1.

Physics

Assignment: Explain Newton's three laws of motion with examples.

Answer: Newton's three laws of motion are fundamental principles that describe the
relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.

1. First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion
stays in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
o Example: A book on a table remains stationary unless someone pushes it.
Similarly, a soccer ball continues to roll on the ground until friction or another
force stops it.
2. Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The
formula is F=maF = maF=ma, where FFF is the force, mmm is the mass, and aaa is
the acceleration.
o Example: If you push a car and a bicycle with the same force, the bicycle
accelerates more because it has less mass.
3. Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
o Example: When you jump off a small boat, you push the boat backwards as
you move forward. Similarly, when a rocket launches, the expulsion of gas
downwards propels the rocket upwards.

2. Chemistry

Assignment: Describe the process of ionic bonding and give an example.

Answer: Ionic bonding is the process where atoms transfer electrons to achieve a full valence
shell, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions. This type of
bonding typically occurs between metals and non-metals.

 Process:
1. A metal atom loses one or more electrons to become a positively charged ion
(cation).
2. A non-metal atom gains those electrons to become a negatively charged ion
(anion).
3. The opposite charges attract each other, creating a strong electrostatic force
that holds the ions together.
 Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a classic example of ionic bonding.

o Sodium (Na), a metal, loses one electron to become Na+Na^+Na+.

o Chlorine (Cl), a non-metal, gains one electron to become Cl−Cl^-Cl−.
o The Na+Na^+Na+ and Cl−Cl^-Cl− ions attract each other, forming the ionic
compound NaCl.

3. Literature

Assignment: Analyze the theme of isolation in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein".

Answer: The theme of isolation is central to Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein". Both Victor
Frankenstein and the Creature experience profound isolation, which significantly impacts
their lives and actions.

 Victor Frankenstein: His isolation is self-imposed, driven by his obsessive pursuit of

knowledge and creation of the Creature. Victor isolates himself from family, friends,
and society, leading to his mental and physical deterioration. His isolation contributes
to his tragic fate as he loses everyone he loves due to his relentless ambition.
 The Creature: The Creature's isolation is imposed by society. Despite his longing for
companionship and acceptance, his grotesque appearance leads to rejection and fear
from humans. This enforced solitude fuels his feelings of anger and vengeance,
driving him to commit heinous acts against Victor and his loved ones.

Shelley uses isolation to explore the consequences of unchecked ambition and the need for
social connection, highlighting the destructive effects of being cut off from society.

4. Economics

Assignment: Explain the concept of supply and demand with an example.

Answer: Supply and demand are fundamental concepts in economics that describe how the
market determines the price and quantity of goods and services.

 Supply: The quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at
different prices.
 Demand: The quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to
purchase at different prices.

The interaction of supply and demand determines the market equilibrium, where the quantity
supplied equals the quantity demanded.

 Example: Imagine a new smartphone is launched at a high price. Initially, the

demand is high, but the supply is limited. Over time, as more units are produced, the
supply increases. If the price is too high, demand may decrease as consumers wait for
a price drop or seek alternatives. Conversely, if the price decreases, demand may
increase, leading to a new equilibrium where supply meets demand at an optimal
price.

5. Biology

Assignment: Describe the structure and function of the mitochondria in a cell.

Answer: Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate the
energy needed for various cellular activities. They are double-membraned organelles found in
the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

 Structure:
1. Outer Membrane: Smooth and permeable to small molecules and ions.
2. Inner Membrane: Folded into structures called cristae, which increase the
surface area for chemical reactions.
 3. Matrix: The space within the inner membrane, containing enzymes,
mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes.
 Function: The primary function of mitochondria is to produce adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) through cellular respiration. This process involves several steps:
1. Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.
2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where
pyruvate is further broken down, releasing electrons.
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Occurs on the inner membrane. Electrons
are transferred through a series of protein complexes, driving the production of
ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Mitochondria also play roles in other cellular processes, such as apoptosis (programmed cell
death), calcium storage, and the production of certain steroids.