
j. Provide comptroller services to designated satellite units
within post.

2. ARMY SUPPORT COMMAND

MISSION: To provide combat service support to all PA units.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Procure, receive, store, maintain while in storage and issue

material for PA units.
b. Recover/reclaim and dispose unserviceable/obsoletes
material.
c. Provide land transportation services and coordinate with
other agencies for air water and rail transportation.
d. Perform general support and depot level (4 th and 5th
echelon) maintenance on common-wheeled vehicles and other equipment.
e. Provide health services medical and dental to PA personnel
and their dependents.
f. Operate and maintain LNMB and provide mortuary and
interment service to AFP personnel and authorize non-military personnel.
g. Undertake programs aimed at the development and
maintenance of physical and mental well-being of PA personnel.
h. Operate forward support units to extend combat services
support to PA and other AFP field units.
i. Provide explosive ordnance disposal to PA and other
government agencies.
j. Conduct research and material development activities.
k. Accounts for all PA properties/assets.

3. TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND

MISSION: To educate and train personnel and develop

doctrines for the Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Conduct career, specialization and special courses.

b. Conduct other training as may be required by higher
Headquarters.
c. Develop test evaluate and validate and doctrines.
d. Evaluate units on training.
e. Publish manual and pamphlet for doctrinal/historical
information and instructional purposes.
f. Conduct research and special studies.

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 g. Participate in any joint and combined exercises with other
services and other Allied Nation.
h. Conduct entry training for officer and enlisted personnel.

4. ARMY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION CENTER

MISSION: To provide Information Technology (IT) services for

the effective and efficient management of operations and resources.

FUNCTIONS;

a. Plan, develop, acquire, install and maintain major Army

information System (IS).
b. Operate common Army information System.
c. Integrate information System and data bases throughout
PA.
d. Advise assist and provide support to all PA IT users.
e. Evaluate and select computer systems for organization use.
f. Conduct specialized IT training for selected PA’s military
and civilian personnel.

5. FINANCE CENTER, PHILIPPINE ARMY

MISSION: To provide financial services to the Philippine Army.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Administer the payment of pay and allowances, collateral

entitlements of military and civilian personnel to include other legal authorized
claims against PA appropriations.
b. Gather and collate financial data and furnishes such
information to higher headquarters when required.
c. Provide staff financial advice to higher adjacent and lower
headquarters when required.
d. Process claims for retirement, separation, hospitalization
and death benefits of Army personnel
e. Collect both appropriate and non appropriated fund due the
government (Trust Fund) and deposit same to authorized depository bank.

6. ARMY RESERVE COMMAND

MISSION: To develop, organize, train, equip and administer

reserves into responsive and mobilizeable Reserve Forces as integral
component of the total Army in the defense of the state and to participate in
Socio Economic Development efforts.

FUNCTIONS:

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 a. Develop, organize train, equip, administer and maintain the
ready reserve component of the Philippine Army.
b. Provide mobilizeable reserve forces as bases for the
expansion of Army in case of war or nation emergencies.
c. Conduct continuous mustering/accounting of reservist
nationwide broken down by age category, province and city/municipality both
officer and EP reservist.
d. Organize and administer the standby reserve units.
e. Conduct selective annual formal and informal assembly of
Ready Reserve Units.
f. Conduct training of basic and advance ROTC, POTC, BCMT,
AADT and other specialized training.
g. Conduct processing of applicant for BCMT, POCT,
candidate soldier, commission and promotion of reservist.
h. Organize, train and administer PAARU’s
i. Assist retirees and veterans.
j. Assist government agencies in the conduct of annual
registration of military registrants
k. Assist in emergency relief and rescue operation during
disaster and calamities.
l. Assist in socio-economic activities.

7. ARMY REAL ESTATE OFFICE

MISSION: To administer and manage PA Real State.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Formulate and recommend to CG, PA policies concerning

the administration & management of PA Real Estate.
b. Plan and recommend for the general utilization of PA bases
and reservations.
c. Plan and ensure the protection of all PA real estate.
d. Secure perfect and protect the PA real estate documents.
e. Undertake legal action on matters pertaining to PA Real
Estate.
f. Acquire and dispose new real estate for the PA.

8. ARMY PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CENTER

MISSION: To provide a responsive and efficient personnel

management in support to the Philippine Army mission.

FUNCTIONS:

a. Implement policies regulations plans and orders pertaining

to personnel management.

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 b. Perform career management function for all ranks/salary
grades except for the promotion and/or placement of O6 and above.
c. Recommend changes to policies to ensure continuous and
efficient utilization of the human resources of the Philippine Army.
d. Develop, review, analyze recommend and execute program
of activities under its supervision.
e. Provide and maintain data necessary for career
management of personnel.
f. Perform other function as the CG, PA may direct.

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B. TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES (TLP)

TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE is the logical sequence of action that a

leader follows while preparing for the execution of an assigned mission
making the best use of time, facilities or equipment and personnel.

Troop-leading procedure is a dynamic process by which a commander

receives a mission, plans and executes it. It should be an instinctive and
familiar way of thinking for a commander. The sequence of the individual
TLP’s is not rigid. It is modified to meet the mission, situation and available
time. Some steps are done concurrently while others may go on continuously
throughout the operation. TLP is time saver and as such, the leader conducts
them in the order that most effectively uses the available time.

PURPOSES OF TLP

1. It ensures that the leader makes the best use of time, equipment
and personnel, in accomplishing the assigned mission.
2. Allows the commander/leader to launch his troops in the battle
quickly with maximum preparation.
3. It assures the accomplishment of all actions required before battle.
4. To save time.

STEPS OF TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE

STEP 1. RECEIVE THE MISSION

A mission may be received either in a written or oral form;

warning order, operation (OPORD), or fragmentary order (FRAGO). At times, a
leader may deduce a change in mission based on a change in the situation.
a. Once an upcoming mission is identified, actions to begin
preparing the unit are conducted. The CO conducts an initial METT-T analysis
to determine the requirements for his warning order.
b. With the information available, the commander sets his
time schedule by identifying the actions that must be done (time-critical tasks)
to prepare his unit for the operation. These preparatory actions are identified
by a preliminary consideration of the information on the mission, enemy,
terrain, and own troops. An initial reconnaissance is conducted to allow the
leader to more fully understand the time requirements for the mission. He
then develops his time schedule by starting at “mission time” and working
backward to the time it is now (reverse planning). The mission time is
normally the most critical time in the operation.
c. The commander must ensure that all subordinate echelons
have sufficient time for their own planning needs. A general rule of thumb for
leaders at all levels is to use no more than one-third of the available time for
planning and issuance of the OPORD. This will leave the rest of the available
time for the subordinate leaders to use for the planning and preparation.

STEP 2. ISSUE A WARNING ORDER

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 Do not wait for more information. Issue the best warning order
possible with the information at hand and update it as needed with additional
warning orders. The warning order allows units prepare for combat as soon
as possible after being alerted of an upcoming mission. This normally
involves a number of standard actions that should be addressed by SOP that
must be done to prepare for the mission. The specific contents for each
warning order will vary, based upon the unique tactical situation.

STEP 3. MAKE A TENTATIVE PLAN

Tentative plans are the basis for the Operation Order (OPORD).
The leader uses the commander’s estimate of the situation to analyze METT-
Information, develop and analyze a course of action (COA), compares COA
and make decision that produces a tentative plan.

The company commander makes a tentative plan based on the

following:

M - Mission
E - Enemy
T - Terrain and weather
T - Troops
T - Time

What is the company MISSION? What are the stated and implied
tasks?

What is the ENEMY situation? What weapons and units do they

have in support? Will they mounted, dismounted, or both?

SEQUENCE IN STUDYING ENEMY SITUATION

S - Size S - Size
A - Activity E - Equipment
L - Location L - Location
U - Unit D - Disposition
T - Time O - Organization
E - Equipment M - Morale/Movement

How can the TERRAIN and WEATHER be used best? To get an

answer to this question, he considers the following and its effects to
personnel, equipment, visibility and trafficability:

K - Key terrain is any feature that affords marked advantage to the

force that seizes or retrieves it. A commander considers key terrain and the
weather in selection of positions in the defense.
O - Observation and field of fire dictate where platoon and weapon
crews are positioned to cover likely enemy avenues of approach.

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 C - Cover and concealment influence the choice of routes and
positions. In the offense, a commander picks positions that provide the best
cover and concealment.
O - Obstacles also influence the choice of routes in the offense
and the choice of positions in the defense. In the offense, the commander may
by-pass obstacles that allow movement. In the defense, he positions troops
and weapons to take advantage of obstacles that allow or stop the enemy. He
reinforces existing obstacles, if there are no natural obstacles, with
improvised or expedient means.
A - Avenues approach are considered in conjunction with thel
direction of attack in the offense and the assignment of position and sectors of
fire in the defense. A commander considers how the enemy avenues of
approach or withdrawal can affect friendly operations.

How may TROOPS and how much TIME are available? These
affect the selection of position, routes, formation and degree of preparation.

STEP 4. INITIAL MOVEMENT

This can be done by having a subordinate leader move the unit to

an assembly area or attack position. The instructions for this movement can
be given in the warning order.

STEP 5. CONDUCT RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is a continuous process during the TLP. This is

done to gather information on the actual area of operation to validate the plan
and make adjustments as necessary.

STEP 6. COMPLETE THE PLAN

The tentative plan is adjusted based on the results of the

reconnaissance. He may have to change COAs if the situation is not what he
expected. In this case, one of the previously analyzed and discarded COAs
may be adjusted to quickly finalize his new plan. Coordination continues with
all supporting agencies, higher headquarters and adjacent units. When issued,
the plan becomes an OPORD.

STEP 7. ISSUE THE ORDER

Preferably issue the order while viewing the avenues of

approach/objective and make maximum use of visual aids (sketches and
terrain models) to enhance the presentation of the order

STEP 8. SUPERVISE

The best plan may fail it is not supervised correctly. Brief back,
rehearsals, inspections and continuous coordination of plans must be used to
supervise and refine TLP.

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 To help ensure the correct execution of actions, the following are
done:

a. Inspect the following during pre-combat inspections,

1) Weapons and ammunition.

2) Uniforms and equipment.
3) Mission-essential equipment
4) Soldier’s knowledge and understanding of the
mission and their specific responsibilities.
5) Communications.
6) Rations and water.
7) Camouflage.

b. Rehearse. Rehearsals are always conducted. They are

essential to ensure complete coordination and understanding of tasks. The
warning order should provide subordinate leaders sufficient detail for them to
schedule and conduct rehearsals of drills/SOPs before receiving the company
OPORD. Rehearsals conducted after the OPORD can then focus on mission
specific tasks. Rehearsals conducted as any other training exercise except
the training area should be as much like the objective area as possible,
including the same light and weather conditions. Mock-ups of the objective
should be used for these practices. Rehearsals include holding soldier and
leader brief backs of individual tasks and using sand tables or sketches to talk
through the execution of the plan. These are followed by walk-through
exercises and then full-speed, blank-fire or live-fire rehearsals. The priority of
rehearsals, as COA development, flows from the decisive point of the
operation. For example, actions of the objective, battle drills for maneuver,
actions on enemy contact, special teams, movement techniques, and others as
required. Security must be maintained during the rehearsal.
c. Brief back. Subordinates should brief back the commander
right after the OPORD to ensure they understand instructions. Brief backs of
the subordinates’ plans should also be conducted. These brief backs may be
given collectively at a meeting of the orders group. Such technique allows
exchange of information, coordination among units, and rapid distribution of
changes to the initial plan.
d. Coordinate. The commander visits his subordinates and
adjacent units to discuss their plans. The CO ensures that all necessary
preparations are being made. These may include coordination of fire support
and engineer activities maintenance, re-supply, movement and other required
actions.

PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

Military decision making is both an art and a science. The commander

and staff continually face situations that involve uncertainties, questionable
and incomplete data, and several possible alternatives. They must not only
decide what to do, but they must also recognize when a decision is necessary.
How a commander or staff officer arrives at a decision is a matter of personal
determination; however, sound conclusions, recommendations and decisions

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result only from a thorough, clear, unemotional analysis of all facts and
assumptions relating to the situation. A systematic approach to problem
solving assist in applying thoroughness, clarity, judgment, logic, and
professional knowledge to the task.
Solutions to a problem(s) result from a logical and orderly process that
consists of:

1. Recognizing and defining the problem.

A problem exists when there is an observable or perceived

deviation from norms. Sometimes, there seems to be a lot of problems
requiring multiple solutions but after careful analysis, it will be found out that
there is only one problem where the efforts should focused at. Problems
should be clearly identified.

2. Gathering the facts and making assumptions needed to determine

the scope of and the solution to the problem.

Gathering as many facts bearing on the problem as possible will

help the staff officer or a commander. All bits of information are to be treated
important. When put together, they may provide an essential lead to the
solution to the problem. Furthermore, making assumptions is necessary to
determine the scope of possible solutions to the problem.
Understandably, an assumption is a supposition on the current
and future situation, assumed to be true in the absence of positive proof. In
the absence of facts, they are used to fill gaps in what is known about a
situation. Typically, they describe future eventualities on which the success of
the situation depends. In planning, assumptions are indispensable tools;
however, it must be borne in mind that replacement of assumption by facts
when possible is best. When used, assumptions must be logical, realistic and
positively stated.

3. Developing possible solutions to the problem.

Based on the assumptions made, possible solutions or courses of

actions are developed.

4. Analyzing and comparing possible solutions.

Self test may be administered based on a prescribe criteria.

Advantages and disadvantages of each possible solution as well as its
suitability, feasibility and acceptability must be considered.

5. Selecting the best solution to the problem.

For simplicity, assigning numerical value to each criteria is

resorted to in determining the best possible solution. The best solution is
recommended for approval or implemented.

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 Two procedures commonly used to solve a military problem are the
estimate of the situation and the staff study. Both of these procedures parallel
the problem-solving process described above. If decision makers use these
procedures, they can make sound decisions. These two procedures will
provide summarize the significant aspects of the situation, including both
facts, assumptions and ethical implications of various alternatives and
indicate or recommend how the means available can best be sued to resolve
the problem to accomplish the mission.

1. Estimate of the Situation.

The purpose of the estimate of the situation is to collect and

analyze relevant information for developing, within the time limits and
available information, the most effective solution to a problem. The estimate is
applicable to any situation and to any level or type of command. Although
normally used in solving tactical problems, it is applicable to other military
activities. Anyone may use this process. The estimate is as thorough as time
and circumstances permit. The detail varies with the level and type of
command. Estimates may be written, but are usually a mental process.
Information, conclusions and recommendations from other pertinent estimates
maybe used. Estimates are revised continuously as factors affecting the
operations chance, as new facts are recognized, as assumptions are replaced
by facts or rendered invalid, or as changes to the mission are received or
indicated.

2. Staff Study

A staff study is a staff officer’s analysis of and recommended

solution to a specific problem or problem area. Most often, the staff study is a
mental analysis in which the staff officer thinks through a problem in a logical
manner and arrives at a solution. Frequently, the results of the staff are
presented to the commander or other superior for his decision. This is
accomplished either orally, as a briefing or in writing, as a staff paper. The
purpose of the staff study, like the estimate of the situation, is to collect and to
analyze relevant information to develop the most effective solution to a
problem. It applies to the solution of administrative as well as operational
problems, although the estimate of the situations is used more commonly
when solving tactical problems.

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C. RESERVISTS AND RESERVE FORCE DEVELOPMENT

REFERENCES:

1. RA 9163 (National Service Training Program Act of 2001)

2. RA 7077 (AFP Reservist Act of 1991)
3. GHQ Implementing Guidelines on NSTP dated 07 May 2002
4. Circular number 3, GHQ, AFP dated 03 March 2004 (AFP Affiliated
Reserve Units Program).
5. Letter Directive HPA dated 28 April 93, subject: Command
Relationship between ARESCOM and the Responsible Soliciting Units of
PAARUs.
6. SOP #3 HPA dated 10 February 93, subject; Procurement, Training,
Promotion, Call to Active and Separation of Reservist under Project 36-70

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

a. Career Course – pertains to the course required for career

progression (Basic, advance and etc) which provides AFOS such as: Infantry,
Armor, Artillery, Quartermaster, Signal, Engineer, Finance, Ordnance, etc.
b. Non-Resident Career course – course offered by PA Service
Schools to junior and company grade inactive reserve officers to prepare them
to assume as company commander, battalion commander or brigade staff of
the PA Reserve Force.
c. Active Duty Training – a call to active duty of inactive
reserve officer and Enlisted reservist for the purpose of training. The training
may involve updating of skills and knowledge on military techniques,
doctrines, policies and regulations in order to upgrade his state of
preparedness for integration with the active component in time of emergency.
d. Inactive Reserve – a commissioned officer and enlisted
reservist not performing regular military duty with the AFP.
e. Mobilization – the utilization of the reserve force in times of
war or national emergency.
f. Mobilization Center – a designated area or place wherein
reservist will report when mobilization is ordered.
g. Deserving Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) – an enlisted
personnel in the grade of E-3 (Corporal) or higher including E-7 (Master
Sergeant), who has conspicuously demonstrated meritorious and valuable
service.
h. Grade – the military rank of a commissioned officer of the
AFP.
i. Separation – the severance of all connections linking a
reserve officer with the AFP. It includes the termination of appointment as a
reserve officer as a result of resignation, deferment of promotion and
administrative or court martial action.
j. Reserve Manpower Development – is one of the functional
areas of the Reservist Retiree Affairs (RRA) such as ROTC, BCMT and MOT.
k. Reservist Training – This refers to training programs to
prepare and qualify individuals to become officer or enlisted reservists.

20
 l. Recruitment – encouraging persons to join a particular
activity, association or party.
m. Soliciting Agency – Any unit in the PA whose AOR covers.
n. Military Organizational Training – is the 1st training for the
newly organized Ready Reserve Company or Battalion and PAARU.
o. Basic Citizen Military Training – A basic military training
course of thirty (30) days or one (1) month or 240 periods of eight (8) periods
per day. The trainees shall receive pay and allowances, including initial
clothing allowances (ICA) of a third class trainee. (HPA letter directive dated 03
March 2004)
p. Philippine Army Affiliated Reserve Unit – a component of
the AFP Reserve Force as prescribed in R. A. 7077 composed of vital public
and/or private utilities organized as affiliated units of the AFP Reserve Force.
( Ref: Para 4b, Circular 3).

SOURCES OF RESERVIST OFFICERS:

1. Commissioned Officers under Circular 30, GHQ, AFP dated 7 Dec

87, Graduates of Probationary Officers Training Course (MS-43);
2. Commissioned Officers under Circular 16, GHQ, AFP dated 6 Dec
82, deserving NCOs (implementing RA 718);
3. Commissioned Officers under Circular 14, GHQ, AFP dated 13 Jan
75, civilian graduates of NDCP (implementing PD 190);
4. Commissioned Officers under SOP Nr 12, GHQ, AFP dated 12 Oct
70, “Captains of Industry” and those operating vital public utilities, Project 36-
70;
5. Commissioned Officers under section 44 of RA 7077, Elected and
Appointed Officials;
6. Retired Officers of the AFP who were honorably separated or
retired from the service; and,
7. Commissioned Officers of the defunct Philippine Constabulary
who applied for change of branch of service in AFP & assigned PA pursuant to
GHQ Letter Dir dated 6 Jun 96.

SOURCES OF ENLISTED RESERVISTS:

1. Basic ROTC Training

2. BCMT graduates
3. PAARU
4. Enlistment under Project 36-70
5. Ex-serviceman of PA (honorably discharged or retired)
6. World War II veterans
7. CAFGU

PRE-RESERVISTS TRAINING:

1. ROTC Training (Basic and Advance)

2. MS-43 (POTC) training
3. Basic Citizen Military Training
4. Project 36-70 Training
21
 5. Military Orientation Training (MOT) for PAARU

RESERVIST INDIVIDUAL TRAINING

1. Career Schooling (Basic/Advance/GSC)

2. Specialization Training

CATEGORIES OF RESERVIST:

1. First Category – shall be composed of able-bodied reservists

whose ages are between eighteen (18) years and thirty-five (35), inclusive.
2. Second Category – shall be composed of able-bodied reservists
whose ages are between thirty-six (36) and fifty-one (51), inclusive.
3. Third Category – shall be composed of all able-bodied reservists
who are above fifty-one (51) years of age.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVE FORCE UNITS:

1. Ready Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers belonging mostly

to the first category reserve. This shall be organized, trained and maintained
as mobilizisable ready reserve subject to call at any time to augment the
regular armed force of the AFP not only in times of war or national emergency
but also to meet local emergencies arising from calamities, disasters and
threat to peace, order, security and stability in any locality, including the need
to provide assistance in the relief and rescue work and other civil assistance
activities.

Degree of readiness to respond to the call to service:

a. Ready Reserve I – units maintained in a high degree of

readiness as to be ready for operational employment in not more than seven
(7) days after activation.

b. Ready Reserve II - units maintained in a high degree of

readiness as to be ready for operational employment in not more than fifteen
(15) days after activation.

2. Standby Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers belonging mostly

to the second category reserve and the third category reserve. This shall be
organized and assigned to specified reserve units and shall be maintained
through annual assembly tests to update their records and their present
addresses. It shall only be mobilized or order to active duty in times of national
emergency or war.
3. Retired Reserve – composed of citizen soldiers who have
qualified for retirement through length of service, old age or disability or
attained the age of sixty five (65). It shall only be ordered to active duty in
times of local or national emergencies if they volunteers for active duty.

22
 PROMOTION – names of all reservist officers shall be carried in
promotion lists similar to those prescribed in the Regular Force in 2
categories, namely: Active and Inactive.

Two (2) factors that primarily governed in the promotion of Reserve

Force:

1. Qualifications, ability and performance demonstrated by

individual reservist.
2. Vacancies occur within the prescribed reserve force structure of
the PA, consistent with existing TOE and reserve force manpower
requirement.

SEPARATION OF RESERVE OFFICERS – appointment of officers in the

Reserve Force of the AFP are automatically terminated upon death,
resignation or an approved administrative or court martial action.

23
D. INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS

1. Definition

Logistics is the process of planning and executing the

sustainment of forces in support of military operations. It encompasses the
organization, procedures and principles together with the equipment,
materials and facilities needed to organize, train and equip military forces for
the conduct of prompt and sustained combat operations; support to national
development programs, inter- agency operations and operations other than
war.

2. Goal

The goal of logistics is to support the continuous conduct of

security operation and timely crises response during rescue, relief and
rehabilitation operation. At tactical level, it focuses on the traditional functions
of providing the soldier and his unit the required sustainment and the
capability to move, shoot and communicate.

3. Principles of Logistics

To effectively manage the pillars of the logistics system,

logisticians must understand and apply certain fundamental principles of
logistics as follows:

a. Impetus from the rear. This means that combat service

support is provided to the echelon as far as the tactical situation permits. It
means pushing supplies from the rear areas to the end-user. In as much as the
logistics resources are scarce, combat service support resources support
forces that contribute the most to the overall mission, for the greatest good
and the greatest number.
b. Logistics Intelligence. Commanders must have accurate
and timely logistics information in order to provide effective logistics support.
c. Objective. Logistics endeavors must be directed towards a
clear and attainable objective.
d. Generative Logistics. The professional application of
initiative, knowledge and ingenuity and the innovative exploration of technical
and scientific advances are fundamental to the generation of logistics system
improvement.
e. Interdependence. Logistics system efficiency requires
effective inter-relationship among all the functional parts of the system.
f. Simplicity. Simplicity is essential at all levels of the
logistics system.
g. Timeliness. Logistics support must be provided in the right
quantity at the proper time and place for the accomplishment of the mission.
h. Cost – effectiveness. Efficient management of the logistics
resources is essential to cost-effective logistics support.
i. Security. Security of every facet of logistics system must be
maintained to preserve resources and insure sustained combat capability.

24
 5. Functional Areas of Logistics

The functional areas of logistics are linked together by operating

systems, procedures and concepts. The most successful plan considers the
application of these pillars, the product of which when combined, balanced,
produced and delivered effectively supports the operating forces.

a. Supply. It involves the systematic coordination between

the user, the supply units and the materiel management system. Key functions
of supply includes requirement determination, flow of requisition, storage and
stock control, distribution and disposal. It also include techniques whereby
demands for an item of supply are balanced against the assets of the item
through a system of reporting, computation and evaluation.
b. Transportation. Transportation services in support of
military tactical and administrative movements from one point to another at
the least time and cost. Transportation management includes the monitoring
of available vehicles and their capacity in terms of volume and weight. This
ensures immediate and efficient response and service to the request for
transportation. The function involves determining the transportation
requirements, processing of request through preparation and approval of
directives and periodic monitoring to maintain serviceability of vehicles.
c. Maintenance. All actions taken to retain materiel in
serviceable condition and operational status aimed to promote operation
readiness whenever there is a need for equipment, tools, supplies and
facilities. In all levels of maintenance, the main goal is to provide available
logistics in good working condition at the right time and the right place. It
includes restoration of materiel into serviceable condition or upgrading its
functional utility through appropriate modifications deemed necessary.
d. Facilities and Installation. This function includes planning,
acquisition, construction, maintenance and disposition of real estate
properties. It provides evaluation of technical and financial viability of the
project classified as facilities. Facilities of installation are significant because
of their wide distribution of money value and their basic importance to the
unit. They are crucial to the overall logistics management because of their
impact to administrative and operational system of the unit.
e. Other Logistics Services. This function is geared towards
providing combat service support involving food, finance, commissaries,
clothing, health care, water support, laundry and bath, legal, postal, mortuary
and other services.

6. Characteristics of Logistics

Successful logistics must be both effective and efficient.

Logistics operations are not successful unless they provide effective support.
Scarce resources require logistics operations to be efficient. Effectiveness,
however, cannot be handicapped by efficiency. These two aspects of logistics
are balanced to provide the foundation for successful logistics operations.

25
 The five (5) characteristics of logistics facilitate effective and
efficient logistics operations. Commanders and logisticians anticipate
requirements. They integrate logistics concepts and operations with strategic,
operational and tactical plans. Logistics operations and systems must be
responsive to the commander and must provide continuous support to
forward deployed units. They apply to war and operations other than war.

a. Anticipation. Foremost among the characteristics is

anticipation. Accurate anticipation of requirements can enhance both the
agility of the force and its ability to seize and to retain the initiative and
synchronize activities in depth. Though no one can predict the exact course of
events, future logistics demands must be estimated as accurately as possible.
Anticipation means identifying, accumulating and maintaining the assets and
information necessary to support operations at the right time and places.
Anticipation also means developing logistics capabilities that are versatile and
mobile enough to accommodate likely operational and tactical events.
Logistics planners should anticipate requirements in order to push the right
support forward; this minimizes the need for improvisation in the area of
operations. Anticipation requires constant coordination between the
operations and logistics staff.
b. Integration. Tactical and operational success depend on
fully integrated concepts of logistics and operations. Integration during
planning ensures support of operations during execution. Logistics
capabilities often affect the feasibility of a concept of operations.
c. Continuity. Any interruption in logistics operations
diminishes the combat power of a force. During operations, committed forces
require continuous supply and service support to sustain their fighting
strength and agility. Continuity of support is the lifeblood of operations at all
levels.
d. Responsiveness. The logistics system must react rapidly in
crises. Moreover, seldom will requirements for units and supplies be known.
Logistics commanders and staffs must adapt units to requirements, often in
short notice. Tailoring organizations will be the rule. Responsive logistics,
especially when other resources are constrained, relies greatly on assured
communications and automation networks.
e. Improvisation. Improvisation is the talent to make, invent,
arrange, or fabricate what is needed out of what is in hand. Successful
logistics operations adapt to changing situations. Improvised methods and
supply sources can maintain logistics continuity when standard procedures
fail.

26
 CHAPTER 2

SMALL UNIT TACTICS

A. PATROLLING

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

1. Patrol - is a detachment sent out from a unit to perform an

assigned mission of reconnaissance or combat or a combination of both.
2. Patrol Order – An order issued by the patrol leader using the five
(5) basic paragraphs of an OPORD.
3. Warning Order – Preliminary notice of action or orders that are to
follow. These are usually oral or written messages.
4. Route - An access intended for use of the patrol in going in or
from objective.
5. Primary Route – Route intended for use of patrol to objective and
returning to friendly forces.
6. Alternate Route - Route intended for use of patrol when the
primary route is not feasible.
7. Rallying Point - Point where the patrol were assemble or re-
organized.

AIMS IN PATROLLING:

1. To gather information
2. To provide protection and Security
3. To harass the Enemy

TYPES OF PATROLS ACCORDING TO NATURE OF MISSION

1. Reconnaissance Patrol:

a. Point Recon- one which was undertaken to secure

information about a specific location or small specific areas, usually known
position activity.
b. Area Recon – one which was undertaken to secure
information about extended areas.

2. Combat Patrol:

a. Raid- the mission of which is to destroy or capture

enemy personnel, equipment, destroy installation or liberate friendly troops.
b. Ambush- ambush enemy patrol and provides protection
against surprise enemy ambush.
c. Contact- this establishes or maintains contact with friendly
or enemy forces.
d. Economy of Force- this will perform limited objectives
mission such as seizing and holding critical terrain to allow maximum forces
to be used elsewhere.
27
 e. Security- protection from enemy infiltration and surprise
ambush/attack.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE CONDUCT OF COMBAT

PATROL:

1. Formation and Order of Movement

2. Rallying Point
3. Action at the Danger Area
4. Action at the Objective
5. Action upon Enemy Contact

SKILLS INTEGRATED INTO PATROLLING:

1. Leadership
2. Team work
3. Individual and Unit security
4. Communication
5. Ability to Operate Day and Night

STEPS IN CONDUCTING PATROL

1. Study and analyze the mission

2. Study the Terrain Situation
3. Select Men, Weapon and Equipment
4. Organize the Patrol and Execute the Mission.

ORGANIZATION OF SPECIAL FORCES TEAM

SPECIAL FORCES (SF)

As a major component of the Special Operations Command

(SOCOM), SF plans, conducts, and support Special Operations in all
operational environment in peace, conflict and war SF operations are normally
joint and may be combined and/or part of a interagency activity. They may
support or be supported by conventional forces.

SF is an unconventional combat arm. SF commanders should

employ tactics of supplementary or reinforcing combine arms. They may use
PSYOPS, lift assets, and other resources to increase the effectiveness of
independent SF operations. Normally, CS and CSS are being provided by the
Area Command.

1. Special Forces Mission

The mission of the Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) is to plan

for and conduct Unconventional Warfare operations in designated areas.
Within the context of this mission, the primary objective of this unit is to
support the conventional force in all phases of the defense of the country.
28
Guerilla Warfare and related activities shall be conducted within designated
unconventional warfare operational areas (YWOA). (COL BENJAMIN A FE, The
need To Organized AFP UW Bde, thesis, pp VII-6)

2. Special Forces Tasks

Tasks of the Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) are:

a. Conduct of Internal Security Operations in conjunction with

conventional forces operations.
b. Provide planning assistance and training for regular and
reserve components of the AFP along unconventional warfare techniques.
c. Conduct area assessment nationwide.
d. Perform rescue, relief and recovery operations and training
in view of emergencies and other crisis.
e. Conduct counter-terrorists operations.
f. Provide waterborne operations to deny enemy, use of
rivers, inland waterways and shorelines.

3. Special Forces Capabilities

In addition to the above specified tasks of the unit, SFR(A) has

the following capabilities.

a. Develop, organize, train, equip, command and control

indigenous forces, ie. CAFGU AA.
b. Provide Mobile Training Team MTT to organize, train and
advice Cadres of conventional forces that are tasked to administer CAFGU’s.
c. Conduct denial operations to prevent enemy access,
influence and control over a particular area of strategic value.

d. Perform PSYOP, civic action operations and umanitarian

assistance.

e. Strike operations unilaterally by SF or jointly by SF and

indigenous assets.

f. Perform Forward Air Control for air mission, (e.g. armed

and Reconnaissance, close air support, and interdiction).

g. Sabotage, subversive and abduction of selected personnel.

h. Search, rescue and recovery operations.

4. SF Team Organization and Responsibilities

The special forces team is composed of one (1) officer and eleven
(11) enlisted personnel.

a. The Team Leader

29
 The team leader exercises command of the team and
responsible for planning and supervising unit operations; training, morale, and
discipline of his men; and the organization of activities and operations within
the team’s area of operations.

Upon the word ‘go’ by his superior, his team can conduct
direct action mission, training and can provide effective command and control
of a company size cafgu or civilian volunteers.
He is equipped with map, compass, snap link and armed
with Cal .45 pistol and Steyr rifle.

b. The Team Sergeant

The team sergeant is the principal assistant of the team

leader. He is the tam technician who is knowledgeable in all fields of
specialization. He attends to the administrative requirements of the team.
During training, he can teach subjects on operations and intelligence. He is
equipped with nap link and armed with m653 assault rifle.

c. The Operations Sergeant

The operations sergeant is responsible for the planning of e

team’s preparation and infiltration into the area of operation. he is the jump
master of the team. He can train CAFGU or guerilla personnel on operational
functions. He is equipped with snap link, map, compass, night vision goggles
and armed with m653 assault rifle.

d. The Intelligence Sergeant

The intelligence sergeant is responsible for the

coordination of outer and inner security of the team’s operational area. He can
operate overt and covert intelligence net independently or along other AFP
Units. he is also responsible for all aspects of intelligence, counter
intelligence, and force protection for the team and its indigenous forces.
He is armed with rappel rope, snap link and armed with
M653 assault rifle.

e. The Demolition and Sabotage Specialist

The demolition and sabotage specialist is responsible for

the delay of enemy pursuit by placing mines and booby-traps in raids and
ambuscades. He is a member of special purpose team. He is also the
logistics NCO of the team. He can teach subjects on arming and disarming of
explosives, placement of mines and booby traps and sabotage operations.
He is equipped with demolition kit, snap link and armed
with 7.62 mm m-14 assault rifle.

f. The Assistant Demolition and Sabotage Specialist:

30
 The Assistant Demolition and Sabotage Specialist can
teach subjects on demolition and can function similarly with the demo
specialist. He is equipped with demolition kit, snap link and armed with 7.62
mm m-14 assault rifle.

g. The Heavy Weapons Specialist:

The Heavy Weapons Specialist is the assistant of the

operations sergeant in planning and preparation of camp defense plan/patrol
base plan. He plans and conducts training on tactical security of the team. He
can teach subjects on markmanship, operation, care and maintenance of
government issued firearms. He is equipped with snap link and armed with
M60 general purpose machine gun.

h. The Light Weapons Specialist

The Light Weapons Specialist assists the weapons

specialist. He is responsible for the preparation of the cross loading plan of
ammunition and other weapons repair equipment. He is equipped with snap
link and armed with Minimi Squad Automatic Weapon.

i. The Medical Specialist

The Medical Specialist functions as the psyops specialist.

He is primary responsible in the preparation of personnel estimates and the
medical requirements of the team. He ensures that each member has excellent
health/physical condition, and provides training on combat life saving, ad
hygiene and sanitation. He is the dive master and underwater specialist of the
team. He is equipped with medical kit, snap link and armed with M16A1 assault
rifle.

k. The Assistant Medical Specialist

The Assistant Medical Specialist functions similarly as the

Medical Specialist. He is responsible in the preparation of personnel estimate
and the medical/dental requirements of the team. He is equipped with medical
kit and armed with M16A1 assault rifle.

l. The Communication Specialist

The Communication Specialist prepares communication

and signal plans of the team. He can instruct subject on installation of
expedient antennae, message writing and continuous wave operation. He is
equipped with URC 187 radio, snap link and armed with m653 assault rifle.

m. The Assistant Communication Specialist

The Assistant Communication Specialist is responsible for

the team radio. He can teach subject on radio telephone procedures, silent

31
signals and different kind of guerilla communication system. He is equipped
with PRC 77 radio, snap link and armed with m653 assault rifle.

For operational purposes, SF team can be sub divided into three (3)
direct action teams. These teams could infiltrate by land, air, and water.

Likewise, the SF team is a unit that is composed of personnel who have

their respective skills in the five (5) fields of specialization, such as; operations
and intelligence, demolition and sabotage, signal communication, weapons,
and field medical services

Every member is cross-trained with other specialization to enhance his

skills. Each SF trooper has the inherent ability of utilizing psyops in
influencing the target community or individual.

RANGER SQUAD ORGANIZATION

1. Lead scout
2. Guide
3. Squad leader or Team leader
4. Radio Man
5. Assistant Radioman
6. Contact man
7. Tail scout

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SQUAD MEMBERS

1. LEAD SCOUT

He is the point man. He ensures the security of his squad. He

always chooses the advantageous terrain during the movement. He is
physically and mentally prepared to shoot the enemy first. Prepares himself
for a quick draw, the safety lever of his rifle is on semi-automatic the whole
time.

2. GUIDE

The guide takes on a supporting role to the lead scout. He is

expected to be always at the back of the lead scout, there are times that he will
stay by the side of lead scout. When there is imminent danger to the front, the
lead scout and the guide are abreast to maintain two rifles to unload their
stinging bullets. The guide often controls the pace of the squad. The guide
helps out in making path through the jungle. He makes sure that the squad is
always on the right track.

3. SQUAD OR TEAM LEADER

The squad leader is in effective control of the squad. He is

responsible for what his team does or fails to do.

32
 4. RADIOMAN

The radioman is the voice of command. He is responsible for all

the signal equipment of the squad. He emphasizes radio security. He must
always be beside the squad leader. He always gives feedback on all
instructions.

5. ASSISTANT RADIOMAN

The assistant radioman has a lot of duties to perform for the team.
He acts as the aircraft marshal and as the sniper of the squad. The assistant
radioman assists the radioman with the operation of the squad’s radio.

6. CONTACT MAN

During commando operations, the contact man is the point man.

He disguises as a rebel and mingles with the barrio residents to fish for
information of intelligence value. He is responsible for the conduct of civil
military operation. He is the squad’s silent killing specialist. He is the primary
interrogator of the squad. He is the media man of the squad. The contact man
must also master the dialect in the area, as the intelligence agent of the squad
and the demolitionist.

7. TAIL SCOUT

He provides the rear security. He is responsible for the

subsistence of the squad and policing the harboring area. He is in charge of
counterattacking.

33
B. RAID

RAID – is a surprise attack against enemy position or installation.

1. Purpose of Raid

a. Destroy a position or installation

b. Destroy or capture enemy personnel or equipment.
c. Liberate friendly personnel

2. Types of Raid

a. Hasty raid is an immediate action in response to an

unexpected meeting at close range with an enemy force. In this situation, the
enemy force is considered a target opportunity.

b. Deliberate raid is planned against a specific target. Detailed

information of the target requires its size, organization, weapons, equipment,
route of entry and exit, and activities and the time during which it will leave its
location temporarily.

3. Key Factors of Raid

a. Surprise – achieved by attacking when the enemy is least

prepared by attacking from unexpected direction.
b. Firepower – concentrate firepower at the right time for the
target and exploit the weakest point and pierce through his defense.
c. Violence – attack aggressively and destruction.
d. Swift withdrawal – withdraw as fast as possible.

4. Considerations for Planning a Raid

a. Sound Intelligence
b. Planning, reconnaissance and rehearsals
c. Security
d. Concealment
e. Good Control
f. Simple Planning
g. Maximum use of Firepower
h. Battle Discipline
i. Training

5. Organization for Raid

a. Command Group – Provides command, control and

communications necessary for the accomplishment of the mission. It starts
from planning phase up to the time the mission is accomplished.
b. Assault Element – They accomplish the purpose of the raid
by assaulting through the objective in close coordination with the support
elements.

34
 c. Support Element – Provides the suppressive fires on the
objective to allow the assault elements to close in. Fires are shifted or lifted in
coordination with assault elements on prearranged signals.
d. Security Element – Provides early warning to the raiding
party before the raid. Once the raid commences, they seal off the objective by
not allowing any enemy reinforcement to enter the objective area. They are the
first to be emplaced and the last to withdraw.

6. Conduct and Execution

a. Preparations

The briefing for raid must be as detailed and exhaustive as

possible. Terrain sketches must be used to properly orient the members of the
raiding team.
After the briefing, maximum secrecy must be maintained.
As much as possible, all troops must be confined at the camp after the
briefing. Through rehearsals, things that can do wrong must be identified and
provided a solution.

b. Action at the Objectives

Assemble the team near the objective and establish

security, if possible make a leader’s reconnaissance taking along subordinate
leaders. Confirm plans and announce changes. Dispatch elements to their
positions. This improves the combat group capability for decisive action if
prematurely detected by the enemy.
c. Maneuver

Penetration and envelopment on the enemy flank or rear is

normally preferred over other type of maneuver. Aggressive fire and maneuver
by assaulting team are conducted to overcome enemy resistance. As the
enemy place is located, the fire and maneuver elements of the assaulting force
generally move on a single line with the fire concentrated generally on a
selected and limited area of the enemy defense perimeter. The objective of the
initial assault is to achieve penetration on the enemy’s position. Once
penetration is made, it is exploited until the objective is taken. During the
assault, supporting fires continue until lifted or shifted by the ground
commander.

d. Reorganization

Immediately after the execution of the assault, the team

consolidate and re-organize if necessary for immediate withdrawal. Normally,
the route for withdrawal is different from the route of assault.

35
C. AMBUSHCADES

Ambush is defined as a surprise attack from a concealed position on a

moving or temporary halted enemy.

Planning Considerations:

1. Covering the entire killing zone by fire.

2. Using existing or reinforcing obstacles (Claymores and other
mines).
3. Protecting the assault and support elements by using security
elements or teams to isolate the killing zone.
4. Timing the actions of all the elements of the ambushers to
preclude loss of surprise.

a. Ambush Formations

1) Linear – In an ambush using a linear formation, the

assault and support elements are deployed parallel to the enemy’s route. This
formation can be used in closed terrain that restricts the enemy’s ability to
maneuver against the ambusher or in open terrain that provide a means of
keeping the enemy in the killing zone.

2) L-Shaped – An ambush in which the assault elements

forms the long leg to the enemy’s direction of movement along the killing zone
while the support elements forms the short leg at one end of and right angle to
the assault elements. This formation can be used in a sharp bend in trial, road
or steam. It should not be used where the short leg would have to cross a
straight road or trail because it leaves a mark or traces that compromise the
ambush.

b. Categories of Ambush:

1) Hasty – Is an ambush conducted when it makes

visual contact with an enemy force and there is no time to plan to establish an
ambush. The actions for a hasty ambush must be well rehearsed so that the
ambushers knows what to do on the leader’s signal of attack or same is
through when compromised.

2) Deliberate Ambush: An ambush conducted against a

specific target at a predetermined location and the commander has enough
time to plan to establish the ambush. The leader requires detailed information
in planning a deliberate ambush such as:

a) Size & composition of the targeted enemy unit.

b) Weapon & equipment available to the enemy.
c) Times that the targeted unit will reach or pass
specified points along the route.

36
 c. Types of Ambush:

1) Point Ambush - In a point ambush, soldiers deploy

to attack an enemy in a single kill zone. The platoon leader should consider
the following sequence of actions when planning a deliberate point ambush.

a) The security or surveillance team(s) should be

positioned first. The support element should be in position before the assault
element moves forward of the release point. The support element must over
watch the movement of the assault element into position.
b) The platoon leader is the leader of the assault
element. He must check each soldier once they establish the assault position.
He signals the surveillance team to rejoin the assault element.

2) Area Ambush – In an area ambush, the elements are

deployed in two (2) or more related point ambush. The platoon leader should
consider the following sequence of actions when planning a deliberate area
ambush:

a) The platoon is the smallest unit to conduct an

area ambush. Platoons conduct area ambushes where enemy movement is
largely restricted to trails or steams.
b) The platoon leader should select one principal
ambush site around which he organizes outlying ambushes. These secondary
sites are located along the enemy’s most likely approach to and escape from
the principal ambush site. Squad-size elements are normally responsible for
each site. They establish an area ambush as described above.
c) The platoon leader must determine the best
employment of his machine guns, he normally positions them both with the
support element of the principal site.
d) Squads are responsible for outlying ambushes
and do not initiate their ambush until the enemy escapes or reinforced.

37
D. INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD TACTICS

1. ORGANIZATION:

The Rifle Squad is broken in to two (2) fire teams. Each fire team
has four (4) men composed of a team leader, grenadier, automatic riflemen and
rifleman. The two fire team leaders double as anti-armor gunners. The
rifleman is also serve as a medical aid man.

2. MISSION OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD:

To close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver, to

destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close combat and
counter attack.

3. CAPABILITIES OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD

Infantry Rifle Squad can:

a. Provide a base of fire and maneuver

b. Close with the enemy to destroy and capture him
c. Repel and assault by fire, close combat and counter attack
d. Seize and hold terrain
e. Maneuver in all types of local weather and terrain
f. Conduct combat operation under limited visibility
g. Provide light anti-tank protection
h. Participate in air assault operation
i. Participate in amphibious/waterborne operation
j. Operate in conjunction with heavy forces.

4. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

a. Rifle Squad Leader – Responsible for all that the Rifle Squad
does or fails to do. He is tactical leader and, as such, leads by example.

1) Control the maneuver of his squad and each rate and

contribution of fire.

2) Trains his squad on the individual and collective

tasks required to sustain combat effectiveness.
3) Manage the logistical and administrative needs of his
squad. He requests and issues ammunition, water ration, and special
equipment.
4) Maintains and accountability of his soldier and
equipment.
5) Complete casualty feeder reports and reviews the
casualty reports completed by squad member.
6) Submits reports for awards and decorations.
7) Direct the maintenance of squad weapon and
equipment.

38
 8) Inspect the condition of soldier weapon, clothing and
equipment.
9) Ensures that supplies and materials are distributed to
the soldier in the squad.
10) Keeps the platoon sergeant/leader informed on
squad supplies status and squad requirements.
11) Ensure supplies and equipment is internally cross
level within the squad.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle

Equipment: Map and Compass, Handheld FM Radio, Binocular,
Utility Rope

b. Team Leader

There are two (2) team leaders in the squad, one (1) for
each fire team. They lead by personal example and help the squad leader.
They control the movement of their fire teams. They ensure that their soldiers
maintain the unit standards in all areas. They are the eyes and ears of the
team. Provide short range anti-armor capability for the squad and the platoon.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle, LAW

Equipment: Map and compass, NVG, Utility rope.

c. Automatic Rifle Man

There are two (2) automatic rifle men in the squad, one (1)
for every team. He is responsible in providing sustained automatic fire for
the squad and secure the left flank area during movements and halts.

Armaments: Squad automatic (SAW) Ultimax

Equipment: SAW Ammo Pouches, Utility rope

d. Grenadier

There are two (2) grenadiers in the squad, one (1) for each
fire team. He provides grenade capability to the squad and the platoon for
maximum firepower and secure the right flank area of the squad during
movement and halts.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle attach with 40 MM grenade

launcher
Equipment: 40 MM Ammo Pouches, Utility rope

e. Rifle Man

There are two (2) Rifle Man in the Squad, one (1) each fire
team. They are responsible for the food supply and medical requirements of
the team. He monitors the health and hygiene of the squad and provides

39
technical expertise and supervisions of the combat lifesavers. He erased the
tracks left team during operations.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle

Equipments: Medical kit, Cooking Utensils, Utility rope

5. INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD FORMATION

a. Wedge Formation (Fire Team)

The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team. The
interval between soldiers and wedge formation normally is ten (10) meters.
The wedge expands and contracts depending on the terrain. When rough
terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make control of the wedge difficult, fire
team modifies the wedge.

TEAM LEADER TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER AUTOMATIC GRENADIER AUTOMATIC

RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 1. Fire Team Wedge

(Squad leader may choose his position depending on the terrain and enemy
position, and or, where he thinks he can best command his men)

40
 b. Squad Column
The squad column is the most common formation. It
provides good dispersion laterally and depth without sacrificing, control and
facilitates maneuver. The leader fire team is the base fire team. When the
squad moves independently or as the rare elements of the platoon, the
rifleman in the tail fire team provides rear security.

TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

SQUAD LEADER

TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLE MAN

RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 2. (Squad Column with Fire team in Column)

c. Squad Line
The squad line provides maximum firepower to the front.
When a squad is acting as the base squad, the fire team on the right is base
fire team.

TEAM LEADER TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN GRENADIER

RIFLEMAN SQUAD LEADER RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 3: SQUAD LINE

41
 d. Squad File

When not traveling in a column or line, squad travels in file.

The squad file has the same characteristics as the fire team file, if the squad
leader of desire increase his control over the formation, exert greater moral
presence by leading from the front, and be immediately available to make key
decisions. He will move forward to the first or second position. Moving the
team leader to the last position can provide additional control over the rear of
the formation.

TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER

AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

SQUAD LEADER (OPTIONAL)

TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER

AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 4. Squad File

6. MOVEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

A movement technique is the manner a squad uses to traverse

terrain. The selection of a movement technique is based on the likelihood of
enemy contact and the need for speed factors to consider each technique are
controls, dispersion, speed and security.

Three types of movement techniques:

a. Traveling - is used when contact with the enemy is not

likely an speed is needed
b. Traveling over watch - is used when contact is possible.
Attached weapons move near the squad leader and his command so he can
employ them quickly.
c. Bounding Over watch – is used when enemy contact is
expected. It is most secured, but the slowest movement technique.

42
 CHAPTER 3

INDIVIDUAL/UNIT TRAINING

A. VISUAL TRACKING

Visual tracking is very important to detect sign of enemy’s presence or

activity. Such signs can often alert us to an enemy’s presence and give our
unit time to prepare for contact.

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

a. Tracking – is the technique of locating and enemy with the

aid of markings and traces left as he moves through and out of the area.
b. Visual Tracking – is following the path of men or animals by
the signs they leave, primarily on the ground or vegetation.
c. Scent Tracking – is following men or animals by their
smell.

2. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACKING

a. Displacement – takes place when something is moved from

its original position to another place.
b. Staining – roots, stones and vines may be stained by
crushed leaves or berries when walked on. Yellow stains may be urine mark
left by personnel in the area.
c. Weathering – weather may either aid or hinder tracking. It
affects the signs or marks but wind, rain and sunlight can also obliterate signs
completely.

1) Footprints are greatly affected by weather. When a

foot displaces soft, moist soil to form print, the moisture holds the edges of
the prints intact and sharp. A sunlight and air dry the edges of the prints,
small particles that were held in place by the moisture fall into a print. If
particles are just beginning to fall into a print, making the edges appears
rounded.
2) Wind affects sound and odors. If the wind is blowing
from the direction of a trail you are following, sounds and odors are carried to
you. If the wind is blowing in the same direction as the trail you are following,
you must be cautious as the wind will carry your sounds toward the enemy.
To find the wind direction, drop a handful of dry dirt or grass from shoulder
height and watch its direction as it fall.
` 3) Sun – you must also consider the effects of the sun.
The vision is affected when the tracker is directly facing the sun.

d. Littering – poorly trained units may leave trails of litter as

they move. Gum or candy wrappers, ration cans, cigarette butts, remains of
fire, or human feces are unmistakable sign of recent movement.

43
 Weather affects litter – rain may flatten or wash litter away,
or turn paper into pulp. Winds may blow litter away from its original location.
Ration can exposed to weather will rust. They first rust at the exposed edges
where they were opened. Rust then moves toward the center. Use your
memory to determine the age of litter. The last rain or strong wind can be the
basis of a time frame.
e. Camouflaging – Camouflage is used to conceal movement
and to slow down and confuse the tracker. Walking backward, brushing out
trails and moving over rocky ground are examples of camouflaging.
f. Interpretation/Immediate use of intelligence – report facts,
not the interpretation of facts. Report what you have seen only.
g. Tracking Teams – A typical tracking team has three
trackers, three security men and a team leader with the radiotelephone
operator (RATELO).
h. When a team is moving, the best tracker should be in the
lead, followed by his security. The two other trackers should be on the flanks
over watched by his security. The leader should be where he can best control
the team. The RATELO should be with the leader.
i. Tracker dogs may be used to help track an enemy. Tracker
dogs are trained and used by their handlers. A dog track human scent and the
scent of disturbed vegetation caused by man’s passing. Tracker dogs should
be used with tracker teams. The team can track visually, and the dog and
handler can follow. If the team loses the signs, then the dog can take over. A
dog can track faster than man tracks, and the dog can track at night.
j. Counter Tracking – in addition to knowing how to track, you
must know how to counter an enemy tracker effort to track you.

1) While moving from close terrain to open terrain, walk

fast a big tree (30cm [12 in]) in diameter or larger toward the open area for
three to five paces. Then walk backward to the forward side of the tree and
make a 90 degree change of direction passing the tree on its forward side.
Step carefully and leave a little sign as possible. If this is not the direction that
you want to go, change direction again about 50 meters away using the same
technique. The purpose of this is to draw the enemy tracker into the open area
where it is harder for him to track. That also exposes him and causes him to
search the wrong area.
2) When approaching a trail (about 100 meters from it).
Change your direction of movement and approach it at a 45 degree angle.
When arriving at the trail, move along it for about 20 to 30 meters. Leave
several signs of your presence. Then walk backward along the trail to point,
cross the trail and leaved no sign of your leaving it. Then move about 100
meters at an angle of 45 degrees, but this time on the other side of the trail an
in the reverse of your approach. When changing direction back to your original
line of march, the big tree technique can be used. The purpose of the
technique is to draw the enemy tracker along the easier trail. You have, by
changing direction before reaching the trail, indicated that the trail is your new
line of march.
3) To leave a false trail and to get an enemy tracker to
look in the wrong direction, walk backward over soft ground. Continue this
deception for about 20 to 30 meters or until you are on hard ground. Use the

44
technique when leaving a stream. To further confuse the enemy tracker, use
the technique several times before actually leaving the stream.
4) When moving toward a stream, change direction
about 100 meters before reaching the stream and approach it at a 45 – degree
angle. Enter the stream and proceed downwards for at least 20 to 30 meters.
Then move back up-trail and leave the stream in your initial direction.
Changing direction before entering the stream may confuse the enemy tracker.
When the enemy tracker enters the stream, he may follow the false trail until
the trail is lost. That will put him well way from you.
5) When your direction of movement parallels a stream,
use the stream to deceive an enemy tracker. Some techniques that help elude
a tracker are as follow:

a) Stay in the stream for 100 to 200 meters.

b) Stay in the center of the stream and in deep water.
c) Watch for rocks or roots near the banks that
are not covered with moss or vegetation and leave the stream at that point.
d) Walkout backward on soft ground.
e) Look for a small vegetation/covered tributary and
exit from it.
f) When being tracked by an enemy tracker, the best
bet is to either try to out distance him or to back track and ambush him.
3. TRACKER QUALITIES

a. Be Patient
b. Be able to move slowly and quietly, yet steadily, while
detecting and interpreting signs.
c. Avoid fast movement that may cause you to overlook sign,
lose the trail, or blunder into an enemy unit.

d. Be persistent and have the skill and desire to continue the

mission even though signs are scare or weather or terrain is unfavorable.
e. Be determined and persistent when trying to find a trail you
have lost.
f. Be observant and try to see things that are not obvious at
first glance.
g. Use your sense of smell and hearing to supplement your
sight.
h. Develop a feel for things that do not look right. It may help
you regain a lost trail or discover additional signs.
i. Know the enemy, his habits, equipment and capability.

45
B. MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING

ROPE MANAGEMENT AND KNOTS

The rope is a vital piece of equipment to the mountaineer. When

climbing, rappelling, or building various installations, the mountaineer must
know how to properly utilize and maintain this piece of equipment. If the rope
is not managed or maintained properly, serious injury may occur. This
section discusses common rope terminology, management techniques, care
and maintenance procedures, and knots. Practical application shall be
demonstrated by qualified personnel.

1. PREPARATION, CARE AND MAINTENANCE, INSPECTION,

TERMINOLOGY

The service life of a rope depends on the frequency of use,

applications (rappelling, climbing, rope installations), speed of descent,
surface abrasion, terrain, climate, and quality of maintenance. Any rope may
fail under extreme conditions (shock load, sharp edges, misuse).

a. PREPARATION

The mountaineer must select the proper rope for the task to
be accomplished according to type, diameter, length, and tensile strength. It
is important to prepare all ropes before departing on a mission. Avoid rope
preparation in the field.

1) Packaging. New rope comes from the manufacturer

in different configurations – boxed on a spool in various lengths, or coiled and
bound in some manner. Precut ropes are usually packaged in a protective
cover such as plastic or burlap. Do not remove the protective cover until the
rope is ready for use.
2) Securing the Ends of the Rope. If still on a spool, the
rope must be cut to the desired length. All ropes will fray at the ends unless
they are bound or seared. Both static and dynamic rope ends are secured in
the same manner. The ends must be heated to the melting point so as to
attach the inner core strands to the outer sheath. By fusing the two together,
the sheath cannot slide backward or forward. Ensure that this is only done to
the ends of the rope. If the rope is exposed to extreme temperatures, the
sheath could be weakened, along with the inner core, reducing overall tensile
strength. The ends may also be dipped in enamel or lacquer for further
protection.

b. CARE AND MAINTENANCE

The rope is a climber’s lifeline. It must be cared for and

used properly. These general guidelines should be used when handling ropes.

46
 1) Do not step on or drag ropes on the ground
unnecessarily. Small particles of dirt will be ground between the inner strands
and will slowly cut them.
2) While in use, do not allow the rope to come into
contact with sharp edges. Nylon rope is easily cut, particularly when under
tension. If the rope must be used over a sharp edge, pad the edge for
protection.
3) Always keep the rope as dry as possible. Should the
rope become wet, hang it in large loops off the ground and allow it to dry.
Never dry a rope with high heat or in direct sunlight.
4) Never leave a rope knotted or tightly stretched for
longer than necessary. Over time it will reduce the strength and life of the
rope.
5) Never allow one rope to continuously rub over or
against another. Allowing rope-on-rope contact with nylon rope is extremely
dangerous because the heat produced by the friction will cause the nylon to
melt.
6) Inspect the rope before each use for frayed or cut
spots, mildew or rot, or defects in construction (new rope).
7) The ends of the rope should be whipped or melted to
prevent unraveling.
8) Do not splice ropes for use in mountaineering.
9) Do not mark ropes with paints or allow them to come
in contact with oils Petroleum products. Some of these will weaken or
deteriorate nylon.
10) Never user a mountaineering rope for any purpose
except mountaineering.
11) Each rope should have a corresponding rope record,
which is also a safety record. It should annotate use, terrain, weather,
application, number of falls, dates, and so on, and should be annotated each
time the rope is used.

12) Never subject the rope to high heat or flame. This

will significantly weaken it.
13) All ropes should be washed periodically to remove
dirt and grit, and rinsed thoroughly. Commercial rope washers are made from
short pieces of modified pipe that connect to any faucet. Pinholes within the
rope force water to circulate around and scrub the rope as you slowly feed it
through the washer. Another method is to machine wash, on a gentle cycle, in
cold water with a nylon safe soap, never bleach or harsh cleansers. Ensure
that only front loading washing machines are used to wash ropes.
14) Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) tends to deteriorate
nylon over long periods of time. This becomes important if rope installations
are left in place over a number of months.
15) When not in use, ropes should be loosely coiled and
hung on wooden pegs rather than nails or other metal objects. Storage areas
should be relatively cool with low humidity levels to prevent mildew or rotting.
Rope may also be loosely stacked and placed in a rope bag and stored on a
shelf. Avoid storage in direct sunlight, as the ultraviolet radiation will
deteriorate the nylon over long periods.

47
 c. INSPECTION

Ropes should be inspected before and after each use

especially when working around loose rock or sharp edges.

1) Although the core of the kernmantle rope cannot be

seen, it is possible to damage the core without damaging the sheath. Check a
kernmantle rope by carefully inspecting the sheath before and after use while
the rope is being coiled. When coiling, be aware of how the rope feels as it
runs through the hands. Immediately note and tie off any lumps or
depressions felt.
2) Damage to the core of a kernmantle rope usually
consists of filaments or yarn breakage that results in a slight retraction. If
enough strands rupture, a localized reduction in the diameter of the rope
results in a depression that can be felt or ever seen.
3) Check any other suspected areas further by putting
them under tension (the weight of one person standing on a Prusik tensioning
system is about maximum). This procedure will emphasize the lump or
depression by separating the broken strands and enlarging the dip. If a
noticeable difference in diameter is obvious, retire the rope immediately.
` 4) Many dynamic kernmantle ropes are quite soft. They
may retain an indention occasionally after an impact or under normal use
without any trauma to the core. When damage is suspected, patiently inspect
the sheath for abnormalities. Damage to the sheath does not always mean
damage to the core. Inspect carefully.

d. TERMINOLOGY

When using ropes, understanding basic terminology is

important. The terms explained in this section are the most commonly used in
military mountaineering.

1) Bight. A bight of rope is a simple bend of rope in

which the rope does not cross itself.
2) Loop. A loop is a bend of a rope in which the rope
does cross itself.
3) Half Hitch. A half hitch is a loop that runs around an
object in such manner as to lock or secure itself.
4) Turn. A turn wrap around an object, providing 360-
degree contact.
5) Round Turn. A round turn wraps around an object
one and one-half times. A round turn is used to distribute the load over a small
diameter anchor (3 inches or less). It may also be used around larger diameter
anchors to reduce the tension on the knot, or provide added friction.
6) Running End. A running end is the loose or working
end of the rope.
7) Standing Part. The standing part is the static,
stationary, or nonworking end of the rope.

48
 8) Lay. The lay is the direction of twist used in
construction of the rope.
9) Pigtail. The pigtail (tail) is the portion of the running
end of the rope between the safety knot and the end of the rope.
10) Dress. Dress is the proper arrangement of all the
knot parts, removing unnecessary kinks, twists, and slack so that all rope
parts of the knot make contact.

2. COILING, CARRYING, THROWING

Use the butterfly or mountain coil to coil and carry the rope. Each
is easy to accomplish and results in a minimum amount of kinks, twists, and
knots later during deployment.

a. Mountain Coil. To start a mountain coil, grasp the rope

approximately 1 meter from the end with one hand. Run the other hand along
the rope until both arms are outstretched. Grasping the rope firmly, bring the
hands together forming a loop, which is laid in the hand closest to the end of
the rope. This is repeated, forming uniform loops that run in a clockwise
direction, until the rope is completely coiled. The rope may be given a ¼ twist
as each loop is formed to overcome any tendency for the rope to twist or form
figure-eights.

1) In finishing the mountain coil, form a bight

approximately 30 centimeters long with the starting end of the rope and lay it
along the top of the coil. Uncoil the last loop and, using this length of the
rope, begin making wraps around the coil and the bight, wrapping toward the
closed end of the bight and making the first wrap bind across itself so as to
lock it into place. Make six to eight wraps to adequately secure the coil, and
then route the end of the rope through the closed end of the bight. Pull the
running end of the bight tight, securing the coil.
2) The mountain coil may be carried either in the pack
(by forming a figure eight), doubling it and placing it under the flap, or by
placing it over the shoulder and under the opposite arm sling across the chest.
b. Butterfly Coil. The butterfly coil is the quickest and easiest
technique for coiling.

c. Coiling Smaller Diameter Rope. Ropes of smaller diameters

may be coiled using the butterfly or mountain coil depending on the length of
the rope. Pieces 25 feet and shorter (also known as cordage, sling rope utility
cord) may be coiled so that they can be hung from the harness. Bring the two
ends of the rope together, ensuring no kinks are in the rope. Place the ends of
the rope in the left hand with the two ends facing the body. Coil the doubled
rope in a clockwise direction forming 6 to 8 inch bight is left. Wrap that bight
around the coil, ensuring that the first wrap locks on itself. Make three or
more wraps. Feed the bight up through the bights formed at the top of the
coil. Dress it down tightly. Now the piece of rope may be hung from a cabinet
on the harness.

49
 d. Uncoiling, Back-feeding and Stacking. When the rope is
needed for use, it must be uncoiled and staked on the ground properly to
avoid kinks and snarls.

e. Throwing the Rope

Before throwing the rope, it must be properly managed to

prevent it from tangling during deployment. The rope should first be anchored
to prevent complete loss of the rope over the edge when it is thrown. Several
techniques can be used when throwing a rope. Personal preference and
situational and environmental conditions should be taken into consideration
when determining which technique is best.

3. KNOTS

All knots used by a mountaineer are divided into four classes:

Class 1 – joining knots, Class II – Anchor knots, Class III – middle rope knots,
and Class IV – special knots. The variety of knots, bends, bights, and hitches
is almost endless. These classes of knots are intended only as a general
guide since some of the knots discussed may be appropriate in more than one
class. The skill of knot tying can perish if not used and practiced. With
experience and practice, knot tying becomes instinctive and helps the
mountaineer in many situations.

a. SQUARE KNOT. The square knot is used to tie the ends of

two ropes of equal diameter. It is a joining knot.
b. FISHERMAN’S KNOT. The fisherman’s knot is used to tie
two ropes of the same or approximately the same diameter. It is a joining knot.
c. DOUBLE FISHERMAN’S KNOT. The double fisherman’s
knot (also called double English or grapevine) is used to tie two ropes of the
same or approximately the same diameter. It is a joining knot.
d. FIGURE-EIGHT BEND. The figure eight bend is used to join
the ends of two ropes of equal or unequal diameter within 5-mm difference.
e. WATER KNOT. The water knot is used to attach two
webbing ends. It is also called a ring bend, overhand retrace, or tape knot. It
is used in runner and harnesses and is a joining knot.
f. BOWLINE. The bowline is used to tie the end of a rope
around an anchor. It may be used to tie a single fixed loop in the end of a
rope. It is an anchor knot.
g. ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES. This knot is used
to tie the end of a rope to an anchor, and it must have constant tension.
(Figure 4-12). It is an anchor knot.
h. FIGURE-EIGHT RETRACE (REROUTED FIGURE-EIGHT)
The figure retrace knot produces the same result as a figure-eight lop.
However, by tying the knot in a retrace, it can be used to fasten the rope to
trees or to places where the loop cannot be used. It is also called a rerouted
figure-eight and is an anchor knot.
i. CLOVE HITCH. The clove hitch is an anchor knot that can
be used in the middle of the rope as well as at the end. The knot must have

50
constant tension on it once tied to prevent slipping. It can be used as either
an anchor or middle of the rope knot, depending on how it is tied.
j. WIREMAN’S KNOT. The wireman’s knot forms a single,
fixed loop in the middle of the rope. It is a middle rope knot.
k. DIRECTIONAL FIGURE-EIGHT. The directional figure-eight
knot forms a single, fixed loop in the middle of the rope that lays back along
the standing part of the rope. It is a middle rope knot.
l. BOWLINE-ON-A-BIGHT (TWO-L0OP BOWLINE). The
bowline-on-a-bight is used to form two fixed loops in the middle of a rope. It is
a middle rope knot.
m. TWO-LOOP FIGURE-EIGHT. The two-loop figure-eight is
used to form two fixed loops in the middle of a rope. It is a middle rope knot.
n. FIGURE-EIGHT LOOP (FIGURE-EIGHT-ON-A-BIGHT). The
figure-eight loop, also called the figure-eight-on-a-bight, is used to form a fixed
loop in a rope. It is a middle of the rope knot.
o. PRUSIK KNOT. The Prusik knot is used to put a moveable
rope on a fixed rope such as a Prusik ascent or a tightening system. This knot
can be tied as a middle or end of the rope Prusik. It is a specially knot.
p. BACHMAN KNOT. The Bachman knot provides a means of
using a makeshift mechanized ascender. It is a specialty knot.
q. BOWLINE-ON-A-COIL. The bowline-on-a-coil is an
expedient tie-in used by climbers when a climbing harness is not available. It
is a specialty knot.
r. THREE-LOOP BOWLINE. The three-loop bowline is used to
form three fixed loops in the middle of a rope. It is used in a self-equalizing
anchor system. It is a specialty knot.
s. FIGURE-EIGHT SLIP KNOT. The figure eight slip knot forms
an adjustable bight in a rope. It is a specialty knot.
t. TRANSPORT KNOT (OVERHAND SLIP KNOT/MULE KNOT).
The transport knot is used to secure the transport tightening system. It is
simply an overhand slip knot.
u. KLEIMHIEST KNOT. The Kleimhiest knot provides a
moveable, easily adjustable, high-tension knot capable of holding extremely
heavy loads while being pulled tight. It is a special-purpose knot.
v. FROST KNOT. The frost knot is used when working with
webbing. It is used to create the top loop of an etrier. It is a special-purpose
knot.
w. GIRTH HITCH. The girth hitch is used to attach a runner to
an anchor or piece of equipment. It is a special-purpose knot.
x. MUNTER HITCH. The munter hitch, when used in
conjunction with a pear-shaped locking carabiner, is used to form a
mechanical belay.
y. RAPPEL SEAT. The rappel seat is an improvised seat
rappel harness made of rope. It is usually requires a sling rope 14 feet or
longer.
z. GUARDE KNOT. The guarde knot (ratchet knot, alpine
clutch) is a special purpose knot primarily used for hauling systems or rescue.
The knot works on only one direction and cannot be reversed while under
load.

51
C. JUNGLE BASE OPERATIONS

Jungle Operations – are characterized by restricted maneuver, slow

tempo of operations, close combat under conditions of extremely limited
visibility and difficulty in providing logistical support. Special operations, such
as patrolling, operations from forward positions, ambush, and other forms of
close combat are common in jungle areas.

1. Factors Affecting the Use of Jungle Operations

a. Mission - Because of the difficulties of command, control

and communications, jungle operations requires centralized planning and
decentralized execution. Commanders must use mission – type orders that
give maximum latitude to subordinates. It is essential that all personnel
understand the mission.

b. Enemy - The commander will require timely and accurate

information on enemy location, strength, disposition, composition and
activities so that he may make a continuing estimate of enemy capabilities and
vulnerabilities. Commanders and intelligence officers must be cautious not to
conclude that the enemy cannot attack through supposedly impenetrable
areas or that he cannot reinforce in time to affect the mission.
c. Terrain and Weather

Terrain

1) Key terrain - Key terrain in jungle areas includes

trails, roads, bridges, streambeds, and communication centers. High ground
is still selected as key terrain but for varying reasons. A hill may be the only
feature in the area, which affords a suitable area for defense. A river through
and otherwise impenetrable forest may be a key terrain feature.

2) Observation and Fields of Fire – In the jungle,

observation and fields of the fire are limited by the undergrowth. In the rain
forests, however, although good observation into the forest from the outside
or above may be non-existent, it is possible to have fair observation and good
fields of fire for a reasonable distance at ground level.
3) Cover and concealment – Dense foliage affords
excellent concealment from the ground and air observation. Cover is provided
by surface irregularities such as ravines and gullies. In certain jungle areas the
presence of extensive ground level roots will make digging very difficult,
requiring the construction of positions above ground level.
4) Obstacles – Many natural obstacles exist within the
various types of jungle areas. In the older forests, there is generally no
obstacle to foot movement other than incidental swampy areas, occasional
fallen trees, vines and extensive ground level roots. However, the trees
themselves depending on their spacing and the moist ground, act as obstacles
to vehicular movement. Man made obstacles are often more effective in jungle
areas than in normal terrain, due to limited communication routes.

52
 5) Avenues of Approach – Suitable routes, considering
the aspects of good observations, field of fire, use of key terrain, cover and
avoiding obstacles, maybe virtually impossible to find them. Cutting of new
trails and repair of those already in existence are constant tasks. In selection
of avenues of approach available to the enemy, the commander and the
intelligence officer should not consider any portion of the jungle area to be
impassable, no matter how difficult or thick.

Weather

1) Weather forecasts will be generally reliable in jungle

areas due to the more apparent divisions between the two predominant
seasons – dry and rainy- except in certain areas where there is no dry season.
During rainy season, rainfall can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.
2) Visibility maybe greatly restricted during rainy
seasons due not only to the rainfall itself, but also to heavy ground fogs which
may linger for several hours after sunrise.
3) Absence of wind in areas of dense jungle or
undergrowth will have a marked effect on the employment of smoke. High
winds may not be felt in heavily vegetated areas since they tend to pass above
the jungle canopy.
4) Temperature changes in mountainous jungle areas
will sometimes range 40 to 50 degrees over a period of 12 hours. In other
jungle areas the deviation from day to night will be constant and have very
little change.
5) Trafficability varies with the location of the jungle
area. Near large bodies of water, low ground maybe constantly soft, even in
the dry season and may therefore, be passable without improvement only to
foot troops. Conversely, at higher elevations, trafficability will remain excellent
throughout most of the year, becoming poor only during the worst part of the
rainy season.

d. Availability of Troops

1) No realistic plans can be made or actions taken that

do not consider the capabilities of the forces available.

2) The capabilities of a force are dependent on:

a) Number of units
b) Type of units
c) State of Training.
d) Morale
e) Strength in men and equipment.
f) Previous, present and contemplated
employment
g) Location and Disposition
h) State of maintenance and supply
i) Adequacy of combat support and combat
service support.

53
 j) Experience of commanders

2. Operational Limitations

In jungle warfare, forces may have to move rapidly from primary

jungle through secondary growth or cultivated areas. This require great
flexibility in thought, planning, organization, equipment, and tactics; it may
require decentralization of command and control for at times a unit may be
located where control is easy.

The effects of the restriction imposed by jungle operations are:

a. Forces should move on different axes

b. The amount of heavy equipment and supporting weapons
that can be used is severely limited.
c. Control is difficult and must be decentralized
d. Frontages must be shortened and intervals must be
lessened in movement.
e. Numerous limited objectives must be assigned in an attack

f. Maintaining direction of movement is difficult

g. Silence and security measures increase in importance

3. Preparation for Combat

For jungle operation, a detailed standing operating procedures

(SOP) and rehearsed battle drills should be prepared by all units down to and
including fire teams. This SOP may include organization for combat, supply
procedures, bivouac and shelter preparation, march rate, and formations. The
battle drills should provide for action to be taken in the event of sudden enemy
contact, occupation of patrol bases, defensive positions, and communications.

4. Survival Techniques

Survival – is the art of living into a new state of things but adapted
to an environment as a result of natural selection.

a. The following cause survival situations:

1) Air crashes
2) Crash landing
3) Ship wreck
4) Lost patrol
5) Unit cut-off main body

b. Psychological conditions to overcome in order to survive

1) Fear of the unknown – your fear of the unknown will

be eliminated by proper training and briefing. Perhaps you will learn

54
something of the geography, topography and the climate of the area which you
will operate. All it take is to recall them.
2) Fear of discomfort – fear of discomfort will be
eliminated when you know how to get water, food and proper ways to travel
thru the terrain. Knowledge of medicines and construction of shelter will also
help you to overcome this condition. Remember that rest is valuable than
speed and you will be more comfortable if you make your way with careful
planning.
3) Fear of people – Fear of certain races of people
within the territory can be relieved by previous knowledge and some common
sense. Unless they have been allied with the enemy, you will have little trouble
from the native and possibly get a lot of assistance.
4) Fear of your weakness – considerable outdoor
experience, or previous experience in environment similar to that which you
find yourself; you should have confidence in you ability to live-off then land if
not, take advantage of any opportunity to go any survival school.

d. Deciding factors for survival

1) Determination to Live – You can remain alive

anywhere in the world when you keep your wits, you may suffer all the
hardship and obstacles yet you will still be alive because of your strong
determination and your will to survive.

2) Ability to make nature work for you – Remember that

nature and elements are actually interested on your welfare. If you know how
to use it in your own advantage, it will always be your friend.

e. Key words in survival

1) Size up the situation by considering:

a) Yourself – Hope for the best but prepare for the

worst. Recall survival training, expect it to work. Be confident that you can
survive. Get to safe comfortable place as quickly as possible. Once there, look
things over, think and forge a plan. Your fear will lessen and your confidence
increases. Be calm. Take It easy until you know where you and where you are
heading for.
b) The area – Part of your fear may come from
being in a strange country. Therefore, try to determine where you are by
landmarks, compass direction or by recalling intelligence passed to you by
leaders.
c) The Enemy – put your self in the enemy’s
shoes. What would you do? Watch the enemy habits & routines. Base your
plans in your observations. Remember you know where the enemy is but he
does not know where you are.

2) Undue haste makes waste

55
 a) Don’t be to eager to move. It will make you
careless and impatient.
b) Don’t loose your temper. It causes you to stop
thinking when something initiating happens, stop, take a breath and relax,
start over.
c) Face the fact, danger does exist.

3) Remember where you are.

You may give yourself away because you are top

acting in a certain way. Do things naturally.

4) Vanquish fear and panic

a) To fear is normal and necessary but it has to

be controlled.
b) When you are injured and in pain, it is difficult
to control fear. Pain sometimes turn fear into panic and causes person to act
without thinking.
c) Panic can also cause loneliness. It can lead to
hopelessness, suicide and carelessness, even capture or surrender.
Recognizing this signs help to overcome panic.
d) Planning your escape will keep your mind
busy. Find things to do and watch. Remember that miracle work best for those
who prepare carefully and they can do so to save themselves.

5) Improvise

a) You can always do something to improve the

situation. Figure out of what you have, then, improvise.
b) Learn to put up with new and unpleasant
conditions. Keeping your mind on survival will help. Don’t be afraid to try
strange food.

6) Value living

a) A hope for escape reduces your fear and

makes chance of survival.
b) Conserve your health and strength. Injury will
greatly reduce your chance of survival and escape.
c) Hunger, cold and fatigue lower your efficiency
and stamina make you careless and increases the possibility of getting
caught. Knowing this will make you especially careful because you will realize
that your low spirit is the result of your physical condition and not of danger.
d) Remember your goal – Getting out alive,
concentrating on the time after you get out alive, will help you value living
now.

56
 7) Act like a native

Accept the true customs of the native. When you are

in the situation, accept and adapt native behavior.

8) Learn basic

f. Survival rules on edibility

1) Generally:

a) Anything that swims, flies, creeps and crawls

are edible.
b) All four-legged animals edible
c) Anything that birds and monkeys eat is edible
d) All eggs are edible
e) All larvae are edible
f) Almost all sea leaves are edible
g) All reptiles are edible
h) All crustaceans and mollusk are edible
i) Most fish you can catch in an open sea and
sight of land are good to eat
j) Eel are good to eat than sea snakes
k) All snakes except sea snake are edible
l) Cook animals as soon after killing as possible
m) Frogs, turtles, lizards, alligators and crocodiles
are edibles. Toads are not edible
n) Always remove in-trails (intestines) and sex
glands before cooking.

2) Water – will be a primary requirement. Start looking

for it immediately. An individual can get along without food for a week, but he
can’t live along without water, especially in hot or in arctic areas where he will
lose large quantities of water thru sweating or dehydration.

Purification – purify all water before drinking, either

(1) by boiling for at least one minute; (2) by using water purification tablets;
(3) by adding eight drops of 2 ½ percent solution of iodine to a quart (canteen
full) of water and letting it stand for ten minutes before drinking.
Rainwater collected directly in the clean containers
or in plants is generally safe to drink without purifying. Don’t drink urine or sea
water – the salt content is to high.

3) Plants - Never eat large quantities of strange food

without first tasting it. Prepare a cooked sample then take a mouthful, chew
and hold it in your mouth for five minutes. If it still taste good, go ahead and
eat it. If the taste is disagreeable, don’t eat it. A Burning of bitter taste is a
warning of danger.

a) Plants eaten by birds and animals are safe.

57
 b) Don’t eat unknown plants with milky juice or let
silk contact your body skin.
c) Don’t eat unknown plants that have a
disagreeable odor.
d) Non-poisonous mushroom are edible.
Poisonous mushroom are very dangerous. Cooking will not destroy the
poison. Poisonous mushroom have a frill or ring around the upper part of the
stem and cup that the base into which the stem fits.
e) Don’t eat unknown plants that taste disagreeable,
bitterness is a guide for danger.

4) Most roots are edible, but must be boiled thoroughly.

58
D. MARCHES AND BIVOUACS AND LAND NAVIGATION

1. Marches and Bivouacs

Moving the troops however, is not enough. The men must arrive
at the appointed place at the appointed time, with the units well organized.
Likewise, the individual soldiers with their weapons and equipment should
remain in good condition. In brief, soldiers should reach their march
destination ready to fight and perform their assigned mission immediately.

Movement of troops requires thorough planning, efficient

execution, aggressive leadership and intelligent supervision. As a leader who
may be involved in the planning actual conduct of troop movements, it is
necessary that you must know the basic principle of foot marches and the
proper occupation of bivouac area.

Troop mobility is an important element of combat power. A

military commander must be able to efficiently move his troops from one
location to another for tactical advantage. In the advent of mechanization,
troop movements in our Armed Forces may be done by land, water and air
transport or by any combination of these means. However, these mechanical
means of movement may not always be available, particularly in the field
where troop must often move of foot. Every soldier must have the capability to
march reasonably long distances in order to achieve decisive results in
combat.

2. DEFINITIONS

a. MARCH UNIT – is a unit which moves and halts at the

command of a single commander, unit is normally a platoon, but it may be a
company.
b. SERIAL – Is a group of march units under a single
commander, it is given a letter designation, usually from higher headquarters,
to aid in planning and control. A battalion is normally designated as a march
column
c. VEHICLE DISTANCE – is the space between two
consecutive vehicles of an organized element of column.
d. COLUMN GAP – is a space between two organized
elements following each other on the same route. It can be calculated in units
of length or in unit of time as measured from the rear of one element to the
front of the following element.
e. TRAFFIC DENSITY – is the average number of vehicle that
occupy 1mile of 1 km of road space, expressed in vehicles per mile (vpm) or
vehicles per kilometer
f. LENGTH OF COLUMN – is the length of roadway occupied
by a column, including gaps in the column measured from front to rear,
inclusive.
g. ROAD GAP – is the distance between two march elements.
h. SPEED – indicates actual rate of speed of a vehicle or a foot
column at a given moment as shown on the speedometer (kmph, mph).

59
 i. PACE – is regulated speed of a column or element, set by
the lead vehicle or an individual in the lead element, to maintain the
prescribed average speed.
j. RATE OF MARCH – is average number of miles or kilometer
traveled in any given period of time, including short periodic halts and other
short delays.
k. ARRIVAL TIME – is when the head of the column arrives at
a designated point or line (explain and show illustration)
l. CLEARANCE TIME – is when the tail of a column passes a
designated point or line.
m. COMPLETION TIME – is when the tail of the column passes
a designated point or line
n. PASS TIME (PST) of a column – is actual time between the
moment the first element passes a given point and the moment the last
element passes the same point (show illustration).
o. ROAD CLEARANCE TIME – is a total time a column requires
to travel time over and a section of road. Road time is equals time
distance plus column pass time.
p. TIME DISTANCE (TDIS) – is time required to move from one
point to another at a given rate of march. It normally represents the
movement of the head of the column from the start point to the release point.
q. TIME GAP – is time measured between front and rear of
successive elements as they move past any given point.
r. CRITICAL POINT – are those points on a route used for
reference in providing instruction or places where timing might be a critical
factor. (Give examples such as conduct of passage lane, road crossing,
passing an obstacles etc..)
s. START POINT (SP) – a common point for starting their
movement. When units use more than one rout, each route has a start point
t. RELEASE POINT (RP) – a release point provides all units of
the march column a common point for reverting to control of their parent unit

u. BIVOUAC – a temporary camp that is set and used for a

short stay usually overnight, often with minimum equipment.

v. FOOT MARCHES – are the movement of troops and

equipment mainly by foot with limited support of vehicles. Foot marches do
not depend on the existence of roads.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF GROUND TROOP MOVEMENTS

All movements of group forces may be classified into two (2)

types; the administrative and tactical movement.

a. The Administrative Movement – it is the troop movement

wherein no enemy activity or interference is anticipated. The primary
consideration in the conduct of this type of movement and in the arrangement
of troops are the comfort and convenience of the personnel and their rapid
transit.

60
 b. The Tactical Movement – is the movement when the unit
will be employed against the enemy, when making contact or when
interference from the enemy is a possibility. The mission of the unit, the
approximately of hostile ground forces, the terrain over which the unit will
travel, the type of enemy resistance expected must all be considered in
determining the organization and composition of the unit for tactical
movement. In this type of movement, the unit must be so organized that it can
fight once.

4. FOOT MARCHES

Foot marches as a method of moving ground troop is resorted to

when sufficient transportation is available and when the distance to be
covered is relatively short. Troops may also move by foot when tactical
situation or the terrain prohibits the use of motor transport or when it is
desired to march by foot for training or physical conditioning.

a. Preparatory Training for Foot Marches – proper training in

the conduct of foot marches involve the indoctrination of Officers and NCOs of
their roles and responsibility before and during the march.

1) Physical conditioning – the conditioning process for

foot marches must be systematic and progressive. Initially troops must be
made to march on short distances without equipment, followed by frequent
practice marches increasing in length and in the amount of equipment carried,
until troops are able to march 25 miles in eight hours with full field equipment
and personal weapons. Calisthenics, organized athletics and periods of
lectures on the subject may also be included in the conditioning process to
provide physical and mental relaxation.
2) March Hygiene – in the conduct of practice marches,
attention must be given to the care of the feet, proper fitting and wearing of
shoes and socks, proper fitting and cleanliness of clothing and adjustment of
equipment. Men must be taught to drink take in sparingly during the duration
of the hike. Likewise, they must also be taught to get water only from approved
sources. As an Officer or NCO you must closely supervise your men during all
marches to safeguard their health.

b. Conduct of marches. Following are the control measures

used to insure proper conduct of foot marches.

1) The March Warning Order. When possible, a warning

is issued to give participating unit advance information the march. A warning
is issued to the companies and attached units as soon as the decision to move
the troops is made. This 30 yards between platoons, 50 yards between alert
gives the troops the maximum time to prepare. The warning is usually brief,
but contained the essential information who, what, where, how and why.

2) The Advance Group. An advance group is usually

dispatched ahead of the body of troops of perform specific tasks. This group

61
is usually composed of the route reconnaissance party and the quartering
party;

a) The route reconnaissance party. This group

of personnel is tasked to make detailed reconnaissance elements, a traffic
control representative and an engineer or a pioneer representative. The
reconnaissance party obtained detailed information of the route, determines
the number of guards and guides required and determine the amount of
engineer work necessary.
b) The Quartering Party. This group is sent
forward to select the exact bivouac area and to make administrative
arrangements. The Quartering party is usually composed of the headquarters
commandant or unit adjutant, an officer from each attached unit, a
representative from each of the organic unit and a medical officer. Its primary
task is to select the bivouac site, divided the area among the subordinate
units, make sanitary inspection and preparations and guide each unit it its
area upon arrival.
c) The Initial Point (IP). It is the starting point of
the march. The initial point is designated to be long the route of march so that
the marching will have to countermarch from its unit area to reach it.

4) The Release Point (RP). It is the point at the end of

the march where the elements of the marching unit are broken up and led to
their respective areas within the bivouac by the members of the Quartering
Party.

5) Inspection before the March. As part of the

preparation for the march, an inspection of the troops must be conducted to
check their physical condition and to adjust improperly harnessed equipment.

6) March Formation and Distances.

a) The usual use formation is column of twos with

one file on its side of the road.
b) The daytime distance is about companies and
100 yards between battalions.
c) Company commanders usually march at the
head of their unit with the platoon commanders and non- commissioned
officer rated where they can best enforce march discipline to their men.
d) At night, distances between men and units are
decreased for better control.

g. Rates of March (Approximate).

Average Rate of March Foot Troops

On Roads Cross Country

Day 4 kph 2.4 kph
Night 3.2 kph 1.6 kph

62
 h. Halts.

1) A 15 minutes halt is always given at the end of the

first 45 minutes of march. This is necessary because the human body
experience the most discomfort on the first part of an extraneous activity.
During this first rest, the men can check the proper tightness of their shoes
and adjust the fitting of their weapons and equipment.
2) After the first rest, 10 - minute rest are given at the
end of the every 50 minutes of march.
3) Usually a 60 minutes halt is given during noontime to
allow the men to eat their meals or to attend to their personal necessities. This
advisable because marching at noontime is usually very exhausting and the
men need some time to partially digest their meals before resuming
movement.
4) During halts, troops will move off the road, use
available cover and concealment, take maximum rest, loosen and adjust
equipment or relieve themselves if possible. Security will always be
established during halts to protect the resting troops.

i. Guides and Traffic Control. Guides will be stationed at key

points to indicate the route of march. Each company should send forward to
control traffic at cross roads and road junctions. Troops will not be permit
vehicular traffic to cross the marching column.

j. Security measures. It embraces all measures taken a unit to

protect itself against surprise and observation by the enemy and to obtain
freedom of action when there is a need for maneuver. Thus, security aims to
prevent attempts by the enemy to harass, surprise, ambush or reconnoiter the
positions of elements of the marching unit. Security is a continuous
requirement of a successful foot march and in the conduct of bivouacs.
Individual security consist mostly in common sense. Its principles include the
proper use of cover, concealment and individual camouflage.

63
 5. BIVOUACS

Bivouac areas are established at the end of marches to allow the

elements of the marching unit to rest. Several bivouac or harbor areas may be
established along the route of a long march. Following are guidelines in
selection and occupation of bivouacs:

1) Tactical consideration.

a. Nearness to the route of march

b. Good road nets.
c. Large enough to permit desperation of entire unit.
d. Adequate cover and concealment
e. Elevated and well-drained site.
f. Sandy, loam or gravel soil, favorable to waste
disposal.
g. Accessibility to good source of water and fuel.
h. Defensible in case of enemy attack.

2) Undesirable sites for bivouacs.

a. Dry river or stream bed.

b. Ravines
c. Adjacent to swampy ground
d. Steep slopes
e. Clay or dusty soil.
f. Does not allow for adequate desperation of units.

3) Occupation of Bivouac Area.

a. Members of the quartering party will meet the
elements of the marching unit at the release point (RP) and lead them to their
respective assigned areas. This prevents confusion and congestion at the
entrance to the bivouac area.
b. Troops, when they reach their assigned areas, will
select site for pitching tent. They will link up their defensive position to that of
the adjacent units. Prior to pitching tents, individual foxholes must be dug.
Cover and concealment, wide this operation and drainage must be governing
factors in selecting tent sites. While the troops are preparing their positions,
all around security must be maintained.

4) Sanitation in the Bivouac Area. Sanitation in the bivouac

area must strictly enforced to safeguard the health of the members of the unit.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOT MARCH

- Combat ready
- Easy to control
- Adaptability to terrain
- Slow rate of movement
- Increase personnel fatigue

64
E. MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

Definition of Map

A Map is a graphical representation of the earth’s surface drawn to scale

as seen from above. Manmade and natural features are depicted by symbols;
lines, colors, and forms.

When used correctly, a map can give accurate information on such

factors as distance, locations, heights, best routes, key terrain features,
concealment and cover. With combat elements widely dispersed in an area, it
becomes more necessary to rely upon maps. Combat operation in modern
warfare must be concerned not only with our own familiar areas but also the
far-flung places. Vast amounts of materiel must be procured, transported,
stored and placed into the proper place. By necessity, much of this planning
is done on maps. The finest maps made are worthless unless the user knows
how to read them.

1. How to orient map?

Map is oriented in horizontal position with each north and south

directions corresponding to the north and south on the ground.

2. How to read Map?

In map reading, the cardinal rule is “ READ RIGHT UP”. The

numbers of the vertical lines are the first one to be read and then the number
of the horizontal lines.

a. Grid Square – the north – south and east – west grid lines
intersect at 90 degrees forming grid square normally the size of one of these
squares on large scale is 1,000 meters (1 kilometer).

07

06
g GS 1305
05

12 13 14 15

b. Grid Coordinate scales - the primary tool for plotting grid

coordinates is the grid coordinate scale map.

65
 c. Determining grids - based on the military principles for
reading maps (right and up) location on the map can be determined by grid
coordinates. The number of digits represents the degree of precision to which
a point has been located and measured on a map

9
8
7
6
5
4 GC 137056
3
2 UP
05 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
13
RIGHT

d. Precision. The precision of a point reference is shown by

the number of digits in the coordinates; the more digits, the more precise the
location.
Four Digits GS1828 = 1,000 meters
Six Digits GC187285 = 100 meters
Eight Digits GC18782853 = 10 meters

3. Colors used in Military Map

To identify feature on the map, it is being represented by different

colors. These colors may vary from map to map. On a standard large-scale
topographic map, the colors used and the features each are represented by;

a) Black. Indicates cultural (man made) features, such as

buildings and roads.
b) Reddish-Brown. The colors red and brown are combined to
identify cultural features, all relief features, and elevation, such as contour lines
on red-light readable maps.
c) Blue. Identify hydrograph or water features such as lake,
swamps, rivers and drainage.
d) Green. Identifies vegetation with military significance such
as woods, orchards and vineyards.
e) Brown. Identifies all relief features and elevations such as
contours on older edition maps.
f) Red. Classifies cultural feature such as populated areas,
main roads, and boundaries, on older map.
g) Others. Occasionally other colors may be used to show
special information. These are indicated in the marginal information as a rule.

66
 4. Scale and Distance

A map is scaled graphic representation of a portion of the earth’s

surface. The scale of the map permits the user to convert distance on the map
to the distance on the ground or vice versa. The ability to determine distance on
a map, as well as on the earth’s surface, is an important factor in planning and
executing military missions.

Graphic (Bar) Scales

A graphic scale is a ruler printed on the map and is used to

convert distances on the map to actual ground distances. The graphic scale is
divided into two parts. To the right of the zero, the scale is marked in full units
to measure and is called the primary scale. To the left of the zero, the scale is
divided into tenths and is called the extension scale. Most map have three or
more graphic scales, each using a different unit of measurement. When using
the graphic scale, be sure to use the correct scale for the unit of measure
desired.

5. Direction

Directions are expressed as units of angular measurement.

a. Degree. The most common unit of measurement is the

degree (*) with its subdivision of minutes (‘) and seconds (“).

1 degree – 60 minutes
1 minutes – 60 seconds

b. Mil. Another unit of measurement, the mil (abbreviated m), is

mainly used in artillery, tank, and mortar gunnery. The mil express the size of an
angle formed when a circle is divided into 6,400 angles with the vertex of the
angles at the center of the circle. A relationship can be established between
degrees and mils. A circle equals 6,400 mils is divided by 360 degrees or 17.78
mils. To convert degrees to mils, multiply degrees by 17.78.
c. Grad. The grad is a metric unit of measurement found on
some foreign maps. There are 400 grads in a circle (a 90 degree right angle
equals 100 grad). The grad is divided into 100 centesimal minutes (centigrade)
and the minute into 100 centesimal seconds (milligrads).

6. Base lines

There are three base lines – true north, magnetic north and grid
north. Magnetic and grid north are commonly used.

a. True North. It is a line from any point on the North Pole. It is

usually represented by a star.

67
 b. Magnetic North. The direction to the north indicated by the
north seeking needle of a Magnetic North is usually symbolized by an arrow
head.

c. Grid North. The north that is established on the grid lines of

the map. The grid north may be a GN or the letter y

7. Azimuth

An azimuth is defined as the horizontal angle measured from a

north base line. This north base line could be true north or grid north. The
azimuth is the most common direction. When using an azimuth, the point from
which it originates is the center of an imaginary circle and it is divided into 360
degrees.

a. Back azimuth is the reverse direction of an azimuth. To

obtain a back azimuth from an azimuth, take note of the following:

ADD 180 DEGREES IF THE AZIMUTH IS 180 DEGREES OR LESS.

SUBTRACT 180 DEGREES IF THE AZIMUTH IS 180 DEGREES OR MORE.

b. Magnetic azimuth. The magnetic azimuth is determined by

using magnetic instruments, such as lensatic and M-2 compasses.

c. Grid Azimuth

When an azimuth is plotted on a map between two points, A

(starting point) and point B (ending point), the points are joined together by a
straight line. A protractor is used to measure the angle between grid north and
the drawn line, and this measured azimuth is the grid azimuth.

Protractor

There are several types of protractors – full circle, half circle,

square and rectangular. All of them are divided into units of angular measures,
and each has scale around the outer edge and an index mark. The index mark is
the center of the protractor circle from which all direction are measured

8. Ways of Locating Points

a. Intersection

Intersection is the location of an unknown point by

successively occupying at least two (preferably three) known positions on the
ground and then map sighting on the unknown locations. It is used to locate
distant or inaccessible points or objects, such as enemy targets, danger areas,
and so forth. There are two methods of intersection:

1) Map and compass method.

a) Orient the map using the compass

b) Locate and mark using the compass
68
 c) Determine the magnetic azimuth to the unknown
position using the compass.
d) Convert the magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth.
e) Draw a line on the map from your position on
this grid azimuth.
f) Move to a second known point and repeat steps
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
g) The location of the unknown position is where
the lines cross on the map. Determine eight digit-digit grid coordinates to the
desired accuracy.

2) Straightedge Method. (when compass is not available).

(1) Orient the map on a flat surface by the terrain
association method
(2) Locate and mark your position on the map.
(3) Lay a straightedge on the map with one end at
user’s position (A) as a pivot point; rotate the straightedge until the unknown
point is sighted along the edge.
(4) Draw a line along a straightedge.
(5) Repeat the above steps at position (B) and
check for accuracy.
(6) The intersection of the lines on the map is the
location of the unknown point ©. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired
accuracy.

b Resection

Resection is the method of locating one’s position on a map

by determining the grid azimuth to at least two well-defined locations that can
be pinpointed on the map. For greater accuracy, the desired method of
resection would be to use three well-defined locations.

1) Map and Compass Method

a) Orient the map using the compass.

b) Identify two or three distant location on the
ground and mark them on the map.
c) Measure the magnetic azimuth to the known
position from your location using a compass.
d) Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth.
e) Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. f)
Using a protractor scale the back azimuth
on the map from the known position and a third position if desired.
g) The intersection of the lines is your location.
h) Determine the grid coordinates to the desired
accuracy.

2) Straightedge method

69
 a) Orient the map on a flat surface by the terrain
appreciation method.
b) Locate at least two known distant location or
prominent features on the ground and mark them on the map
c) Lay a straightedge on the map using a known
position as a pivot point. Rotate the straightedge until the known position on
the map is aligned with the known position on the ground.
d) Draw a line along a straightedge away from the
known position on the ground toward your position.
e) Repeat 3 and 4 using a second known position.
f) The intersection of the lines on the map is your
location. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.

c. Modified Resection

Modified resection is the method of locating one’s position

on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the ground, such
as road, canal, stream, etc. The steps are as follows:

1) Orient the map using a compass or by terrain

appreciation
2) Find a distant point that can be identified on the
ground and on the map.
3) Determine the magnetic azimuth from your location to
the distant known point.
4) Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth.
5) Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. Using
protractor, scale the back azimuth on the map from the position back toward
your unknown position.
6) The location of the user is where the line crosses the
linear features. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy.

d Polar Plot

A method of locating or plotting an unknown position from a

known point by giving a direction and a distance along that direction line is
called a polar plot or polar coordinates. Three elements must be present when
using polar coordinates.

a) Present known location on the map.

b) Azimuth (grid or magnetic)
c) Distance (normally in yards or meters).

9. Land Navigation Equipment and Methods

a. Compasses are the primary navigation tools to find

directions. Familiarity with the compass and its use is very essential for land
navigation.

70
 Types of Compasses

1) Lensatic. The lensatic compass is the most common

and simplest instrument for finding direction.
2) Artillery. The artillery M-2 compass is a special-
purpose instrument designed for accuracy.
3) Wrist/Pocket. This is a small magnetic compass that
can be attached to a wristwatch band. It contains a north-seeking arrow and a
dial in degrees.
4) Protractor. This can be used to determine azimuth
when a compass is not available. However, it should be noted that when using
the protractor on a map, only grid azimuth are obtained.

b. Field Expedient Methods

When a compass is not available, different techniques

should be used to determine the four cardinal directions.

1) Shadow-Tip method. – a simple and accurate method

of finding direction by the use of a stick and a shadow created by the sun.
2) Star Method – Navigators’ use less than 60 of
approximately 5,000 stars visible to the eye.

North Star – less than 1 degree off true north and does
not move from its place because the axis of the earth is pointed toward it. The
North Star is in the group of star called the little dipper. It is the last star in the
handle of the dipper. Two stars in the big dipper are help in finding the North
Star.

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 CHAPTER 4

MARKMANSHIP TRAINING

A. MARKMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS

Preparatory marksmanship lectures were already presented on your MS

- 1 training and were also included in the MS 1 Workbook. However, a review of
some important fundamentals will help you undergo the marksmanship
training, and later, the actual familiarization firing.

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) – all

marksmanship training that takes place before live fire.
b. Marksmanship – it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting the
target at a given or known distance.
c. Cross-Dominance – a soldier with a dominant hand and
dominant eye that are not the same.
d. Zero Target – a scaled silhouette target with a
superimposed grid for use at 25 meters.
e. Alibi Fire – a condition during qualification firing when
soldier is allowed to complete a record fire scenario which was halted
temporarily due to circumstances beyond his control, ex: target mechanism,
weapon or ammo malfunction.
f. Follow-through – maintaining the position after the weapon
has been fired.
g. Immediate Action – a procedure applied to rapidly reduce
any rifle stoppage without determining it’s cause.
h. Remedial Action – is the continuing effort to determine the
cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to try to clear the stoppage or
malfunction once it has been identified.
i. Aiming point – a place on a target in which the rifle sights
are aligned, normally the target center of mass.
j. KDR – known Distance Range.

2. THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP

a. Establish a Steady Position - refers to the establishments of

a position that allows the weapon to be held still while it is being fired.

Steady Position Elements:

1) Non-firing Hand Grip – the rifle hand grid rest on the

heel of the hand in the form by the thumb and fingers. Grip is light rearward
pressure exerted.
2) Rifle-butt position – the butt of the stock is placed in
the pocket of the firing shoulder this reduced the effect of recoil and helps
ensure a steady position.

72
 3) Firing Hand Grip – the firing hand grasps the pistol
grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger. This is placed on
the trigger so that the lay of the rifles is not disturbed when trigger is
squeezed.
4) Firing Elbow Placement – the location of the firing
elbow is important in providing balance.
5) Non-firing Elbow – position firmly under the rifle for
comfortable and stable position.
6) Stock Weld – should provide for a natural line of
sight through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight post and to
the target, fire’s neck should be relaxed, cheek fall into the stock.

b. Aiming – refers to the precise alignment of the rifle sights

with the target.

Things to remember in aiming:

1) Correct sight alignment – placing the center tip of the

front sight post in the exact center of the sight aperture.
2) Correct sight picture – has the target, front sight post
and rear sight aligned. The sight picture include two basic elements: sight
alignment and placement of the aiming point.

c. Breath Control – the third marksmanship fundamental

refers to the control of breathing to help keep the rifle steady.

Two (2) types of breath control techniques

1) The first is the technique used during zeroing (and

when time is available to fire a shot). Breathing should stop after most of the
air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle. The shot must be fired
before the firer feel any discomfort.
2) The second is employed during rapid firs (short
exposure targets). Using this techniques the soldier hold his breath when he is
about to squeeze the trigger, therefore the firer must detect, acquire and
engage the target before the exposure ends.

d. Trigger Control – The fourth marksmanship fundamental is

trigger control. It is the independent action of the forefinger on the trigger
pulling it straight to the rear with uniformly increasing pressure until the
weapon is fired.

Guideline for Proper Trigger Squeeze:

The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed on the
trigger between the first join and the tip of the finger (not the extreme) and is
adjusted depending on hand size and grip. Squeeze should start with a slight
figure straight to the rear avoiding the left or right twisting movement while
observing the slack. To apply the remaining pressure continuously and the
rifle is fired without disturbing its lay.

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 3. FIRING POSITIONS COMMONLY USED

a. Prone Position – provides the most stable platform for

engaging targets and presents a low silhouette and easily adapted with the
use of cover and support.
b. Standing Position - is used in the assault, to engage
surprise target and when no other position can be used.
c. Kneeling Position – is suitable for ground that slopes gently
upward and when there are obstacles that hinders good target acquisition.

4. DRY FIRE

A technique used to simulate the firing of live round with an

empty weapon. Any application of the four (4) fundamentals of marksmanship
without live ammunition may be refereed to as dry fire.

Two examples of Dry Fire

a. Target Box Exercise – rifle holding device checks

consistency of aiming three round shot groups in a dry fire environment. The
target man triangulates the three shots and labels it shot group number one. 1
cm is the standard requirement and may be compared to obtain a 4-cm shot
group on 25 meter live firing range.
b. Dime (washer) Exercise – dry fire technique used to teach
or evaluate the skill of trigger squeeze and is effective when conducted from
an unsupported position.

5. PEER COACHING

a. Benefits – can enhance learning of both of them.

b. Duties

1) Peer coach assists the firer to obtain a good firing

position and adjusting sand bags or any available support.
2) Watches the firer and sees to it that the firer
maintains a proper relax steady position, holds his breath before the final
trigger squeeze, and applies initial pressure to the trigger with no noticeable
trigger jerks, filches eye blink or other reaction in anticipating the rifle firing. If
the firer is tensed and nervous, the coach advises the firer to breath deeply
several times and relax.

6. GROUPING – is a live fire exercise shooting tight shot group in a

consistent location. (4 cm or smaller diameter) When the firer can consistently
place three rounds within 4 cm radius circle at 25 meters regardless of a group
location, he is ready to zero his rifle M16A1.

Step in Marking a shot Groups;

a. Locate the bullet holes.

74
 b. Connect three bullet holes on the target with a straight line.
c. Number the shot group.
d. Mark the approximate center of the shot group with an “x”.

Purpose of Marking an “X” – “X” represent the center of the

three 93) shots. “X” is placed closer to the two near shots. This is not a
precise marking that requires measurement but it is a procedure to help shot
group analysis. The three rounds shot group confirm the variation inherent in
the rifle, ammunition and firer.

Locating Center of Shot Groups – the central point of all

nine (9) bullets fired can be found treating the “X” as a single bullet.

7. RIFLE SIGHTS AND SIGHT ADJUSTMENT

The sights are adjustable for both elevation and wind age.

a. Windage Adjustment - are made on the rear sight and

elevation adjustment on the front sight.

1) Rear Sight – consist of a two (2) aperture and a wind

age drum with a spring loaded detent. The aperture mark L is used for ranges
beyond 300 meter
2) Front sight – consist of a round rotating sight post
with a five – position spring loaded detent.

b. Sight Changes – to make sight changes, the firer first locate

the center of his three rounds shot group and then determine the distance
between it and the desired location. An error in elevation is measure
horizontally.

Elevation Adjustment – to raise the strike of the bullet,

rotate the front sight post the desired number of clicks (in the direction of the
arrow marked R) reverse the direction of the arrow marked R reverse the
direction of the rotation to move the strike of the bullet to the left.

8. ZEROING

Adjusting rifle to bullet hits to the aiming point at a given range.

Conduct of Zeroing on a 25-Meters Range

a. The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at actual

range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at 250 meters, most
zeroing is conducted at 25 meters by pushing the rear sight forward so that
LRS is exposed. Using the L-sight firer consistently aims target center of mass
then fires three separate three-round shot groups and numbers them. Based
on the location of these groups, the firer would make the sight adjustments.
After the sight changes are made, three more three-round shot groups are

75
fired. Using the same produced to confirm the zero. The shot groups must be
centered with in the zero circle.
b. Mechanical zero/initial sight setting – to mechanically zero
the weapon, the firer adjust the front sight post up or down until the base of
the front sight post is flush with the wall. Then adjust the front sight post 11
clicks in the direction of up or clockwise. This move the post down into the
well eleven (11) clicks. The soldier turns the rear sight wind age drum until it
moves all the way to the left side and locks.
c. Recording of Zero, M16A1

1) Front Sight – elevation zero. Since the center of the

shot groups was determined to be two squares high. The correction would be
two(2) clicks down. With the initial setting of 11 this would be 11 minus 2, or 9
and should be recorded as 9 up.
2) Rear Sight – wind age zero. Since the center of the
shot groups was determined to be seven (7) clicks squares to the right, the
correction would be seven (7) clicks left. This would be 17 minus 7 or 10 and
should be recorded as R10. The data record for the firer in this example.

RECORDING OF DATA

MSG TEDDY R ZAMORA (OS) PA

01 Jun 07
FS 9 ----10
SN # ----671926
Note: These data are not transferable.

d. Battle Sight Zero – to battle sight zero the rifle, the soldier
must understand sight adjustment procedure. The objective of the battle sight
zero is to find a zero range that allows for target engagement out to the
maximum possible range while requiring minimum adjustments to the aiming
point.

1) LRS – setting the sight to LRS to hit at 25 meters

where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides and again at
375 meters.
2) SRS – flipping back to SRS to hit at 42 meters where
the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides and again at 250
meters. Most combat target are expected to be engaged in the ranges from 0 to
300 meters, therefore, the 250 meter battle sight zero is the setting that
reaming on the fire. All target can be hit out to a range of 300 meters without
major adjustment to the aiming point.

Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all targets

of all out to 300 meters.

Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all targets

from 325 meters to maximum effective range.

9. ELEMENTS OF CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE

76
 a. Sight Alignment – The sight is aligned when the top of the
front sight is exactly on the center of the rear sight aperture.
b. Aiming Point – is the target where the sights are aligned
with.
10. MARKSMANSHIP QUALIFICATION

RATING OLD NEW ACROE OLD

(New)
Expert 28-40 36-40 180-200 140-200
Sharpshooter 24-27 30-35 155-1179 120-135
Marksman 17-23 23-29 120-154 85-115
Unqualified 16-below 22-below 119-below 80-below

B. RANGE SAFETY PROCEDURES

1. RANGE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

a. The bolt of all rifles must be opened always

b. All loading and unloading is executed on the firing line with
the muzzle of the rifle pointing towards the target. Strictly no loading behind
the firing line.
c. No weapon is loaded until the command load is given.
d. All firing must be controlled by signals, commands will be
given by the designated range officer/NCO. Do not fire until the command fire
is given.
e. At the command “CEASE FIRING” all trigger finger must be
automatically removed from the trigger and shift to safe.
f. No weapon is to be removed from the firing line until it has
been expected to see to it that it is clear with ammo and safety lever at safe,
bolt must be opened always.
g. No person is allowed beyond the firing line for any reason
or purpose. No weapon is carried in front of the firing line.
h. After firing, place the selector lever at safe, remove
magazine and always keep the bolt open.
i. In case of malfunction or alibi, do immediate actions or
remedial actions which make the barrel pointing to the target. If failed, raise
hand, but alibi to be assisted by the DI or COACH.
j. Anyone observing an unsafe act will immediately call
CEASEFIRE.
k. Consider the rifle loaded at all times, even in the break
areas. Never point the rifle to anyone you not want to hurt.

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 CHAPTER 5

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A. PERSONAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

Personal Hygiene and Sanitation is every soldier’s responsibility. The

command is the mirror-image of its Commander. The state of the health of men
and the condition they work-in reflect the leadership, discipline and
supervision in the unit. If one or several members of an operating unit become
sick due to bad sanitation, the effective strength of the unit is reduced thus
diminishing its fighting capability and efficiency.

Rules of hygiene and sanitation are simple and easy to follow but some
carelessly disregard them. It is therefore necessary to constantly remind the
members of the unit on the importance of observing proper hygiene and
sanitation.

1. Individual Hygiene

The following are the basic health guidelines:

a. Always keep your body clean. Take a bath once everyday.

As a minimum, bathe your feet, hands and private parts. If possible, change
your underwear and socks after bathing. When water is scarce, you may bathe
at least twice a week. If water availability is worst, scrub your body regularly
with clean wet cloth.
b. Change your underclothing daily if possible, If not, at least
twice a week. Inspect them for lice, fleas or other bug that may keep you itchy.
c. Change clothing, shoes or socks immediately after they are
get wet to avoid getting colds, athletes foot and other illnesses.
d. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after
waking up and before going to bed. Brush your teeth on the inside and
outside, away from the gums and towards the cutting surface of the teeth.
e. Always wash your hands with soap and water after doing
fatigue duty, after engaging in strenuous exercise, before eating and after
coming out of the comfort room.
f. Use only your own eating and drinking utensils if possible.
You may contact disease from infected mess gear or personal articles of
others. For the same reason, avoid borrowing and lending your own pipes,
towels, shoes, etc.
g. When mosquito’s and other flying insects are present in
you area, be sure to use your mosquito net. Tuck it well around your bedding
and ensure that there are no holes before sleeping. Take your anti-malaria
tablets regularly, many soldiers became fatal casualties due to their
indifference to this tiny but effective anti-malaria tablets.
h. Never drink water from any untreated source until has been
declared safe for drinking by your medical officer. When purification tablets
(such as halazone) are available, use them to threat your drinking water. If

78
there are none, you may consider boiling your water at least fifteen minutes to
kill the harmful bacteria’s germs that may be present.
i. Relieve yourself on an area which is designated as the head
area for your unit.
j. Exercise your muscles and joints regularly. Inactivity may
do equal damage to your health as extreme exertion or fatigue.
k. Avoid venereal diseases. Do not associate with infected
woman who may be carries of these diseases. If you think you have caught
any of these sexually transmitted diseases report to your medical officer at
once. Any venereal disease can be cured much easier and quickly on its early
stage. Untreated VD may result to death or permanent damage to your body.
l. As a leader, you must set an example of personal
cleanliness and sanitation. Bathe, shave and wear clean clothes daily. Observe
all the precautions mentioned above and require everybody to do the same.

2. Camp Sanitation

Camp Sanitation refers to the rules of cleanliness and sanitation

which soldiers should follow to keep and maintain camps.

a. When putting up camps and bivouacs, build them around a

sanitary plan. Make provision for sanitation requirements, such as the location
of the galley, the head and the billeting areas of the men.
b. Control your water supply. Purify drinking water in a
manner approved by the medical officer. When water source is a stream or a
river, mark separate water points for washing, cooking and human
consumption. Washing and bathing points must always be downstream from
points used for human consumption. Of course, in the case of tactical camps,
these watering points must be well secured against enemy harassment.
c. Locate and construct heads and urinals away from the
galley, mess hall, and water supply but not too far from the living areas. As
much as possible, heads and urinals should be situated downwind of above
mentioned areas. In the construction of heads, follow the prescribed design.
When situation allows a straddle type head trench may be constructed easily.
The trench should be dug one foot wide, two and half feet deep and four feet
long or longer depending on the number of men who will use it. The earth
removed in digging is piled at the end of the trench with a can or shovel so
that each men can cover his waste with soil after using the trench. Wooden
plants may be used to improve the stepping area of this type of head. When
leaving the camp be sure to cover the trench completely. A simple field urinal
may as easily be constructed.
d. Maintain the sanitary conditions in the galley. Food must be
stored in clean receptacles. Garbage, leftovers and other refuse must be
disposed of at designated dumping areas or garbage pits, where they may be
covered with soil or burned. When improperly disposed and left uncovered,
insects, especially flies, feed on these garbage, pick up the germs and later
transfer them to your food. Dysentery and other illness may then result.
e. Carry out a continuous campaign against insect, rodents
and other pests may include flies, mosquitoes, lice, ticks, mites, cockroaches
and rats. The simplest way to control the increase of these pests is to cut-off

79
their nourishment by screening heads, galleys and messes and by disposing
waste properly. You must also drain or soil stagnant pools of water to kill the
larvae of insects when in the field. Bury empty ration cans and turns split
coconut husks upside down to prevent disease carrying insects and rodents
to breed or feed on them.

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B. FIRST AID (BASIC LIFE SUPPORT)

FIRST AID – immediate treatment administered to a victim of injury or

illness before the services of a doctor or corpsman can be obtained.

1. Four Life Savings Steps:

a. Stop the bleeding – by elevating, direct pressure and by

applying tourniquet.
b. Protect the Wound – by applying first aid dressing.
c. Prevent or Treat Shock – keep the victim lying down with
his/her hear lower than the body. Loosen any tilt clothing. Keep the casualty’s
convertible warm by wrapping with blanket. If she/he is unconscious, place
him at his/her sides, prevent checking on vomits and other fluid. Give him fluid
by mouth with warm stimulants such as coffee, tea or cocoa, remember
Alcohol is not stimulants fluid.
d. Restore Breathing – if a casualty stop breathing you must
give artificial respiration immediately. The sooner you begin artificial
respiration, the more likely you are to succeed in restoring breathing.

2. WOUNDS:

Wounds – any break in the continuity of the skin/tissue of the

body.

a. Classification of Wounds

1) Open Wound – there is a break in the skin or mucus

membrane.
2) Close Wound – involves underlying tissues without a
break in the skin or mucus membrane.

b. Types of Wounds

1) Abrasions – results from scraping (abrasing) the

skin. Bleeding is minimal and limited to ruptured small veins and capillaries.
2) Incised Wound – cuts, commonly caused by sharp
objects the degree of bleeding depend on the deep and extent of a cut. Deep
cuts may involves blood vessels and may cause extensive bleeding, they may
also damage muscles tendons and nerves.
3) Lacerated Wound – jagged, irregular or blunt breaks
or tears in the skin. The destruction of tissues is greater in.
4) Fracture Wounds – caused by pointed objects such
as pin, ice pick, nails and splinters.

- external bleeding is usually minor, but the fracturing

object may penetrate deeply into the body and thus damage organs and cause
severe internal bleeding.

81
 - generally are not flushed out by external bleeding,
therefore they are more likely than other wounds to become infected, tetanus
organism grow rapidly in the absence of air.

5) Invulsions – involve forcible separation or tearing or

tissue from the victim’s body, commonly caused by animal bites and accidents
involving motor vehicles and heavy machinery.

c. Complication of Wounds

1) Bleeding - continuation of blood flowing from the

wounds.
2) Infections – the healing process is delayed by
infection.

TREATMENT:

1) Control Bleeding:

a) Direct pressure – is a place where the main

artery to the injured person or part lies neat the skin surface and over a bone.
Pressure at such a point applied with the fingers or with the hand, no first aid
materials are required. The object of the pressure is to compress the artery
against the bone, thus shutting off the flow of blood from heart to the wounds.

The pressure point is that which is:

(1) Nearest to the wound

(2) Between the wound and the main part of the
body.

It can be seldom maintained for more than fifteen

minutes. Pressure points are recommended for use while direct pressure is
being applied to a serious wound. If bleeding continues, you may have to
apply a Tourniquet.

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 2) Use of Tourniquet

Only when the direct pressure, elevation and

pressure points fail to stop the bleeding from a limb, or when blood is gushing
from a major wound such as a limb amputation, should a tourniquet be
applied. The use of a tourniquet can cause the loss of the limb below the hand,
hence it must be used as a last resort.

3) Tourniquet Application

a) Place the tourniquet around the limb and

between the wound and the heart. Never place directly over the wound or
fractured.
b) For amputation or partial amputation of the
foot, leg, hand and arm for bleeding from the upper arm or thigh, place the
tourniquet just above the wound or amputation.
c) For hemorrhage from the forearm with no
associated amputation, place the tourniquet just above the wound or
amputation.
d) When possible, place the tourniquet over the
smooth sleeve or trouser leg to prevent skin from being pinched or twisted.
e) Once a tourniquet has been applied, inspect it
and the dressing frequently to see if the tourniquet has slipped and if any sign
or further bleeding is present. If necessary, tighten the tourniquet but under no
circumstances loosen it. It should only loosened by medical personnel.
f) It needs to be loosened for 2 –3 seconds in
every 20-30 minutes, and piece of wood, stick, etc.

d. Fracture

Fracture - are broken bone or skull.

The two classes of fracture

1) Simple or Close Fracture – no break in the continuity

or no injury to the skin. It is free from air and infection.
2) Compound or Open Fracture – one in which, there is
wound communicating with the broken ends of the bone is broken into more
than two (2) pieces.

Complicated when there are also injuries in the adjoining

vessels, nerves or muscles.

Treatment for fracture

1) Determine the full extent of injuries and dress the

wound.
2) Immobilize (Splint) the fracture to prevent further
damage.

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 Treatment for the neck and back fracture:

1) Lay the patient on his back.

2) Place a small pad under his back and under the
hollow of his neck.
3) Prepare improvised liter.

e. Artificial respiration

The standard method of artificial respiration are the mouth-

to-mouth, the chest pressure and back pressure arm lift methods.

1) Mouth to Mouth Method

The mouth-to-mouth (also mouth to nose) method is

considered to be more effective and reliable. In resorting to this method, a first
aider should follow certain steps or procedures:

Step 1 – place the victim on her/his back immediately. Loosen her/his

clothing to allow free circulation of air in the body of the victim.
Step 2 – Clean the victim’s mouth and throat. Free the victim’s mouth
and throat of dentures, food and obstructions.
Step 3 – Move the victim’s head backward at chin-up position with the
neck stretched to ensure free passage of air.

Step 4 – Lift the lower jaw forward. Hold the jaw by grasping (with
thumb) the corner of the victim’s mouth.
Step 5 – Press the victim’s nose or seal her/his mouth to prevent air
leakage.
Step 6 – Blow air forcefully with your mouth into the victim’s mouth or
nose until the victim’s chest rises. (This step is not advisable for babies).
Step 7 – When the victim’s chest has risen, listen to any sign of
respiration. Repeat this step 15 to 20 times per minutes or until breathing is
observed.
Step 8 – Periodically between breathing, remove the air blown into the
victim’s stomach by pressing her/his stomach gently.

Mouth to Nose Methods – The same procedure was made or

should be done. But instead of mouth, close his nose with your thumb and
fore finger.

If the casualty’s Jaw are so tightly closed:

a) Thumb-jaw-Lift – is the best method to open

the mouth.
b) Two-Hand-Jaw-Lift

2) Chest Pressure Method

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 The second method of artificial respiration is the
chest pressure method. In all manual methods of administering first aid, the
first thing to do is to observe the proper positioning of the head to avoid
obstruction of air passage. Observe the steps for the chest pressure method.

Step 1 – Position the victim’s face upward and place something under
her/his shoulder to raise and allow the head to drop backward.
Step 2 – Kneel near the victim’s head, then grasp her/his arms at her/his
wrists. Cross both arms, then press them over the lower chest. This allows the
air to flow out.
Step 3 – Immediately release pressure and pull the arms outward and
upward over the victim’s head and backward as far as possible. This causes
the air to rush in.

Repeat this cycle at 20 times per minute, checking the mouth frequently
for obstructions. Take note that the head should be a little lower than the
trunk. Keep the mouth as clean as possible.

3) Back Pressure Arm Lift Method

For the back pressure arm lift, the steps to follow are:

Step 1 – With the victim’s face positioned downward, bend her/his

elbows and place her/his hands on the top of the other. Turn her/his head
slightly and extend it as far as possible. See to it that the chin juts out.
Step 2 – Kneel near the head of the victim. Place your hands on the flat
of her/his back with palm just below the victim’s armpits.
Step 3 – Rock the patient forward until the arms are approximately
vertical. Allow the weight on the upper part of the body to exert steady and
even pressure downward.
Step 4 – Draw the victim’s arms upward and towards you. Apply enough
lift to feel resistance and tension at her/his shoulder. Then lower her/his arms
to the ground. Repeat this cycle about 20 times per minute.

3. SNAKE BITE

a. Poisonous Snake Bite – has elliptical eyes and leave two (2)
fang marked.
b. No Poisonous Snake Bite – has around eyes and single
fang marked.

Signs and symptoms of snake bite:

1) General discoloration on the skin due to destruction,

RBC
2) Marked pain and swelling
3) General weakness and paralysis
4) Shortness of vision
5) Dimness of vision
6) Dropping of eyelids

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 7) Slurring of speech
8) Nausea and Vomiting
9) Shock
10) Increase salvation and sweating

First aid for snake bite:

1) Keep the victim from not moving around.

2) Keep the victim calm as possible, preferably lying
down.
3) Immobilize the bitten area and keep it at or below
head level.
4) Apply tourniquet 2-4 inches above the bitten area, but
not around the joint and around the head, neck or trunk.

5) Cut should be 1/8 inch deep and1/4 wide directly over

each fang marked or bite.
6) Transport the victim immediately to the nearest
hospital as soon as possible.

4. BANDAGING AND SPLINTING FRACTURE:

a. Prepare an improvised splitting.

b. Strips or rolls gauze or other materials that are use or
wrapping or binding any part of the body to hold compress in place.
c. Prepare an improvised litter.

5. DROWNING

Drowning is the aspiration of fluids or obstruction of the airway

caused by spasm of the larynx in the water.

CAUSE:

a. Cramps – muscles undergo marked spasm and would

totally incapacitate a swimmer because of severe pain.
b. Hyperventilation – excessive deep breathing of the lungs
before swimming under water, the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood
is lowered by the forced exhaling of air during deep breathing. The circulation
of the blood to the brain and normal functioning of the brain may be greatly
altered. There is lung congestion in salt water drowning and lung collapse in
fresh water submission.

6. POISONING

Poisoning is the introduction of any substance, solid, liquid or

gas, into the body that tends to impair health or may cause death.

TREATMENT:

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 a. Induce Vomiting – insert the blunt end of a spoon or your
finger in the back of a victim mouth.
b. Neutralize and dilate the poison – by giving a pure milk or
water with charcoal.
c. Transport the victim to the nearest hospital.

7. BURNS

Burns is an injury that result from heat, chemical agents or

radiation.

Classification

a. First Degree Burns – involve the superficial layer of the

skin, healing occurs rapidly. It is redness, swelling and pain.
b. Second Degree Burns – deeper than first degree burns,
blister formation, considerable swelling, more painful because the nerve
ending are destroyed in 3rd degree burns.
c. Third Degree Burns – involve complete loss of all layers of
the skin.

Treatment

a. 1st Degree Burns - this can be immerse immediately in cold

water or place ice wrapped.
b. 2nd Degree Burns – causing skin blister, cover the skin with
sterile dressing but don’t open the blister.
c. 3rd Degree Burns – don’t pull stock clothing from burns, cut
clothing away from burned area. Scrub hands with alcohol or similar collation
before applying dressing to prevent contamination.

8. EVACUATION OF THE SICK AND WOUNDED

a. From battle area to casualty collection point

1) By means of improvised liter

a) Materials, Jacket, pole or strong pole.

b) Rolled blanket.
c) Empty sack of rice.

2) By means of two (2) man carry

a) Arm carry
b) Supporting carry
c) Chair
d) Etc.

3) Responsibility

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 Organic medical personnel and members of the unit.

b. From casualty collection point to field hospital

1) by land using ambulances or other vehicles

2) by air using helicopters
3) by water transport
4) Responsibility

Field hospital and designated service support unit

c. From field hospital to rear areas (Station or General

Hospitals)
1) Military and commercial modes of transportation
2) Responsibility

Army Support Command

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 CHAPTER 6

DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

A. CEREMONIES

1. PARADE

a. Definition. A parade is a military ceremony wherein a body

of troops is formed before its Commanding Officer or other high-ranking
officer for the display of its condition, members, equipment and proficiency. It
includes exercise in the manual of arms, the report on the members of the
various units present or accounted for, the publication of orders, etc. and ends
with a pass in review.

b. Distinctive Features. The preparation and organization of

troops for a parade are similar to those for a review. However, in a parade,
since the commander is also the reviewing officer, the distance between the
troops and the commander is greater than that for a review. Other features are:
the band conducts sound off; the inspection is omitted; reports are rendered;
orders are published; and the officers and guidons are marched forward and
centered on the commander. If retreat is scheduled, it is conducted in lieu of
Honors To The Nation. This means that the Retreat is already the HONORS TO
THE NATION.

c. Types of Parades and Their Sequence

1) Ceremonial Battalion Parade

a) Formation of Troops
(1) Units are moved to their position on the
ready line in the most convenient manner. The commander prescribes the
assembly area, the routes, sequence, and time of arrival on the line. He and his
staff take their post prior to Adjutant’s call.
(2) The procedure for moving from the
ready line to the final line is the same as that for a review.

b) Sound Off

(1) After the battalion has been formed,

aligned, and given parade rest on the final line, the Adjutant directs: IHUDYAT
and assumes the position of parade rest. He remains facing the formation.
(2) At the directive IHUDYAT, the band plays
three sounds off chords. At the conclusion of the third chord, the band moves
forward playing a march in quick time. The band executes a left turn to march
across the front of the troops. At the left of the line of the troops, the band
countermarches and returns over the same ground to the right of the line.
After passing beyond the right of the line of troops, the band executes a right
turn, countermarches again, and halts in its original position. When the band
has halted, it ceases playing at the next convenient place in the music and will
again play three sound-off chords. (Trooping the line by the band may be

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eliminated when ceremonies are conducted indoors during inclement weather
and when space is limited).

Note: Retreat, when scheduled, is integrated at this point. Upon

completion of the IHUDYAT chords, the Adjutant directs: IHUDYAT ANG
PAGSILONG and goes back to parade rest. The band plays Retreat (by the
trumpet section). Upon completion of Retreat, the Adjutant comes to Attention
and directs, MGA BALANGAY HUMANDA, then TANGHAL SANDATA. The
Adjutant faces about and salutes. The band plays TO THE COLOR or THE
NATIONAL ANTHEM. At the conclusion of To the Color or the National
Anthem, the Adjutant comes to order and faces about and directs: BABA
SANDATA. After the last unit comes to order arms, the Adjutant faces front.
The commander and his staff assume PARADE REST, ATTENTION, PRESENT
ARMS, and ORDER ARMS with the Adjutant. The Adjutant’s salute is the signal
for the band to play TO THE COLOR or THE NATIONAL ANTHEM.

d. Honors to the Nation

1) If Retreat is not conducted, the Adjutant (after the

band has completed sound off) assumes the position of attention and directs:
MGA BALANGAY HUMANDA at TANGHAL SANDATA.
2) Unit commanders assume the position of attention,
face about, and command in succession: BALANGAY, DA then TANGHAL, TA.
They face front and salute.
3) When all units are in TANGHAL TA, the Adjutant
faces front and salutes. Band plays the NATIONAL ANTHEM.
4) The Battalion Commander and his staff execute on
his command: PUGAY KAMAY, NA on the first note of the music.
5) Military spectators rise and execute hand salute and
its equivalent for the civilians.

e. Presentation

1) Upon completion of the National Anthem, the

Battalion Commander and his staff execute on his command: BABA KAMAY,
NA. The Adjutant terminates his salute, faces about, and directs: BABA
SANDATA.
2) Unit commanders terminate their salute, face about,
and command: BABA, TA, and then face front.

3) When all units are at Order Arms, the Adjutant faces

about, salutes and reports: ”Ginoo, handa na po ang patikas”.
4) The Battalion Commander returns the salute and
commands: SUMALUNAN KA. The Adjutant trots forward, passes by the
Battalion Commander’s right, and takes his post as the right flank member of
the staff.

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 f. Manual of Arms

1) After the Adjutant has joined the staff, the Battalion

Commander commands such movements in the manual of arms, as he may
desire.
2) The commander directs: ”HUMANDA SA
PAGSASANAY SA PAGHAWAK NG SANDATA”. He then in sequence,
commands: SA KANANG BALIKAT, TA; KALIWANG BALIKAT, TA; AGAP, TA;
BABA, TA; SIYASAT, TA; and BABA, TA.

g. Report

1) When the manual of arms has been completed, the

Battalion Commander then directs: TANGGAPIN ANG ULAT.
2) The Adjutant trots forward, halts to his position at
the center of the command and directs: MAG-ULAT. Unit commanders in
succession, from right to left, salute and report: “Ginoo __________ balangay,
narito na po lahat o napag-alaman”. The Adjutant returns each commander’s
salute.
3) After receiving the reports, the Adjutant faces front,
salutes, and reports: “Ginoo, narito po lahat o napag-alaman”.

h. Publishing of Orders

1) The Battalion Commander returns the salute and

directs: IPAHAYAG ANG KAUTUSAN.
2) The Adjutant faces about and gives the orders:
MAKINIG SA KAUTUSAN, ANG MGA NAKATALAGA NGAYON, PUNONG
PANLARANGAN (NAME OF OFFICER), PUNONG TAGAPANGALAGA (NAME
OF OFFICER), SA UTOS NI (NAME OF OFFICER), MGA PINUNO, HUMARAP AT
PUMAGITNA, KAD.

h. Officers Center March

1) At the last note of PUMAGITNA, all officers from the

Company Commanders to Platoon Leaders including Guidon Bearers execute
Center Face. After the command of execution of KAD is given, the Officers and
Guidon Bearers march off to the center and halt at predetermined number of
steps upon reaching their designated markers. The senior Company
Commander then commands: MGA PINUNO, RAP, KAD. At the last note of
RAP, the Officers and Guidon Bearers face toward the Battalion Commander’s
position and shoves off at the command KAD.
2) When they are approximately 12 paces in front of the
Battalion Commander, the senior Company Commander commands: MGA
PINUNO, TO. At TO, they count silently. At the count of four, they execute the
salute and bring there hands down at seven (Guidon Bearers start to execute
the equivalent salute at the count of three and return same starting at the
count of six). The Battalion Commander acknowledges the salute, then
commands: MGA PINUNO, SUMALUNAN, KAD.

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 3) The group of officers executes about face and
shoves off towards the center of the troops. As they approach the line of their
respective positions, the senior Company Commander commands: MGA
PINUNO, TO, RAP, KAD. At the command TO, they halt, and almost
simultaneous with RAP, they face their respective positions and shove off with
the command KAD. At a predetermined number of steps, they halt to occupy
their respective positions and face front at the same time.

i. Pass in Review

1) When all officers have returned to their posts and the

band has stopped playing, the Battalion Commander directs: PASAMASID.
2) The battalion passes in review in the same manner as
prescribed for a review except that the units render honors when they are six
steps to the left of the Troop Commander and staff, and terminate honors
when the units are six steps to the right of the commander of troops and staff.
The Troop Commander and staff then assume the role of the reviewing party at
their location on the field.
3) When the last elements of troops have passed the
reviewing stand and executed ready front, the band stops playing.
4) Spectators may rise and applause after the parade is
completed.

2. Ceremonial Brigade Parade

a. The brigade is ordinarily formed in line with battalions in

mass formations. The parade is the same as the ceremonial battalion parade
with the following exceptions:

1) The Brigade Commander is substituted for Battalion

Commander, and brigade for battalion, in the description.
2) Across the front of the brigade, the band passes in
front of the line of Battalion Commanders during the sound off.

b. The battalions execute present arms, order arms, parade

rest, and come to attention on the command of execution of their respective
commanders. Report is rendered by the Battalion Commander instead of the
Company Commanders.
c. At the command of execution KAD, of MGA PINUNO,
PUMAGITNA, KAD the Battalion Commanders, their staff, and Colors close on
the line of Battalion Commanders and staffs. The Company Commanders face
to the half right or half left in marching and close on a line four steps to the
rear of the battalion color. The Guidon Bearers face half right of half left in
marching and close on a line four steps to the back of the Company
Commanders. The other officers face the Guidon Bearers.
d. When the officers, Guidon Bearers, and Colors have closed
and faced to the front, the senior battalion commander commands
PASULONG, KAD. The center officer of the leading rank is the guide. On the
command of the senior Battalion Commander, the officers, Guidon Bearers,
and Colors halt with the leading ranks six steps from the Brigade Commander.

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 The commands TANGHAL, TA and HANDA, RAP are given by the senior
Battalion Commander.
e. The Brigade Commander commands MGA PINUNO,
SUMALUNAN (pause), KAD. On the command SUMALUNAN, the Colors
execute reverse march. All others execute about face. On the command of
execution KAD, the officers, Colors, and Guidon Bearers march forward. The
senior battalion commander commands MGA PINUNO, TO so that the rank of
Battalion Commanders is on line with its original position. The senior Battalion
Commander then commands SUMALUNAN (pause), KAD. On the command
SUMALUNAN, the Battalion Commanders and staff face outward, the battalion
Color guard executes wheeling movements, and on the command of execution
KAD the color guard marches back to its original position. The Company
Commanders, Guidon Bearers, and other officers face to the half right or half
left in marching and move back to their original positions.

3. Street Parade

a. For street parade, troops are formed and marched in the

most convenient manner. Street parade may include military vehicles. Towed
or transported weapons add to the drama of a street parade. Cargo vehicles
are included only when it is desired to increase the size of the display.
b. Practical formations for street parades are:

1) Columns of threes and fours.

2) Two or more columns of threes and fours abreast.
3) Mass formation.

c. The vehicles move in single column of twos, threes, or

fours abreast, as the width of the street permits.
d. In order to keep military units in the same cadence, units
should not march between two bands.

4. Evening Parade

a. Organization. The Ceremonial elements shall be composed

of the following:

1) One brigade of two battalions (two companies of two

platoons each).
2) Band of not less than 30 members with a band
conductor.
3) Two color bearers for the National and unit colors,
and two color guards.

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B. MILITARY HONORS

1. General

a. In the Continental Army, honor guards were used as

protective measures and as a means of showing the improvement in discipline
in the newly formed army. They were probably selected specifically for their
sizes and strengths and maybe their proven prowess in combat. Today, the
honor guard formation is considered to be a special courtesy to visiting
dignitaries.
b. Members of the guard are selected for their soldierly
appearance and superior discipline. An Honor Guard consists of a band,
Colors, salute battery (when available and appropriate) and a formation of
troops. Honor guards render personal honors to persons with high military or
civilian rank or position upon arrival or departure from a military command.
Honor guards are not a substitute for those ceremonies appropriate in a
review or parade.

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 c. An Honor Guard should not be so large so as to
compromise the exceptional standards required of honor guards. The
minimum size of the company honor guard should be two (2) platoons and the
battalion honor guard should be two (2) companies. Uniforms will be those
prescribed by the Commander of the receiving unit.
d. There shall be a designated military host who will take part
in the ceremony. He briefs the honoree of the sequence of events and advises
him of actions that will take place during the conduct of honors.
e. Prior to the arrival of the person(s) to be honored, the honor
guard commander positions the band, the troops, and salute battery from right
to left, in that order. The troops are formed in line of companies or platoons
with the Colors positioned at the center. When conditions dictate, the salute
battery may be located separately but its control and purpose must not be
impaired.

2. Definition of Terms

a. Cordon Honors – a type of honors rendered to a guest in

lieu of or in addition to full military honors. This may be in the form of foyer,
ramp/plane side, concourse and side boy’s honors.
b. Dais – an elevated platform where the honoree and the
military host stand to give distinction and prominence.
c. Honoree – A high-ranking local/foreign military officer or
civilian to whom honors are accorded.
d. Honor Guard – consists of a band, Colors, salute battery
(when available and appropriate) and a formation of troops tasked to render
personal honors to persons entitled upon arrival/departure from a military
command or saluting base/station.
e. Honors – ceremonies rendered to local/foreign military
officers and civilian dignitaries as a gesture of courtesy and a tribute to his
rank and/or position.
f. Inspection – the close examination or observance of honor
guard by honoree.
g. Military Host – an officer designated to escort and receive
the honoree and advises him of actions that will take place during the conduct
of honors.
h. Ruffle and Flourish – a ruffling drumbeat and funfair played
in honor of a high official at a ceremonial reception.
i. Saluting Station – camps, posts, stations, national shrines
and other places where firing of gun salute is authorized.
j. Two-man Guard - a type of honors consisting of two
soldiers and an officer given to civilian or military dignitaries for practical
purposes.

3. Policies

a. Personal Honors

1) Military Officers

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 a) Only AFP general or flag rank officers in the
active service are entitled to military honors unless otherwise directed by the
CSAFP.
b) A retired general/flag officer making an official
visit shall likewise be accorded with appropriate honors.

c) Newly-promoted generals will only be rendered

with full military honors at GHQ, their respective Major Service camps and
their own headquarters.
d) Full military honors will no longer be given to
commanders going to another place/unit located within their headquarters in
the same camp/station. Instead, cordon honors will be appropriate for the
occasion.
e) Civilian dignitaries making official visits shall
be accorded appropriate honors during arrival and departure from military
installation/station.
f) When two or more persons entitled to honors
arrive at or depart from military installation/station at the same time, each in
turn shall be honored if they arrived successively. However, in cases when the
most senior guest has been accorded honors, no honors shall be accorded to
newly arrived junior guests.
g) Should a person entitled to honors arrive at a
military installation / station at the time when honors have already begun, the
ceremony shall continue but the senior officer shall receive departure honors.
h) If the honoree has a personal flag with him, the
flag bearer shall be positioned three steps behind the honoree and shall follow
the honoree during the inspection of troops and return to his original position
thereafter.
i) If the honoree is a President or a Head of State,
the honoree must be positioned at least six inches right forward of the host
dais.
j) No honors shall be rendered by troops in
trenches.
k) Honors shall not be rendered by troops directly
engaged in war campaigns, exercises and disaster relief operations.
l) During personal honors at the same place and
in compliment to the same person, whether civilian or military, guns shall
never be fired more than once in a calendar year, except for a President or
Head of State or when International Protocol requires.
m) In all cases, the national flag must be at full
staff when honors are being accorded.
n) No military honors will be accorded during a
national holiday except for a President or Head of State or when International
Protocol requires.
o) No honors will be accorded after the flag
retreat and before flag raising except honors for the President or his
designated representative.
p) Philippine National Police and Philippine Coast
Guard are not entitled to military honors.

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 4. Unit Honors

a. Local Deployment

1) A ceremony shall be conducted to

welcome/send off unit’s arriving/departing for deployment outside unit AOR
for a period of not less than six months.

2) The Commander or his representative (at least

two-levels up) shall be responsible in welcoming/sending off units under his
jurisdiction.

b. Foreign Deployment

1) Major Service concerned shall be responsible for the

ceremony in honor of units arriving/departing from/for overseas deployment.
2) The Major Service Commander shall welcome/send
off arriving/departing units of his command.
3) Spouses/parents of deployed personnel shall be
invited to send off or present leis to the officers and men of the departing /
arriving unit.
4) The Chief of Staff, AFP or a civilian dignitary may be
invited to welcome/send off unit’s arriving/departing from/for overseas duty.

5. Gun Salute

a. Gun salute shall be under the direction of a commissioned

officer.
b. The National Flag shall always be at full staff at the time the
salute is rendered.
c. Gun salute shall only be fired during the conduct of arrival /
departure honors at the following saluting stations / bases:

1) Military Camps / Bases

(a) Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo - GHQ, AFP

(b) Fort Andres Bonifacio - HPA
(c) AFP Unified Command Headquarters
(d) National Shrines
 Rizal Park
 Libingan ng mga Bayani
 Aguinaldo Shrine
 Corrigidor National Shrine
 Dambana ng Kagitingan
 Capas National Shrine
 Los Veteranos National Shrine
(e) Other Places
 Malacañang Palace

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  Philippine International Airports\ as directed
by CSAFP.
d. The national salute is done by firing 21 guns successively.
This salute is rendered in honor of: the National Flag; the President of the
Philippines; Heads of State; and Former Presidents. During National Heroes
Day, the National Flag shall be displayed at half-staff from reveille to midday at
all posts, camps, bases and stations. Prior to the rendering of honors the band
of field music will be played.

6. How Honors Are Rendered

a. The President

1) The President shall be received at the salute base or

at the building where he shall be entertained.
2) A 21–gun salute shall be fired during the
arrival/departure honors.
3) In a situation wherein honors will be rendered to the
President outside of military camps and without military units present in the
area, a two-man Honor Guard shall be present at the bottom steps of the
aircraft to render honors. The most senior military commander in the area shall
lead them. When the President steps down from the plane, the honor guards
are positioned facing each other and welcome the President by a salute. The
left man commands PUGAY KAMAY, NA (if without arms) or TANGHAL, TA (if
with arms) as the President approaches and commands BABA KAMAY, NA (if
without arms) or BABA, TA (if with arms) after the President passed by them.
4) In case the President was already given full military
honors at the point of disembarkation, the President shall no longer be given
full military honors at the area where the President will be going.
5) In case the President will be rendered full military
honors in the place of engagement, the President will be given cordon honors
at the point of disembarkation.

Arrival Honor

6) In case the President arrived in front of the troops

already massed and assembled for parade and review in honor of the
President, the full military honors shall be waived to avoid redundancy in
rendering honors. Instead, cordon honors will be appropriate. If the parade
and review is to be rendered in another place of engagement, military honors
will be given.
7) Unless otherwise military honors or cordon honors
will be given to the President, a two-man honor guard will always be present at
the bottom of the aircraft and render salute as the President steps down or
boards the plane.
8) During the presidential official visit in both Houses of
Congress like in the State of the Nation Address, the President will be
accorded cordon honors before entering the house.
9) During Independence Day celebration, the President
will be accorded full military honors in front of the grandstand.

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 10) In case the President or Head of State arrives from
the aircraft and exits by the tube of the terminal, a cordon honors will be
positioned to render honor to the President or Head of State.

b. To certain dignitaries – A president of a foreign republic or

a foreign sovereign shall be rendered the honors prescribed in paragraph (a)
above except that the national anthem of his country shall be played first to be
followed by the Philippine National Anthem.
c. To Ex-Presidents and Vice Presidents – The Ex-President
and Vice President of the Philippines shall be rendered the honors prescribed
for the President, except that the flourishes shall be followed by a march in
lieu of the National Anthem and the Vice President shall receive a salute of 19
guns. If no band is present, the bugles shall sound To the Colors after the
ruffles and flourishes.
d. To Ambassadors – Foreign Ambassadors will be given one
military honors during their stay in the country. This will be done during their
presentation of credentials at the Malacañang Palace.
e. Civilian and military dignitaries hereunder shall be rendered
salutes and honors with music (which is considered an inseparable part of the
salute and will immediately follow the ruffles and flourishes without pause):
Civilian Dignitaries.
RFLS
RANK GUN SALUTE & MUSIC SIZE
FLRS
ARR DEP
President 21 21 4 Nat’l Anthem Bn
President-elect 21 21 4 Nat’l Anthem Bn
Ex-President 21 21 4 March Bn
A sovereign or 21 21 4 Nat’l anthem Bn
head of state of a
foreign country
Head of Gov’t 19 19 4 March Bn
Vice President 19 19 4 March Bn
Chief Justice 19 19 4 March Bn
Senate Pres 19 19 4 March Bn
Speaker of the 19 19 4 March Bn
House of Reps
SND 19 19 4 March Bn
USND 17 17 4 March Coy

Note: Provincial governor/municipal mayor hosting military camps will

no longer be given arrival/departure honors during his visit to the camp/base
by the unit concerned.
Military Officers.
RFLS &
GUN SALUTE FLRS MUSIC SIZE
ARR DEP
Chief of Staff 19 19 4 Gen March Bn
Vice Chief of Staff 19 19 4 Gen March Bn
General 17 17 4 Gen March Bn

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 Lt General 15 15 3 Gen March Bn
Major Svc Comdr 15 15 3 Gen March Bn
Major General 13 - 2 Gen March Coy
Brigadier General 11 - 1 Gen March Coy
7. Procedures

a. Arrival and Departure Honors (Individual)

1) Full Military Honors. Initially, the honor guard

battalion shall be at parade rest. The Honor Guard Commander (HGC) brings
the unit to attention as soon as the honoree arrives. The military host, who
escorts him in front of the honor guard battalion and leads him to the dais,
meets the honoree.

a) The HGC faces about and commands

TANGHAL, TA then faces about and presents sword together with his staff,
while the honoree and military host execute hand salute.
b) Appropriate number of ruffles and flourishes
shall be played by the band to be followed by an appropriate music, General’s
March or National Anthem as the case maybe. Gun salute, if any, shall
commence with the first note of the ruffles and shall be evenly distributed until
the last note of the music.
c) After the last note of the music, the HGC
carries sword with the staff then faces about and commands BABA, TA. He
faces about and salutes the honoree, saying “Handa na po and tanod
pandangal upang libutin”.
d) The honoree acknowledges the salute and the
HGC carries his sword and escorts him and the military host for the inspection
of the honor guards. As they approach the Colors, six paces before it, the HGC
commands TANGHAL, TA. The HGC presents sword while honoree and
military host execute hand salute for the Colors. Three steps after the Colors,
HGC commands BABA, TA. The HGC executes carry sword while the honoree
and the military host drop their hand salute. They continue marching toward
the last elements. The HGC continues marching with the honoree and host up
to the point where he reels off from the two personages and proceeds to his
position in front of his staff. The honoree and military host march directly back
to their original positions at the dais.
e) At this point, the HGC faces the honor guard
battalion and commands TANGHAL, TA. He then faces about and executes
present sword together with his staff. The honoree acknowledges the salute
and HGC and staff execute carry sword. The HGC faces about and commands
BABA, TA. The HGC executes about face and salutes the honoree, saying
“Tapos na po ang parangal”.
f) In case the honoree is more than one, the most
senior honoree will be the one at the dais. In case all are of the same rank or
category, one will occupy the dais and the rest will align beside the honoree to
be bestowed with honors. During the inspection they can join the inspection of
the troops. They will follow at the back of the main honoree for the period of
the inspection.

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 g) During inclement weather, arrival and
departure honors will be waived, except honors to be accorded for the
President and Head of State. They will be accorded with cordon honors, if
practicable.

b. Cordon Honors /Honor Guard

1) In addition to a scheduled honor guard ceremony, a

honor cordon ceremonies will be used during the arrival or departure of the
President and certain dignitaries: welcoming or bidding farewell to
distinguished visitors and visiting military camps. The ceremony consists of a
select group of soldiers with characteristics associated with honor guards,
designated to honor and provide security at the immediate arrival and
departure site. This type of honors may also be used for other government and
military officials, and foreign dignitaries, if practicable.
2) The honor cordon normally consists of two squads, a
cordon commander and a host. The size of the squad is equal to the number of
gun salute the honoree is entitled to. When deemed appropriate, the
commander may designate a band, colors and distinguishing flags.

Honor Cordon (ARRIVAL AND DEPATURE FORMATION).

POINT OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE

BAND IS OPTIONAL AND ITS

LOCATION WILL BE DICTATED
BY SPACE

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 8. Honor Cordon Formations.

a. Arrival Honors (Honor Cordon)

1) Arrival. Upon arrival of the craft or vehicle, the

cordon is marched at a position near the exit (ramp) in two columns, centered
to the exit, faced to the center and dressed with about three steps distance
between the ranks. As the honored guest and greeting party depart the
immediate vicinity of the exit, and approach within three steps of the host, the
cordon commander commands TANGHAL, TA (if with arms) or PUGAY
KAMAY, NA (if with arms) and the cordon members salute simultaneously.
After the honored guest and all greeting party members have cleared the
formation, the cordon commander commands BABA, TA (if with arms) or
BABA KAMAY, NA (if without arms) and the cordon members come to order
arms simultaneously.
2) Departure. The formation for the honor cordon upon
departure is basically the same as that described during arrival. At the
approach (about three steps) of the honored guest and host, the cordon
commander commands TANGHAL, TA and the cordon executes present arms.
When the honored guest has entered the conveyance, the cordon commander
commands BABA, TA and remains in place until the conveyance has departed.
If it is an aircraft, the honor cordon exits as soon as the honoree has boarded
the aircraft.
3) When a band and Colors are part of the arrival or
departure ceremonies, they are positioned accordingly. The band plays
appropriate music during the ceremony. The organizational color is dipped in
salute when the honored guest approaches to within six steps. After he
passes, it is returned to the carry positions. As soon as the guest enters the
conveyance ceremony, the colors and distinguishing flags depart the area with
the honor cordon.

9. Arrival and Departure Honors (Unit). Initially, the unit is formed in

mass in front of the grandstand. When the Guest of Honor / Speaker (GOH) or
his designated representative arrives at the grandstand, the Unit Commander
(UC) brings his troops to attention. When the GOH has taken his seat, the UC
brings his troops to present arms and present his troops to the GOH. The GOH

102
acknowledges the presentation. At this point, the band plays appropriate
march music (everybody in the grandstand should likewise stand). After the
last note of the March music, the UC brings back his troops to attention. The
Chaplain proceeds to the lectern to lead the invocation, afterwards, he returns
to his position (everybody takes his seat after the invocation).

a. Awarding. The emcee formally announces the start of the

awarding. The UC and unit colors move forward at a predetermined point and
halt while the GOH goes down the grandstand assisted by the host to present
the award. The adjutant reads the citation of the award before it is presented to
the UC. The GOH and the host return to the grandstand after the presentation
of award. The UC and unit color proceed back to their former positions.
b. Speeches. The host introduces the GOH before he
proceeds to the lectern to deliver a welcome address. If previously ordered to
bring his troop to parade rest, the UC brings his unit to attention after the
address of the GOH.
c. Recessional. The UC and his troops sing Pilipinas Kong
Mahal. The band thereafter for the recessional shall play appropriate music. At
this juncture, the spouses/parents proceed toward the troops to present leis to
the officers and enlisted men of the unit. Parent/spouses join their respective
relatives for the dismissal.

Note: Procedures for the send-off ceremony of unit departing for

overseas deployment/duty shall be the same as the welcome ceremony except
that the awarding and presentation of leis are omitted in the program.
Likewise, the band instead of March music plays the National Anthem during
the presentation of troops.

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 CHAPTER 7

MANDATORY READINGS

A. INTRODUCTION TO FIELD ARTILLERY OPERATIONS

Mission of Field Artillery (FA)

The mission of filed artillery is to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the

enemy with timely and accurate field artillery fires in support of the ground
forces and to assist in the integration of all fire support assets into combined
arms operations.

Capabilities and Limitations

Capabilities - Maneuver and FA commanders must capitalize on the

following FA capabilities in order to optimize its employment and combat
power:

1. FA can provide fires under all conditions of weather and in all

types of terrain. The field artillery can provide fires in support of maneuver
forces during the most adverse weather conditions and in all types of terrain:
during day, night, and periods of extremely thick fog; in jungles; behind hill
masses; and in mountains.
2. FA can shift and mass fires rapidly without requirement to
displace. The greatest effect of FA is achieved by maneuvering (shifting) the
fires of widely dispersed FA units onto a target in a surprise attack (massing).
Successive volleys from the same weapon or unit give the enemy time to react
and seek protection, but the simultaneous impact of a heavy volume of fires
from several FA units is devastating. Maneuver and FA commanders must
consider employing massed fires by multiple units of field artillery to generate
maximum combat power.
3. FA can add depth to the battle. The extended ranges of FA
provide the maneuver commander the ability to influence battles with
firepower without moving the maneuver forces to the area of contact. It also
provides the necessary deep harassment and interdiction of the enemy
second echelons and supply routes.
4. FA can fire a variety of shell and /or fuze combinations. One of the
greatest capabilities of FA is its flexibility in providing a variety of munitions.
The FA illuminating shell is one of the primary means of battlefield
illumination. Smoke rounds can be employed to suppress hostile observers
that require line of sight and weapons, such as tanks and anti-tank guided
missiles (ATGM’s). External fuel containers on enemy tanks can be punctured
with airbursts of high explosive (HE) and set fire by white phosphorous,
improved conventional munitions (ICM) are particularly effective against
personnel. The anti-personnel (Flachette) munitions can provide excellent
close-in defense. Dual purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM) are
effective against lightly armored vehicles and personnel targets. SADARM or
copperhead is for armored targets.
5. FA can deliver chemical fires.

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 6. FA can provide continuous support by judicious displacement.

Limitations - The FA has limitations that must be recognized and

considered when planning for its use.

1. FA has limited self-defense capability against ground or air attack.

A field artillery battery lacks the weapons and personnel to adequately defend
itself. FA units are particularly vulnerable to enemy mechanized units. This can
be offset by concealment and the ability of the artillery to displace rapidly.
2. FA has limited capability to destroy point targets without
considerable ammunition expenditure. FA weapons generally are area fire
weapons. The inherent probable error and large number of uncontrollable
variables ( such as weather, propellant temperature, projectile, etc) preclude
FA weapons from being able to hit a specified point repeatedly.
3. FA has a firing signature that makes it vulnerable to detection by
enemy target acquisition assets. FA firing units are extremely lucrative targets,
and their distinctly audible, visible, and electromagnetic signatures makes
them highly vulnerable to enemy detection and attack. To offset this
vulnerability and ensure their survival, friendly FA units must employ active
and passive defense measures.

B. FORWARD OBSERVER

1. Definition of Terms

a. Target Acquisition - involves detecting suitable targets and

determine their ground location.
b. Adjustment of Fires - Necessary to obtain effective fire on
the target when the accuracy of the battle or target location data is
questionable.
c. Surveillance of the Fire Effect - Since the observer can see
the target, he can direct fire and report its effect to the Fire Direction Center.
d. Battlefield Surveillance - is a very important by product of
artillery observation. Observation must report all information about the enemy
activity and must use the following acronym; SALUTE

S-ize A-ctivity L-ocation U-nit T-ime E-quipment

2. Observed Fire Procedure

It is the method of requesting and adjusting observed indirect

fires such that it will hit the target.

3. The Fire Support Gunnery Team

The fire support gunnery team consists of three sub-teams which

are of equal importance:

105
 a. The Forward Observer. This team may be composed of
trained forward observers or the subordinate leaders themselves. It serves as
the eyes and ears of the gunnery team.

1) He locates the target.

2) He makes the call for fire to the FDC.
3) He adjusts fire, if necessary.
4) He conducts surveillance of fire for effect.

b. The Fire Direction Center. This sub-team serves as the

nerve and brain of the gunnery team. They receive the fire request, make
necessary computations and give orders to the firing element.
c. The Firing Element. This acts as the muscles, the arms and
legs of the gunnery team. The firing elements receive orders from the fire
direction center and carry out necessary corrections on the support weapons
as directed.

4. Methods of Locating Targets

a. Grid Coordinates Method - The Observer gives the grid

coordinate location of the target to the nearest ten meters (eight digits) and the
direction (azimuth) of the target as viewed from his position.

Example: Grid TT 13452879

Direction 1500 mils

** Mil - A unit of angular measurement that divides a circle into 6,400

units. A unit of mil subtends a width of one meter at a distance of 1,000
meters.

1 degree = 17.77777 mils

b. Polar Plot Method - is used when the observer and the

target are on different elevation. The observer in locating the target gives the
three elements of distance (from his position to the target), direction (azimuth
of the target as viewed from his position) and the vertical interval (difference in
elevation between his position and that of the target)

Example: Distance - 1000 meters

Direction - 2000 mils
Vertical Interval - Down 150

c. Shift from a Known Point - In this method, the observer

gives the location of the target based from a known point. This could be a
prominent terrain feature, previous targets or anything identifiable both on the
man and ground. This method involves the following elements: direction
(azimuth of the target from his position), lateral shift ( linear shift as whether
left or right), range shift ( whether add or drop) and vertical interval ( difference
in the elevation between the known point and the target whether up or down.

106
 Example: From Hill 148
Direction - 2900 mils
Right 400
Add 200
Down 40

5. Accuracies and Announcement of Data:

The observer will normally round off and announce his data as
follows:

a. Direction - to the nearest 10 mils

b. Deviation - to the nearest 10 meters
c. Vertical Change - to the nearest 5 meters
d. Grid Coordinates - to the nearest 10 meters

6. Determination of Distance:

a. Estimate of distance:

1) Ranging rounds method

2) Flash and sound method

b. Computation of distance Mil Relation Formula:

M = angle of mils
W = lateral distance
R = range

7. Measurement of Angle

a. Use of angle - measuring devices

b. Aiming circle
c. BS's Scope
d. Use of hand and fingers.

1) One finger (pointer) - 30m

2) Two fingers (pointer & middle) - 70m
3) Three fingers (pointer, middle & ring) - 100m
4) Four fingers (excluding thumb) - 125m
5) Close fist - 180m

8. Call for Fire

Call for fire is a clear, concise, formatted message sent by the

observer to the FDC that includes all of the information the FDC needs to
engage the target. It is a request not an order. It must be understood, recorded
and read back without error by the FDC. The normal call for fire has six

107
elements and is transmitted in maximum of three parts with a break and a read
back after each part.

a. Identification - This is the most important element in a

request for fire. This establishes first contact with the Fire direction Center.
b. Warning - This gives notice that all transmission should be
given priority. It is preliminary order send by the observer to alert the FDC that
he is requesting for Artillery fires.
c. Target Location - Location of the target in any manner
described earlier.
d. Target Description - Nature of the Target.
e. Type of Engagement- This may or may not be omitted. This
includes the fuse setting desired, type of projectile to be used and the special
way to engage the target.
f. Method of Fire and Control - In this last element, the
observer must decide whether to Adjust Fire of Fire for Effect.

Example of Call for Fire:

Blaster this is Capricorn

Fire Mission, Battery Over
Direction 1300 mils
Distance 800 meters
Up 100, Over
Enemy Machine Gun Nest
HE, Fuze Quick Adjust Fire, Fire when Ready, Over

Adjustment phase:

First Correction: Correction, Left 90, Drop 400, Over

2nd Correction: Correction, Right 45, Up 200,Over
3rd Correction: Correction, Right 10, Down 100, Over
4th Correction: Correction, Up 50, Battery 10 rounds, FFE, Over

End of Fire Mission, Enemy Position Completely destroyed, Out.

C. INTRODUCTION TO ARMOR OPERATIONS

1. Definition of Armor

Armor is combined arms force designed to conduct mounted

combat employing armor-protected vehicles as principal means of
accomplishing a ground combat mission. Armor operates normally within a
force structure that may include tanks, mechanized infantry, artillery,
engineers, armored cavalry and army aviation, support on the battlefield by a
flexible and rapid communication system and a mobile logistics system.

2. The Role of Armor

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 Armor conducts decisive highly mobile, ground environment
warfare, primarily offensive in nature and characterized by a predominance of
mounted combat through the use of both ground and air vehicles.

Armor units fight normally as combined arms forces of two or

more arms, each complimenting the other and aiding the forward movement of
the force by employing its own special capabilities. The organization of these
combined arms forces is tailored by cross-attachment to use favorable
characteristics of each type unit to compliment the strength and compensate
for the weakness of other units. Commensurate with its intended employment,
the resulting force varies in degree of armor protection, mobility and ability to
deliver fire.

3. Definition of Terms

a. Armored Vehicle – any vehicle, wheeled or tracked,

designed especially for use in combat, integrating mobility, firepower and
armor protection.
b. Armor Commander – the most senior officer or Non-
commissioned officer (NCO) of an armor unit, detachment platoon or section.
c. Force Element Commander – the most senior officer or
NCO of an operating unit. A force may include elements of other units under or
OPCON to it.
d. Unit Commander – designated commander of a PA unit,
either infantry battalion, rifle company or light armored company.
e. Ambush Site – any portion of a route that affords
advantages to a waiting enemy such as, a concealment or cover, fields of fire,
observation and avenues of approach and withdrawals.
f. Critical Area – any area where there is a majority of enemy
influenced barangays or where the NPA is actively present.

4. Characteristics of the Armor

a. Armor Protection – Armor is the tank reason for being, not

mobility or big gun, although both are desirable and will compete with armor
or a tank design. Armor is designed to keep the crew, and the weapons
capable of inflicting punishment upon the enemy safe.

Three (3) ingredients determine just how effective a tank’s

armor protection system or package will be. They are:

1) The thickness of the armor package.

2) The material and composition of the armor package.
3) The slope/angle of the armor package relative to an
incoming weapon.

b. Firepower – Armor units contains machine-guns, mortars,

howitzers and tank guns. These are particularly suited for:

1) Destructive fire against hard and pinpoint targets

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 2) Quick fire at particular target
3) Firing on fixed line during darkness

c. Mobility – Tracked vehicles enable armor units to move at

high speed on roads and trail and have excellent cross country mobility.
However, obstacles can restrict their mobility. With engineer assistance, some
of these restrictions can be overcome.
d. Flexibility – It is complimented by mobility which enables a
commander to concentrate and to switch fire power on the battlefield. It results
from the ability to reach immediately to orders passed by ratio.
e. Intensive and Flexible Communications – The entire
communication structure is designed to facilitate command and control.
f. Shock Action – Shock action is provided by the tanks. The
shock effect of the tanks depends upon surprise achieved by speed and
mobility, upon use of tank guns at effective ranges, and upon closing with the
enemy.

5. Types of Armor Units and Mission

a. Tank Units – To close with and destroy enemy forces by

means of fire, maneuver and shock effect in coordination with other arms.
b. Mechanized Infantry – To close with the enemy using fire
maneuver, to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by close combat
fire or counter attack.
c. Cavalry / Light Armor Units – To provide security, perform
reconnaissance and to engage in offensive defensive and delay operations as
an economy of force unit.

6. Capabilities and Limitations

a. Capabilities:

1) Conduct operations requiring a high degree of

firepower, mobility armor protection and shock effect.
2) Attack or depend under hostile fire and during limited
visibility conditions.
3) Destroy enemy mounted or dismounted.
4) Command and control attached mechanized infantry.
5) Participate in amphibious operations.

b. Limitations:

1) Limited maneuverability in built-up areas, wooded

and rugged terrain.
2) Vulnerable to anti-tank weapons
3) Slow speed in crossing water obstacles
4) Difficulty identifying enemy infantry and AT gunners
in close terrain
5) Limited fuel supply in extended operations

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 7. Armored Vehicles of the Philippine Army

a. ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER (APC)

GENERAL DATA:

Crew: 1 - Commander
1 - Driver
11 - Passengers

ARMAMENTS:

Primary 1 Cal. 50 M2 Mounted

(Range 1,830 Meters)
Secondary Two (2) 7.62 mm M60 Mounted
(at Cargo Hatch)
Max. Eff Range - 1,100 Meters
Max. Range - 3,725 Meters

COMMUNICATION: (Anyone)

AN / VRC Series 25 Miles

UK / VRQ 301 9.7 ML (LOW), 13 ML (HIGH)

PERFORMANCE:

Speed Forward 42.5 MPH

Speed Reverse 9.2 MPH
Cruising Range 300 Miles
Fuel Consumption 3.2 MPG
Max. Grade Ascending 60% Slope
Speed in Water 3 MPH

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:

Weight (Cbt Load) 24,238 Lbs

NET Weight 21,027 Lbs
Fuel Capacity 420 L ADF2
Engine 191 ½ inch
Length 191 ½ inch
Width 106 inch
Height 98 ¼ inch.
Ground Clearance 16 inch.

b. COMBAT VEHICLE RECONNAISSANCE TRACKS

SCORPION TANK (CVR (T) Scorpion Tank)

GENERAL DATA :

Crew - Three (3) :

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1 - Commander, 1 - Gunner / Radio Operator, 1 - Driver

ARMAMENTS :

Main gun 76mm cannon

Eff Range (Direct fire) 2,200 Meters
Max. Range (Semi direct fire) 5,000 Meters
Co- Axial gun 7.62 mm MG
Max. Eff Range 1,100 Meters
Max. Range 3,725 Meters
6 – Smoke Greande Discharger

COMMUNICATION:

PERFORMANCE:

Road Speed Forward / Reverse

(Max. Allowed) 72.4 KPH (45 MPH)
Cruising Range (Approx.) 640 Km (400 Miles)
Fuel Consumption Road (Approx.) 1.6 Km / Lit
Max Grade Ascending 60% Slope
Speed in Water 6 MPH

OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:

Battle Weight (Max.) 17,500 Lbs.

Fuel Capacity 423 Lit (V-95)
Engine Jaguar XK 4.2 Reien OHC
Length Overall (Gun Frwrd) 4.55 Mtr (14 ft – 11 in)
Width Overall 2.18 Mtr (7 ft 2 in)
Height 2.10 Mtr (6 ft 11 in)
Ground Clearance 0.35 cm (1 ft 2 in)

c. COMMANDO V-150S

GENERAL DATA:

Crew - Five (5)

1 - Commander
1 - Driver
` 1 - Gunner
1 - Rear gunner
1 - Radio operator

ARMAMENTS:

1 Cal 50 MG
Eff Range 1,830 Mtrs

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 Max. Range 6,800 Mtrs
2 – 7,62 mm MG (Co-axial)
12 – 12.76 mm tubes – Smokes

COMMUNICATION:

UK/VRC - 64 9.7 ML (Low), 1.3 ML (HIGH)

PERFORMANCE:

Max. Speed 56 MPH

Max. Gradient Climbable 60%
Cruising Tange (Road) 500 Miles
Fuel Consumption 2.5 km/lit
Fule Consumption (cross-country) 2.1 km/lit

OTHER SPECIFICATION:

Battle Weight 24,000 lbs

Length Overall 6.15 Mtrs (242 in)
Width Overall 2.26 Mtrs (89 in)
Height Overall 1.98 Mtrs (78 in)
Ground Clearance 64.7 cm (25.5 in)
Fuel Tank Capacity (2) 300 Ltrs ADF2
Engine Cummins 4 cycle Diesel V-8

d. SIMBA ARMORED FIGHTING VEHICLE (AFV)

GENERAL DATA;

2 - Crew
1 - Commander / Gunner
1 - Driver
8/10 - Riders

ARMAMENTS:

1 - Browning M@ QCB 0.50 inch MG

2 - Twin Barrel 6 mm Grenade Launchers

COMMUNICATION:

AN / VRC - 64 - 5 miles

PERFORMANCE:

Road Speed Max. 100 km/hr

Vertical Obstacle Climb 0.45 m
Tilt Angle 35 Degrees
Max. Gradient 60%

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 Hill Climb (33%)- 9 kph
Range (On roads) 660 km (412.5 miles)
Approach Angle (Hill) 45 Degrees

OTHER SPECIFICATION:

Length 5.35 m
Widht 2.50 m
Height 2.57 m
Ground Clearance (Hill) 0.45 m
Ground Clearance (Axle) 0.33 m
Payload 1600 kg.
Engine - Perkins Phaser TV
Turbocharger TV8 540
Fuel Tank (Max.) 296 Ltrs Diesel ADF2

114
D. INTRODUCTION TO UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE

1. Definition of Terms:

a. Unconventional Warfare (UW) – a quasi-military activity

describe by commonly used but seldom defined terms such as economic,
political, psychological, guerilla warfare, underground escape/evasion
activities.
b. Guerilla Warfare – comprises combat operations in enemy
controlled or hostile territory by irregular predominantly indigenous forces of
a military or paramilitary nature to achieve limited activities.
c. Escape and Evasion – is the part of unconventional warfare
whereby friendly military personnel and other selected individuals are enable
to emerged from enemy held or hostile areas to areas under friendly control.
d. Subversion – consist of covert and clandestine action by
resistance group to reduce the military economic, psychological and political
potential of the enemy.

2. General Classification

a. UW includes the three (3) interrelated fields of guerilla

warfare, escape & evasion, and subversion.
b. UW maybe either strategic or tactical in nature are normally
under a unified command for the purpose of assisting and supporting
conventional military effort.

3. Conduct of Operation

a. UW is conducted by organizations trained and equip to

operate directly against enemy target in hostile areas.
b. UW must closely be coordinated to civilian agencies that
have responsibilities in economic, political and psychological operation.

4. Coordination of Operations

a. UW are planned and coordinated at a national level and may

require the participation of several agencies of the government.
b. To discharge this responsibility, the theater commander
develop, organize, plan and support UW operation.

1. Related Activities

a. To produce the desired effect, UW operation must be

supported by psychological operation designed to influence the target
population and by civil affairs operation designed to reinforce government
capabilities.
b. UW produces intelligence to support conventional forces.

6. UW in Support to Conventional Operations

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 a. Commanders in the field should ensure that UW operations
support conventional military operations.
b. The nature of a particular operation in a target area will be
influenced by many factors such as ideological matters and the effectiveness
of mass media communication.
c. UW is particularly useful when application of force is
limited or discrete or when a commitment of a conventional force is not
practical.

7. Psychological, Political & Economic Influence

a. Psychological, political and economic influence effect of

other military operation may have immediate or long term impact on UW
operation.
b. Close coordination of conventional, psychological, civil
affairs and UW operations is required to obtain the necessary support of the
local population.
c. The political consequences of sponsoring guerilla and
other resistance forces must be carefully considered, support of political
groups that are unpopular with the local population or incompatible with
friendly national interest maybe detrimental to long term objective
d. Guerilla forces may developed diverse political objective,
rivalries among leaders may result from personal ambition.

9. Influence of Conventional Operations

a. Conventional operations may affect the attitudes of the

local population in a manner that influences the effectiveness of UW
operations, for example destruction of religious facilities.
b. PSYOPS directed at the enemy civilian population can
contribute to popular acceptance and influence the people to cooperate with
the military operations in the area.

10. Effect of Conventional Operations

a. UW forces can directly support conventional military

operation in destroying enemy rear facilities and desolation of his strength
and resources.
b. Enemy of UW operations must be countered. Counter
measures include the use of consolidated psyops in conjunction with civil
affairs and the use of combat troops or irregular para-military units in counter
guerilla role.

11. Guerilla Warfare

a. Guerilla warfare comprises combat operations in enemy

controlled or hostile territory by irregular predominantly indigenous forces of
a military or paramilitary nature to achieved limited objectives

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 b. Normally, the primary mission of guerilla forces is to
penetrate enemy lines of communication and conduct attacks against critical
enemy installation as prescribed by commander.
c. Guerilla warfare is characterized by offensive action carried
out by relatively small unit with emphasis on mobility, elusiveness and
surprise.
d. Tactical guerilla operation is closely coordinated with and
can support the tactical operation of conventional military.
e. In nuclear war, the fluidity of operation, the disruption of
communication, the dispersion of units and the mass movement of people
would lead the opportunities for the development of guerilla forces.

12. Guerilla Missions

a. Guerilla forces provide maximum assistance in support of

advancing ground forces by attacking targets in enemy rear areas at decisive
times or over a prolonged area.
b. Guerilla operation should be coordinated with the overall
interdiction program.
c. Mission assigned guerilla forces must be within their
capabilities.
d. Guerilla forces maybe used to assist airborne and airmobile
operation by occupying key terrain such as drop and landing zone.
e. Guerilla forces can furnish target information and exploit
the effect of nuclear and other fire.

13. Reinforcement of Guerilla Forces

Maybe reinforced by fire support, aircraft and other combat

support element.

14. Communication

Special Forces operating in enemy controlled areas must be

provided with communication equipment, those which are normally non
electronics such as messenger a visual signs.

15. Combat Service Support Considerations

a. Guerilla forces make maximum use of supplies obtained

from civilian sources and those acquired from enemy in the area.
b. Combat support for the guerilla is usually provided through
the special forces units.
c. Initial combat service support consists of minimum
essential supplies and equipment commensurate with the size of guerilla
forces and its intended for operations.
d. Normally air transport is the most effective method of
delivering supplies to the guerilla forces.

16. Demobilization

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 As friendly conventional forces uncover the areas of guerilla
operations, the ability of guerilla force to support operation effectively
diminished, guerilla units retained beyond their period of usefulness may
become a liability.

17. Evasion and Escape (E&E)

a. E&E is the part of unconventional warfare where by friendly

military personnel and other selected individuals are able to emerged from
enemy held or hostile areas to areas under friendly control.
b. The objectives of E&E are to provide allied military forces
personnel and other selected individual means to avoid capture, to escape or
be removed from enemy held or hostile territory.
c. E&E system move independently as guerilla forces.
d. Provide detail guidance concerning the principles and
techniques of E&E..

18. SUBVERSION

Subversion consists of covert and clandestine action by

resistance group to reduce the military economic, psychological and political
potential of the enemy. It includes such activities as infiltration, espionage,
propaganda, sabotage or terrorism.

Employment of Subversion

a. Subversion is used to determine confidence and disrupt

social institution to achieve a desired political objective.
b. Subversion is designed to exploit such potential
vulnerabilities as widespread popular grievances and dissatisfaction corrupt,
oppressive, premature, nationalistic ambition of the people or their leader.

19. 7 PHASES OF UNCONVENTIONAL OPERATIONS

a. Phase I – Psychological Operations

Prepare how the resistance movement and the local
population will accept the presence of forces.
b. Phase II – Initial Contact
Some form of contact prior to infiltration to somehow have
an accurate assessment of the resistance and arrange for the reception.
c. Phase III - Infiltration
Movement to Guerilla base is accomplished and area
assessment begins.
d. Phase IV - Organization
Rapport is established with the resistance force; the
command structure and command and control relationships are defined.
e. Phase V – Build-Up

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 Characterized by a expansion of the resistance elements
and their activities including supplies and armaments.
f. Phase VI – Combat operation
Numerous and wide scale operations are executed
accompanied by continues psychological operations and expansions.
g. Phase VII - Demobilization
It comes once the overall mission has been accomplished.
Arms and ammunitions are brought under control and resistance forces are
assisted by the government to achieve their economic stability.

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E. THE INFANTRY PLATOON TACTICS

1. Definition of Terms

a) Platoon – is a tactical infantry unit normally composed of

three squads and under the command of a lieutenant.
b) Squad – is small number of men organized to act together
in work or in a military maneuver and under the command of a corporal.
c) Tactics – is the science and art of using a fighting force to
the best advantage having regard to the immediate situation of combat.

2. Characteristics

The rifle platoon fights as a part of a light infantry battalion. It is

consisted with three rifle squads with a platoon leader and a platoon sergeant.
Each rifle squad is composed of nine men per squad leader. The platoon can
operate as a single unit under the platoon leader. The squad is also designed
and trained to conduct decentralized independent operation when required.

3. Tactics

PLATOON OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Units undertake offensive operations to destroy the enemy and

his will to fight; to seize terrain; to learn the enemy strength and disposition,
divert, or fix the enemy. Infantry platoons and squads normally conduct
offensive operations independently. The company commander’s application of
combat power at the decisive point determines the outcome of the battle.
Offensive operations include movements to contact, raids, reconnaissance
and security operations and ambushes.

a. Movement to Contact. A movement to contact is an

offensive action that seeks to gain or regain contact with the enemy. Usually a
unit moving to contact lacks detailed information about the enemy. Upon
making contact, a unit identifies the enemy strengths and weaknesses as it
develops the situation.

1) Make enemy contact with the smallest element

possible.
2) Prevent detection of element not in contact until they
are in the assault.
3) Maintain 360 degree security at all time.
4) Report all information quickly and accurately.
5) Generate combat power rapidly upon contact.
6) Fight though at all lowest level possible.

b. Infiltration – Infiltration is a form of maneuver in the

offense. It is a means of reaching the enemy’s rear without fighting through
prepared defense. Infantry platoons infiltrate to move into or through an area

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without being seen or heard. An infiltration is not an end in itself but a means
to an end. Its purposes are:

1) To gather information
2) To attack the enemy position from the rear areas.
3) To conduct raids or ambush in enemy rear areas.
4) To captured prisoners.
5) To seize the terrain in support of the operations.
6) To aid a main attack.

An infiltration has five phases:

1) Patrol – Find gaps, weak areas in enemy defense and

enemy positions.
2) Prepare – Make plans, give orders, coordinate with
order and flanks unit, and rehearse.
3) Infiltrate – Use the specified infiltration method. A
void contact and ignore ineffective enemy fire. Three methods of infiltrations
are:

a) Multiple Lane – When many gaps exist and the

terrain can support a large number of lanes, each squad uses its own lane.
b) Single Lane – Staggered squad, unit move
along a single lane at staggered times. This method can be used when gaps
exist or when the ground restricts the number of lanes.
c) Single Lane One Squad – A single gap exist on
which the whole squad can move at the same time.

4) Consolidate – Done in enemy rear or along final

linkup point, then, move to an assault position or an objective rally point to
continue mission.
5) Execute – Carry out the assign mission. The mission
can be to destroy enemy forces or equipment, seize key terrain or an area,
capture prisoners or gather information.

c. Types of Attack. An attack is an offensive action

characterized by movement supported by fire. There are two types of attack:
hasty and deliberate. They are distinguished chiefly by the time available for
preparation. Additionally, special – purpose attacks include raids and
ambushes. Successful attacks depend on concentrating the maximum
possible shock and violence with surprise. The objective is to shatter the
enemy’s nerve, ruin his synchronization, unravel his plan, and destroy his
units, cohesion and the willingness of his soldiers to fight. A successful attack
combines scheme of maneuver with a coordinated plan of direct and indirect
fire support. The focus of an attacking platoons fire and maneuver is the weak
point, vulnerable flank, or rear of an enemy. Once he has identified the point
attack, the leader establishes a base of fire to kill, fix, and suppress the enemy
at the point. He then maneuvers the rest of his force to a position from which it
can assault.

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 1) Hasty Attack. A hasty attack is conducted with the
forces immediately available to maintain momentum or to take advantage of
the enemy situation. It does not normally allow for extensive preparation.
2) Deliberate Attack. A deliberate attack is carefully
planned and coordinated. More time is available to perform through
reconnaissance evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat
strength, analysis of various courses of action, and other factors affecting the
situation. It is generally conducted against a well organized defense when a
hasty attack is not possible or has been conducted and failed.
3) Raid. A raid is an operation involving a swift
penetration of hostile territory to secure information, to confuse the enemy, or
to destroy his installations. It ends with a planned withdrawal after completion
of the assigned mission.
4) Ambush. An ambush is a surprise attack by fire from
concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy unit. It
combines the advantages and characteristics of the offensive with those of the
defense.

d. Initiative in the attack. Seizing and retaining the initiative

involves more that just achieving tactical surprise ,it involves a process of
planning and preparing for combat operations, finding the enemy first,
avoiding detection, fixing the enemy, locating of creating a weakness, and
maneuvering to exploit that weakness with a quick and violent assault.

1) Plan and Prepare. Leaders used the troop-leading

procedure to make sure that all necessary steps are taken to prepare an
operation, Leaders use the estimate of the situation to analyze the factors of
METT-T and to determine the best course of action and to ensure that leaders,
soldiers, and their equipment can perform the task necessary to accomplish
the mission.
2) Find the Enemy. Platoon leaders find the enemy by
knowing he fights, by analyzing the terrain in light of his knowledge, and by
actively reconnoitering to locate him.
3) Avoid detection. Platoons avoid detection by moving
along the least expected, generally the most difficult, route. They use the
terrain to mask their movements. They use proper camouflage techniques and
move with stealth. This allows the platoon to capitalize on surprise.
4) Fix the Enemy. Platoons and squads fix enemy forces
by employing suppressive fires that kill exposed enemy soldiers and destroy
their weapons. As a minimum, they render the volume and accuracy of the
enemies’ fire ineffective.
5) Find and create a weakness. Leaders look for
vulnerable flanks, gaps in lines, or lulls in enemy fire. When they cannot
readily find a weakness, they create one with suppressive fire and the surprise
effect of its suddenly coming from an unexpected direction.
6) Maneuver to exploit the weakness. Leaders must
exploit this weakness by moving to the best covered and concealed position
and then assaulting to destroy, defeat, or capture the enemy.
7) Consolidate and reorganize. Finally, platoons and
squads must quickly consolidate the position to defend it against an enemy

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counter attack. Units then reorganize themselves and prepare to continue the
mission.

e. Control Measures. Leaders utilize control measures to

regulate or direct the platoons movement, position, and fire.

1) Control Measures are not intended to restrict the

exercise of initiative (the function of command). Leaders use control measures
to clarify their intent, focus the platoon or squad effort and ensure
synchronization. Each control measure should have a specific purpose that
contributes to mission accomplishment.
2) Control measures can be drawn on a map, overlay,
sketch, or terrain model. Control measures should be easily identifiable and
simple. Graphic control measures in the offense include assembly area, attack
position, line departures boundaries, route, release point, start point, axis of
advance, direction of attack, phase line, checkpoint, assault position,
objective, contact point, linkup point, infiltration lane probable line of
deployment and limit of advance.

f. Attack During Limited Visibility. Attacks during limited

visibility achieve surprise, avoid heavy loses, cause panic in a weak and
disorganized enemy, exploit success, maintain momentum, and keep pressure
on the enemy. Platoons and squads attack whenever possible during limited
visibility. Darkness, fog, heavy rains, falling snow, and the smoke and dust of
combat create limited visibility conditions that allow infantry platoons and
squad to move undetected.

1) Fundamentals. The fundamentals of the daylight

attack apply to limited visibility attacks. Limited visibility attacks require:

a) Well-trained squads.
b) Natural light sufficient to employ night vision
devices.
c) A simple concept with sufficient control
measures.
d) Detailed, successful reconnaissance on the
objective, routes, points support-by-fire positions and other key locations.

2) Considerations. Leaders must consider the increase

difficulty during limited visibility operations in performing the following:

a) Controlling the movement of individuals and

squad.
b) Identifying targets and controlling direct and
indirect fires.
c) Navigating and moving.
d) Identifying friendly and enemy soldiers.
e) Locating, treating, and evacuating casualties.
f) Locating and bypassing enemy obstacles.

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 PLATOON DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

The immediate purpose of defensive operation is to cause an

enemy attack to fail. However, a defense may be conducted for any of the
following reasons.

a. To cause an enemy attack to fail

b. To gain time
c. To concentrate forces elsewhere
d. To control essential terrain
e. To wear down enemy forces as a prelude to offensive
operations
f. To retain tactical, strategic, or political objective

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DEFENSE

Regardless of why the defense is undertaken or how it is

described, several fundamentals govern its conduct. The following are five (5)
fundamentals of the defense;

a. Understands the enemy – The defenders must be

thoroughly familiar with the capabilities and limitations of the enemy,
including the enemy’s weapon systems and equipment. He must know the
organization of the enemy units and how they are deployed to the attacks. It is
normally the responsibility of the battalion S2 to provide this information.

b. See the Battle – Before the enemy attacks the commander’s

familiarity with how the enemy fights and with the terrain on which the battle
will be fought allows him to visualize these things. The commander must
clearly communicate to his subordinates how he “sees the battle”. His
visualization of the battle is the basis of his concept of operation. As the
battle begins, the Commander positions himself where he can best observe
his sector for the most critical part of his sector. He uses all available
surveillance measures.

c. Fight as a Combined Arms Team – Field artillery, engineers,

Infantry, air defense, artillery, tank, tactical aircraft, attack/assault helicopters,
and electronic warfare elements all contribute to mission success. The
commander integrates available assets so that their combined effect on the
enemy is far greater than the sum of their individual effects. Each asset in
given circumstances can be the arm most critical to the defense. The
commander must insure that each member arm is integrated So that the
strengths of each are maximized and their vulnerabilities reduced.

d. Exploit The Advantages Of The Defender – The defender

has a
number of advantages that allow him to defeat an attacking force much larger
than his own. The defender can analyze the terrain in detail and note every
feature that increases his chances of success. The attacker, on the other
hand, must feel his way over the terrain, seeing each new compartment for the

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first time. The defender can prepare positions, construct obstacles, and
conceal his efforts advance. The attacker must guess where the defender is
located or spend considerable effort finding his exact positions. The defender
can initiate the fight from stationary positions, which are difficult to detect and
which provide cover from enemy fire. The attacker must react to the defender
and must either fire while moving or loss momentum by seeing covered
positions. The defender can develop flexible plans for control of fire,
movement, communication, and logistics to fit any predictable situation. The
attacker must adhere to a more rigid scheme that risks destruction, or he must
alter his plan and risk, an uncoordinated effort. The attacker also may have to
re-supply his units while they are on the move. The defender can use his
hardened positions to shield himself from the effects of nuclear weapons.

e. Concentrate Combat Power At Critical Times and Places –

in developing his defense, the commander may identify a sector that is critical
to the overall success of his defense. To maintain the integrity of his defense,
the commander may identify that sector for his main effort and give it
additional combat power.

DEFENSIVE FRAMEWORK

In the defense, the battlefield is organized into four areas,

namely;

a. The Deep Battle – The deep battle is normally the primary

concern of corps, and division commanders. However, battalions may
participate in the deep battle as maneuver elements of a larger force. Initially,
the deep battle includes all the defenders actions to destroy or disrupt the
enemy’s attack beyond the CFA in the corps and division areas of influence.
Normally, this includes action against enemy forces within 72 hours of the
corps FLOT. For example, it includes such actions as battlefield air
interdiction, tactical air reconnaissance, electronic warfare, tactical nuclear
fires, chemical fires, long range field and missile artillery fires, and deep
spoiling attacks by maneuver units. These deep attacks may initially be
directed at the threat’s first echelon forces. However, as the advancing first
echelon’s attack forces confront the covering force (CF), the deep battle will
continue against second echelon elements. The idea is to fight the enemy
throughout the depth of his formations and destroy his ability to concentrate
his combat power against forces in the MBA.

b. Covering Force Area (CFA) – The CFA begins forward of the

Main Battle Area (MBA) at the line of contact or the Forward Line of Own
Troops (FLOI) and ends at the Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA). The
objective of a covering force is to provide security, delay the enemy’s attack
while engaging him, and force the enemy to reveal the location and direction
of movement of his man thrust. CF Commander is charged with gaining and
maintaining contact with the enemy, slowing the enemy’s advance, reducing
the enemy’s strength and reporting the enemy’s movements. This must be
done far enough forward to allow time for forces in the MBA to concentrate
and prepare positions. The CF strips away enemy reconnaissance units,

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forces the enemy to maneuver to bypass, and defeats the enemy when he
launches hasty attacks. As he moves, brings up artillery and masses for a
deliberate attack, the enemy will reveal his composition, strength, and
intended direction of attack.. As the enemy deploys, the defending
commander should be alert to developing opportunities to seize the initiative.
CF also seeks to deceive the enemy as to the actual location of the MBA. The
CF battle is normally fought by the most mobile units available. When infantry
elements fight in the CFA, they should be augmented with more firepower and
mobility assets if the threat is motorized or armored. Infantry may contribute
significantly to the CF battle in restrictive terrain where it can fight or more
without being exposed to the full firepower and mobility of armored elements.
When operating as part of the CF, the infantry battalion may be ordered to
defend, delay or counterattack. It must be able to withdraw from its initial
positions when ordered to do so.

c. Main Battle Area – The decisive battle for main effort is

fought in the MBA. Here, forces will be positioned to stop enemy attacks.
Counterattacks will be launched to destroy or capture the attacking forces,
and the defender will seize the initiative from the attacker. The bulk of the
division’s combat and combat support forces will be in the MBA. For example,
a division may have most of its battalions in the MBA, but some battalions may
initially be under operational control of a corps covering force. The division or
brigade MBA is bounded by lateral sector boundaries, the FEBA, and the rear
area.

d. `Rear Area – The division controls the area behind brigade

rear Boundaries. Division command control, and support activities are located
there. Battalions retained as division reserve may also be in the rear area.
The rear area must be protected since the facilities there are critical to the
overall defense and are vulnerable to armor thrusts and to airborne and
airmobile attacks. Therefore, a battalion in the rear area may be given the role
of providing security in the rear area.

TYPES OF DEFENSE

Army doctrine prescribes many techniques for defense. These

techniques range from a static defense designed to retain terrain to a dynamic
defense focused only on the destruction of the enemy. Defenses are
predominantly static or dynamic, based upon the mission, the enemy, the
terrain and the troops available. There are three types of defensive missions;
defend in sector, defend from a battle position and defend in strongpoint.

a. Defend in Sector

The most frequent and least restrictive defensive mission

eceive is to defend in sector. It requires the defense of an area defined by two
lateral boundaries, a rear boundary and the forward edge of the battle area.
Coordination is made to insure that overlapping fields of observation and fire
exist and that there are no gaps in the defense.

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 b. Defend in Battle Position

This requires the defense of an area on the ground. The

symbol that designates the size of the force that is to occupy that battle
position also indicates the orientation of the force on the ground.

c. Defend in a Strongpoint

The defense in a strong point is essentially an antitank

battle position which physically cannot be overrun or bypassed by tanks and
can be reduced by infantry only with the expenditure of much time and
overwhelming forces. It requires considerable time, engineer effort, and
barrier material to construct. The terrain on the flanks of the strongpoint must
restrict the advance of the attacker, or else the battalion faces an increased
risk of isolation and destruction.

TYPES OF FORMATION:

a. Squad in Line -- This formation has the following

characteristics:

1) Cover maximum frontage

2) Provides little security to the flanks and rear
3) Allows for speed amount of immediate fire forward.
.

b. Squad in Column -- This is the traveling formation. It has

the following characteristics;

1) Easy to control
2) Provide good all around security
3) Make the best used of the movement techniques

c. Squad in File -- Where not traveling in column or line,

squads travel in file, it has the following characteristics;

1) Easy to control
2) Facilitate speed of movement
3) Provide maximum frontage
4) Flexible in nature

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F. CREW SERVED WEAPONS TRAINING

1. 60MM MORTAR

60mm M2 Mortar
For mobile platoon and company level action, an easily portable weapon
for use between the effective ranges of hand grenades and the 81mm mortar
was needed. Hence, the 60mm M2. The bipod was often left attached to the
tube for speed in bringing the mortar into action, and the combination was
readily carried by two men, with ammunition in complete rounds being carried
by supporting troops.

Infantry mortars are normally employed in defiladed positions, such as

the reverse slope of a hill or ridge, so as not to be vulnerable to enemy direct
fire positions. Hence direction and altitude settings are normally controlled
indirectly by a forward observer, or an aiming stake about 10-25 yards forward
of the gunner, and the rounds are normally dropped down the barrel. The
60mm M19 could be used as a direct fire weapon by attaching the small M1
base plate to the barrel. This reduced the mortar weight substantially, and
greatly lowered the weapon profile in the open during fluid engagements
where targets were close and in direct view. In such situations, however, the
recoilless rifle or bazooka were usually more effective.

Comparing weight of material to destruction delivered at the target,

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mortars are very efficient. "The infantry's artillery", they provide small infantry
units artillery-like fire support when artillery either was not available, or could
not be moved forward fast enough. The initial Chinese Communist assaults of
November and December 1950, did not bring artillery, but they did bring
mortars, and used them with great effectiveness.

General Data

a. Weight: 42 lbs assembled; barrel 12.8 lbs;

bipod 16.4 lbs; base plate 12.8 lbs.

b. Length: 28.6 in.

c. Muzzle Velocity (HE): 535 fps

d. Max Range (HE): 1000 yds effective (1985 yds max)

e. Rate of Fire: 18 rpm normal; 30-35 rpm max

f. Sight: 4 collimator

Ammunition

a. M49A2 HE: most widely used, 3.07 lbs, range max 2,000
yds; effective range up to about 1,000 yds due to dispersion, produces over
200 fragments, with an effective bursting radius of 17 yards.

b. M302 WP: weight : 4.02 lbs, muzzle velocity 439 fps, both a
smoke producer and a casualty-inducing weapon.

c. M83 illuminating round: weight 3.7 lbs; length 14.28 in;

range max 1,000 yards; height about 800 feet; parachute attached, falling
about 10 feet/sec; illuminate burned about 25 seconds, producing 110,000
candlepower, illuminating an area of about 100 yards diameter.

Propelling charges for mortar ammunition:

Consist of square powder increments and an ignition charge. The

full charge consists of an ignition cartridge and four equal propellant
increments (bundles of sheet powder, in waterproof cellophane bags)
assembled to the base of the round as issued. The increments are fitted into
slots of the fin blades. To prepare the charge for firing, it is only necessary to
remove any increments not required for the range desired.

The mortar is then fired by removing the safety wire and inserting
a complete round in the muzzle. The elevation of the barrel allows the round to
slide towards the base, where the ignition cartridge strikes the firing pin
located inside the base cap. The flame from the exploding cartridge ignites the
propelling charge, the gas pressure drives the round up and out, arming the

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fuze. (The M19 may be set either to DROP fire, as just described, or to LEVER
fire, where the ignition cartridge is actuated manually by triggering a lever.)

2. 81MM MORTAR

a. CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS:

1) Smooth Bore
2) Muzzle loading
3) High angle - of - fire
4) Single Shot - drop fire

b. TABULATED DATA:

1) Weight of barrel or cannon - 28 lbs

2) Weight of base plate (M3) - 25 lbs
3) Weight of base plate (M23A1) - 48 lbs
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 4) Weight of bipod or amount - 40 lbs
5) Elevation (Approx) - 800 mils to 1500 mils
6) Per turn of elevating crank (approx) - 10 mils
7) Traverse:

Right or left from center (approx) 95 mils (9½ turns)

Total turns of hand wheel for full traverse (approx 190 mils ( 19
turns)
8) Bursting radius - 34 meters
9) Rate of fire:

Rds/ min. Period

Sustained 3 (charge 8) indefinitely

5 (charge 6) indefinitely
Maximum 12 (charge 8) 2 minutes
12 (charge 6) 5 minutes

10) Range (approx) 4,737 meters

14, 803.12 ft
4,934.376 yards

c. PARTS OF MORTARS:

1) Barrel
2) Bipod
3) Base Plate:

d. POSITION AND DUTIES OF MORTAR CREW:

1) Squad Leader - behind the mortar, where he can

command and control the squad
2) Gunner No. 1 - On the left side of the mortar,
where he can manipulate the sight and elevation and the traversing assy.
3) Assistant Gunner No. 2 - on the right side of the
mortar and ready to load.
4) First Ammo Handler No. 3 - to the right rear of the
mortar, prepares the ammo and pass it to the assistant gunner.
5) Second ammo handler No. 4 - behind the mortar,
maintaining ammo for firing. Provide security of the mortar position.

e. MISFIRE:

Misfire - occurs when a cartridge is loaded into the barrel

but fails to fire, usually, the cartridge strike the primer but fails to function.

f. CAUSES OF MISFIRE

1) Defective primer or ignition cartridge

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 2) Defective or damage firing or other parts of firing
mechanism.
3) Loose firing pin bushing
4) Firing pin fouled or obstructed by remnants from
previous cartridge.
5) Excess oil or water in bore.
6) Cartridge not fully inserted in fin assembly
7) Mis-aligned stabilizing fin
8) Foreign matter or excess paint on the gas check
band.

g. TYPES OF AMMUNITION USED

1) High Explosive, HE - for use against personnel and

light materials.
2) White Phosphorous, WP - for screening, producing
casualty, incendiary action and signaling.
3) Illumination, Ill - for battle field illumination and
signaling.
4) Target Practice, TP - for training.

h. COLOR OF CARTRIDGE:

1) HE - olive drab (marking in yellow)

2) WP - smoke, gray with yellow hand (marking in
yellow)
3) ILL - gray (marking in yellow)
4) TP - blue (marking in white)
C. CAL .50 MACHINE GUN

M2 .50 Caliber [12.7mm] Machine "Ma Duce"Gun

The Browning M2 .50 caliber (12.7mm) Machine Gun, is a World

War II era automatic, belt-fed, recoil operated,
air-cooled, crew-operated machine gun. The
M2 is crew transportable with limited amounts
of ammunition over short distances. This gun
has a back plate with spade grips, trigger, and
bolt latch release. The gun is equipped with
leaf-type rear sight, flash suppressor and a
spare barrel assembly. By repositioning some
of the component parts, ammunition may be
fed from either the left or right side. A disintegrating metallic link-belt is used
to feed the ammunition into the weapon. The gun is capable of single-shot
(ground M2), as well as automatic fire.

John Moses Browning (1855-1926) of Ogden, Utah, is considered by many to

be the greatest firearms designer ever to live. He invented many innovative and popular
sporting and military weapons produced by his own company, as well as Winchester, Colt,

132
and other domestic and foreign manufacturers. His military arms are credited-even by the
enemy-with giving the United States and its allies weapons superiority in every conflict of the
20th century. Of the .50-caliber machine gun, German Field Marshal Herman Göring said, "If
the German Air Force had had the Browning .50-caliber, the Battle of Britain would have
turned out differently
TECHNICAL DATA

M2HB

Country of Origin USA – (Saco Defense)

Date Of Introduction 1938

1-4 (crew leader, gunner, assistant gunner,

Crew
ammunition bearer)

Caliber 0.50 in (12.7 mm)

Cartridge .50 Caliber Browning (12.7 x 99 mm)

System of Operation Recoil

Cooling Air

Weight 84 lb (38.1 kg)

Length 65.13 in (1,654.3 mm)

Barrel Weight 24 lb (10.9 kg)

Barrel Length 45 in (1,143.0 mm)

R.H., eight grooves, pitch 1 in 15 inches (381

Barrel Rifling
mm)

Basic Load (vehicle mount) 400 rounds

Ammunition Weight 100 rounds in ammo can: 35 lb (16 kg)

Performance

Single shot
Sustained: Less than 40 rds/min, in bursts of five
to seven rounds
Rate of Fire
Rapid: More than 40 rds/min, fired in bursts of
five to seven rounds
Cyclic: 450-550 rds/min

Maximum Range 7,440 yd (6,800 m)

Area Target: 2,000 yd (1,830 m)

Maximum Effective Range
Point Target (single shot): 1,640 yd (1,500 m)

M3 Tripod

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 Weight With T&E Mechanism
44 lb (20 kg)
and Pintle

Height of M2 on Tripod 12 in (304 mm)

M63 Anti-aircraft Mount

Weight 144 lb (65 kg)

Height 42 in (1,067 mm)

Maximum Elevation 85°

Maximum Depression 29°

Maximum Traverse 360°

a. DESCRIPTION

The M2 .50 caliber machine gun is an automatic, belt-fed,

recoil-operated, air-cooled, crew-operated machine gun. This gun may be
mounted on ground mounts and most vehicles as an anti-personnel and anti-
aircraft weapon. The gun is capable of single-shot (ground version M2), as well
as automatic fire and was used to a very limited degree as a sniper weapon
during the Vietnam war. The weapon provides automatic weapon suppressive
fire for offensive and defensive purposes. This weapon can be used effectively
against personnel, light armored vehicles; low, slow flying aircraft; and small
boats. The M2 machine gun uses the M3 Tripod. The principal night vision
sight used with the M2 is the AN/TVS-5.

By repositioning some of the components, the M2 is

capable of alternate feed. Ammunition can be fed into the weapon from the
right or left side of the receiver; however the U.S. Army uses only left-hand
feed.

b. OPERATION

The cycle of functioning is broken down into basic steps:

feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting, and
cocking. Some of these steps may occur at the same time.

Cycle of functioning

(1) Feeding. Feeding is the act of placing a cartridge in

the receiver, approximately in back of the barrel, ready for chambering. When
the bolt is fully forward and the top is closed, the ammunition belt is held in
the feedway by the belt-holding pawl.

134
 (a) As the bolt is moved to the rear, the belted
ammunition is moved over and then held in a stationary position by the belt-
holding pawl. At the same time, the belt-feed pawl rides up and over the link,
holding the first round in place. When the bolt is all the way to the rear, the
belt-feed slide moves out far enough to allow the belt-feed pawl spring to force
the pawl up between the first and second rounds.

(b) As the bolt moves forward, the belt-feed slide

is moved back into the receiver, pulling with it the next linked cartridge. When
the bolt reaches the fully forward position, the belt-holding pawl will snap into
place behind the second linked cartridge, holding it in place. The extractor will
then grasp the rim of the first cartridge, preparing to release it from the belt on
the next rearward motion.

(c) As the bolt then moves to the rear, the

extractor will pull the cartridge with it, releasing it from the belt. As it moves to
the rear, the extractor is forced down by the extractor cam, causing the

135
cartridge to be moved into the T-slot in the bolt face, preparing the cartridge to
be chambered. It is connected under the extractor switch on the side of the
receiver until it is repositioned by the forward movement of the bolt, and
pressure of the cover extractor spring forces it over the next round.

(2) Chambering. Chambering is placing the cartridge into

the chamber of the weapon. During this cycle, the bolt moves forward,
carrying the cartridge in the T-slot in a direct route to the chamber of the
weapon. At the same time, the extractor rides up the extractor cam and when
the bolt is fully forward, the extractor grasps the next linked cartridge

(3) Locking. The bolt is locked to the barrel and barrel

extension.

(a) Initially, the bolt is forced forward in counter-

recoil by the energy stored in the driving spring assembly and the compressed
buffer disks. At the start of counter-recoil, the barrel buffer body tube lock
keeps the accelerator tips from bounding up too soon and catching in the
breech lock recess in the bolt. After the bolt travels forward about 5 inches,
the lower rear projection of the bolt strikes the tips of the accelerator, turning
the accelerator forward. This unlocks the barrel extension from the barrel
buffer body group and releases the barrel buffer spring. The barrel buffer
spring expands, forcing the piston rod forward.

(b) Since the cross groove in the piston rod

engages the notch on the barrel extension shank, the barrel extension and
barrel are also forced forward by the action of the barrel buffer spring. Some of
the forward motion of the bolt is transmitted to the barrel extension through
the accelerator. As the accelerator rotates forward, the front of the accelerator
speeds up the barrel extension; at the same time, the accelerator tips slow
down the bolt.

(c) Locking begins 1 1/8 inches before the

recoiling groups (bolt, barrel extension, and barrel) are fully forward. The

136
breech lock in the barrel extension rides up the breech lock cam in the bottom
of the receiver into the breech lock recess in the bottom of the bolt, locking the
recoiling groups together. The recoiling groups are completely locked together
three-fourths of an inch before the groups are fully forward

(4) Firing. The firing pin is released, igniting the primer

of the cartridge.

(a) As the trigger impressed down, it pivots on the

trigger pin, so that the trigger cam on the inside of the backplate engages and
raises the rear end of the trigger lever. This in turn pivots on the trigger lever
pin assembly, causing the front end of the trigger lever to press down on the
top of the sear stud. The sear is forced down until the hooked notch of the
firing pin extension is disengaged from the sear notch. The firing pin and firing
pin extension are driven forward by the firing pin spring; the striker of the
firing pin hits the primer of the cartridge, firing the round.

(b) For automatic firing, the bolt-latch release

must be locked or held depressed, so that the bolt latch will not engage the
notches in top of the bolt, holding the bolt to the rear as in single-shot firing.
The trigger is pressed and held down. Each time the bolt travels forward in
counter-recoil, the trigger lever depresses the sear, releasing the firing pin
extension assembly and the firing pin. This automatically fires the next round
when the forward movement of the recoiling groups is nearly completed. The
gun should fire about one-sixteenth of an inch before the recoiling groups are
fully forward. Only the first round should be fired with the parts fully forward.
The gun fires automatically as long as the trigger and bolt latch are held down
and ammunition is fed into the gun.

137
 (5) Unlocking. The bolt is unlocked from the barrel and
barrel extension.

a) At the instant of firing, the bolt is locked to the

barrel extension and against the rear end of the barrel by the breech lock,
which is on top of the breech lock cam and in the breech lock recess in the
bottom of the bolt. When the cartridge explodes, the bullet travels out of the
barrel; the force of recoil drives the recoiling groups rearward. During the first
three-fourths of an inch, the recoiling groups are locked together. As this
movement takes place, the breech lock is moved off the breech lock cam stop,
allowing the breech lock depressors (acting on the breech lock pin) to force
the breech lock down, out of its recess from the bottom of the bolt. At the end
of the first three-fourths of an inch of recoil, the bolt is unlocked, free to move
to the rear independent of the barrel and barrel extension.

(b) As the recoiling groups move to the rear, the

barrel extension causes the tips of the accelerator to rotate rearward. The
accelerator tips strike the lower rear projection of the bolt, accelerating the
movement of the bolt to the rear. The barrel and barrel extension continue to
travel to the rear an additional three-eighths of an inch, or an approximate total

138
distance of 1 1/8 inches until they are stopped by the barrel buffer assembly.

(c) During the recoil of 1 1/8 inches, the barrel

buffer spring is compressed by the barrel extension shank, since the notch on
the shank is engaged in the cross groove in the piston rod head. The spring is
locked in the compressed position by the claws of the accelerator, which
engage the shoulders of the barrel extension shank. After its initial travel of
three-fourths of an inch, the bolt travels an additional 6 3/8 inches to the rear,
after it is unlocked from the barrel and barrel extension, for a total of 7 1/8
inches. During this movement, the driving springs are compressed. The
rearward movement of the bolt is stopped as the bolt strikes the buffer plate.
Part of the recoil energy of the bolt is stored by the driving spring rod
assembly, and part is absorbed by the buffer disks in the backplate.

(6) Extracting. The empty cartridge case is pulled from

the chamber.

(a) The empty case, held by the T-slot, has been

expanded by the force of the explosion; therefore, it fits snugly in the
chamber. If the case is withdrawn from the chamber too rapidly, it may be torn.
To prevent this, and to ensure slow initial extraction of the case, the top
forward edge of the breech lock and the forward edge of the lock recess in the
bolt are beveled. As the breech lock is unlocked, the initial movement of the
bolt away from the barrel and barrel extension is gradual.

139
 (b) The slope of the locking faces facilitates
locking and unlocking and prevents sticking. The leverage of the accelerator
tips on the bolt speeds extraction after it is started by kicking the bolt to the
rear to extract the empty case from the chamber.

(7) Ejecting. The empty cartridge case is expelled from

the receiver.

(a) As the bolt starts its forward movement

(counter-recoil), the extractor lug rides below the extractor switch, forcing the
extractor assembly farther down until the round is in the center of the T-slot of
the bolt.

(b) The round, still gripped by the extractor, ejects

the empty case from the T-slot. The last empty case of an ammunition belt is
pushed out by the ejector.

(8) Cocking. The firing pin is withdrawn into the cocked

position.

(a) When the recoiling groups are fully forward,

the top of the cocking lever rests on the rear half of the V-slot in the top plate
bracket. As the bolt moves to the rear, the top of the cocking lever is forced
forward. The lower end pivots to the rear on the cocking lever pin. The
rounded nose of the cocking lever, which fits through the slot in the firing pin
extension, forces the extension to the rear, compressing the firing pin spring
against the sear stop pin (accelerator stop). As the firing pin extension is
pressed to the rear, the hooked notch of the extension rides over the sear
notch, forcing the sear down. The sear spring forces the sear back up after the
hooked notch of the firing pin extension has entered the sear notch.

(b) The pressure of the sear and firing pin springs

holds the two notches locked together. There is a slight overtravel of the firing
pin extension in its movement to the rear to ensure proper engagement with
the sear. As the bolt starts forward, the overtravel is taken up and completed
when the cocking lever enters the V-slot of the top plate bracket, and is
caromed toward the rear; pressure on the cocking lever is relieved as the bolt
starts forward.

c. AMMUNITION

Ammunition is issued in a disintegrating metallic split-

linked belt (M2 or M9 links). The preferred combat ammunition mix for the M2

140
machine gun is four API (M8) to one API-T (M20) with M9 link. M2 ammunition
is packaged in a metal box containing 100 linked rounds. Each box of 100
rounds weighs approximately 35 pounds (16 kg).

 M1 High Pressure Test.

 M1, M10, M17, M21 Tracer.
 M1, M23 Incendiary.
 M1A1 Blank.
 M2 Dummy.
 M2, M33 Ball.
 M2 Armor-Piercing (AP).
 M8 Armor-Piercing Incendiary (API).
 M20 Armor-Piercing Incendiary Tracer (API-T).
 M903 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator (SLAP). Lined barrel only.
 M962 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator Tracer (SLAP-T). Lined barrel
only.

d. FIRING POSITIONS

The tripod firing positions are prone, sitting, and standing.

They are assumed in the following manner:

(1) The prone position is used when firing from the

tripod that is set in a low position. It is assumed by lying on the ground
directly behind the gun. The gunner then spreads his legs a comfortable
distance apart with his toes turned outward. His left elbow rests on the
ground, and his left hand grasps the elevating handwheel of the T&E. His right
hand lightly grasps the right spade grip with his right thumb in a position to
press the trigger. The position of his body can then be adjusted to position his

141
firing eye in alignment with the sights of the weapon.

(2) The sitting position can be used when the tripod is

set in a high or low position. The gunner sits directly behind the gun between
the legs of the tripod. He may extend his legs under the tripod or cross them,
depending on his physique. The gunner then places both elbows on the inside
of his thighs to get the best support. He grasps the elevating handwheel of the
T&E with the left hand, and lightly grasps the right spade grip with his right
hand. He must ensure that the right thumb is in position to press the trigger

(3) The standing position is used when the gunner is

firing from a fighting position. This position is assumed by standing directly
behind the gun with the feet spread a comfortable distance apart. The gunner
grasps the elevating handwheel of the T&E with the left hand. He lightly grasps
the right spade grip with the right hand, ensuring that the right thumb is in a
position to press the trigger. Adjustment of the body is allowed in order to

142
align the firing eye with the sights on the weapon

The vehicular firing position for the M2 is standing. It

is assumed by constructing a solid platform to stand on, using sandbags or
ammunition boxes; or, in the case of the M113 APC, using the commander's
seat. The gunner must then ensure that his platform is high enough to place
the spade grips of the gun about chest high. He grasps the spade grips with
both hands and places both thumbs in a position to press the trigger. The
gunner holds the gun tightly to his chest for stabilization; his elbows should
be locked tightly to his sides. He sights over the weapon and adjusts his
position by flexing his knees and leaning forward to absorb any recoil.

The anti-aircraft firing position uses a standing

position when firing from the M63 mount. To assume the position, the gunner
stands with his feet spread comfortably apart with his shoulders squarely
behind the gun. When the gunner is engaging aerial targets, he grasps the
upper extension handles with both hands. When engaging low-level aircraft or
ground targets, he grasps the lower extension handles with both hands.

The kneeling position may be used; it has the

143
advantage of presenting a lower profile of the gunner and also aligns the
gunner's eye closer to the axis of the barrel.

e. WEAPON CAPABILITIES

In the urban environment, the M2 machine gun provides

high-volume, long-range, automatic fires for the suppression or destruction of
targets. The M2 provides final protective fire along fixed lines and can be used
to penetrate light structures. Tracers are likely to start fires.

The M2 machine gun is often employed on its vehicular

mount during both offensive and defensive operations. If necessary, it can be
mounted on the M3 tripod for use in the ground role or in the upper levels of
buildings. When mounted on a tripod, the M2 machine gun can be used as an
accurate, long-range weapon and can supplement sniper fires.

When shooting at ground targets from a stationary position,

the gun is fired in bursts of 9 to 15 rounds. When firing at aircraft, a
continuous burst is used rather than several short bursts. When firing on the
move, long bursts of fire are walked into the target. Enemy ATGM gunners,
lightly-armored vehicles, and troops can be suppressed with a heavy volume
of fire until a force can destroy or bypass the opposition.

D. 7.62MM M60 GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINE GUN

1. Roles of the Machinegun

144
 The machinegun supports the rifleman in both the attack and
defense. The machinegun is capable of engaging distant targets with a heavy
volume of controlled and accurate fire that is beyond the capability of
individual weapons. It provides the rifleman with the heavy volume of close
and continuous fire necessary to accomplish his mission in the attack.

2. Description

a. General. The M60 machinegun is an air cooled, belt-fed,

gas-operated automatic weapon. The weapon fires from the open-bolt position.
Ammunition is fed into the gun by a disintegrating metallic split-link belt. Two
barrels are issued with each weapon. The weapon features fixed head space
which permits rapid changing of barrels.

b. Sights. The M60 has front sight permanently affixed to the

barrel. The rear sight leaf is mounted on a spring-type dovetail base. It can be
folded forward to the horizontal when the gun is to be moved. The range plate
on the sight leaf is marked for each 100 meters, from 300 meters, to the
maximum effective range of 1,100 meters. Range changes may be made by
using either the slide release or the elevating knob. The slide release is used
for making major changes in elevation. The elevating knob is used for fine
adjustments, such as during zeroing. Four clicks on the elevating knob equal a
1-mil change of elevation. The sight is adjustable for windage knob is located
on the left side of the sight. One click on the windage knob equals a 1-mil
change of deflection.

c. Safety. A safety lever is located on the left side of the

trigger housing. It has an S (SAFE) and F (FIRE) position. On the SAFE
position the bolt cannot be pulled to the rear or released to go forward. The
cocking handle, on the right side of the gun, is used to pull the bolt to the rear.
IT MUST BE RETURNED MANUALLY TO ITS FORWARD POSITION EACH TIME
THE BOLT IS MANUALLY PULLED TO THE REAR.

d. Flash Suppressor. A flash suppressor is affixed to the

muzzle of the barrel. The ribs of this suppressor vibrate during firing and
dissipate flash and smoke.

e. Bipod Mount. The M60 can be effectively fired from the

integral bipod mount. The hinged shoulder rest provides support for the rear
of the gun. The movable carrying handle provides a method for carrying the
gun short distances and can be positioned out the gunner's line of sight.

f. Tripod Mount. The M122 tripod mount provides a stable and

durable mount for the M60 machinegun. Firing the gun from a tripod permits a
high degree of accuracy and control.

3. General Data.

145
 Ammunition ......................7.62mm ball, tracer, armor piercing,
armor piercing incendiary, blank, dummy. Armor piercing and armor piercing
incendiary are not authorized for training.

Length of gun ............................ ......... 43 1/2 inches

Weight of gun ..................................... 23 pounds
Weight of tripod mount M122 with
traversing and elevating mechanism
and pintle and platform group ........ 19.5 pounds
Maximum range .......................................... 3,725 meters
Maximum effective range ........................... 1,100 meters
Height of gun on tripod
mount M122 ................................................. 16 1/2 inches
Rates of fire:
Sustained .......................................... 100 rounds per minute
(Change barrel every 10 minutes)
Rapid ...................................................... 200 rounds per minute
(Change barrel every two minutes)
Cyclic ............................. Approximately 550 rounds\per minute
(Change barrel every one minute)
Basic load of ammunition (on crew) ............. 600 to 900 rounds
Gunner carries three 100-round bandoleers (one attached to the
weapon).
Assistant gunner carries three 100-round bandoleers
Ammunition bearer, when present, carries three 100-round bandoleers
per gun.
Maximum extent of grazing fire obtainable
over level or uniformly sloping terrain.. 600 meters
Elevation, tripod controlled ........................ +200 mils
Elevation, tripod free .................................. +445 mils
Depression, tripod controlled ..................... -200 mils
Depression, tripod free .............................. -445 mils
Traverse, controlled by traversing
and elevating mechanism ……….............. 100 mils
Normal sector of fire ................................. 875 mils (with tripod).
Tracer burnout.................. Approximately 900 meters

146
 ANNEX - RA 7077

Republic of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines
Metro Manila

A. Fourth Regular Session

Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty third day of July,
nineteen hundred and ninety

______________

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT,

ADMINISTRATION,ORGANIZATION, TRAINING, MAINTENANCE AND
UTILIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF
THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

Philippines in Congress assembled:

ARTICLE I

TITLE

Sec 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Citizen Armed Forces of
the Philippines Reservist Act."

ARTICLE II

DECLARATION OF POLICY

Sec. 2. The Regular Force. - It is the policy of the State to maintain

a standing or regular military force in times of peace consonant to its adequate
and actual needs for the security of the State but which can be rapidly
expanded by the well-disciplined Citizen Forces in the event of war, invasion
or rebellion.
Sec 3. The Security and Socioeconomic Development of the State. The
Citizen Armed Force shall be provided maximum opportunity to participate in
safeguarding the security of the State and in assisting in socioeconomic
development.

147
 Sec. 4. The Call to Personal Military and Civil Service. – The Citizen
Armed Force shall be so organized, trained, developed and maintained as to
ensure their readiness to immediately respond to the call to service.

Sec. 5. The Public Awareness. - The State shall promote and

develop public support to and awareness of the important role of the Citizen
Armed Force as protector of the people and the State.

Sec. 6. The Manpower of the Citizen Armed Force. – The manpower

objective of the Citizen Armed Force shall conform to projected and actual
needs. It is not envisioned by the State to have a nation under arms, unless
extremely necessary.

ARTICLE III

MISSION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE CITIZEN ARMED FORCE

Sec. 7. Mission. - The mission of the Citizen Armed Force,

alternately referred to as the Reserve Force, is to provide the base for the
expansion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event of war, invasion
or rebellion; to assist in relief and rescue during disaster or calamities; to
assist in socio economic development; and to assist in the operation and
maintenance of essential government or private utilities in the furtherance of
overall mission.

Sec. 8. Organization. - The Reserve Force shall be organized into

five (5) components, namely:

(1) The Army Reserve Component;

(2) The Air Force Reserve Component;
(3) The Navy Reserve Component;
(4) The AFP-Wide Technical Reserve Component; and
(5) The Affiliated Reserves.

Sec. 9. Organization of Reserve Components. – The organization of

each component of the Reserve Force and the manpower objective of each
component shall be as prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense and
approved by the President of the Philippines. The organization, structure,
manning and equipment of reserve units shall conform to the organization of
the regular force. Reserve units of a battalion type or equivalent shall be
organized on a provincial basis, and reserve units of a brigade and division
type or equivalent, on a regional basis. The organizational structure and
manning of the affiliated reserve units shall be prescribed by the Secretary of
National Defense and shall as much as possible conform to their existing
civilian organization.

Sec. 10. Affiliated Reserves. - As the President shall approved upon

recommendation of the Secretary of National Defense, certain private and
government entities, corporations, establishments and organizations at the
national, provincial and municipal levels which provide essential public

148
services such as water, light, transportation and communications which are
necessary to support the prosecution of national defense plans or to meet an
emergency shall be organized as affiliated units of the Reserve Force. These
affiliated units shall be constituted by appropriate orders to be issued by the
Secretary of National Defense, given unit designations and assigned to the
appropriate reserve components of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).
The roster of the officials and employees of these affiliated units shall be
included in the orders of constituting the units. These units shall be so utilized
in times of war or emergency to ensure the continuous and uninterrupted
provision of the essential services they are rendering.

ARTICLE IV

DEFINITION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Sec. 11. Citizen Soldiers. - The citizen soldiers, alternately referred

to as reservists, who compose the Reserve Force are those reservists of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines who are incorporated into the Reserve Force,
as follows:

(1) Graduates of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)

basic and advance courses who were issued orders as enlisted reservists or
reserve officers or the AFP;
(2) Graduates of authorized basic military training instructions
who, as a result thereof, were issued orders as enlisted reservists or reserve
officers;
(3) Ex-servicemen and retired officers of the AFP and other armed
forces that have diplomatic relations with the Philippines who were honorably
discharged or retired from the service and who are Filipino citizens upon their
applications;
(4) Recognized World War II guerillas who were honorably
discharged from the service;
(5) Commissioned and noncommissioned officers under the
Affiliated Reserves category and graduates of the National Defense College of
the Philippines (NDCP); and
(6) Commissioned, non-commissioned officers and privates
under the existing laws including those procured under project 36-70 and
included in the present AFP roster before the enactment of this Act and those
to be commissioned or enlisted after the enactment of this Act.

ARTICLE V

CATEGORIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS

Sec. 12. Categorization of Citizen Soldiers. - There shall be three (3)

categories of citizen soldiers of AFP reservists: the First Category Reserve,
the Second Category Reserve, and the Third Category Reserve based on age.

149
 (1) First Category Reserve - The First Category Reserve shall be
composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages are between eighteen (18)
years and thirty-five (35) years, inclusive.
(2) Second Category Reserve. - The Second Category Reserve
shall be composed of able-bodied reservists whose ages are between thirty-
six (36) years and fifty-one (51) years, inclusive.
(3) Third Category Reserve. - The Third Category Reserve shall be
composed of the able-bodied reservists who are above fifty one (51) years of
age.

Sec. 13. Classification of Reserve Force Units. - Based on the

categorization provided in Section 12 above, the Reserve Force units shall
further be classified into the Ready Reserve, the Standby Reserve and the
Retired Reserve based in their operational readiness for immediate
deployment/utilization.

(1) Ready Reserve. - The Ready Reserve shall be composed of

citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the First Category Reserve and others as
provided in this Act who shall be organized, trained and maintained as
mobilizable ready reserve subject to call at any time to augment the regular
armed force of the AFP not only in times of war or national emergency but also
to meet local emergencies arising from calamities, disasters and threats to
peace, order, security and stability in any locality, including the need to
provide assistance in relief and rescue work and other civil assistance
activities.

Any reservist or citizen soldiers belonging to the Second

Category Reserve and/or the Third Category Reserve, particularly the
commissioned and noncommissioned officers, who will volunteer to serve
with the Ready Reserve shall be allowed, if qualified and fit for duty, to join
and actively participate as part of the Ready Reserve and shall serve with an
appropriate Ready Reserve unit.

Furthermore, members of the AFP Affiliated Reserved units of

various government and private utilities and services considered essential for
the preservation of the economic stability of the country or particular locality,
such as power and electricity, water supply, transportation and
communications, among others, regardless of their categorization shall be
classified as Ready Reserve.

All citizen soldiers belonging to the First Category Reserve,

except those exempted under this Act, shall be required to serve with Ready
Reserve units and will have assignments and promotions in accordance with
existing policies of the AFP until transferred to the Standby Reserve by virtue
of their age.

The following citizen soldiers may be exempted from rendering

service with said reserve units:

150
 (a) Active members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and
the Philippine National Police;
(b) Those who are residing abroad but only during the duration
of their absence from the Philippines;
(c) Those who are physically and mentally unfit to serve their
tour of duty;
(d) Those who are convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;
and
(e) Those who may be exempted from duty for valid reasons
which may be authorized on a case-to-case basis by appropriate and
competent authority. For this purpose, the AFP shall issue such appropriate
guidelines, rules and regulations as may be necessary.

(2) Standby Reserve - The Standby Reserve shall be composed of

citizen soldiers belonging mostly to the Second Category Reserve and the
Third Category Reserve, except as provided in this Act. The members of the
Standby Reserve shall be organized and assigned to specified reserve units
and shall be maintained through annual assembly tests to update their records
and their present addresses, among others. The Standby Reserve may be
mobilized or ordered to active duty only in times of national emergency or war.
The ranks of the members of the Standby Reserve may be upgraded if they
voluntarily participate in training or serve with the Ready Reserve units in their
areas or if their Standby Reserve units undergo retraining. They will however
be encouraged to upgrade their military knowledge and skills by taking up
nonresident or resident courses which shall be set up for the purpose.

(3) Retired Reserve - The Retired Reserve shall be composed

of citizen soldiers who have qualified for retirement through length of service,
old age or disability. For this purpose, sixty-five (65) years shall be considered
as the retirement age. However, if qualified and fit for duty, a member of the
Retired Reserve may be ordered to active duty in times o local or national
emergencies if he volunteers for active duty and when the Secretary of
National Defense determines that there are not enough qualified citizen
soldiers with his special skills and qualifications in the Ready Reserve or the
Standby Reserve in his particular area of residence.
ARTICLE VI

MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT

Sec. 14. Compulsory Military Registration and Training. - All male

citizens between the ages of eighteen (18) and twenty-five (25) years who are
not reservists shall be required to register for military instruction. Registration
shall take place in suitable registration places to be prescribed by the city or
municipal government between the dates of April First and Seventh
commencing one (1) year after the effectivity of this Act. Biennial registrations
shall be held during the same period in succeeding years.

Sec. 15. Exemption from Compulsory Military Training. – The

following are exempted from military training:

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 (1) Members of the clergy of any religious order or sect, except
if they volunteer;
(2) Those in the active service of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines and police members of the Philippine National Police;
(3) Superintendent and uniformed members of the National
Penitentiary, corrective institutions, and insane asylums; and
(4) Licensed air and maritime pilots, navigators and merchant
marine officers.

Sec. 16. Registering Officer. - For the purpose of registration as

provided for in Section 14 hereof, the city/municipal treasurers of chartered
cities and municipalities are hereby designated as registering officers. The
Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe and provide the forms to be used
in registration and prescribe the procedures for the conduct and reporting of
the results of the registration.

Sec. 17. Persons Disqualified or Exempted from Registration. The

following persons are disqualified by law from employment in government
service;

(1) Persons who are disqualified by law from employment in

government service;
(2) Those who are physically or mentally unfit as certified by
and AFP medical officer;
(3) Those suffering incarceration awaiting trial by a court of
law: Provided, That upon their release from custody they shall without delay
register;
(4) Those convicted by final judgment of criminal offenses
involving moral turpitude;
(5) Students of colleges, universities and similar institutions
who are undergoing ROTC training during the pendency of their training
recognized by the military authorities as among those undergoing training to
qualify as reservists; and
(6) Those persons who are constituted as members of affiliated
units for the duration of time that they hold such membership: Provided, That
upon the termination of their membership, they shall be subject to military
training.

Sec. 18. Selection of Registrants for Compulsory Training.

Registrants who are to undergo compulsory training as provided for in this Act
shall be selected in the month of May every year by drawing of lots by a board
of canvassers. The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the
procedure for the selection of registrants.

Sec. 19. Board of Canvassers. - There is hereby created a board of

canvassers, one (1) for each province and chartered city, for the purpose of
selecting the registrants who will undergo compulsory military training as
provided for in Section 18 hereof. The board shall be composed of the
following:

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 (1) IN PROVINCES

Division Superintendent of Schools............................Chairman

Provincial Prosecutors….............................................. Member
The appropriate military commander as the
Secretary of National Defense may designate ...........Member

(2) IN CHARTERED CITIES

City Superintendent of Schools ..................................Chairman

City Fiscal ..................................................................…Member
Chief of Police................................................................Member

Sec. 20. Quota for Compulsory Training. - The Secretary of National

Defense shall furnish each provincial governor and city mayor with the quota
of registrants for compulsory military training to be drawn from their
respective province or chartered city. The quota for the province shall be
broken down into municipal quotas.

Sec. 21. Acceptance of Registrants Volunteering for Military

Training. - Registrants who are not selected for compulsory military training
but who volunteer for such training may be accepted and allowed to undergo
military training: Provided, That said volunteers shall physically qualify for
fitness after examination for training and shall be made to execute a written
statement that they volunteered for training at their own will.

Sec. 22. Registration of Citizens Residing or Working Abroad. -

Filipino citizens residing or working abroad, when they become liable to
register for reservists' training under this Act, shall register with the nearest
diplomatic or consular office of the Republic of the Philippines which shall
transmit the registrants' data to the Secretary of National Defense.

Sec. 23. Notice to Selected Registrants. - The board of canvassers

shall cause the immediate and adequate publication of the names of the
registrants who have been selected in accordance with Section 18 hereof and
at once notify the registrants concerned to report to the acceptance board of
the city or municipality where they reside. The board of canvassers shall
furnish each acceptance board with the list of the registrants whose names
were drawn.

Sec. 24. Acceptance Board. - There is hereby created an acceptance

board in each municipality and chartered city which shall examine and classify
registrants whose names have been referred to it by the board of canvassers
and pass upon the registrants' fitness for training and application for
deferment, if any. The decision of the board shall be by majority vote. The
Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the procedure for the operation
of the acceptance board.

Sec. 25. Composition of the Acceptance Board. - The board shall be

composed as follows:

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 (1) IN CHARTERED CITIES

Local Civil Registrar ...............................…….....…… Chairman

City Health Officer ..................................…........…… Member
Chief of Police .............................................. ..….…….Member
One Civic Leader .............................................….…….Member
(to be chosen by local civic organizations)

(2) IN MUNICIPALITIES

Local Civil Registrar/ Municipal Treasurer ………….…Chairman

Municipal Health Officer .................................…………. Member
Chief of Police ................................................… ………. Member
One Civic Leader (to be chosen by local civic
organizations)…………………………………..…………...Member

Sec. 26. Classification of Selected Registrants. - Registrants shall

undergo physical examination to be conducted by the health officer. The
acceptance board shall then classify them into the following categories:

(1) Class A -- Fit for unlimited service;

(2) Class B -- Fit for limited service only;
(3) Class C -- Deferred until later date; and
(4) Class D -- Exempted for mental/physical reasons.

Sec. 27. Deferment from Training. - The acceptance board, upon

evaluation of the evidence to support application for deferment, may grant
deferment on the following grounds and conditions:

(1) Individuals who are indispensable to the support of their

dependent families may be granted deferments not exceeding two (2) years
after which they shall be subject to training;

(2) Students enrolled in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps

(ROTC) in colleges and universities are automatically granted deferment which
shall not extend beyond the period they are to complete their basic ROTC
training. Students who successfully completed such training shall be
exempted. Those who fail to complete, or discontinue the training, shall be
subject to training;

(3) Seminary students of any religious sect shall be granted

deferments for not exceeding the prescribed course in the seminary. Those
who complete the course shall be exempted from training. Those who fail to
complete shall be subject to training;

(4) Cadets of the Philippine Military Academy and of other military

or police service academies, local or foreign to include cadets of the Philippine
Merchant Marine Academy and other similar local merchant marine academies
duly recognized by the Government for the training of officer candidates,

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including those selected for cadetship in such academies, shall be granted
deferments for not exceeding two (2) years. Those who successfully
completed at least one-half (1/2) of the prescribed period of the course shall be
exempted from training. Those who fail to complete one-half (1/2) of the
prescribed period shall, upon their discharge from their courses, be subject to
training;

(5) High school students who are in their last year of schooling
may be granted deferment for not more than one (1) year;

(6) Selected registrants residing or working abroad shall be

granted deferment for the duration of their stay abroad; and

(7) Elected officials and presidential appointees whose

appointments are passed upon by the Commission on Appointments, during
their incumbency.

Sec. 28. Appeal from Decision of the Acceptance Board. – When the
acceptance board denies the claim of an individual for deferment, he may
within thirty (30) days after receipt of written notification by the board appeal
his case in writing directly to the Secretary of National Defense. The Secretary
of National Defense shall be accorded the right to enjoy the right to be heard
by himself and counsel and to present evidence in his behalf. The decision of
the Secretary of National Defense or his duly authorized representative shall
be final.

Sec. 29. Expenses of the Acceptance Board. - The expenses

incident to the operation of the acceptance board shall be borne by the
Department of National Defense which shall include the funds therefore in its
annual appropriations. The nature and amount of such expenses shall be
prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. The members of the
acceptance board shall not receive any salary or compensation for their
services in the board. They shall be entitled to receive allowances as the
Secretary of National Defense shall prescribed.

Sec. 30. Final Acceptance by the Board. - The registrants who shall
have been finally qualified and selected by the acceptance board shall be
reported to the Secretary of National Defense. Those selected shall upon
instruction report to the designated military camp of unit for training.

Sec. 31. Procurement of Reservist Officers and Noncommissioned

Officers for Affiliated Reserve Units. – Key officers and employees of
government of private entities, corporations, establishment and organizations
which have affiliated units shall be encouraged to undergo military training to
qualify them as reserve officers or noncommissioned officers. As such, they
shall be assigned to key positions in the affiliated units where they are
employed and called to active service with these units once they are activated.

Sec. 32. Security of Tenure in Government or Private Employment

While on Military Training. - An employee in the Government including one in a

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government-owned or controlled corporation or private employment with
monthly operating volume of not less then Three hundred thousand pesos
(P300,000.00) and not less than twenty (20) employees who undergoes military
training shall not be separated or terminated from such employment, shall not
be considered as having forfeited his seniority status, if any, and shall
continue to receive the salary he was receiving prior to his call to military
training. In the case of private employment, payment of basic salary during
such military training. In the case of private employment, payment of basic
salary during such military training shall be in accordance with existing laws
or with his company's policies on its employees on leave from his
employment. Upon termination of his military training, he shall resume his
former position or, if not practicable, he shall be assigned to a new position
without diminution of his pay and allowances, provided he is honorably
terminated or discharged from such training or service; otherwise, his record
of dishonorable discharge from military training or service shall be taken into
account as to whether or not he should be reinstated to his former
employment.

Sec. 33. Draftee Training and Service. - As may be ordered by the

President, male citizen between the ages of eighteen (18) and thirty-five (35)
shall be called to training and active service for a period not to exceed twenty-
four (24) months, broken down into training period of not more than six (6)
months and an active service period of not more than eighteen (18) months.
Registrants will be selected for draftee training and service in accordance with
Sections 14 to 26 hereof. A draftee may volunteer and be accepted for an
extension of active service of not more than twelve (12) consecutive months,
after which his services as draftee shall be terminated. A draftee during the
period of his active duty service to include the extension of such service is
entitled to receive all the pay and allowances due his grade as received by any
member of the regular force: Provided, That, upon termination of his draftee
service, he shall receive a separation gratuity of not less than one (1) month
salary for every year of his service to include the period of six (6) months shall
be considered a complete year for purposes of this gratuity.

Sec. 34 Retention for Maximum Hospitalization. – A

reservist/draftee who is injured or contracts a disease or sickness while
undergoing training and service, not due to his intentional misconduct, willful
failure or neglect, or vicious or immoral habits, shall be retained beyond the
period of his reservist/draftee service with his consent for the necessary
hospitalization and medical care until such time that he recovers, or is
determined that further hospitalization will not improve his condition. During
the period of hospitalization, he shall be entitled to subsistence allowances
and hospitalization benefits as are available to the members of the regular
force who are patients in armed forces hospitals.

ARTICLE VII

CITIZEN MILITARY TRAINING

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 Sec. 35 Basic Citizen Military Training. - Registrants finally selected
for military training pursuant to Section 30 shall undergo a basic military
training for a period of not more than six (6) months. The Secretary of National
Defense shall prescribe the course of instruction.

The course of instruction shall include, among others,

subject on moral virtues, patriotism, discipline, support for and adherence to
the Constitution, and respect for the right of civilians.

Sec. 36 Citizen Military Training. - There shall be established in

every province at least one (1) training center for the conduct of citizen military
and reservist training with a minimum training capacity of one (1) infantry rifle
company at a time. These training centers shall form part of the reserve
component organization of the major services and shall be referred to as
citizen military training centers.

Sec. 37. Incorporation into Training. - Upon reporting to their

assigned training centers, the selected registrants shall be physically
examined and if found fit for the service shall be inducted into service. Where
a change of training center is necessary to provide the requisite training, the
commanding officer of the training center shall be authorized to issue the
necessary orders covering his transportation and provide the funds for the
purpose: Provided, That no registrant shall be transferred to a training center
outside his province or designated training center except in the case of
Philippine Navy and Philippine Air Force registrants if there are no air or naval
training centers thereat.

Sec. 38. Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) – Military training

for students enrolled in colleges, universities and similar institutions of
learning is mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the National Defense Act
and the 1987 Constitution.

Sec. 39. Establishment of ROTC Units in Schools. - At such

colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning that request for the
conduct of military training in their institutions, there shall be established and
maintained Reserve Officers" Training Corps units as the Secretary of National
Defense may approve, which shall conduct military training for the students of
such institutions for the purpose of producing enlisted and officer reservists.
The program of instruction shall be prescribed by the Secretary of National
Defense and may include instruction to prepare female students for military
service: Provided, That, such course of instruction shall not exceed two (2)
academic years in the case of enlisted reservists, and four (4) academic years
in the case of officer reservists which shall include as necessary summer or
probationary training of not more than sixty (60) consecutive days, The first
two (2) years ROTC training, which is mandatory, shall hereafter be referred to
as basic ROTC while the second (2) years after said basic ROTC, which is
voluntary, shall hereafter be referred to as advance ROTC. The allocation of
ROTC units to the various major services of the AFP shall conform to the
projected manpower needs of their respective reserve components.

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 Sec. 40. Acceptance for Advance ROTC. - Students who volunteer
for advance ROTC shall be screened by an ROTC acceptance board which is
hereby created for the purpose, composed of the commandant of the ROTC
unit, a representative of the school nominated by the school authorities, and a
military physician. The student volunteer shall be physically examined for
fitness for training and shall further be made to execute in writing a testament
that he volunteered for training of his own volition. Where the student is below
eighteen (18) years of age, he shall be required to obtain his parent's or
guardian's consent. In the case of student volunteering for reserve officers'
training, they shall further be subject to competitive examination in order to
select the best material. The students undergoing advance ROTC shall be
referred to as advance ROTC cadets.

Sec. 41. Organization and staffing of ROTC Units. – The Secretary of

National Defense shall prescribe the organization and staffing of ROTC units.
Reserve officers in the active service as well as qualified enlisted and officer
reservists in the inactive status shall be given priority to handle training
instruction and to assist in the administration and shall be entitled to receive
honoraria and other allowances as the Secretary of National Defense shall
prescribe.

Sec. 42. Funds for Maintenance and Operation of school ROTC

Units.- The funds for the establishment, maintenance and operation of ROTC
units shall be provided for in the regular annual appropriations of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines. Such appropriations shall provide for the full
funding support for advance ROTC only. The school of the student may not be
required to spend any amount for the establishment, operation and
maintenance of ROTC training: Provided, that the school requesting for such
establishment shall provide the training ground and office facilities free of
charge. The advance ROTC cadets shall each be provided free two (2) suits of
fatigue uniform with headgear, belt and one (1) pair of combat boots for the
duration of the training. However, those taking the basic ROTC are required to
pay a reasonable ROTC fee, the amount to be determined by the Secretary of
National Defense in coordination with the school official concerned.

Sec. 43. Scholarship Incentive for Advance ROTC Training. -

Students undergoing advance ROTC who belong to the upper five percent
(5%) of their academic class shall be provided a tuition subsidy of fifty percent
(50%) of their annual tuition for the period of their advance ROTC. The funds
for this purpose shall be carried in the annual appropriations of the AFP. The
Chief of Staff, AFP shall promulgate the guidelines for the implementation of
this provision.

ARTICLE VIII

INCORPORATION INTO RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 44. Elected Officials and Presidential Appointees.- Elected

official appointees may be commissioned in the Reserve Force subject to the
existing AFP rules and regulations.

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 Sec. 45. Award of Ranks and Assignments to Reserve Units of
Graduates of ROTC. - Graduates of basic ROTC shall be given a reserve
enlisted rank and serial number and assigned to reserve units and
mobilization centers in their provinces. The ranks to be awarded shall be from
private to sergeant or its equivalent: Provided, That the quota for
noncommissioned officers shall not exceed five percent (5%) of the authorized
strength of the unit to which the reservists shall be assigned after graduation:
Provided, further, That those to be awarded rank above private shall be chosen
based on merit. Those who continue to the advance ROTC course shall
continue to carry their enlisted rank until after their successful completion of
advance ROTC.

Sec. 46. Disposition of Graduates of Advance ROTC. – Those who

successfully completed the advance ROTC course shall be recommended for
commission in the reserve force as second lieutenants and assigned to the
reserve units and mobilization centers in their provinces. Those with manifest
potential may be commissioned in the regular force as second lieutenants
subject of the criteria for regular officers of this rank for that particular service.
Those who fail to complete the course shall be conferred the enlisted rank of
sergeant or its equivalent and similarly assigned to reserve units and
mobilization centers. Probationary training as a requisite before
commissionship shall be determined by the major service concerned based on
technical skills, experiences or qualifications of the applicants.

Sec. 47. Notification of reserve assignment. - The reservists shall be

notified in writing of his assignment to a reserve unit and a mobilization
center. He shall be made to acknowledge receipt in writing of such notification.

Sec. 48. Reservists Registry. - The Armed Forces of the Philippines

shall provide all city/municipal treasurers of chartered cities and municipalities
of the list of those who have successfully completed military training,
indicating therein, among others, the rank, serial number, reserve unit
assignment and mobilization center. It shall be the duty of the local civil
registrar to maintain and update the reservist registry.

ARTICLE IX

MAINTENANCE, TRAINING AND ADMINISTRATION OF RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 49. Accounting of Reservists. - All reservists, particularly those

belonging to the Ready and Standby Reserves, shall be accounted for, their
records and status updated and present whereabouts ascertained in order to
ensure their readiness to the call to duty. As far as practicable, the services of
the national and local reservists and veterans organizations will be tapped to
assist in the accounting of reservists.

Sec. 50. Organization for Maintenance and Administration of the

Reserve Force. - The major services shall be responsible for the
administration, training, equipage and maintenance of their respective reserve

159
components subject to the regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of
National Defense. In the General Headquarters, AFP and in each Major Service
Headquarters, there shall be a staff division of the level of the principal
coordinating staff which shall be dedicated to planning and policy formulation
for the administration, development, organization, training, equipage,
maintenance and utilization of their respective Reserve Force component. The
Chief of Staff, AFP shall create an AFP Reserve Command within one (1) year
from the effectivity of this Act. In the case of the major services, there shall
further be a separate unit dedicated to the implementation of such plans and
policies. In staffing the command structure of these units, preference shall be
given to qualified reserve officers in the active service and integrates.

Sec. 51. Training of Individual Reservists and Reserve Units. -

Maximum opportunity shall be afforded the reservists to update their skills
through compulsory or voluntary training. Such training shall have for its
principal purpose the enhancement of the readiness of the individual
reservists and reserve units to respond to the call to service. To this end, there
shall be two (2) types of trainings :

(1) Compulsory training of not less than thirty (30) days but
not more than sixty (60) days for reserve units and/or individual reservists in a
given year preferably to First Category Reservists; and

(2) Voluntary training subject to the capability of the AFP to

provide training. Individual reservists, commissioned and non-commissioned
officers shall be encouraged to undergo training on a voluntary basis to
upgrade their proficiency with priority to the officers of the Standby Reserve
units. The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe the course of
instruction for the aforementioned training. The services of qualified individual
enlisted and officer reservists shall be utilized to the maximum in the conduct
of ROTC and reservists' training.

Sec. 52. Reserve Officers' Nonresident Instruction. - Each major

service shall conduct on a continuing basis non-resident instruction for the
purpose of maintaining and updating the proficiency of its reservist officers,
particularly key officers of Ready Reserve units. Such instruction shall prepare
these reserve officers to assume duties up to brigade command and staff or
equivalent. The reserve officers undertaking such course shall be given
priority for call to annual duty training or service with their units or with other
AFP units. Successful completion of the nonresident course will be equivalent
to having undertaken one (1) annual active duty training tour.

Sec. 53. Active Duty Tour for Training of Reserve Officers. – In order to
improve their professional competence and leadership qualities reserve
officers in the inactive status shall be called active duty for a period not
exceeding two (2) years without extension: Provided, that the quota for such
active duty shall as far as practicable be proportionately distributed to the
provinces and cities based on their reserve units, with priority to units of
Ready Reserve I: Provided, further, that ;the reserve officers called to active
duty shall as far as practicable serve in the province of their reserve unit

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assignment. A reserve officer who has served his tour shall not be called again
to active duty until after five (5) years, except in case of mobilization.

Sec. 54. Classification and Maintenance of Readiness of Reserve

Units. - Units which are composed of reservists of the Ready Reserve shall be
classified as to degree of readiness to respond the call to the service, as
follows:

(1) Ready Reserve I - Units classified as Ready Reserve I shall be

maintained in a high degree of readiness as to be ready for operational
employment in not more than seven (7) days after activation. The individual
and crew served weapons and individual clothing and equipment shall be
ready for distribution upon their activation. The whereabouts of their
reservists shall be constantly ascertained. As necessary, these units shall
carry an excess of twenty percent (20%) of their authorized personnel strength
to compensate for those who may fail to report or be late in reporting for duty.

(2) Ready Reserve II - Units classified as Ready Reserve II shall

be maintained in a degree of readiness as to be ready for operational
employment in not more than fifteen (15) days.

The Chief of Staff, AFP shall select and recommend to the

Secretary of National Defense the reserve units under Ready Reserve I and
Ready Reserve II: Provided, That in areas threatened by insurgency, there
shall be at least one (1) unit of infantry battalion strength under readiness
status of Ready Reserve I.

Sec. 55. Mobilization Stock. - The minimum essential individual and

organizational equipment and supplies shall be procured, stored and
maintained for selected Ready Reserve units to enhance rapid transition to
readiness required for employment in the shortest possible time.

Sec. 56. Training as Requisite for Promotion. – Successful

completion of training pursuant to Sections 51 and 52 hereof shall be a
requisite for promotion in rank in the inactive status.

Sec. 57. Classification of Reserve Officers in the Inactive Status. -

There shall be only one (1) classification of reserve officers in the inactive
status regardless of their source or nature of commission. Likewise, There
shall be only one (1) seniority and lineal list for all reservist officers in the
inactive status regardless of their source of commission, subject to the rules
and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense.

Sec. 58. Status of Reservist on Training. - Reservist on compulsory

training shall be subject to military law. They shall not receive pay but shall be
entitled to allowances and burial benefits as provided by law. Reservists on
voluntary training are also subject to military law but shall be entitled to
allowances.

ARTICLE X

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 UTILIZATION OF THE RESERVE FORCE

Sec. 59 Mobilization. - The utilization of the Reserve Force in times

of emergency to meet threats to national security shall be through
mobilization:

(1) Full Mobilization. - Full mobilization shall be through the joint

act of Congress and the President. When full mobilization is ordered, all units
of the Ready and Standby Reserves will be activated, the reservists
constituting them are called to active duty, and the units activated are placed
on operational readiness. All other reservist not assigned to any unit or those
assigned to reserve pools shall be organized into replacement units;

(2) Partial Mobilization. - Partial Mobilization shall be through the

joint act of Congress and the President. When partial mobilization is ordered,
only the units of the Ready Reserve are necessary to meet the threat will be
activated, the reservists assigned to these units are called to active duty and
the activated units are placed on operational readiness. The President will
specify the units to be activated; and

(3) Selective Mobilization. – Selective mobilization shall be by

authority of the President. Selective mobilization may be ordered to meet a
local threat or emergency situation. When so ordered, only selected units of
the Ready Reserve of the localities involved are activated and the reservist
assigned to them are called to active duty; or active auxiliary units are
organized and volunteer reservists are called to active auxiliary service for the
purpose, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of national
Defense may prescribed.

Sec. 60. Status of Reservists under Mobilization. - An enlisted or

officer reservist when called to active duty by virtue of mobilization shall
receive all the pay and allowances, medical care, hospitalization and other
privileges and benefits prescribed by law or regulations for officers and
enlisted personnel of the regular force.

Sec. 61. Mobilization Centers. - There shall be established in each

province as many mobilization centers as needed corresponding to the
number and distribution of reservists in the province to which reservists will
report when mobilization is ordered. The citizen military training center in the
provinces established under this Act may also be used as mobilization
centers. The location of these centers shall be given the widest public
information by the local executives.

Sec. 62 Demobilization. - When the threat or emergency for which

demobilization had been ordered has passed, the President shall order the
demobilization of the reserve units activated and the reservists of such
deactivated units shall be reverted to inactive status.

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 Sec. 63. Auxiliary Service. - For the purpose of helping maintain
local peace and order, meeting local insurgency threat, assisting in rescue and
relief operations during disasters and calamities, health welfare activities and
participating in local socioeconomic development projects, the President may
call upon the reservists in the affected or concerned localities to volunteer
their services. Such volunteer services shall be referred to as auxiliary service
and shall be two (2) types:

(1) Civil Auxiliary Service. - Civil auxiliary service covers service

rendered in helping maintain law and order, assisting in rescue operations,
participating in socioeconomic development projects, delivery of health
services and any other nonmilitary activity. Female reservists shall be given
greater participation in this regard. Reservists serving under this category
shall not be armed. Those who have licensed firearms may be granted permit
to carry firearms only when they are actually performing duties in maintaining
peace and order, provided adequate control measures are instituted by the
proper authorities concerning the carrying and use of firearms. In no case
shall the reservists be vested with police powers.

(2) Military Auxiliary Service. - Military Auxiliary Service

covers service rendered in meeting local insurgency threat. Reservists
serving under this category will be organized into Ready Reserve Units. They
must be issued and allowed to carry firearms: Provided, that these reservists
will be utilized only for the defense of their localities and will not be employed
outside their localities. Elected / appointed local government officials are
expected to perform their duties and responsibilities in their respective peace
and order council levels or similar organizations efficiently and effectively to
enhance a total integrated system approach against threats to national
security.

The Secretary of National Defense shall prescribe rules and

regulations to implement this section in coordination with the Secretary of the
Interior and Local Government.

Sec. 64. Status of Reservists on Auxiliary Service. - A reservist

performing auxiliary service shall not receive payment but shall be entitled to
receive allowances and burial benefits as provided by law. With this consent, a
reservist may continue to render such services without receiving the
allowances due him. A reservist serving military auxiliary services is subject to
military law; whereas, a reservist serving civil auxiliary service is not.

Sec. 65. Women Reservists. - Women shall have the right and duty
to serve in the AFP. The relevant standards for admission, training and
commissioning of women shall be the same as those required for men, except
for those essential adjustment in such standards required because of
physiological differences between men and women.

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 ARTICLE XI

FUNDING

Sec. 66. Funding. - All funds previously appropriated for the

administration, development and training of the reserve component of the AFP
and which will subsequently and hereafter be appropriated for the purpose
shall be used exclusively for the purpose of implementing the provisions of
this Act.

To sustain the efficient and effective administration,

organization, training, maintenance and utilization of Ready Reserve units and
keep them appropriately and adequately equipped and in a state of readiness,
as well as provide for the adequate training of citizen soldiers or reservists,
adequate funds for this purpose, as may be requested or recommended by the
AFP, shall be appropriated and made available on a continuing basis.

The President shall utilize a portion of the Military

Assistance Fund available from any source to augment the appropriation for
the Reserve Force.

ARTICLE XII

TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

Sec. 67. Retention of ROTC Units in Colleges and Universities. -

ROTC units in college and universities shall continue with ROTC training in
accordance with this Act.

ARTICLE XIII

Penalties

Sec. 68. Penalties. - Failure of reservists to respond to the call to

compulsory training or service shall be punishable in accordance with the
Articles of War, and those convicted by a court martial shall be liable for
imprisonment of not less than two (2) months to not more than twelve (12)
months. Citizen who fail to register for compulsory military training or who
after having selected to undergo such training or who after having selected to
undergo such training and had been notified thereof fail to report for training
shall, upon conviction by the civil court, be punishable and liable for
imprisonment of not less than one (1) month to not more than three (3)
months.

Sec. 69. Failure to Provide Updated List of Registrants. – Failure of

registrars and canvassers to provide an updated listing of registrants under
their responsibility shall, upon conviction by civil court, be punishable and
liable for imprisonment of not less than one (1) month to not more than three
(3) months under Sections16 and 19 of this Act.

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 ARTICLE XIV

RESCISSION AND EFFECTIVITY

Sec. 70. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees, executive orders,

rules and regulations which are inconsistent or in conflict with any provision
of this Act are hereby repealed or amended.

Sec. 71. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect upon its
approval.

Approved,

SGD SGD
JOVITO R SALONGA RAMON V MITRA
President of the Senate Speaker of the House
of Representative

This act which originated in the House of Representatives was finally

passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on April 22, 1991 and
March 19, 1991, respectively.

SGD SGD
EDWIN P ACOBA CAMILO L SABIO
Secretary of the Senate Secretary General
House of Representative

Approved: June 27, 1991

SGD
CORAZON C AQUINO
President of the Philippines

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 BASIC ROTC PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION

PURPOSE:

To teach students the values of citizenship, leadership, service to the

community, personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment while instilling in
them self-esteem, teamwork, and self-discipline. It prepares students for responsible
leadership roles while making them aware of their rights, responsibilities, and
privileges as Filipino citizens. It provides instruction and rewarding opportunities that
will benefit the student, community, and nation.

OBJECTIVES:

a. The objectives of the ROTC program are:

1. To attract, motivate, and prepare selected students to serve as

commissioned Officers in the Active or Reserve Force of the Philippine Army.

2. To provide ROTC cadets with the fundamental concepts and

principles of military art and science to develop leadership and managerial potential.

3. To develop strong sense of personal integrity, honor,

responsibility, and good citizenship.

b. Attainment of the ROTC objectives prepares students for a sound

foundation for their future professional development and effective performance
essential to success in any career.

A. TITLE: Basic ROTC POI for 2nd Semester (MS 2)

B. DURATION: Sixty (60) Periods or 15 Training Weeks

NR OF PERIODS
Lecture (L)
SUBJECT SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION & Practical
References
Exercises
(PE)
1. PHYSICAL Organizing the cadets by Squad / platoon / 1
ORGANIZATION Company and its equivalent of the Cadet (1PE)
OF THE CADET Corps. Course orientation (General
CORPS AND Provisions, Attendance, Grading System,
COURSE Merits System, Conditions of the Service).
ORIENTATION
2. GENERAL 7
MILITARY
SUBJECT
a. PA Organization Combat Units, Combat Support Units and 1L
Combat Service Support Units (all units of

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 PA)
b. Troop Leading Steps in TLP
1L
Procedure
c. Problem solving Problem identification, courses of actions
2L
Process and adoption of best course of action.
d. Reservist and Sources, Classification, organization, 2L
Reserve Force Category, Benefits System of Reservist.
Development Orientation on Reservist Administration,
Manpower Development, Reserve Force
Development, Retiree and Public Affairs.
e. Introduction to Five (5) basic pillars of logistics: supply, 1L
Logistics transportation, maintenance, facilities and
installations and other logistics services
3. SMALL UNIT
7
TACTICS
a. Patrolling Definition of terms; types and organization 1L, 3DPE
of patrol; Fire and maneuver; Field
demonstration, SF & SR organization and
capability demonstration
b. Raids Definition of terms, Types and technique 1L
purpose
c. Ambuscades Different types of ambush 1L
d. Rifle Squad Movement techniques / Formations used; 1L
Tactics Fire Team Formations (Infantry)
4. INDIVIDUAL / 16
UNIT TRAINING
a. Visual Memory training, reading of trail signs.
1L, 1PE
Tracking
b. Military Ropes and knot tying, rappelling
1L, 1PE
Mountaineering techniques, river crossing techniques
c. Jungle Base Site selection, Jungle base activities and
1L, 3PE
Operation survival techniques
d. Marches and Definition of terms; Classification of troop
Bivouacs and Land movements; (Tactical and Admin); Control
Navigation measures in the proper conduct of foot and 1L, 3PE
vehicular marches; selection and
occupation of bivouac area. Day Navigation
e. Military Map Reading, Assembly / Disassembly of
Stakes weapons, signal communication, first aid, 4PE
Small Unit Tactics
5. Fundamental of firing, types of firing 2 (1L, 1D)
MARKSMANSHIP positions (prone, sitting, kneeling, standing
TRAINING to prone and standing to sitting). Correct
sight picture, Triangulation and coach and
pupil techniques, Familiarization firing
6. INDIVIDUAL 4
PROTECTIVE
MEASURES
a. Personal 1L
Health maintenance and sanitary practice,
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Hygiene & types and treatment of communicable
Sanitation diseases, Measures to protect and improve
health responsibility for military sanitation.
b. 1st Aid/Basic Types of wounds and treatment,
Life Support 1 (AR- Application of tourniquet and casualty, Intro
CPR) to Basic Life Support, ABC BLS,
1L, 2PE
Respiratory and Cardiovascular System,
Technique of Basic CPR, Evacuation
Procedure.
7. Actual firing of rifles 4PE
FAMILIARIZATION
FIRING
8. Basic Obstacle Obstacle courses in various camps 4
Course (1D/3PE)
9. EDUCATIONAL Tour on military historical sites, Museum, 4PE
TOUR Military camps / installation.
10. DRILLS AND 10
CEREMONIES
a. Drills Conduct of dismounted drills, school of
1L 7PE
soldiers w/o arms
b. Ceremonies Ceremonies; parades; inspections; honors 1L 1PE
11. TEST & Graded Examination 1
EVALUATION
TOTAL 60 Hrs
* MANDATORY SCOPE
READINGS
a Intro to Artillery Classification, Capabilities and Limitations
Operations of FA weapons; Field Artillery
Organizations; Missions; fundamentals and
Employment
b. Forward Intro; Purpose of Employment of FO;
Observer Methods of Locating Targets (Grid
coordinate, Polar coordinates and shift from
a known point); Elements of call for fire.
c. Intro to Armor Classification of Armor Vehicles;
Operations Capabilities and Limitations of Armor;
Armor organizations; Mission
d. Intro to Definition of terms; concepts in
Unconventional unconventional warfare 7 phases of UW
Warfare (Psychological operations, Infiltration, Initial
contact, Organization, Development,
Training, Combat employment and
Demobilization
e. Platoon Tactics Definition of terms, characteristics and
tactics; Platoon formation (Infantry)
. f. Crew Served
Weapons Training
a. 60mm Mortar / Nomenclature, Characteristics; General
81 mm Mortar data; Ammunition; Functioning;

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 Assembly/Disassembly
b. Cal 50 MG Nomenclature, Characteristics; General
data; Ammunition; Functioning;
Assembly/Disassembly

* - To be provided through instructional handouts / handbook or on-line in the PA

Website.

Module/Subject Lecture Practical TOTAL

I. Physical Orgn / Orientation 1 1
II. General Military Subjects 7 7
III. Small Unit Tactics 4 3 7
IV. Individual / Unit Training 4 12 16
V. Marksmanship 1 1 2
VI. Individual Protective Measures 2 2 4
VII. Familiarization Firing 4 4
VIII. Basic Obstacle Course 1 3 4
IX Educational Tour 4 4
X. Drills and Ceremonies 2 8 10
XI. Test & Evaluation 1 1
Total Periods/Hours 22 38 60

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