Unit Vocabulary

Language and Identity

1st BACH

Bach Department
Letreros, señales
Conditionals
1st BACH

Bach Department
Conditionals
Zero, First, Second and Third Conditionals

Conditionals are a type of sentence that express a hypothetical or

imagined situation and its consequences. They consist of two
clauses: the conditional clause (if-clause) and the main clause.

There are four types of conditionals: zero conditional, rst

conditional, second conditional, and third conditional.

fi
Zero conditional:

The zero conditional is used to express general truths or scienti c facts.

IF-clause + MAIN clause — PRESENT SIMPLE

Example: If water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils. Water boils if it reaches 100 degrees Celsius

First conditional:

The rst conditional talks about things that might really happen in the future, so we discuss what could occur if they do.
IF-clause — PRESENT SIMPLE // MAIN clause — WILL.

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay indoors. We will stay indoors if it rains tomorrow
If he doesn’t apologise, I won’t apologise either.
If he apologises, I won’t hold any grudge against him.

Second conditional:

The second conditional talks about things that probably won't happen in the present or future, but we imagine what
could happen if they did.
IF-clause — PAST SIMPLE // MAIN clause — WOULD + INFINITIVE

If I won the lottery, I would buy a house. I would buy a house if I won the lottery
If I were you, I would speak to the teacher.
If I didn’t love you, I wouldn’t be here.
If you loved me, you wouldn’t treat me this way.

Third conditional:

The third conditional talks about things that didn't really happen in the past, but we imagine what could have happened
if they did. IF-clause — PAST PERFECT // MAIN clause — WOULD + PRESENT PERFECT.

If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam. He would have passed the exam if he had studied harder
If he hadn’t gone to the party, he wouldn’t have ended up in a ght.
I would have been married, if I hadn’t been so picky.
fi
fi
fi
_ wish/es
If only
1st BACH

Bach Department
 If only / I wish - She wishes
Wishes, regrets and complaints

1. Wish/If only + PAST SIMPLE — something you WANT NOW, from NOW ON or in the FUTURE

I wish I had more free time to relax.

I wish I had a car. I wouldn’t be waiting for the bus right now.
If only I had a car. I wouldn’t be waiting for the bus right now.
I don’t have anything to o er you. If only I had some cake.

2. Wish/If only + PAST PERFECT — expressing A REGRET

I wish I had gone to bed earlier last night. I’m exhausted.

If only they had told us earlier, we could have adjusted our schedule.
I wish I had bought that jacket when I had the chance; now it’s sold out.
If only he had arrived on time, we wouldn’t have missed the beginning of the concert

3. Wish/If only + WOULD — COMPLAINING

If only you would listen to me for once!

If only you would stop interrupting me every second! Thank you.
I wish my colleagues would clean up after themselves in the break room. What a nightmare!
I wish he’d turn down the music at night. It’s impossible to sleep.
ff
I’d rather
1st BACH

English Department
 I’d rather
KWT
1. Preference in the Present.
(I’d rather / She’d rather — I would prefer it if / She would prefer it if)

-I want you to call me John.

-I’d rather you call me John.
-I’d rather be called John.

2. Regrets or Preference in Past actions

(I’d rather / She’d rather — I/She would have liked (not) to + in nitive)

-She regretted the fact that she didn’t speak to him.

-She’d rather have spoken to him.

-She regretted the fact she spoke to him.

-She’d rather not have spoken to him

3. Request or Suggestion
(I’d rather / She’d rather — I would prefer it if / She would prefer it if)

-I wouldn’t like you to speak to him about that.

-I’d rather you didn’t speak to him about that.

-I’d prefer it if you didn’t speak to him about that.

-I’d rather you didn’t speak to him about that

4. Alternative or Contrary Choice

(I’d rather / She’d rather — I prefer A to B)

- I prefer walking to taking the bus

- I’d rather walk THAN take the bus
fi