Annexure 7.8 Wildlife Conservation Plan

Annexure 7.
FOR
PROPOSED URTAN NORTH COAL UNDERGROUND MINE
WITH INTEGRATED COAL WASHERY OF
Villages: Thodha, Baskhala, Baskhali & Mauhari
Tahsil – Kotma, District – Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh
Project Area 475 Ha, Normative Capacity = 0.6 MTPA
Peak Production Capacity of Coal = 0.9 MTPA
Coal Washery Capacity 2 MTPA (Project Category ‘B’)
FOR
M/s JMS MINING PVT. LTD.

Dongfang Electric Building, 3rd Floor,
Premises 16, MAR – 1111, Action Area 1A,
Newtown, Rajarhat, Kolkata - 700163, West Bengal
PREPARED BY
SRUSHTI SEVA PRIVATE LTD.
"Bilvadal" 8, Janta Layout, Deendayal Nagar,
Nagpur (Maharashtra) - 440022
Landline : 0712 2971968
Email- srspl15@gmail.com, srushtisewa@yahoo.com
MARCH 2022
Wildlife Conservation Plan for Urtan North Coal Underground Mine
With Integrated Coal Washery M/s JMS Mining Pvt. Ltd.
INDEX
CHAPTER -1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Introduction: ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Project Details: ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.3 Description of Mine Lease Area: .............................................................................................. 7
1.4 Location of Project:.................................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Site Location: ........................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER -2: BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................ 10
2.1 Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Objectives of Biological Study ................................................................................................ 11
2.3 Forest Types: ......................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna: ................................................................................................... 12
2.4.1 Terrestrial Flora: .................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Methodology: ........................................................................................................................ 13
2.5.1 Inventory Method: ................................................................................................................ 13
2.5.2 Quadrate Method .................................................................................................................. 14
2.5.3 Core Zone: ............................................................................................................................. 20
2.6 Observations and Results:...................................................................................................... 21
2.6.1 Floral Diversity:...................................................................................................................... 21
2.6.2 Faunal Diversity: .................................................................................................................... 30
2.6.3 Endangered Flora: ................................................................................................................. 35
2.6.4 Endangered Fauna: ................................................................................................................ 35
2.6.5 Agricultural Crops .................................................................................................................. 35
2.6.6 Aquatic Diversity: .................................................................................................................. 36
2.7 Phyto-Sociological Analysis: ................................................................................................... 38
2.8 Location of National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary: .................................................................. 41
2.9 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................ 41
2.10 Impact of Proposed Mining on Flora and Fauna: .................................................................... 42
CHAPTER -3: STATUS OF WILDLIFE BELONGING TO SCHEDULE-I ............................................... 46
3.1 Indian Python (Python Molursus):.......................................................................................... 46
3.1.1 Habitat: ................................................................................................................................. 46
3.1.2 Food: ..................................................................................................................................... 46
3.1.4 Conservation: ........................................................................................................................ 46
i Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

With Integrated Coal Washery
3.1.5 Conservation Status: .............................................................................................................. 46
3.2 Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus): ............................................................................................. 46
3.2.1 Habitat: ................................................................................................................................. 47
3.2.2 Food: ..................................................................................................................................... 47
3.2.3 Threat: .................................................................................................................................. 47
3.2.4 Conservation: ........................................................................................................................ 47
3.3 Sloth Bear (Melursus Unrsinus):............................................................................................. 48
3.3.1 Habitat: ................................................................................................................................. 48
3.3.2 Food: ..................................................................................................................................... 48
3.3.3 Threats: ................................................................................................................................. 50
3.3.4 Conflicts: ............................................................................................................................... 51
3.3.6 Conservation Measures: ........................................................................................................ 51
3.4 Indian Leopard (Panthera Pardus):......................................................................................... 52
3.4.1 Habitat: ................................................................................................................................. 52
3.4.2 Behavior: ............................................................................................................................... 52
3.4.3 Food Habits: .......................................................................................................................... 53
3.4.4 Threats: ................................................................................................................................. 53
3.4.5 Conflicts: ............................................................................................................................... 53
3.5 Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata): .................................................................................. 53
3.5.1 Habitat: ................................................................................................................................. 54
3.5.2 Ecology and Behavior: ........................................................................................................... 54
3.5.3 Food: ..................................................................................................................................... 54
CHAPTER -4: INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE BASED STATUS OF NATURAL RESOURCES ................. 55
4.1 Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 55
4.2 People Rural Appraisal (PRA) Study:....................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER -5: CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN FOR WILDLIFE ...................................................... 58
5.1 Conservation Plan for fauna requires knowledge on .............................................................. 58
5.2 Reasons for Decline of Wildlife: ............................................................................................. 58
5.3 Conservation Action Plan for Shedule-I Species:..................................................................... 58
5.3.1 Indian Python (Python molursus): .......................................................................................... 59
ii Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

5.3.2 Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus): ............................................................................................. 59
5.3.3 Sloth Bear (Melursus unrsinus): ............................................................................................. 61
5.3.4 Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus):......................................................................................... 63
5.3.5 Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata): .................................................................................. 65
5.4 Other Conservation Measures for Wildlife/Environment: ...................................................... 66
5.4.1 Dust Control: ......................................................................................................................... 66
5.4.2 Protecttion and Improvement of Habitat: .............................................................................. 66
5.4.3 Prevention of Forest Fire: ...................................................................................................... 67
5.4.4 Reducing Stake Holder’s Dependence on Forest Produces: .................................................... 67
5.4.5 Water Availability: ................................................................................................................. 67
CHAPTER -6: ACTION PLAN AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION FOR CONSERVATION PLAN ............. 68
6.1 Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 68
6.2 Action Plan: ........................................................................................................................... 68
6.2.1 Non-formal Education: .......................................................................................................... 68
6.2.2 Institutional Infrastructure:.................................................................................................... 68
6.2.3 Indian Tradition of Conservation:........................................................................................... 69
6.2.4 Role of the Individual:............................................................................................................ 69
6.2.5 Eco-Development Works: ...................................................................................................... 69
6.2.6 Checks and control on the Movement of Vehicle: .................................................................. 70
6.2.7 Pressure horn: ....................................................................................................................... 70
6.2.8 Vehicles head lights: .............................................................................................................. 70
6.2.9 People Participation: ............................................................................................................. 70
6.2.10 Encourage local villagers to grow trees on their on their field bounds/court yards: ................ 70
6.2.11 Reducing Environmental Pollution: ........................................................................................ 70
6.2.12 Provide employment to the villagers: .................................................................................... 71
6.3 Plantation in the Buffer zone: ................................................................................................ 71
6.4 Financial Projection: .............................................................................................................. 71
Conclusion: ..................................................................................................................................... 78
TABLE
Table 1.1: The Salient Features of the Urtan North Coal Block Mining Project area ............................ 6
Table 2.1: Mode of data collection and parameters considered during the Survey........................... 13
Table 2.2: Floral Diversity within Core Zone ..................................................................................... 22
Table 2.3: Faunal Diversity from Study Area .................................................................................... 31
iii Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

Table 2.4: Summary of faunal diversity ............................................................................................ 34
Table 2.5: List of Schedule –I species as per WPA, 1972 ................................................................... 35
Table 2.6: Cropping pattern of study area, Anuppur ........................................................................ 36
Table 2.7: Fishes from Study Area .................................................................................................... 37
Table 2.8: Phytosociological attributes of Top Canopy ..................................................................... 38
Table 2.9: Phytosociological Attributes of Middle Canopy (Shrub) ................................................... 39
Table 2.10: Phytosociological attributes of Ground Canopy (Herb) .................................................. 40
Table 4.1: NTFP Species collected by villagers from the forest area.................................................. 55
Table 6.1: Budget for Conservation/Management Plan .................................................................... 72
Table 6.2: Year Wise Plan and Budget (Rs.in Lakhs).......................................................................... 73
Table 6.3: Funds will be submitted to Divisional Forest Officer, Anuppur ......................................... 74
Table 6.4: Year wise allocation of funds which will be utilized by UCM ............................................ 74
FIGURE
Figure 1.1: Location Map of the Project Site ...................................................................................... 8
Figure 1.2: Key Plan of the Core & Buffer Zone .................................................................................. 9
Figure 2.1: Monitoring Location Map of Urtan Coal Block ................................................................ 17
Figure 2.2: Habit wise Representation of Floral Diversity of Study Area ........................................... 30
Figure 2.3: Faunal species composition within 10 km study area ..................................................... 34
Figure 2.4: Map showing Nearest Protected area from proposed project boundar .......................... 84
Figure 2.5: Existing & Proposed Surface Layout ............................................................................... 43
iv Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

CHAPTER -1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Mining poses serious and highly specific threats to biodiversity. However, mining can also be a
means for financing alternative livelihood paths that, over the long-term, may prevent
biodiversity loss. Complex and controversial issues associated with mining and biodiversity
conservation are often simplified within a narrow frame oriented towards the negative
impacts of mining at the site of extraction, rather than posed as a series of challenges for the
conservation science community to embrace. Here, we synthesize core issues that, if better
understood, may ensure coexistence between mining and conservation agendas.
The cumulative effects of ecosystem in coal mining areas mainly show that typological change
of ecosystem in mining area induced by water and soil environment change, change of
biological species evolution, biomass and biological diversity. In high phreatic water level
mining area, eastern part of china, subsidence causes water-logged on surface. Ecosystem
there is switched from terrestrial type to aquatic type. Vegetation in water-logged areas
disappears. Instead, the alkaline resistant vegetation appears around the saline land in the
mining area [15]. Hydrophilous plants gradually degenerate into xeromorphic plants
accompanied with the reduction of biological species and biomass. As a result, the ecosystem
is threatened with complete destruction.
Biodiversity management is considered as a difficult task as it refers to diversity at all levels like
genetic, species and community. The formulation of a biodiversity management and wildlife
conservation plan for a developmental Project is one of the steps towards the environment
conservation. Human activities like agricultural expansion, road construction, urbanization,
and other mining activities are supposed to be major threats to biodiversity and wildlife,
therefore, the most effective and efficient mechanisms for conserving biodiversity is to
prevent further destruction of degradation of habitats. These strategies required for the
biodiversity management are in-situ Conservation strategy, ex-situ Conservation Strategy by
rehabilitation of endangered species and reduce anthropogenic disturbance.
During biological environment study it has been found that through the local villagers and by
direct evidence that some wildlife are harboring the area occasionally for their food, water and
crossing from one place to another places. During the survey total total 163 floral species have
5 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur
been recorded during survey from the 10 km study area out of which 83 are Trees, 26 are
shrubs, 17 herbs, 19 grasses, 13 species of Climbers, 3 parasite and two bamboo species are
existing within the 10 km periphery fore core. There is no any endemic, endangered or
protected floral species was recorded. Among the faunal groups 94 faunal species have been
encountered in the study area out of which 18 Mammals, 15 Herpatofauna, 12 Butterfly and
37 aves and 12 pisces have been recorded from 10 km vicinity area. Only 5 shedule -I species
viz. Melursus ursinus , Manis-crassi caudata , Panthera pardus , Python molurus & Pavo
cristatus were documented. As per MOEF&CC Guideline wildlife conservation plan should be
prepare and budgetary provision will be assigned for conservation plan.
1.2 Project Details:

The proposed mining of Coal with Normative Capacity of @ 0.60 MTPA and Peak Capacity of
0.90 MTPA Level by Mechanized Underground Mining Methodology using Continuous Miner
Technology alongwith integrated Coal Washery of 2 MTPA.. The Urtan North Block allotted to
M/s JMS Mining Pvt. Limited, with a lease area of 475 Ha.. Urtan North Coal Mining Project
falls under 1(a) of the Schedule of EIA Notification, 2006. Further, as per MoEF&CC Notification
No. S. O. 1886(E) dated 20th April., 2022 all the Coal Mining Projects with lease area more than
500 Ha have been classified as Category “A” Projects. Considering all the above, the Urtan
Coal Mining Project of M/s JMS Mining Pvt. Limited is being considered as Category “B” Project
from Environment Angle. The Project shall be appraised by the State Environmental Impact
Assessment Authority, Madhya Pradesh for grant of Environment Clearance. Direct manpower
requirement in Urtan North Mine & Coal Washery will be around 525 for statutory and
technical purposes. Total Capital cost of the project is estimated at 455.00 Crores.
Table 1.1: The Salient Features of the Urtan Coal Block Mining Project area
Particulars Details
Mining Lease Area 475 Ha
Village – Baskhali, Baskhala, Mauhari, Thorha;
Location
Tehsil – Kotma, District - Anuppur, State – Madhya Pradesh
Airport – Jabalpur located at about 273 Kms
Nearest Airport / Railway from the lease area in west direction.
Station Railway Station – Kotma located at about 5

Kms from the lease area in south-west direction.
Latitude - 230 14’ 38”N & 230 16’ 23”N
Bounding Coordinates (As per
Longitude - 810 58’ 31”E & 820 00’ 51”E

Particulars Details
Allocation Order)
Toposheet No. Toposheet No. 64 E/15, 64 E/16 and 64 I/3
Tenancy Land = 412.28 Ha,
Government Non-Forest Land = 55.80 Ha,
Land Type
Government Forest Land = 6.92 Ha.
Normative Capacity - 0.60 MTPA Peak Rated Capacity – 0.90 MTPA

Production Capacity
Mechanized U/G Mining by Continuous Miner
Mining Methodology Technology with Shuttle Car / Battery Haulers.
Minimum Depth of Working 283 m
Maximum Depth of Working 454 m
Geological Reserves 69.83 Million Tonnes
Blocked Reserves 12.95 Million Tonnes
Mineable Reserves 56.88 Million Tonnes
Extractable Reserves 19.59 Million Tonnes
Life of Mine 36 Years (Including Construction Period)
Manpower Requirement 525 Nos. ( Mine and Washery)
Water Requirement 1326 Cum/Day
Power Requirement 8.566 MW(Mine) & 2 MW( Washery)
Estimated Project Capital Cost Rs. 455.00 Crores
1.3 Description of Mine Lease Area:

The Urtan Coal Mining Project in Urtan North Coal Block of M/s JMS Mining Pvt. Limited
covers areas of Villages – Baskhali, Baskhala, Mauhari and Thorha of Kotma Teshsil of
Anuppur District of Madhya Pradesh. The Coal Block is located about 5 Kms north-east of
Kotma Railway Station on Anuppur- Chirimiri Section of South Eastern Railway (SER). The
block is connected by a fair-weather road to the State Highway No. 14 which passes just south
of the Urtan Block. The area of the applied lease is 379.0 Ha. The Project envisages mining of
Coal with Normative Capacity of @ 0.60 MTPA and Peak Capacity of 0.90 MTPA by
Mechanized Underground Mining Methodology using Continuous Miner Technology.
1.4 Location of Project:

The general location is given in Figure 1.1 of proposed underground coal mining project in
allotted mine lease boundary having total 475 .0 ha area as per Vesting Order (Document-1-).

Figure 1.1: Location Map of the Project Site

1.5 Site Location:

Proposed mining is located in Villages – Baskhali, Baskhala, Mauhari and Thorha of Kotma
Teshsil of Anuppur District of Madhya Pradesh. The project area is covered under Survey of
India Topo Sheet No 64 E/15, 64 E/16 & 64 I/3 and is bounded by the geographical coordinates
ranging from Latitude 230 14’ 38”N & 230 16’ 23”N and Longitude . 810 58’ 31”E & 820 00’
51”E
Figure 1.2: Key Plan of the Core & Buffer Zone

CHAPTER -2: BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Introduction:
Living forms cover a very wide spectrum of species and even a small area may have
thousands of species including bacteria, protozoa, worms, insects, plants, animals and birds.
In the present study, Flora (trees, small trees, shrubs, under shrubs, climbers and grasses)
and Fauna (mammals, birds and reptiles) are considered. It is needless to emphasize that
living system is extremely complicated. They are directly affected by changes in the physical
environment but may often either adapt or avoid the adverse environmental conditions.
Some of the important minerals of our country are lying below the forests. Opencast mining
of such areas is bound to result in the destruction or fragmentation of the habitat. If the area
under mining is not having any endemic species, then the mining will result only in the
reduction in the gene pool, i.e., the evenness component of the biodiversity. However,
mining an area with endemic species will have more drastic effect on biodiversity. Similarly, if
the area falls under crucial migratory route of a species, then also the mining may have some
impact on such migratory species. Thus, it is required to evaluate the area, going to be
mined, for any endemic and endangered species and any direct or indirect impact on
biodiversity.
Generally, biological communities are the best indicators of climatic and edaphic factors.
Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are important in Environmental Impact
Assessment for safety of natural flora and fauna. Information on the impact of
environmental stress on the community structure serves as an inexpensive and efficient early
warning system to check the damage to a particular ecosystem. The biological environment
includes mainly terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
A change in the composition of biotic communities is reflected by a change in the distribution

pattern of natural species of flora and fauna existing in the ecosystem. The sensitivity of
animal and plant species to the changes occurring in their existing ecosystem can, therefore,
be used for monitoring Environmental Impact Assessment studies of any project.

2.2 Objectives of Biological Study

 To collect the baseline data for the study along with a description of the existing
terrestrial, wetland and aquatic biodiversity.
 To assess the scheduled species in the proposed site (rare, endangered, critically
endangered, endemic and vulnerable).
 To identify the locations and features of ecological significance by reconnaissance
survey.
 To identify the impacts of a proposed project before, after and during the development
phases.
 To identify the phyto-sociological study of flora.
2.3 Forest Types:

The study area is located in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh is the
second largest state of the country with an area of 3,08,245 km2 consisting 9.38% of the
geographical area of the country and is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on the northwest
by Rajasthan, on the northeast by Uttar Pradesh, on the east by Chhattisgarh, and on the
south by Maharashtra. The State lies between 21°17' N to 26°52' N latitude and 74°08' E to
82°49' E longitudes. Study area is dominated by the terrestrial vegetation survey, which
includes dense or sparse evergreen forests, deciduous forest and degraded forest. Agro
climatic region of the district can be divided into two zones, viz the Eastern Plateau and Hill
Region. Physiographically, the State can be divided into four regions, viz the low lying areas in
north and north-west of Gwalior, Malwa Plateau, Satpuda and Vindhyan Ranges. Madhya
Pradesh has a subtropical climate. The annual rainfall ranges 800 mm to 1,800 mm and the
annual temperature varies from 22°C to 25°C. The State is drained by a number of rivers,
which include Narmada, Tapti, Son, Betwa, Shipra and Chambal. The State has 50 districts, of
which 21 are tribal districts. The state of Madhya Pradesh is home to rich biodiversity and
unique biological diversity. It is significantly rich in endemism with respect to many plants
having medicinal properties.
Following major forest types have been reported in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh:
 Moist Peninsular High-Level Sal (3C/C2e (i)),
 Dry Deciduous Scrub (5/DS1)
 Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest (5A/C3)
 Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest (5B/C2)

2.4 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna:

Biological communities are the indicator environmental condition and resource of its
distribution and survival. Biotic component comprises of both plants (Flora) and animal
(Fauna) communities, which interact not only within and between them but also with the
Abiotic components, viz. physical and chemical components of the environment. The
changes in biotic community are studied in the pattern of distribution, abundance and
diversity.
2.4.1 Terrestrial Flora:

The Vegetation and plant species composition observed and documented during field visit in
and around the proposed location of the project. Besides primary surveys in the project sites,
published literature and various floras were consulted to prepare an inventory of plant
species growing at project sites. The vegetation of the study area is highly degraded and
some areas consisting water bodies. The plant diversity is classified into various plant groups
such as tree, shrubs, herbs, climbers, sedges and grasses. The plant diversity survey in the
project area was undertaken during the summer season with the objectives of preparing a
checklist of flora in the study area which is divided into two parts i.e. Core Zone & Buffer
Zone.
2.4.1.1 Core Zone:

The core zone, Urtan Coal Block, which have been allotted to M/s JMS Mining Pvt. Limited,
Villages – Baskhali, Baskhala, Mauhari and Thorha of Kotma Teshsil of Anuppur (M.P.) under
the allotment of Coal Mines of State Government Companies of States other than Coal
bearing host states for sale of Coal under the provisions of the Coal Mines (Special
Provisions) Act 2015.Mine lease area of allotted coal block is core zone of the study area.
2.4.1.2 Buffer Zone:

The selection of terrestrial and aquatic ecological sampling location was based on land use
pattern, topography and habitat patterns of the study area. The terrestrial ecological survey
was carried out in forest and non-forest areas (agricultural fields, roadsides, urban & semi-
urban wastelands etc.) and the aquatic ecological survey was carried out at rivers &
ponds/lakes within the study area.

2.5 Methodology:
The floral assessment for the project affected area and its buffer zone will be based on field
survey of the area.
2.5.1 Inventory Method:

Forest inventory methodology will be adopted to evaluate the floral diversity of core and
buffer zone. A forest inventory is “an attempt to describe the quantity and quality of forest
trees and many of the characteristics of the land area upon which the trees are grown.” The
objective this floral inventory of the study area, is to provide complete checklist of floristic
structure in the study area for formulating effective management and conservation
measures. Details of adopted methods are given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Mode of data collection and parameters considered during the Survey
Sr. No. Aspect Mode of Data Parameters Remarks
Collection monitored
1. Terrestrial By field survey Floral and Faunal For Floral Diversity: Random
Biodiversity diversity survey, sapling survey/forest
inventory, walking transect,
collection and identification with
the help of relevant literature.
For Faunal Diversity: direct and
indirect sampling, walking
transect, point sampling and
nest sampling etc.
2. From authentic Floral and Faunal Data collected from the working
sources like Forests diversity and study plan of the region, forest types
department of of vegetation, from the authentic literature of
M.P. and available forest type, Champion & Seth.
published importance
literatures from etc.
ZSI, BSI etc.
3. Aquatic By field survey Floral and Faunal For Plankton Study-
Biodiversity diversity Lackey’s drops method and light
microscope
For other aquatic- Random
survey, opportunistic
observations
4. From authentic Floral and Faunal Desktop literature review to
sources like Forests diversity and study indentify the representative
department of of vegetation, spectrum of threatened species,
Madhya Pradesh forest type, population and ecological
Sr. No. Aspect Mode of Data Parameters Remarks

Collection monitored
importance communities.
etc.
2.5.2 Quadrate Method

The study was aimed at enumeration of the available plant resources and obtaining a broad
representation of the existing floristic variations in the mine lease area and surrounding mine
lease areas. Enumeration of the plant wealth was done by surveying the area through
walking followed by collection and identification of plant specimens. Phyto-sociological
aspects of the study were carried out by perambulating and sampling through quadrates
method. Sample plots were selected in such a way to get maximum representation of
different types of vegetation and plots were laid out in different parts of the areas within the
mine lease area as well as the surrounding mine lease area.
Selection of sites for vegetation data was done by random sampling procedure. Accordingly,
equal number of quadrates of 10 m x 10 m for the study of tree layer in the mine lease area
and surrounding mine lease area were laid. Within these sample plots, 5 sub-plots of 2 m x 2
m were laid out randomly for studying the shrub layer and regeneration of tree species. For
information on ground layer including herbaceous species, 5 quadrates of 1 m x 1 m size
were laid out within the tree quadrate.
All species encountered during the transect walk were recorded and their herbarium
specimens prepared for identification and future use. The girth at breast height (gbh) of all
individuals in each quadrate was measured for all species of trees and woody climbers. All
individuals with gbh > 10 cm were considered and recorded as trees (Parthasarathy and
Karthikeyan, 1997). Individuals below 10 cm gbh were considered as saplings and shrubs.
This concept was tested further during the fieldwork. Basal area of plants was measured
following Philips (1959). The plants were identified using floras by Haines (1921-25), Saxena
and Brahmam (1994-96).
The primary data recorded on number of individuals in a species and girths were utilized to
derive secondary attributes like density and frequency following standard phyto-sociological
methods of Misra (1968). Relative values were calculated following Philips (1959). Important
Value Index (IVI) was calculated by adding up relative frequency, relative density and relative

dominance (Curtis, 1959). In the case of shrubs, herbs and saplings; IVI was calculated based
only on relative values, i.e., relative frequency and relative density. Formulae used for
various calculations are:
Density =
Frequency (%) =
Abundance =
Mean basal area =
Total basal area = Mean basal area × Density
Mean of the circumference (C) =
Relative Density =
Relative Frequency =
Relative Dominance =
Importance Value Index (IVI) =
The Shannon–Wiener Index or species diversity (Whitt, when properly manipulated, always
results in a diversity value (H´) ranging between 0, indicating a low community complexity
and 4 and above indicating high community complexity. Species diversity (H´) was computed
following the Shannon and Weiner (1963) information index as follows:
Code Latitude Longitude Near Village Distance (km) Direction Type of land
0
EB 1 23 12’9.73”N 81ᵒ55’31.40”E Pipariya 7.07 SW Forest land
EB 2 23ᵒ12.5900”N 81ᵒ55.459”E Sakola 6.70 SW Agri. Land
EB 3 23˚16.987”N 82˚1.894”E Pathroundi 2.76 NE Agri. Land
EB 4 23 14.004’N 82˚1.567’E Baskhala 2.45 SE Plantation
EB 5 23˚14.6’N 82˚3.629”E Baihatola 4.43 SE Agri. Land
EB 6 23˚18.029’N 81˚59.896’E Nigwani 3.14 N Forest land
EB 7 23˚19.343’N 81˚57.19’E Keshori 6.50 NW Forest land
EB 8 23˚17’29”N 81˚58.40”E Bartola 2.46 NW Plantation
EB 9 23˚17.31”N 82˚3’49”E Bhatadand 6.02 NE Forest land
EB 10 23˚18’35”N 82˚4’59”E Chhulaha 8.77 NE Plantation
EB 11 23˚15.14’N 81˚58.86’E Nawatola INSIDE Forest land
EB 12 23˚14.286’N 81˚55.533’E Beliya 5.40 W Agri. Land

EB 13 23˚15.076’N 82˚1.202’E Baskhali 0.41 NE Agri. Land

EB 14 23˚12.473’N 82˚2.312’E Katkona 13.26 NE Forest land
EB 15 23˚10’18”N 81˚56’29”E Murdhava 8.93 SW Forest land
EB 16 23˚10’37”N 81˚57’2”E Kotma RF 8.10 SW Forest land

Figure 2.1: Monitoring Location Map of Urtan North Coal Block

Code Near Village Site Photographs

EB 1 Pipariya :
EB 2 Sakola :
EB 3 Pathroundi :
EB 4 Baskhala :
EB 5 Baihatola :
EB 6 Nigwani :

EB 7 Keshori :
EB 8 Bartola :
EB 9 Bhatadand :
EB 10 Chhulaha :
EB 11 Nawatola :
EB 12 Beliya :

EB 13 Baskhali :
EB 14 Katkona :
EB 15 Murdhava :
EB 16 Kotma RF :
2.5.3 Core Zone:

Out of the 475 Ha of the forest land only 6.92 Ha is forest land and this Forest land is located
on the Western fringe (Boundary of Mining Lease). No disturbance of this 6.92 Ha of forest
land is proposed during the entire life of the mine. The pre-mining landuse of the proposed
Mining lease is provided in Table below succeeded by a Map Showing forest area in the
Mining Lease area.
Land Use Total (Ha)

Government Land
Agricultural Land 0.65
Forest Land (PF) 6.92
Barren / Waste Land 30.99

Land Use Total (Ha)

Grazing Land 4.04
Surface Water Bodies 6.93
Settlements 2.35
Others (Road, Community & Other Use) 10.84
Sub-Total Govt. Land = 62.72
Tenancy Land
Agriculture Land 244.60
Forest Land 0.00
Barren / Waste Land 150.36
Grazing Land 0.00
Surface Water Bodies 5.01
Settlements 11.74
Others (Road, Community & Other Use) 0.57
Sub-Total Tenancy Land = 412.28
Total Project Land 475.00
2.6 Observations and Results:

2.6.1 Floral Diversity:
The survey was conducted in the 10 km radius of the proposed project location and its
surroundings for the documentation of existing Plants and animal diversity was noted. Apart
from agriculture, the villagers are also engaged in livestock keeping.
There is no reserve forest or protected area within the 10 km surrounding. The vegetation
observed within the study area mainly comprises of 5 tropical dry deciduous floras. The list
was made for the natural vegetation and their diversity was documented.
2.6.1.1 Core Zone:

A total of 49 floral species have been recorded during survey in the core zone of the study
area having green cover, out of which 16 are trees, 13 are herbs, 8 are shrubs, 7 are species
of grass and 5 are climbers species.

Table 2.2: Floral Diversity within Core Zone

S. No Botanical Name Local Name Family
TREES
1 Acacia Nilotica Babool Leguminosae
2 Azadirachta indica Neem Meliaceae
3 Bridelia retusa Kasai/Kasahi Euphorbiacea
Achar/ Char
4 Buchnania lanzan Anacardiaceae
Chiraonji
5 Butea monosperma Palash/ Parsa Leguminosae
6 Casearia graveolens Gilchi Samydaceae
7 Cassia fistula Amaltas Leguminosae
8 Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu Ebenaceae
9 Eucalyptus sp. Nilgiri Myrtaceae
10 Lagerstromia parviflora Ledia Lythraceae
11 Madhuca indica Mahua Sapotaceae
12 Mallotus phillippinensis Sinduri/ Rori Euphorbiacea
13 Mangifera indica Aam Anacardiaceae
14 Sterculia urens Kullu Malvaceae
15 Schliechera oleosa Kusum Sapindaceae
16 Shorea robusta Sal/ Sarai Dipterocarpaceae
SHRUBS
17 Adhatoda vasica Adusa acanthaceae
18 Calotropis-gigentea Aak Asclepiadaceae
19 Cassia tora Panwar Leguminosae
20 Eranthemum pulchellum Bantulsi Acanthceae
21 Helicteres isora Marophali Sterculiaceae
22 Holarrhena antidysentrica Dhudh Apocynanceae
23 Phoenix acaulis Chhind Palmae
24 Vitex negundo Nirgundi Verbenaceae
HERBS
25 Achyranthes aspera Chirchira Amaranthaceae
26 Andrographis paniculata Bhui Neem Acanthceae
28 Clerodendron serratum Duma Verbenaceae
29 Cyperus scariosus Motha Cyparaceae
30 Cyperus triceps Motha Cyparaceae
31 Desmodium ganfeticum Chapti Leguminosae
GRASSES
32 Aristida setacea Bargi Ronda Poaceae
33 Arundinelia setosa Sidi Poaceae
34 Cynodon dactylon Doob Poaceae
35 Dendrocalamus stratus Bas Poaceae
36 Dichantium caricosum Moti Marbel Poaceae

37 Digitaria Stricta Bhurbhusi Poaceae
38 Eulaliopsis binata Bagai Poaceae
39 Heteropogon contortus Kushal, lampa Poaceae
40 Imperata cylindrica Chhir Poaceae
41 Saceharum spoutaneum Kans Poaceae
42 Themada inderbis Gumar Poaceae
43 Themeda arundinacea Dekhna Poaceae
44 Themeda quadrivalvis Gunher Poaceae
CLIMBERS
45 Asparagus racemosus Shatoori, Stawar Liliaceae
46 Celatrus paniculata Mal Kangni Celastraceae
47 Tinospera cordifolia Giloy Menispermaceae
48 Ventilage calyculata Keoti Rhamnaceae
49 Zizyphus oenoplia Makor Rhamnaceae
(Source: Primary Survey Data)
The authenticated list of Flora & Fauna in core zone is enclosed as Annexure 1
2.6.1.2 Buffer Zone:
The selection of terrestrial and aquatic ecological sampling location was based on land use
pattern, topography and habitat patterns of the study area. Ecological survey was carried out
in forest and non-forest areas (agricultural fields, roadsides, urban & semi-urban wastelands,
etc.) and the aquatic ecological survey was carried out in rivers & ponds/lakes (within the
study area). The study area outside the ML area was divided into three buffer zones
stretching for 10 Km radially from the core. A total of 163 floral species have been recorded
during survey in the Buffer zone of the study area having green cover, out of which 83 are
trees, 17 are herbs, 26 are shrubs, 19 are species of grass, 13 are climbers, 3 species of
parasite and two species of bamboos have been recorded.
Table-5: List of existing floristic composition within Buffer zone

TREE
1 Acacia catechu khair Leguminosae
2 Acacia leucophlea Hiwar/Reunjha Leguminosae
3 Adina cordifolia Haldu/Kalmi Rubiaceae
4 Aegle marmelos Bel Rutaceae
5 Ailanthus excelsa Maharukh/ Mahaneem Simarubiaceae

6 Albizzia lebbek Kala siris Leguminosae
7 Albizzia odoratissima Chichwa Leguminosae
8 Albizzia procera Safed Siris/ Karahi Leguminosae
9 Anogeissus latifolia Dhaora Combretaceae
10 Anthocephalus kadamba Kadamb Combretaceae
11 Azadirachta indica Neem Meliaceae
12 Bauhinia malabarica Amti Leguminosae
13 Bauhinia purpurea Keolar Leguminosae
14 Bauhinia racemosa Asta Leguminosae
15 Bauhinia variegata Kachnar Leguminosae
16 Bombax ceiba Semal Malvaceae
17 Borassus flabellifer Tad Palmae
18 Boswellia serrata Salai/ Saliha Burseracea
19 Bridelia retusa Kasai/Kasahi Euphorbiacea
20 Buchnania lanzan Achar/ Char Chiraonji Anacardiaceae
21 Butea monosperma Palash/ Parsa Leguminosae
22 Careya arborea Kumbhi/ Bhui Mayrtaceae
23 Casearia graveolens Gilchi Samydaceae
24 Casearia tomenosa Tondri Samydaceae
25 Cassia fistula Amaltas Leguminosae
26 Chloroxylon swientenia Bhirra Meliaceae
27 Cleistanthus collinus Garari/ Karra Euphorbiacea
28 Cochlospermum religiosum Galgala Bixaceae
29 Cordia dichotoma Lasoda/bohar Boraginaaceae
30 Dalbergia latifolia Shisham/ Kala Shisham Leguminosae
31 Dalbergia paniculata Dhobin Leguminosae
32 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo/ Safed Shisham Leguminosae
33 Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu Ebenaceae
34 Diospyros montana Bistendu Ebenaceae

35 Ehretia laevis Datranga Boraginaaceae
36 Elaeodendron glaucucum Jamrasi Celastraceae
37 Embelica offinalis Amla Euphorbiacea
38 Erythrina indica Pangra Leguminosae
39 Erythrina suberosa Pangre Leguminosae
40 Ficus bengalensis Bad Moraceae
41 Ficus glomerata Gular Moraceae
42 Ficus religiosa Pipal Moraceae
43 Ficus tomentosa Gular Moraceae
44 Gardenia latifolia Papra Rubiaceae
45 Gardenia turgida Safed phetra Rubiaceae
46 Garuga pinnata Kekad Burseracea
47 Gmelina arborea Gamari/ Khamhar Verbenaceae
48 Grewia tiliaefolia Dhaman Tilliaceae
49 Holoptelia integrifolia Chirol Urticaeceae
50 Hymenodictyon excelsum Bhanwarmal/ Bhanwarsal Rubiaceae
51 Kydia calycina Baranga Malvaceae
52 Lagerstromia parviflora Lrndia Lythraceae
53 Lannea coromandelica Jhingan Anacardiaceae
54 Madhuca indica Mahua Sapotaceae
55 Mallotus phillippinensis Sinduri/ Rori Euphorbiacea
56 Mangifera indica Aam Anacardiaceae
57 Mitragyna parviflora Kalam/ Mundi/ Mudhi Rubiaceae
58 Ougeinia oojeinensis Tinsa/ Tilsa Leguminosae
59 Phoenix sylvestris Khajur Palmae
60 Pongamia pinnata Karanj Fabaceae
61 Pterocarpus marsupium Bija Leguminosae
62 Randia dumetorum Mainphal Rubiaceae
63 Randia uliginosa Kala Phetra Rubiaceae

64 Saccopetalum tomentosum Kari Annonaceae
65 Schliechera oleosa Kusum Sapindaceae
66 Schrebera switenioides Mokha Oleaceae
67 Semecarpus anacardium Bhelva Anacardiaceae
68 Shorea robusta Sal/ Sarai Dipterocarpaceae
69 Soymida febrifuga Rohan Meliaceae
70 Sterculia urens Kulu Sterculiaceae
71 Stereospermum personnatum Chota Padar Bignoniaceae
72 Stereospermum suaveolens Badapadar Bignoniaceae
73 Syzygium cumini Jamun Myrtaceae
74 Tactona grandis Sagaun Verbenaceae
75 Tamarindus indica Imli Leguminosae
76 Terma orientalis Jivan Urticaeceae
77 Terminalia arjuna Arjun Combretaceae
78 Terminalia belerica Baheda Combretaceae
79 Terminalia chebula Harra Combretaceae
80 Terminalia tomentosa Saja Combretaceae
81 Vitex negundo Morphal Verbenaceae
82 Wendlandia exetra Tilwan Rubiaceae
83 Zizyphus mauritiana Ber Rhamnaceae
SHRUBS
85 Alangium-salvifolium Akol Cornaceae
86 Antidesma diandrum Khatua Euphorbiaceae
87 Calotropis-gigentea Aak Asclepiadaceae
88 Carissa opaca Karaunda Apocynanceae
89 Cassia auriculata Takhad Leguminosae
90 Cassia tora Panwar/ Tarota, Charota Leguminosae
91 Celerodendron serratum Duma Verbenaceae

92 Colebrookea oppositifolia Bandaar/ Kalabans Labiatae
93 Desmodium gangeticum Chapti Leguminosae
94 Eranthemum pulchellum Bantulsi Acanthceae
95 Flacourtia indica Kakai Bixaceae
96 Flemingia semialata Ban Rahar Leguminosae
97 Gardenia gummigera Dikamali Rubiaceae
98 Gardenia lucida Paprel Rubiaceae
99 Gerwia hirusta Gutdukri Tiliaceae
100 Grewia rothii Bansuli Tiliaceae
101 Gymnospori spinosa Baikal Celastraceae
102 Helicteres isora Marophali Sterculiaceae
103 Holarrhena antidysentrica Dhudh Apocynanceae
104 Jasminum sambac Bela Oleaceae
105 Indigofera pulchella Girol Leguminosae
106 Mucuna pruriens Beeja Fabaceae
107 Nyctanthes arbortristis Harsigar Oleaceae
108 Phoenix acaulis Chhind Palmae
109 Woodfordia fruticosa Dhawai Lythraceae
HERBS
111 Andrographis paniculata Bhui Neem Acanthceae
112 Antidesma diandrum Khatua Euphorbiaceae
113 Azanza lampas Bankapas Malvaceae
115 Clerodendron serratum Duma Verbenaceae
116 Croton bonplandianus Ban tulsi Euphorbiaceae
117 Curcuma angustifolia Tikhur Seitamineae
118 Curcuma longa Hardi Seitamineae
119 Cyperus triceps Motha Cyparaceae

120 Desmodium ganfeticum Chapti Leguminosae
121 Desmodium laxiflorum Latkani Leguminosae
122 Desmodium motorium Rolei Leguminosae
123 Jatropha gosypipholia Jamal ghota Euphorbiaceae
124 Meghania semialata Banrahar Leguminosae
125 Petalidium barleriodes Indrajata Acanthaceae
126 Swertia angustifolia Chiraita Acanthaceae
GRASSES
127 Aristida setacea Bargi Ronda Poaceae
128 Cynodon dactylon Doob Poaceae
129 Dichantium annulatum Chhoti Marbel Poaceae
130 Dichantium caricosum Moti Marbel Poaceae
131 Eragrostis interrupta Gondela Poaceae
132 Eragrostis tanella Bhurbhusi Poaceae
133 Eulaliopsis binata Bagai Poaceae
134 Heteropogon contortus Kushal, lampa Poaceae
135 Imperata cylindrica Chhir Poaceae
136 Iseilema nervosum Munsel Poaceae
137 Panicum miliare Kosra Poaceae
138 Panicum proliferum Panga Poaceae
139 Panicum psilododium Chire Kutik Poaceae
140 Saceharum spoutaneum Kans Poaceae
141 Setaria verticitata Latkani Poaceae
142 Sorghum halepnse Baru Poaceae
143 Themeda arundinacea Dekhna Poaceae
144 Themada inderbis Gumar Poaceae
145 Thysanolacns maxima Phulbahari Poaceae
CLIMBERS
146 Asparagus racemosus Shatoori, Stawar Liliaceae

147 Bauhunia vahlii Mahul Leguminosae
148 Butea parviflora Nasbel Leguminosae
149 Butea superba Palas bel Leguminosae
150 Celatrus paniculata Mal Kangni Celastraceae

151 Combretum decandrum Piperbel Combretaceae
152 Dioscorea hispida Baichandi Dioscoreaceae

153 Dioscorea pentaphylla Musalkand Dioscoreaceae
154 Ichnocarpus frutescens Dhimar Bel Apocynaceae
155 Smilax zeylancia Ramdaton Liliaceae

156 Tinospera cordifolia Giloh Menispermaceae
157 Abrus precatorius Gunja Fabaceae

158 Ventilage calyculata Keoti Rhamnaceae
PARASITES
159 Cuscuta reflexa Amarbel Convelvulaceae
160 Loranthus longifloris Banda Loranthaceae
161 Viscum articulatum Viscum Loranthaceae
BAMBOOS
162 Bambusa arundinacea Kanta bans Graminaeae
163 Dendrocalamus strictus Bans Graminaeae

Comparative of floristic composition within

90
core and buffer zone
83
Core
80
Buffer
70
60
50
40
30 26
17 19
20 16
13 13
8 7
10 5 3 2
0 0
0
Tree Shrub Herb Grasses Climber Parasite Bamboos
Figure 2.2: Habit wise Representation of Floral Diversity of Study Area
2.6.2 Faunal Diversity:

A linear transect of 1.0 km each has been chosen for sampling at each site. Each transect was
trekked for 1.5 hr for the sampling of faunal diversity through following methods for
different categories. For the sampling of butterflies, the standard ‘Pollard Walk’ method was
employed and all the species recorded.
For bird’s sampling, ‘Point Sampling’ along the fixed transect (Foot trails) was carried out. All
the species of birds were observed and identified with the help of field guide book and
photographs.
For the sampling of mammals, direct count on open width (20m) transect were used. In
addition, information on recent sightings/records of mammals by the villagers/locals was
also be collected. For carnivores, indirect sampling was carried out and the mammals were
identified by foot marks, faeces and other marks/sign created by them. In case of reptiles
mainly lizards were sampled by direct count on open width transects.
The study of fauna takes substantial amount of time to understand the specific faunal
characteristic of area. The assessments of fauna were done by extensive field survey of the

area. During survey, the presence of wildlife has been confirmed by direct field survey and by
the oral information by local inhabitants and data procured from the concerned forest
department has been made and given in below (Table 2.3).
Table 2.3: Faunal Diversity from Study Area

S. No. Scientific Name English Name WPA 72 Schedule Core Buffer
Mammals
1 Bendicota bengalensis Field Rat Schedule-IV * *
2 Boselaphus tragocamelus Nilgai Schedule-III *
3 Canis aureus Jackal Schedule-II * *
4 Funambulus pennanii Five Striped Palm Squirrel Schedule-IV * *
5 Herpestes edwerdsii Common Mangoose Schedule-II *
6 Hystrix indica Indian Porcupine Schedule-II *
7 Oryctolagus cuniculus Indian Hare Schedule-IV * *
8 Maccaca mulata Monkey Schedule-II * *
9 Melursus ursinus Sloth bear Schedule-I *
10 Mus booduga Indian field mouse Schedule-V * *
11 Presbytis entellus Hanuman Langoor Schedule-II *
12 Rattus rattus Black Rat Schedule-V * *
13 Rousettus leschenaultia Bat Schedule-V * *
14 Suncus murinus Chachundar Schedule-IV * *
15 Sus scrofa Wild Boar Schedule-III * *
16 Vulpus bengalensis Fox Schedule-II * *
17 Manis crassicaudata Pangolin Schedule-I *
18 Panthera pardus Leopard Schedule-I *
Herpatofauna
19 Bufo stomaticus Marble Toad * *
20 Bungarus caeruleus Common Indian Krait Schedule-IV *
21 Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard NA * *
22 Daboia siamensis Russel Viper Schedule-II *
23 Duttaphrynus melanostictus Common Indian Toad NA *
24 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Indian Skipper Frog Schedule-IV *
25 Hemidactylus flavivridis House gecko NA * *
26 Hyla arborea Tree Frog NA *

27 Mabuya carinata Brahminy skink NA * *
28 Naja naja Indian Cobra Schedule-II * *
29 Natrix piscator Common Water Snake Schedule-IV * *
30 Ptyas mucosus Common rat snake Schedule-II * *
31 Python molurus Python Schedule-I *
32 Rana hexadactyla Indian pond frog Schedule-IV * *
33 Varanus sp. Monitor lizard Schedule-III * *
Aves
34 Accipiter badius Shikra Schedule-IV *
35 Acridotheres ginginianus Bank Myna Schedule-IV * *
36 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Schedule-IV * *
37 Amaurornis phoenicurus White breasted water hen Schedule-IV *
38 Ardeola grayii Pond heron Schedule-IV * *
39 Athene brama Spotted Owlet Schedule-IV * *
40 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Schedule-IV * *
41 Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Schedule-IV * *
42 Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher Schedule-IV *
43 Columba livia Rock Pigeon NA *
44 Coracias benshalensis Indian roller Schedule-IV *
45 Coracina macei Large Cuckoo-shrike Schedule-IV * *
46 Corvus corax Raven Schedule-IV *
47 Corvus splendens House Crow Schedule-V * *
48 Dendrocitta vagabunda Tree Pie Schedule-IV *
49 Dendrocitta vagabunda Rufous Treepie Schedule-IV *
50 Dicrirus macrocercus Black Drongo Schedule-IV * *
51 Egretta garzetta Little Egret Schedule-IV * *
52 Eudynamys scolopacea Asian Koel Schedule-IV *
53 Francolinus pondicerianus Gery francolin NA *
54 Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen Schedule-IV *
55 Gallus sallus Red Jungle Fowl Schedule-IV *
56 Halcyon smyrnensis WhiteBreasted Kingfisher Schedule-IV * *
57 Himantopus himantopus Stilt NA * *


58 Merops orientalis Little Green Bee-eater Schedule-IV *
59 Microcarbo niger Little cormorant Schedule-IV * *
60 Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird Schedule-IV *
61 Passer domesticus House Sparrow Schedule-IV * *
62 Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl Schedule-I *
63 Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet Schedule-IV *
64 Pycnonotus cafer Red Vented Bulbul Schedule-IV * *
65 Saxicola caprata Pied Bush Chat Schedule-IV *
66 Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin Schedule-IV *
67 Srniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo Schedule-IV *
68 Turdoides caudatus Common Babbler Schedule-IV * *
69 Turdoides striatus Jungle Babbler Schedule-IV *
70 Upupa epops Eurasian Hoopoe Schedule-IV * *
Pisces
71 Aspidoparia morar Chelluah NA *
72 Barilius barna Barna Baril NA *
73 Catla catla Katla NA *
74 Chagunius chagunio Chaguni NA *
75 Channa maruliuss Great Snakehead NA *
76 Cyprinus carpio Common Carp NA *
77 Labeo calbasu Calbasu NA *
78 Labeo dyocheilus Kali, Boalla NA *
79 Labeo rohita Rohu NA *
80 Notopterus notopterus Bronze Feather Back NA *
81 Puntius chola Swamp Barb NA *
82 Tenualosa ilisha Hilsa NA *
Butterflies
83 Catopsilia pomona Common Emigrant NA * *
84 Cyrestis thyodamas Common map NA *
85 Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger NA *
86 Danaus genutia Stripped Tiger NA *
87 Euploea core Common crow NA *


88 Eurema hecabe Common Grass Yellow NA * *
89 Heliophorus sp. western blue sapphir NA * *
90 Hypolimanas misippus Danaid Egg Fly NA *
91 Ixias marianne White orange tip NA * *
92 Melanitis leda Common evening NA *
93 Mycalesis perseus Common Bush Brown NA *
94 Papilio demoleus Lime butterfly NA * *
(Source: Primary Survey & Secondary Data)
Note: NA= Not yet assessed, * Presence of species
Table 2.4: Summary of faunal diversity

Class Core Zone Buffer Zone
Mammals 11 18
Herpatofauna 9 15
Aves 17 37
Pisces 0 12
Butterfly 5 12
42 94
Comparative Diversity of Fauna within Core and Buffer Zone

40 37
35 Core Zone
30
Buffer Zone
25
20 18 17
15
15 12 12
11
9
10
5
5
0
0
Mammals Herpatofauna Aves Pisces Butterfly
Figure 2.3: Faunal species composition within 10 km study area

2.6.3 Endangered Flora:

No endangered or endemic flora was recorded from core and buffer zone of the project area.
2.6.4 Endangered Fauna:

A total of 94 faunal species documented through primary and secondary data which could be
seen in the vicinity of the project site as well as 10 km area radius following schedule -I
species as per WPA 1972 has been listed within the study area (Table 2.5).
Table 2.5: List of Schedule –I species as per WPA, 1972

S. No. Scientific Name English / vernacular Name WPA 72 Schedule Class
1 Melursus ursinus Sloth bear Schedule-I Mammals
2 Manis crassicaudata Pangolin Schedule-I Mammals
3 Panthera pardus Leopard Schedule-I Mammals
4 Python molurus Python Schedule-I Herpatofauna
5 Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl Schedule-I Aves
2.6.5 Agricultural Crops

The main source of income in the district is from the agriculture sector and per capita per
annum income is Rs. 42,748/-. Total cropped area is 2.49 lakh hectares and the forest area is
20%. Paddy and wheat are the majorly produced crops. Out of total agricultural area 16.3% is
irrigated rest 84% is depend on ranfall while, 5.5% of the land is being Irrigated by Canals/
rivers and only 5% area irrigated by wells whereas, 5.2% by the other means. The district has
only 67% gross cropped area and only 47% net sown area. Area cultivated more than once is
just 15%.out of total agriculture land owner around 49% farmer’s landholding is below 1
hectare. Paddy consists constitutes almost 74% of the total crop production in district,
followed by wheat (8%). Other major crop are only 6% total production and Kodo, kutki with
3% of total production. Major agricultural crops like vegetable (6), Cereals (5), Fruits (6),
Spices (3) and Oilseed crops commonly used for cultivation. Details are given in the
Table 2.6.

Table 2.6: Cropping pattern of study area, Anuppur

Crop Variety Family Botanical Name Trade Name
Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia Bitter gaurd
Solanaceae Capsicum annuum Chilli
Solanaceae Solanum melongena Brinjal
Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum Potato
Vegetable Solanaceae Lycopersicon lycopersicum Tomato
Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea Cauliflower
Poaceae Oryza sativa Rice
Poaceae Zea mays Maize
Poaceae Hordeum vulgare Kodo
Cereals Poaceae Sorghum vulgare Kutki
Poaceae Eleusine coracana Raagi
Myrtacaea Psidium guajava Amarud
Myrtacaea Syzygium cuminii Jamun
Rhamnaceae Ziziphus jujuba Ber
Musaceae Musa paradisiaca Banana
Fruits Caricaceae Carica papaya Papaya
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Mango
Amaryllidaceae Allium sativum Garlic
Amaryllidaceae Allium cepa Onion
Spices Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Adrak
Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis Castor
Oilseed Euphorbiaceae Jatropha gossypifolia Jatropha
2.6.6 Aquatic Diversity:

2.6.6.1 Aquatic Flora:
The aquatic ecosystem mainly divides into two section i.e. Lentic and lotic ecosystem.
Lentic ecosystem refers to the stagnant/still water for example ponds, basin marshes,
diches, lakes and ephemeral pools. The study area is having few fresh water ponds,
Lakes and irrigation canal. Ponds are being also used for household purposes. The lotic
ecosystem has a flowing water system like river, lake, streams, etc. Aquatic plant-diversity
is one of the major concerns in the EIA studies and thus, assessed during the primary

survey. The aquatic plant species belong to diverse habits and have distinctive
characteristics provide perching grounds for various birds. Total 16 aquatic species were
identified and categorized as follows.
 Free floating hydrophytes: Eichhornia cressipes, Lemna minor and Wolffia sp.
 Suspended submerged hydrophytes: Myriophyllum sp., Ceratophyllum
demersum, Utricularia sp and .Azolla pinnata.
 Anchored submerged hydrophytes: Hydrilla verticillata & Potamogeton crispus
& Chara sp.
 Anchored hydrophytes with floating shoots: Ipomea carnea.
 Emergent amphibious hydrophytes: Sagittaria latifolia.
 Rooted hydrophytes with floating leaves: Nymphaea pubescens
 Amphibious hydrophytes: Cyperus triceps, Cyperus irea, Cyperus rotundus
2.6.6.2 Fish Diversity:

On the basis of information regarding fish wealth of the area by secondary source and
from the consultation with local people near water body during survey following
information were gathered are given in below Table 2.7.
Table 2.7: Fishes from Study Area

S. No. Scientific Name Common Name Family
1 Barbus tor Bili menu Cyprinidae
2 Catla catla Catla Cyprinidae
3 Cyprinus carpio Common Carp Cyprinidae
4 Cyprinus sp. Grass Carp Cyprinidae
5 Hypselobarbus carnaticus carnetic carp Cyprinidae
6 Labeo bata Minor carp Cyprinidae
7 Labeo rohita Rohu Cyprinidae
8 Lebeo calbasu Matchalu Cyprinidae
9 Lebeo fimgriaties Kemmeenu Cyprinidae
10 Mastacembelus armatus Others Havu meenu Mastacembelidae
11 Mystus seenghala Girlu Bagridae
12 Notopterus notopterus Chavale Notopteridae
13 Ophiocephalus marulius Murrels. Hoo menu Channidae

2.7 Phyto-Sociological Analysis:

Phyto-sociological study of any vegetation, whether tree layer, shrub or herbaceous layer, is
an important aspect of an ecological study, which deals with social interaction of these plant
species among themselves. This study also reflects about the totality of vegetation at any
particular site. The interaction of species and its totality always varies with space and time
lapse and alteration in factors such as edaphic, climatic and other stresses.
The stratified random sampling approach was followed for phytosociological survey in the
present study. The phytosociological data from these forests were quantitatively analysed to
work out the species richness, diversity, importance value, stand density and the basal area.
Phytosociological attributes of plant diversity of proposed coal mining area were analyzed for
top, middle and ground cover species composition in core & buffer zone and laid 15 quadrats
within the 10 Km study area. The data is arranged as per their Frequency, Density ha -1,
Important Value Index (IVI) and Diversity Index (DI) respectively. Summary of the results is
given below:
Details of Density (plant/Ha), IVI (Important Value Index) and DI (Shannon Weiner diversity
Index) of Top canopy cover of study are given in Table 2.8. Total 22 species of tree were
found as the top canopy cover. Whereas, density (plant/ha) ranged between 6.67 to 240.00,
IVI (Important Value Index) ranged between 3.41 to 38.02 and DI (Shannon Weiner diversity
Index) ranged between 0.05 to 0.26 respectively. Total density was found in top cover i.e.
1146.67 (~1147) plants ha-1 and Diversity index (Shannon-wiener index (H) found 2.77
respectively.
Table 2.8: Phytosociological attributes of Top Canopy
S. No. Botanical Name F% Density/Ha IVI DI

1 Acacia catechu 6.67 26.67 5.69 0.08
2 Acacia leucophlea 13.33 46.67 10.61 0.12
3 Annona squamosa 6.67 6.67 3.80 0.06
4 Azadirachta indica 20.00 26.67 12.37 0.13
5 Beestile 6.67 6.67 4.85 0.07
6 Buchanania lanjan 6.67 6.67 8.27 0.10
7 Butea monosperma 13.33 60.00 12.05 0.13
8 Cassia fistula 6.67 6.67 3.55 0.05
9 Dalbergia sissoo 6.67 6.67 4.05 0.06


10 Diospyros melanoxylon 26.67 240.00 31.60 0.24
11 Eucalyptis teriticornis 6.67 80.00 10.50 0.12
12 Ficus bengalensis 6.67 6.67 32.90 0.24
13 Indian Birch 13.33 46.67 9.62 0.11
14 Luceana lucocephala 6.67 13.33 4.83 0.07
15 Madhuca indica 40.00 180.00 38.02 0.26
16 Mangifera indica 33.33 80.00 26.52 0.21
17 Morus alba 6.67 6.67 3.41 0.05
18 Psidium guajava 6.67 26.67 5.69 0.08
19 Shorea robusta 20.00 240.00 28.78 0.22
20 Tamarindus indica 6.67 13.33 32.78 0.24
21 Terminalia arjuna 6.67 6.67 5.00 0.07
22 Terminalia belerica 6.67 13.33 5.10 0.07
273.33 1146.67 300.00 2.77
Total 8 species of shrub and tree were found under the top canopy cover and on open
ground. Accordingly, density (plant/ha) ranged between 5.33 to 656.00, IVI (Important Value
Index) ranged between 8.56 to 158.84 and DI (Shannon wiener diversity Index) ranged
between 0.10 to 0.34 respectively. Total density was found in middle cover i.e., 875.00
plant/ha and Diversity index was found to be 1.55 respectively (Table 2.9).
Table 2.9: Phytosociological Attributes of Middle Canopy (Shrub)

S.No. Botanical Name F% Density/Ha IVI DI
1 Lantana camara 34.67 656.00 158.84 0.34
2 Ipoemea carnea 1.33 5.33 8.56 0.10
3 Dandrocalamus strictus 1.33 10.67 14.94 0.15
4 Butea monosperma 5.33 37.33 23.07 0.20
5 Dyospyros melanozylon 8.00 96.00 41.35 0.27
6 Ziziphus jujuba 4.00 16.00 14.13 0.14
7 Carrisa carandus 2.67 16.00 14.84 0.15
8 Shorea robusta 4.00 37.33 24.27 0.20
61.33 874.67 300.00 1.55

Total 39 species of un-established recruits of tree (Regeneration), Shrub (Regeneration) and

herbaceous species were found in the ground cover of 10 km radius from project site.
Accordingly, density (plant/ha) ranged between 133.33 to 11866.67, IVI ranged between 2.34
to 43.76 and DI (Shannon wiener diversity Index) ranged between 0.04 to 0.28 respectively.
Total density was found in ground cover i.e. 45734 plant/ha and Diversity index was found to
be 3.37 respectively (Table 2.10)
Table 2.10: Phytosociological attributes of Ground Canopy (Herb)

1 Alternanthera pungence 2.67 533.33 5.26 0.07
2 Alysicarpus bupleurifolius 8.00 1600.00 10.06 0.11
3 Boerhaavia difusa 1.33 133.33 2.34 0.04
4 Butea monosperma, (Lamk)Taub 6.67 1066.67 7.70 0.09
5 Cassia tora 5.33 800.00 6.36 0.08
6 Cleistanthus collinus, Benth. 6.67 1866.67 11.17 0.12
7 Curculigo orchioides 2.67 933.33 8.27 0.10
8 Cynodon dactylon, Pers. 10.67 2800.00 14.81 0.15
9 Cyperus scariosus 6.67 666.67 5.97 0.08
10 Desmodium gangeticum, D.C. 4.00 800.00 6.46 0.08
11 Desmodium trifolium 1.33 133.33 2.34 0.04
12 Dichantium annulatum,(Forsk) Stapf. 5.33 1066.67 7.66 0.09
13 Diospyros melanoxylon, Roxb. 9.33 1333.33 9.28 0.11
14 Elaeodendron glaucucum, Pers. 1.33 133.33 2.34 0.04
15 Elephantopus scaber 2.67 666.67 6.26 0.08
16 Eragrostis tenella, Roem. 21.33 11866.67 43.76 0.28
17 Eulaliopsis binata, Retz. 2.67 266.67 3.25 0.05
18 Flacourtia indica (Burm.F.) Meer 1.33 133.33 2.34 0.04
19 Gerwia hirsuta, Vahl. 1.33 266.67 4.06 0.06
20 Hemidesmus indicus 12.00 1733.33 11.41 0.12
21 Heteropogon contortus, Beaur. 10.67 2533.33 13.87 0.14
22 Hollarheana antidysenterica 2.67 400.00 4.25 0.06
23 Iseilema nervosum 2.67 666.67 6.26 0.08
24 Lagerstroemia parviflora, Roxb. 25.33 4266.67 23.46 0.20
25 Merrimia emarginata 5.33 1333.33 8.95 0.10
26 Panicum miliare, Limk. 1.33 400.00 5.77 0.08
27 Panicum proliferum, Lamk. 1.33 133.33 2.34 0.04
28 Panicum psilododium, Trem. 5.33 800.00 6.36 0.08
29 Panicum repens 1.33 133.33 2.34 0.04
30 Phyllanthus amarus 6.67 666.67 5.97 0.08
31 Randia dumetorum, Lamk. 2.67 266.67 3.25 0.05
32 Saccharum spoutaneum, Linn. 4.00 933.33 7.22 0.09

33 Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. 1.33 133.33 2.34 0.04
34 Shorea robusta 13.33 1600.00 11.38 0.12
35 Sida acuta 1.33 400.00 5.77 0.08
36 Sida rhombifolia 1.33 133.33 2.34 0.04
37 Tactona grandis Linn. 10.67 1600.00 10.58 0.12
38 Themeda quadrivalvis 2.67 266.67 3.25 0.05
39 Zornia gibbosa 2.67 266.67 3.25 0.05
216.00 45733.33 300.00 3.37
2.8 Location of National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary:

There is no Biosphere Reserve, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve and Elephant
-Reserve within 10 km radius of the project site. The nearest protected area is Achanakmar -
Amarkantak Biosphere reserve which is ~43 km SSW in direction from the project site, while
Bandhavgarh National Park is 81.34 Km in NW direction : as certified by PCCF vide Letter
dated 24.03.2022 along with certified map. (Refer Annexure 2). It also further certifies that
there is no elephant corridor in 10 Km radius of the proposed mining lease.
2.9 Conclusion:
The baseline study was conducted for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity
within the existing environment of the study area (10 Km radius from the lease mine area)
and it comprises of total 163 floral species have been recorded during survey from the 10 km
study area out of which 83 are Trees, 26 are shrubs, 17 herbs, 19 grasses, 13 species of
Climbers, 3 parasite and two bamboo species are existing within the 10 km periphery fore
core. There is no any endemic, endangered or protected floral species was recorded.
Among the faunal groups 94 faunal species have been encountered in the study area out of
which 18 Mammals, 15 Herpatofauna, 12 Butterfly and 37 aves and 12 pisces have been
recorded from 10 km vicinity area. Only 5 shedule -I species viz. Melursus ursinus , Manis-
crassi caudata , Panthera pardus , Python molurus & Pavo cristatus were documented. As
per MOEF&CC Guideline wildlife conservation plan should be prepare and budgetary
provision will be assigned for conservation purpose.

2.10 Impact of Proposed Mining on Flora and Fauna:

 Out of the 475 Ha of the forest land only 6.92 Ha is forest land and this Forest land is
located on the Western fringe (Boundary of Mining Lease). No disturbance of this 6.92
Ha of forest land is proposed during the entire life of the mine.
 Since the proposed mining is by underground method, no major excavations are

proposed in the mining lease area. The disturbance of non-forest land is due to
development of underground mine entry, infrastructure including coal washery, road,
OB and Soil dumps. For this purpose, only –Ha land will be disturbed. This proposed non
forest land is either Government land or private land where only shrubs or grasses are
sporadically spread with few trees and hence there is no significant impact on the
account of tree cutting.
 The proposed mining activity does not envisage the topographical changes or major
modification of landscape. Changes brought due to clearance of the land will be
reclaimed by appropriate green belt development.
 The forest within the mining lease area (6.92 Ha) is categorised as Open Mixed Jungle
having degraded forest, presence of wild animals is minimal. Small ground dwelling
animals like hare and birds like jungle bush quail, stone curiew, red vented bulbul, red
watteled lapwing, common babbler etc. are there.
 As can be seen from the Figure – the Reserved Forest Patches / Open Mixed Jungle
Patches are fragmented and lie separated from each other by a wide tract of agriculture
land or waste land.

Figure 2.4: Existing & Proposed Surface Layout

 The impact of mining due to dust dispersion during excavation of underground mine entry,
development of infrastructure will be limited to 1-2 years only. During the balance period
the impact of dust dispersion will be limited to transport of washed coal from Coal Washery
to the Bijurai Railway Siding by road. Out of the entire 23.31 Km Stretch of the road there is
only one Forest patch of 0.6 Km. Use of tarpaulin covered trucks, avenue plantation, mist
spray and regular maintenance of transport vehicles, road maintenance shall reduce the
impact of dust dispersion during the transport. Similarly, the dust suppression measures
proposed during the construction period in the form of mist spray etc. will help in
mitigating the dust control during initial period of infrastructure and mine entry
development.
 The underground mining is proposed using Continuous miner which does not require any
drilling and Blasting and hence the impact on noise and vibration due to drilling and blasting
is ruled out. The noise generated during movement of vehicles and manpower will be
mitigated by proposed plantation activity.
 The fixed light and head lights of vehicles will illuminate the mining area and likely to
disturb the forest patch.
 Some of the villagers in the buffer zone are dependent on the forest for their livelihood
requirement. As such the mining process progress, M/S JMS has proposed various
awareness programmes through which the dependence on the forest land can be reduced.
 Due to increase in the human activities, negligence etc, forest fire may take place, though
otherwise also, it is quite common in tropical forest. Fire in such type of deciduous forest is
mostly anthropogenic in origin. Necessary measures are required to control occurrences of
such incidences.
 Spreading of obnoxious weeds such as Epatorium odoratum, Lantena camera, Pyretherum,

Aegyratum, Sida Cordiofolia, Papaver maxicana, Cassis tora etc. prevents rejuvenation of
the forage thereby affecting the food and shelter. Necessary control measures for
spreading of weeds are required.

 The smoke emanated from burning of coal, fuel wood in rural areas is one of the sources of
air pollution particularly in the coal bearing areas. Awareness and promotion of gas for
domestic / commercial purposes is proposed by M/s JMS in CSR activities.
 The Man Animal Conflict is a general impact where any development is undertaken.
Occurrence of major wildlife is not reported from the nearby areas.
 The proposed plantation within the mining lease as well as outside the mining lease under
CSR and Avenue plantation will help in creation of habitats for various faunal assemblages
thereby adding to richness of biodiversity.
Indicators of Success:
Following factors will be taken as measurable indicators of success
 Increase in forest density and horizontal cover

 Increase in relative abundance of wild animals and sighting success
 Reduction in depredation
 Number of persons taking up alternative income generating activities.
 Reduction in number and extent of forest fire.
 Overall health of the areas ecosystem

CHAPTER -3: STATUS OF WILDLIFE BELONGING TO SCHEDULE-I
3.1 Indian Python (Python Molursus):

3.1.1 Habitat:
It is a non-poisonous, lethargic and slow-moving snake, exhibiting little if any timidity and rarely
rousing itself seriously to escape, even when attacked. Diurnal and/or nocturnal habit depends
upon the degree of disturbance from man in their environment. The snake hibernates in cold
season, in any convenient retreat. There are very few records of attack on human beings are
also there in the area.
3.1.2 Food:
Feeds on mammals, birds and reptiles, but prefers mammals. Stomach content has shown frogs,
toads, monitor lizard, wild duck, peafowl, poultry, rat, hare, porcupine, langur, jackal,
mousedeer, and hogdeer, chital, smabar fawn, barking deer, chinkara and leopard. Thus, it has a
very wide range of food items.
3.1.3 Threats:
It is killed for flesh and skin. However, in the presently applied lease area it is not eaten. Killing
for skin is also not reported in the area. However, it is killed only because it is a snake.
3.1.4 Conservation:
The snake, although occurs in the area but is rare. Reports of its conflicts with human being are
extremely rare. Public awareness is the most important method for its conservation.
3.1.5 Conservation Status:

This species is classified as Lower Risk/Near Threatened (LR/NT) on the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species (v2.3, 1994). This means that it has been evaluated, but does not satisfy the
criteria for any of the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. However, it is
considered Near Threatened (NT), meaning that it does not qualify for Conservation Dependent,
but is close to qualifying for Vulnerable. Year assessed: 1996.
3.2 Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus):

The Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), is also known as the Common Peafowl or the Blue Peafowl.
The peacock is the national bird of India.

3.2.1 Habitat:
It is found in forests, but can live also in cultivated regions and around human habitations and is
usually found where water is available.
3.2.2 Food:
It is an omnivorous bird. It’s diet consists of small mammals like: mice, reptiles like lizards and
snakes, amphibians, arthropods like: insects, ticks, termites, ants, locusts and scorpions, seeds,
fruit, vegetables, flowers, leaves, and minnows in shallow streams and so on. With its strong bill
it is able to kill a snake, even a cobra. Around cultivated areas, peafowl feed on a wide range of
crops such as groundnut, tomato, paddy, chilly, and even bananas. Around human habitations,
they feed on a variety of food scraps and even human excreta.
3.2.3 Threat:
Poaching of peacocks for their meat, feathers and accidental poisoning by feeding on pesticide
treated seeds are known threats to wild birds. Methods to identify if feathers have been plucked
or have been shed naturally have been developed as Indian law allows the collection of feathers
that have been shed. However, presently, there is no severe threat to this species, primarily for
its status as a national bird and secondarily due to religious belief this species is protected. But
its train feathers are in great demand for commercial purposes and are the main threat to its
survival. Their loud calls make them easy to detect, and in forest areas, often indicate the
presence of a predator such as a tiger.
3.2.4 Conservation:
They are generally protected by religious sentiment and will forage around villages for scraps.
The people living in the surrounding area should be rewarded for timely information about
disturbing and/or poaching of the bird. The bird has a wide range of food items, hence,
improvement of and protection of the bird in the buffer zone will provide sufficient food to the
animal.

IUCN Red List, Least Concern species. Schedule-I species under Indian Wildlife (Conservation)
Act, 1972.

3.3 Sloth Bear (Melursus Unrsinus):

The allotted coal block area has degraded forest, protected forest as well as cultivated area.
Bear is a nocturnal animal. Generally, it remains within the forest area, but ocassionally it
intrudes within the village area. This is mainly due to the Mahua flower, because Mahua trees
are most common around the village areas. Therefore, approach of the bear near to the village
area is more during the months of Mahua flowering: the Months of March and April. Approach
of the animal near the village areas in other months is extremely rare. Their density is also very
low. A good study on bear has been made in the central India by Bargali et al., 2004.
3.3.1 Habitat:
Sloth bears, in the area, occupy a wide range of habitats including forests, scrublands, and
grasslands where boulders and scattered shrubs and trees provide shelter. The most common
shelter is a den, a cavern like structure generally in rocks.
The size of the home range of an individual sloth bear will vary with the concentration of high
energy food sources. Thus, the more concentrated the food sources, the smaller the range
necessary to maintain an animal. The sloth bear is more inclined to attack man unprovoked than
almost any other animal. Sloth bears avoid areas where human disturbance is high, however,
the bear raid peanut, maize, and fruit crops. Sloth bears like to escape from the heat of the day
and forage for food at night. They will start to become active as the sun starts to set. This is also
the time when many insects such as termites are more active. They are generally nocturnal,
occasionally approaching near to the village area even during the day time. Locally they prefer
isolated shelters below rocks and caverns to spend their day time hours. Occasionally, near to
the village area, after consuming large amount of mahua (Madhuca latifolia) flower they remain
sleeping below the tree late after sun rise.
3.3.2 Food:
Sloth bears subsist primarily on termites, ants, and fruits. This is the only species of bear
adapted specifically for myrmecophagy (ant and termite-eating). The ratio of insects to fruits in
the diet varies seasonally and geographically. Most bears are opportunistic omnivores. As such,
their activities are governed by the availability of food items and dietary components within
their habitat. When trees are in fruit, usually during the monsoon season, sloth bears dine on

mango, fig, ebony, and other fruits, and also on some flowers. However, ground dwelling ants
and termites, dug out of their cement-hard nest mounds, are a year-round staple. They have
special liking for the honey for which the animal can climb trees and knock down honeycombs,
later collecting the sweet bounty on the forest floor. Beetles, grubs, ants, and other insects
round out their diet. During food shortages, sloth bears will eat carrion. In March and April, they
will eat the fallen petals of mowha trees and are partial to mangoes, sugar cane, and the pods of
the Amaltas and the fruit of the jacktree. Sloth bears are extremely fond of honey. Sloth bears
will also climb and shake fruit trees to obtain food. They will also eat leafy plants, sugar-rich
fruits, nuts, root, tubers, berries, vegetables, honey, eggs and small vertebrates like rodents.
Will also eat virtually any carrion which they may discover. Seasonal availability and geographic
location are the biggest factors determining the primary food sources of sloth bears.
Food items of bear are documented with the help of scat analysis and direct observation.
However, percent occurrence of a particular food in scats may differ from actual consumption. It
is possible that most easily digestible food may be observed less in the scat while less digested
food may be more.
A study on the scat of bear, in the central India has revealed following to be present in the scat
and hence forming the food item of the bear. Months of their local availability has been added
with each of the food item.
1) Black ant and their egg: Available all-round the year but more during winter and summer
season.
2) Red ant and their eggs: Available all-round the year but more during winter and summer
season.
3) Termite and their egg: Available all-round the year.
4) Honey Bees: Available all-round the year but more during late winter and summer season
5) Ficus benghalensis (Bargad), Ficus religiosa (Pipal): Summer season
6) Ficus virens: Winter, Summer
7) Ficus racemosa: Winter summer
8) Ficus glomerata (Gular): Summer

9) Ziziphus mauritiana (Ber), Ziziphus oenoplia (beri) and Ziziphus nummularia (Jharberi):
Winter
10) Aegle marmelos (Bel): summer
11) Briedelia squamosa (Kasihi): Late winter to early summer
12) Diospyros melanoxylon (Tendu): Summer
13) Buchanania lanzan (Achar): Summer
14) Schleichera oleosa (Kusum): Summer
15) Syzygium cumini (Jamun): Summer
16) Cassia fistula (Amaltas) fruit: Rainy
17) Madhuca indica (Mahua) (flower): March-April, Madhuca indica (fruit): June-July
18) Arachis hypogeal (Groundnut): Late rainy season
19) Zea mays (Corn): rainy
20) Psidium guajava (Amarood): Winter
21) Mangifera indica (Aam): Summer
22) Artocarpus heterophyllus (Kathal): Summer
23) Bones, hair and animal tissue
Many of the non-timber forest produce, forming the food of the bear are collected like flowers
and fruits of mahuwa (Madhuca indica) and fruits of Bel (Aegle marmelos), Char (Buchanania
lanzan), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), and Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon). Such collection may limit
their availability for bears. Ficus spp. are not used by local people, so are readily available to the
bears. Thus, Ficus spp. play important roles by providing supply of food for most of the part of
the year. This is particularly important during summer when there are no crops in fields to raid
and fewer fruiting species, and bears find it difficult to dig for termite and ants.
3.3.3 Threats:
Major threats to this species are habitat loss, poaching and conflict killings. Habitat loss is mainly
due to overharvest of forest products, monoculture plantations (e.g., teak, eucalyptus),
expansion of agricultural areas, human settlements, and roads. Poaching is mainly for the
commercial trade in bear parts. Encounters resulting in conflicts between people and sloth
bears occur mainly where the habitat has become severely degraded but still being used by
both. The only natural threats to sloth bears are Tigers (Panthera tigris) and possibly Leopards

(Panthera pardus). Dhole packs may also attack sloth bears. Asian elephants are reported not to
tolerate sloth bears in their vicinity. The reason for this is unknown. Bear parts are valuable
commodities in the trade for Asian medicines. Incentives for killing bears are therefore high.
Although, bear is protected to varying degrees by national laws, however, they can be killed to
protect life or property.
3.3.4 Conflicts:
The sloth bear is more inclined to attack man unprovoked than almost any other animal. Major
man-bear conflicts result during the mawha flowering season. Persons going early to collect the
flower encounter the animal, frequently, sometimes the bear remain sleeping below the tree
after consuming large amount of mahua flower and is one of the mjor causes of man-bear
conflicts. Persons going to the forest for the collection of wood or other forest produce
encounter the bear, inadvertently resulting in conflicts.

CITES APPENDIX: I: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) (As amended up to 2002): Sheduled I;
Part I; Indian Red Data Book (IUCN 1994): Not Listed; IUCN (1998) (Proposed; Vulnerable
(National) and Data Deficient (Global); IUCN (2002) (Proposed): Vulnerable (Global) based on
Version 2.3 1994 (IUCN, 2003). According to Alfred et al considering the nature and degree of
threats and treads reported, it is strongly recommended to include sloth bear in one of the
endangered categories of IUCN. They are particularly vulnerable to loss of habitat because of
their reliance on lowland areas, which tend to be the places most readily used by people.
Poaching and trade in sloth bears or their parts is also common in many parts of their range.
3.3.6 Conservation Measures:

1) Education will help to reduce bear-human conflicts and enhance a conservation ethic
among locals,
2) Habitat improvements (government or community-based reforestation) would be helpful in
alleviating conflicts.
3) Planting of fruit trees more particularly the spp. of Ficus, because Ficus spp. are not
collected by man but form an important diet to the animal.

4) Promoting honey bee in the area will not only serve as food to the bear but will help also in
warding off the elephant.
5) Red ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) can be promoted easily to form colonies in the trees. This
will serve as important source of insect diet and may compensate for the termite.
6) Artificial method to promote termite colonies should be developed.
7) Den like structures should be developed in the area if such structures are lacking or less in
number in the area.
8) It is unfortunate that the conservation of Elephant and Bear go contradictory to each other.
9) Villagers should avoid growing crops of liking to bear like ground nut and corn etc.
particularly near their den sites.
10) Translocation of bears from isolated habitat patches to more suitable areas should be
carried out.
3.4 Indian Leopard (Panthera Pardus):

3.4.1 Habitat:
Indian leopard has high capability to adopt any type of habitat where it can get sufficient food
and covers. Leopards avoid overlapping their territory or the home range with the tigers.
Therefore, they try to occupy the fringe areas of the forests, as well as dare more to enter the
human inhabited areas.
3.4.2 Behavior:
Leopards are highly territorial. Leopards are not only the widest ranging of all Big Cats but are
actually one of the most adaptable and are found in a variety of different habitats. The Leopard
can be found inhabiting numerous different areas providing that there is a good source of cover
and an ample supply of food including tropical rainforests, tree-lined savannah, barren deserts
and mountain highlands. One of the reasons why they are thought to be still surviving
successfully throughout much of their natural range is that Leopards have adapted to the
growing presence of people and are known to both live and hunt in areas close to urban activity.
However, in some parts of their natural range populations are threatened by loss of their
natural habitats to both deforestation and growing settlements.

3.4.3 Food Habits:

The diet of these big cats is surprisingly varied which includes: wildebeest, impalas, reed-bucks,
Thomson's gazelles, jackals, monkeys, fish and storks. However, at times they seem to show a
preference for canines, even attempting to snatch dogs right from the feet of their masters.
They can also eat fish and domestic stock such as goats and cows. They will even eat carrion.
3.4.4 Threats:
The Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is facing the crisis of adaptation. The species could
soon qualify for Vulnerable under criterion A4 (30% decline over a period of 30 years = three
generations, including both past and future). Despite being the most widespread cat, the Indian
leopard faces several types of threat. The animal shares its habitat with other animals, which
include tigers, bears, wolves, Asian elephants, hyenas, and wild dogs. These animals may kill
leopard cubs if given a chance. Apart from its natural enemies, the leopard's main threat is
people. For years, it has been threatened, due to loss of habitat and poaching. A rapidly
increasing threat to Leopards is the poisoning of carcasses targeting carnivores as a form of
retaliation as well as a means of predator control. An estimated 50% of the population lives
outside Protected Areas and so it is vulnerable to habitat destruction.
3.4.5 Conflicts:
Major conflicts arise when leopards start preying on livestock. These conflicts have increased in
recent years due to population growth among humans. The conflict becomes more severe when
some leopards become man-eaters. They can prey on children and even enter homes at night to
attack humans.

CITES APPENDIX: I; Indian wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) (As amended up to 2002); Sheduled-1;
Part-1; Indian Red Data Book (IUCN, 1994); Vulnerable; (IUCN 1998) (Proposed); Vulnerable
(National) and Data Deficient (Global).
3.5 Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata):

Manis Crassicaudata are insectivorous mammals understood to occur in various types of tropical
forests as well as open land, grasslands and degraded habitats, including in close proximity to
villages. It is a medium-sized mammal, with a streamline elongated body and tail covered with

large overlapping scales rather than fur. Indian Pangolin is widely distributed in India, except the
arid region, high Himalayas and the North-East. It can be found at elevation up to 2500m. The
species also occurs in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
3.5.1 Habitat:
Manis crassicaudata occupy a variety of habitats. They have been found in tropical rainforests,
subtropical thorn forests, plains and the lower slopes of mountains. The Indian pangolin is
solitary, mostly nocturnal, and terrestrial.
3.5.2 Ecology and Behavior:

These pangolins dig their own burrows in the ground, at depths of 1.5–6 m; these are frequently
under large rocks and the entrance is often hidden with soil. When in danger, they roll up into
balls, with their large tails pressed tightly against face and belly to help protect them. Longevity
of this animal in captivity can exceed 19 years. These pangolins are not often observed in the
wild due to their solitary, secretive, and nocturnal nature. A loud emission of a hissing sound has
been reported when they are frightened or angry.
3.5.3 Food:
The Indian pangolin is almost entirely insectivorous and more specifically a myrmecophage
(ant/termite specialist). Its diet includes beetles, cockroaches, termites, and possibly worms, but
mainly ants and termites. It feeds on the eggs, larvae, and adults of its prey, but eggs are the
preferred choice. The Indian pangolin is nocturnal and uses its well-developed sense of smell to
locate ant nests or termite mounds and other food sources. Pangolins tear apart and dig into
mounds by using the three centre claws on their forefeet, throwing loose soil backwards with
their hind feet. When feeding, the rostral part of the pangolin's tongue is quickly inserted and
withdrawn to capture prey. This movement is also used for drinking.

The species is therefore listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; under
the Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 of India and included in Appendix II of
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

CHAPTER -4: INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE BASED STATUS OF NATURAL

RESOURCES
4.1 Introduction:
Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are generally defined as goods obtained from forests
without harvesting whole trees. Some sources define NTFPs to include recreational
opportunities. Other sources include hunted and trapped animals as NTFPs, but these days the
term generally refers to plant-based NTFPs.NTFP such as gums, resins, oilseeds, lac, leaves (for
plates) etc. today account for about 50% of the forest products income in the forest dominated
states today. They provide vital income for the poorest section in the society, the landless,
illiterate, tribal population. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), also known as minor forest
produce, special, non-wood, minor, alternative and secondary forest products, are useful
substances, materials and/or commodities obtained from forests which do not
require harvesting (logging) trees. They include game animals, fur-bearers, nuts, seeds, berries,
mushrooms, oils, foliage, pollarding, medicinal plants, peat, mast, fuelwood, fish, spices,
and forage. They are produced as commodities for rural incomes and markets, as an expression
of traditional knowledge or as a livelihood option for rural household needs, and as a key
component of sustainable forest management and conservation strategies.
The village level PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) meeting was conducted for the
documentation of available NTFPs and the presence of wildlife and their conflicts related
information has been gathered from nearby villages of proposed coal mining project.
4.2 People Rural Appraisal (PRA) Study:

The NTFP species collection in village level samitti related information has been gathered by PRA
activity and group discussion which are listed in the below Tables 4.1.
Table 4.1: NTFP Species collected by villagers from the forest area
S. No Botanical Name Local Name Part Used Harvesting Season
as NTFP
1 Shorea robusta Sal Seed, Sal gum Summer/Winter
2 Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu Leaf Summer

S. No Botanical Name Local Name Part Used Harvesting Season

as NTFP
3 Madhuca longifolia Mahua Flower Summer
4 Phyllanthus emblica Aoula Fruit Winter
5 Semecarpus anacardium Bhilwa Fruit, stem, nut Winter
6 Buchanania lanzan Char Seed Summer
7 Boswellia serrata Salhe Leaf, gum Summer
8 Soymida febrifuga Rohan Bark Summer
9 Terminalia elliptica Saja Leaf, bark All
10 Pometia pinnata Kasai Leaf, fruit, seed Summer
11 Dalbergia paniculata Dhoban Leaf Summer
12 Cordia macleodii Dahimal Bark All throughout year
13 Ziziphus mauritiana Ber Fruit Summer
14 Syzygium cumini Jamun Fruit, seed Pre-Monsoon
15 Symplocos racemosa Lodh Leaf All throughout year
16 Litsea glutinosa Chandna Whole Plant All throughout year
17 Tamarindus indica Imli Seeds, leaf Summer
18 Phyllanthus amarus Bhuiaoula Whole plant All throughout year
19 Celastrus paniculatus Malkangni Leaf, seed Pre-Monsoon
20 Embelia tsjeriam-cottam Bibidan Seed, root bark Summer
21 Phoenix acaulis Chhind Fruit Winter
22 Dioscorea alata Suarkand Tuber Winter
23 Amorphophallus campanulatus Ziurikand Leaves, corm Winter
24 Chlorophytum borivilianum Safed Musli Roots, leaves Winter
25 Argemone mexicana Satyanasi Root, stem, latex Summer
(Source: Primary Survey Data)
The major NTFP species of this area are Mahua, Char, Tendu, Sal etc. and a large fraction of the
local population depends on them for their livelihood. However, due to this mining project, a
huge quantity of coal dust would be generated; which in turn would settle on the leaves, flowers
and fruits of the NTFP species and degrade their qualities. Thus it would lead to a decrease in
their market value and the rural communities surviving greatly upon them would face a major

setback in their economic wellbeing. The project must ensure proper preventive and mitigation
measures before its onset so as to not hamper the livelihoods of the rural people.
The tribal can earn much better by value addition & there is need to replant them due to
resource decline due to the exploitation in the past, including reckless, destructive methods
such as axing, pulling, burning forest/ plants etc. Such over-harvest is to maximize the profit
soon due to the low price the gatherers earn. Getting better price by value addition can improve
their income, reduce efforts & drudgery and also reduce the pressure on resources, ensuring
their health & natural regeneration.

CHAPTER -5: CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN FOR WILDLIFE
5.1 Conservation Plan for fauna requires knowledge on

1 Home range of the animal
2 Territorial requirement of the animal
3 Deciding the number of animals to be conseved and accordingly evaluating the carrying
capacity of the habitat
4 Conservation is aimed at single species or multiple species
5 Conservation is proposed in a managed ecosystem or an un-managed, natural ecosystem.
6 However, very little knowledge exists on the above parameters of most of the animals
5.2 Reasons for Decline of Wildlife:

Several reasons for the decline of wild life and methods for their conservation are proposed.
However, the best method for the conservation of wild life is related directly to the maintenance
of ecosystems in their natural condition, allowing their natural development and protection to
the wildlife and their habitat. Both these phenomena (ecosystem development and habitat
protection) are related to anthropogenic factors. Some of the important anthropogenic factors
are listed below:
I. Habitat fragmentation and destruction

II. Man-animal conflict
III. Forest fire
IV. Poaching
V. Stakeholders’ dependence on forest resources
VI. Creating awareness amongst forest stake holders
To the above-mentioned factors may be added a non-anthropogenic but important factor:

VII. Water scarcity
5.3 Conservation Action Plan for Shedule-I Species:

A total of 94 faunal species documented through primary and secondary data which could be
seen in the vicinity of the project site as well as defined study area from 15 km area. Seven

species belonging to Schedule-I under wildlife protection act 1972 were reported within the
study area, which are listed in Table 2.15. The plan for wild life (Schedule-I species) conservation
with respect to above situations is detailed as under:
5.3.1 Indian Python (Python molursus):

5.3.1.1 Habitat Protection:
The python’s jungle habitat is disappearing as trees are cut down for lumber, firewood and to
make room for spreading human settlement, mining/developmental activities and agriculture
(Source: Spotlight on tropical rain forests). Although India has established several large areas to
protect habitat, these reserves are unpopular with the people who live near them and want
access to the forests to obtain firewood or food. The problem of rampant poaching has been
addressed in some places by armed-guard patrols.A better long-term solution would reconcile
the reserves with the needs of local people, including controlled access with better education
about how conservation can benefit people as well as wildlife.
5.3.1.2 Trade Regulation:

Pythons are listed in CITES Appendix I and under Schedule-I of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. All
trade in live pythons or python products is prohibited. Poaching remains a threat, however, and
illegal trade continues.
5.3.1.3 Captive Breeding:

Captive breeding programs are being promoted to supply snakes for the pet and zoo trade,
reducing poaching pressure. Zoos no longer accept wild-caught pythons.
5.3.2 Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus):

5.3.2.1 Conservation status:
The Indian Peafowl is listed as Least Concern species in the Red List of International Union for
Conservation of Nature (BirdLife International 2008), probably owing to its widespread
distribution, occurrence of locally abundant semi-feral populations, and protection from people
on religious grounds. In India, it is given the utmost protection by inclusion in the Schedule I of
Indian Wildlife Act, 1972. Although the train feathers of the Indian Peafowl are traded for
various reasons, it is not included on any Appendix of the Convention on International Trade of

Endangered Species perhaps on the claim that these feathers are naturally fallen ones during
annual molt of the species, and also that the scale of trade across international border is still to
be understood.
5.3.2.2 Threats:
The Indian Peafowl is under threat from various quarters that include the demand for feathers
and wild meat, conflict with farmers during cropping season, increased use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides, and habitat degradation. Other threats include habitat degradation
and loss - more significantly from conversion of their habitat to agriculture, habitation and
Mining/Industrial growth, poisoning to counter crop damage, consumption of eggs and fat
extracts for alleged medicinal values, and killing for wild meat (del Hoyo et. al., 1994;
Chakkaravarthy 2002). Although these threats are believed to be causing an alarming decline in
populations, the magnitude and pattern of the effects in different parts of the country are yet to
be quantified.
5.3.2.3 Conservation Measures:

It is critical that urgent efforts are made to understand the habitat and population status of the
species through field based research and in-situ conservation projects. A meeting of the Indian
Board for Wild Life (held on 19 June 2006) underlined the need for such efforts. The actions
required are:
1) Mapping of habitat and distribution status of the species across the country, inside and
outside protected areas;
2) Time series analysis of habitat change to quantify the rate of change and identify high-risk
areas and potential sites for further affirmative action;
3) Estimation of population size by established count methods such as line transect, call
counts and roost counts;
4) Intensive ecological investigations in representative sites in major biogeographic zones with
focus on the effects of threats in relation to breeding success and survival probability;
5) Quantification of trade, with details on source and people involved; and
6) Undertaking outreach activities to sensitize local communities, which may be carried out by
a network of ‘student clubs’ (e.g. National Green Corps) throughout the country. These
people could be trained to collect population data and undertake monitoring within their

localities, and the reliability of the results could be ensured by adopting rigorous
protocols.
5.3.3 Sloth Bear (Melursus unrsinus):

5.3.3.1 Conservation Status:
Sloth bears are completely protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of
1972 (as amended in 1986). They cannot be hunted, but can be killed in self defense or in special
circumstances where they have caused damage. All trade and export is illegal. Sloth bears are
listed under Appendix I of CITES.
5.3.3.2 Population Threats:

Sloth bear populations in India appear to be significantly threatened by poaching. Gall bladders
and other parts from poached bears are typically exported to Singapore, Bangkok, Hong Kong,
or other intermediary ports, and eventually to Japan, South Korea, or Taiwan. Respondents to
our survey indicated that poaching was unimportant. However, based on records obtained by
TRAFFIC (Japan), parts from an estimated 700–1,500 bears per year were shipped from India to
Japan during the late 1970s through the 1980s (Servheen 1990), and the Wildlife Protection
Society of India (New Delhi in litt. 1996) found that poaching and trade in sloth bear parts is still
“fairly common in the hills of the northern States of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and West
Bengal, and the central State of Madhya Pradesh (Including Chhattisgarh)”.
5.3.3.3 Habitat Threats:

Loss of forested areas outside parks and reserves poses a major threat to sloth bears because it
causes population fragmentation, thereby leaving small, nonviable populations within the parks.
Furthermore, habitat degradation outside the parks, caused by overgrazing, overharvest of
forest products (cutting timber, lopping branches, collecting fruits and honey), establishment of
monoculture plantations (e.g., Tea, Rubber, Teak, Eucalyptus), expansion of agricultural areas,
Mining/Industrial activities, and settlement of refugees, diminishes natural food supplies for
sloth bears and may result in reduced reproduction. Poor food supplies also may increase the
likelihood of sloth bears seeking human-related foods, like sugarcane and peanuts, outside the
forest, where they become more vulnerable to being killed as a nuisance.

5.3.3.4 Human-bear interactions:

Sloth bears are known for their aggressiveness, both towards humans and towards other large
mammals. They seem to avoid human contact, when possible, but may encounter humans when
they are enticed into croplands or when people enter the forest. Sloth bears seem to have a low
tolerance toward people when they inadvertently meet.

5.3.3.5.1 Public Education Needs:
Education should emphasize the importance of maintaining entire forest ecosystems of which
sloth bears and other large mammals are a part. Charismatic megafauna like tigers, leopards,
and elephants naturally garner the most attention. In developing a conservation ethic that
protects these species against habitat degradation and poaching, sloth bears will gain protection
as well. However, sloth bear conservation should not just be incidental to conservation
strategies designed for other species. Sloth bear biology is in many ways unique, because of
their peculiar predilection for ant and termite-eating (myrmecophagy), and this uniqueness
could be a focal point for interesting classroom lessons and television programs about habitat
needs and conservation.
5.3.3.5.2 Mapping:
1) Expand and update information on the distribution of sloth bears across their range.
2) Map sloth bear distribution in relation to forest cover and boundaries of protected areas,
and thereby delineate discrete population units. These larger population units, rather
than individual reserves, should be the basis of management. The size and separation of
these management units will dictate conservation strategies, such as the inclusion of
additional protected areas, corridors between areas, or buffer zones around areas.
3) Compile information on land use and land conditions for areas outside reserves to
determine the potential to support viable sloth bear populations.
5.3.3.5.3 Habitat Improvement:

Community-based forestry programs could significantly expand habitat for sloth bears. This
approach is new to India. The success of one community-based forestry project in Orissa was
marked by the recent sighting of a sloth bear (Poffenberger 1994). Numerous villages in this part

of India have been involved in patrolling and protecting hundreds of thousands of hectares of
degraded sal forest, and the results, in terms of forest regeneration, have been remarkable.
Moreover, this community-based approach might stimulate an atmosphere whereby local
disdain for those who poach community-owned forestry products serves to protect all forest
resources, including resident wildlife (i.e. community-based anti-poaching activities). The
benefits of this community-based approach to maintaining ecosystem integrity thus extends
well beyond sloth bears.
5.3.4 Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus):

5.3.4.1 Status:
The species has been assigned almost all the categories of IUCN Red List Categories including:
Near threatened, Threatened, Endangered, Critically endangered to Vulnerable, by different
workers and agencies. However, these categories have been assigned mostly on regional basis.
On global basis the species has been assigned Lower Risk Status. The species has been included
in Shedule I in The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 of our country.
5.3.4.2 Perceived Threats:

Leopards face multiple threats across their range including habitat loss and fragmentation
(Nowell & Jackson, 1996), conflict with livestock or game keepers (Ogada et al., 2003; Kissui,
2008; Swanepoel et al., 2015), loss of prey (Datta, Anand & Naniwadekar, 2008; Qi et al., 2015),
killing for the illegal trade in skins and parts (Oswell, 2010; Raza et al., 2012), and in some areas,
unsustainable legal trophy hunting (Packer et al., 2010). Hunting of Indian leopards for the
illegal wildlife trade is the biggest threat to their survival. They are also threatened by loss of
habitat. A significant immediate threat to wild leopard populations is the illegal trade in poached
skins and body parts. Habitat loss and fragmentation is a primary driver of biodiversity loss
(Fahrig, 2003) and contributor to leopard decline (Nowell & Jackson, 1996.
5.3.4.3 Man-leopard Conflicts:

Major conflicts arise when leopards start preying on livestock. These conflicts have increased in
recent years due to population growth among humans. The conflict becomes more severe when
some leopards become man-eaters. They can prey on children and even enter homes at night to
attack humans.

5.3.4.4 Conservation:
Capture and translocation to protected areas has been practiced more as a means of
conservation. However, investigations have shown that the animal is highly territorial. Shifting
causes inter and intra specific fighting to establish a territory in the translocated area. They are
so much particular about their territory that they may make all the efforts to reach back to their
original territory. However, Leopards are somewhat tolerant of habitat conversion, and may
persist close to large human populations provided they have suitable cover and prey. The
MoEF&CC has issued guidelines: Guidelines for Dealing with Man-leopard Conflict, Press Note,
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, moef.nic.in/downloads/public-informat.
Accessed on, 01-08- 2011.
The guidelines suggest a three-pronged strategy to deal with man-leopard conflict as a means to their
conservation:
i. Awareness generation among local communities, media and officials of various
departments,
ii. Establish trained teams at two levels; the primary response team and the emergency
response team, and
iii. Use of latest technology and scientific know-how to improve efficacy of capture, handling,
care and translocation of the animal.
 Enforcement of protection measures, including implementation of the Wildlife (Protection) Act
1972, has contributed greatly to detecting poaching and decline in major wildlife. Constitution
of a Protected Area network across the country has also improved habitats and increased the
leopard population. Public awakening to wildlife has had a significant effect on conservation of
forests and wildlife.
 Developmental activities may have a negative impact on biodiversity but some agricultural
activities provide opportunities and enhanced resources for the leopard. For example,
construction of a network of small and medium sized dams during the past three decades has
improved availability of water, even during scarcity. The dams, ponds and availability of
moisture in the irrigated land have enhanced the abundance of some small animals, which have
been easy prey for leopards.

5.3.5 Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata):

5.3.5.1 Conservation Status:
The species is therefore listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; under
the Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 of India and included in Appendix II of
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
5.3.5.2 Threats:
The species is subject to intense poaching for its meat, alleged medicinal properties and use of
scales for curios leading to population declines. Although the Indian pangolin is protected by
national legislation in many protected areas throughout its range, it is heavily exploited for its
flesh, scales, and skin. Populations are declining due to hunting and poaching for both
subsistence and international trade. Various parts of the pangolin are valued as sources of food
and medicine. The scales are used as an aphrodisiac, or made into rings or charms. The skins are
used to manufacture leather goods, including boots and shoes. The majority of hunting is
carried out by nomads and trained local hunters.

5.3.5.3.1 Population monitoring:
Pangolin population monitoring programs do not exist in any range State. The secretive and
solitary nature of pangolins makes monitoring wild populations difficult. In India January 2014
the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau in New Delhi, India, issued an alert to police, forest, Customs
and postal authorities throughout the country to highlight the extent of this trade.
5.3.5.3.2 Habitat conservation:

M. crassicaudata is understood to occur in various types of tropical forests as well as open land,
grasslands and degraded habitat, including in close proximity to villages (Zoological Survey of
India, 2002). The species is thought to adapt well to modified habitats, provided its ant and
termite prey remains abundant and provided it is not subject to hunting pressure. However, a
large proportion of the species range overlaps with high human population densities and
significant anthropogenic disturbance which can be expected to have negative repercussions for
the species. This species was included in CITES Appendix II and zero annual export quotas were

established in 2000 (CoP11) for wild-caught specimens traded for primarily commercial
purposes. It is protected by national legislation in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka
and China. Other than the legal instruments previously described, no safeguards are in place for
this species.
5.3.5.3.3 Consultations:
On 8th April 2016, India sent a range States consultation letter by email to all other Manis
crassicaudata range States (Bangladesh, China, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). India received
telephone and email communications from Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka indicating their
support for the proposal. Viet Nam has also indicated its support for the proposal via email. In
addition, India has discussed the issue in the Pangolin Working Group in at the 66th Standing
Committee meeting of CITES with USA, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, China and Sri Lanka. Finally,
the First Pangolin Range States meeting, held in Viet Nam on 24- 26 June 2015, which was
attended by delegates from 29 African and Asian pangolin range States, discussed the issue and
recommended the listing of all pangolin species on CITES Appendix I. With support from Wildlife
Trust of India, Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) and
Humane Society International”.
5.4 Other Conservation Measures for Wildlife/Environment:

5.4.1 Dust Control:
All transport roads of the project passing through buffer zone shall be kept wet by sprinkling of
water at required intervals. The frequency of watering will be based on season and weather
conditions. This will reduce and minimize the impact of dust on flora/fauna.
5.4.2 Protecttion and Improvement of Habitat:

The patches of forest that forms the habitat of wildlife is threatened due to anthropogenic
pressure generated due to the mining and other ancillary activities. Hence, concerted and
vigorous efforts will be made to protect such forest patches. Besides, improvement of
vegetation cover on non-Forest land in the buffer zone will be tried.

5.4.3 Prevention of Forest Fire:

Forest fire is caused both naturally as well as by the human beings. Anthropogenic causes will be
minimized through forming a fire line around the forest area. To add to the prevention of fire
local persons will be employed as fire guards, during the fire prone season. The team will be
instructed to fight the fire as soon as it is detected. Watch towers will also be constructed to
detect forest fire. Awareness program against forest fire will also be run in adjoining villages.
5.4.4 Reducing Stake Holder’s Dependence on Forest Produces:

People from adjoining villages have already exploited the forest to the extent that the forests
have become a grazing land or a source of fuel wood. Timber and medicinal species have either
disappeared or have become scarce. However, regenerating the forest will again attract the
villagers towards the forest. To keep the people away from the forest their economic condition
will be improved. This will be achieved through financial and technical help to develop Dairy,
Poultry, Vegetable cultivation, Horticulture and Agro-forestry. Promotion of agro-forestry, in
particular, will reduce their dependence on forests for timber as well as for fuel wood.
5.4.5 Water Availability:

However, due to lack of proper storage, severe water scarcity develops during the summer
season. To make the water available throughout the year it is essential to create water storage
facility. Multiple water storage places will be created in the Buffer zone through improving the
existing ponds, constructing check dams in the water channels and through creating water
holes. Also, camouflage and hiding places should be created. Some wildlife species fulfill their
salt requirement through licking the soil. Salt deposits will be arranged for such species adjacent
to the water holes. These water holes will also be helpful in recharging the ground water and
thus will be supporting good growth of the vegetation.

CHAPTER -6: ACTION PLAN AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION FOR

CONSERVATION PLAN
6.1 Introduction:
Protected areas and threatened species could most effectively be safeguarded if local people
considered it in their own interest to do so. Working with rather than against local people has
become a major working principle for IUCN. For the protection of habitat sensitive wildlife and
other living form need proper action plan and budgetary allocation which will be a roadmap for
the success of conservation scheme.
6.2 Action Plan:

6.2.1 Non-formal Education:
Conservation education and awareness will be imparted both at the formal and non-formal
levels. At the formal level, it will be given at school, colleges and university levels. Formal
education, in spite of all the curriculum development and introduction of the study of ecology,
wildlife and conservation at the school and college levels, however, largely remains text book
and examination oriented. Because of the situation, non-formal education becomes all the more
necessary for creating the right kind of awareness and attitude among people at all levels-
children, teenagers, adults, family groups, teachers, administrators, politicians and
policymakers. To achieve this some local tours of school and college students will be arranged to
nearby National Parks.
6.2.2 Institutional Infrastructure:

The prime requisite for building up an understanding and awareness about wildlife and
conservation is to develop an appreciation, respect and love for nature. Most people lack the
curiosity to know even the names of animals and plants they come across in their day-to-day
life. Development of an inquisitive mind, a keen sense of observation and curiosity about the
fauna and flora are, therefore, very important. Concern for conservation can only emanate from
a love for nature and awareness about the interdependence of all species of animals and plants,
including the man. To arouse curiosity about the wildlife in the young mind some quiz and essay

competitions will be arranged in the schools and colleges of the buffer zone and some nearby
areas.
6.2.3 Indian Tradition of Conservation:

The theme of conservation, wildlife and reverence for life is reflected in some of the exquisite
images in Indian art paintings, sculpture, architecture and decorative art. The most wide-ranging
wild life imagery is found in Indian miniature paintings. Early literatures like the Panchatantra
and Hitopadesha contain animal fables that have been used to preach both wisdom and morals.
The long-term tradition and abiding faith in conservation of nature is vividly seen in recent times
also like the Chipko and Appiko movements. These conservation themes will be popularized
through pamphlets and posters.
6.2.4 Role of the Individual:

Each individual should develop a personal ethic towards nature and wildlife which could pave
the way for commitment and conviction not to destroy wildlife particularly that of not
considering hunting as a sport, nor to use products made out of skins or other parts of
endangered animals. Unless these products are boycotted by their users, the clandestine killing
and poaching of wildlife at the hands of unscrupulous people will continue. Everyone can play
important role in spreading the message of conservation among their friends, family and
community at the large.
6.2.5 Eco-Development Works:

People in and around the forest area generally are hostile against the forest department and its
staff, because they are prevented from taking out timber and other forest products illegally.
Such antagonistic behaviour is mainly because little effort is made to meet their genuine
demands either from outside the forest area or from the forest area but in a sustainable
manner. Regular interaction with them with agreement for sustainable utilization of forest
resources combined with some incentives can completely change their indifferent or even un-
concerned attitude to conservative attitude.

6.2.6 Checks and control on the Movement of Vehicle:

Due to movement of vehicles injury to animals and reptiles may take place. For this reason,
speed limit of vehicles will be fixed and operators will be educated and advised regularly to drive
vehicle safely and slowly. All operators will also be advised to stop the vehicle on seeing such
reptiles or animals and let it go away before moving the vehicle further.
6.2.7 Pressure horn:

Noise generated by pressure horn disturbs the wildlife and forces them to leave the place. No
pressure horn will be fixed on vehicle plying in the area. All the drivers will be advised to make
minimum use of horn while working hours.
6.2.8 Vehicles head lights:

Efforts will be made to cover the lights suitably with paint so that strong beam of head light is
not formed and light falls in front of the vehicle only.
6.2.9 People Participation:

With the help of the local people and employees of the Company watch will be kept on the wild
life as well as illegal tree felling. Forest and police department will be informed if such incident
occurs, to take legal action against the offenders. For this they will be trained for motivation.
6.2.10 Encourage local villagers to grow trees on their on their field bounds/court yards:
In consultation with Forest Department the company will provide some finance, to grow saplings
of tree species, having importance for wood, small timber and fuel wood to distribute to the
villagers. Bamboo will be another important species with a lot of environmental and economic
value. This no doubt will help reduce dependence of people on RF forest; as a result, the
ecological condition of the area will improve so the wild life will be attracted to this area.
6.2.11 Reducing Environmental Pollution:

To keep the environment frees from smoke, cooking gas cylinders will be provided to all the
project workers particularly. To control pollution from project measure outlined in EMP will be
followed.

6.2.12 Provide employment to the villagers:

On the basis of their suitability, jobs in project will be provided to the nearby villagers. As a
result, their economic condition will improve. This well keep them busy also, so they will not be
tempted/compelled to cause destruction to forest which will help improve the status of wildlife.
6.3 Plantation in the Buffer zone:

Trees will be planted in the buffer zone also. This plantation will be done at selected places only
and only local species will be used in the plantation. Some of the tree species included will be
Saja (Terminalia tomentosa), Baheda (Terminalia bellerica), Bija (Pterocarpus masupium), Bargad
(Ficus benghalensis), Peepal (Ficus religiosa), Mahua (Madhuca latifolia), Sal (Shorea robusta),
etc. Care will be taken to include some fruit bearing trees like Gular (Ficus glomerata), Aonla
(Emblica officinalis), Aam (Mangifera indica) and such trees to provide food to the herbivores
which in turn will be the food source of the carnivores. Water, particularly during drier seasons,
becomes the most important factor to all types of wild animals including the mammals, birds
and reptiles. If water is available safely, then all other factors become secondary for the
presence and survival of the wild life in any forested area. Places suitable for mini watersheds
will be identified in the core as well as in the buffer zone to store rainwater. Further, to make
water available at all the times, throughout the year, some of these water holes will be
recharged through artificial means. Proper slope will be given to approach these water sources
so that the wild animals will be able to drink water without any difficulty. Proper cover through
vegetation or any other type of even artificial cover will be developed near to these water
sources so that the prey species will be able to hide themselves from the predators, at the time
of approaching the water sources. To attract the birds, plants yielding food to the birds will be
planted on priority basis. If water and food are available to the birds without any anthropogenic
disturbances the area can become an ideal place for bird watching.
6.4 Financial Projection:

₹88.00 Lakhs has been allocated towards conservation of scheduled fauna in the area for the
implementation of conservation proposal.

Table 6.1: Budget for Conservation/Management Plan

Activities Budget( Lakh ₹)
1 Plantation of suitable tree species on blank area in core and buffer zone ₹30.00
2 Development of pasture area for herbivore feed ₹
5.00
3 Avenue plantation along both side of approach road ₹10.00
4 Development of 50 m wide tree guarded shelter belt around forest area ₹20.00
adjoining the mining lease to trap dust and other air pollutants.
5 Watering activity on plantation area ₹10.00
6 Construction of water hole in strategic location for wildlife support ₹
4.00
7 Proper sign board for prone area alert and speedlimits for preventing the wildlife ₹
2.00
road accidents.
8 Awareness camps for protection of wildlife ₹
2.00
9 Protection and maintenance of existing vegetation and environment ₹
5.00
Total ₹88.00 Lakhs

Table 6.2: Year Wise Plan and Budget (Rs.in Lakhs)

S.No. Component/Year I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Total Implimentation
Agency
1. Plantation of suitable tree species on 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 Maintenance 30.00 Forest
blank area in core and buffer zone department
2. Development of pasture area for 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 Forest
hervibore feed department
3. Avenue plantation along both side of 3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 UCM
approach road
4. Development of 50 m wide tree 5.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 20.00 UCM
guarded shelter belt around forest
area adjoining the mining lease to
trap dust and other air pollutants.
5. Watering activity on plantation area 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 10.00 UCM
6. Construction of water hole in 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 4.00 Forest
strategic location for wildlife support
department
7. Proper sign board for prone area 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 UCM
alert and speedlimits for prenting the
wildlife road accidents.
8. Awareness camps for protection of 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 2.00 Forest
wildlife department
9. Protection and maintenance of 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 UCM
existing plantation and greenery
withing project mine lease area.
Total 18.00 17.00 13.50 9.00 9.00 8.00 6.50 2.00 3.00 2.00 88.00

Table 6.3: Funds will be submitted to Divisional Forest Officer, Anuppur

S. No. Component/Year I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Total
Plantation of suitable tree species on blank area in
1. 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.00
core and buffer zone
2. Development of pasture area for hervibore feed 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00
Construction of water hole in strategic location for
3. 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 4.00
wildlife support
4. Awareness camps for protection of wildlife 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 2.00
Total Amount 7.00 6.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.50 1.50 0.50 41.00
Table 6.4: Year wise allocation of funds which will be utilized by UCM
S. No. Component/Year I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Total
1. Avenue plantation along both side of approach road 3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
Development of 50 m wide tree guarded shelter 5.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 20.00
2. belt around coal washery area to trap dust and
other air pollutants.
3. Watering activity on plantation area 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 10.00
Proper sign board for prone area alert and 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00
4.
speedlimits for prenting the wildlife road accidents.
Protection and maintenance of existing plantation 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00
5.
and greenery withing project mine lease area.
Total Amount 11.00 11.00 8.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 47.00

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2. Chakkaravarthy, Q.A. (2002).Call to save our national bird, Indian Peafowl (Pavo
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Biology, AVC College, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, 77-78.
3. Curtis, J.T. (1959). The vegetation of wisconsin; an ordination of plant communities.
University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
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abundance in Namdapha National Park, north-east India. Biological Conservation
141(5):1429–1435.
5. Del Hoyo, J., A. Elliot & Sargatal J. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. New
World Vultures to Guineafowl - Volume 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp.434-552.
6. Duckworth, J., C. Poole, R. Tizard, J. Walston and Timmins R. (2005). The Jungle Cat
Felis chaus in Indochina: A threatened population of a widespread and adaptable
species. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14, 1263- 1280.
7. Fahrig L. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34(1):487–515.
8. Haines, H.H. (1921-25). The Botany of Bihar and Orissa. 6 Parts, Adlard & Sons,
London.
9. Hedges, S. Tyson, M. J. (2003). Some thoughts on counting elephants in SE Asian
forests, with particular reference to the CITES Monitoring the Illegal Killing of
Elephants Program. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, USA.
10. Kissui, B.M. (2008). Livestock predation by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and their
vulnerability to retaliatory killing in the Maasai steppe, Tanzania. Animal
Conservation 11(5):422–432.
11. Leimgruber, P, Gagnon, J. B., Wemmer, C., Kelly, D. S., Songer, M. A., and Selig, E. R.
(2003). Fragmentation of Asia’s remaining wild lands: implications for Asian elephant
conservation. Animal Conservation, 6: 347 - 358.
12. Misra, R. (1968). Ecological Work Book, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
13. Nowell K, Jackson P. (1996). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.
Gland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.

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African carnivores: the role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology 17(6):1521–
1530.
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TRAFFIC.
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hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania. Conservation Biology
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woody species in a tropical evergreen forest in Courtallam reserve forest, Western
Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology, 38: 297-306.
18. Philips, E.A. (1959). Methods of vegetation study. Henry Holt and Company, New
York.
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Amur leopard density in northeast China. Biological Conservation 191:258–265.
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Study on Illegal Trade in Leopard Parts in India (2001–2010). New Delhi: TRAFFIC
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BearRes. and Manage. Monogr. Ser. No. 2. 32pp.
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Narendran, K., December 2003. Study of elephants in Buxa Tiger Reserve and
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48 - 52.

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Newsletter Vol. 9 (1 and 2).

Conclusion:
The baseline study was conducted for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity
within the existing environment of the study area (10 Km radius from the lease mine area)
and it comprises of total 163 floral species have been recorded during survey from the 10 km
study area out of which 83 are Trees, 26 are shrubs, 17 herbs, 19 grasses, 13 species of
Climbers, 3 parasite and two bamboo species are existing within the 10 km periphery fore
core. There is no any endemic, endangered or protected floral species was recorded.
Among the faunal groups 94 faunal species have been encountered in the study area out of
which 18 Mammals, 15 Herpatofauna, 12 Butterfly and 37 aves and 12 pisces have been
recorded from 10 km vicinity area. Only 5 shedule -I species viz. Melursus ursinus , Manis-
crassi caudata , Panthera pardus , Python molurus & Pavo cristatus were documented. As
per MOEF&CC Guideline wildlife conservation plan should be prepare and budgetary
provision will be assigned for conservation purpose.
There is no Biosphere Reserve, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve and Elephant
-Reserve within 10 km radius of the project site. The nearest protected area is Achanakmar -
Amarkantak Biosphere reserve which is ~43 km SSW in direction from the project site.
Various measure proposed in this reports includes following:
 The habitat requirement of food, cover, water, interspersion and juxtaposition will be
adequately met. The first three are qualitative and quantitative. The latter two are the
pattern of arrangement. By interspersion is meant arrangement of cover type,
successional stages, browse and grass land, water bodies well distributed all over the
area so that each unit of the habitat within the cruising radius remains optimally
productive in terms of number of wild animals, While juxtaposition is maintenance/
creation of all habitat requirements with the normal cruising radius of animal having
least home range and in relation with each other.
 Unique habitat like grass land, wet wallow, riparian forests, water holes will be mapped
and plotted for better management.

 Attempts will be made to develop multi layered vegetation with sufficient ground cover
and under growth, which really is vital for food and cover for most of the animals. Tree
growth is essential for thermal cover and availability of the former on sustained basis.
 It is proposed to carry out plantation of local tree species by JMS for this project in an
area of --- @2000 trees / Ha. The total plantation will be 47000 trees with 90-95 %
survival rate. In addition to this more tree plantation under CSR activities is also
proposed. This will also act as dust barrier, light shield and acoustic barrier. The Nursery
raised seedling will be planted in 0.45 M3 pits with basal dose of farm yard manure and
30 gms of NPK fertilizer. A spacing of 2.5 m x 2.5 m will be used. Natural root stock will
also be tended simultaneously.
 All weeds are nuisance as they hinder the growth of desirable trees. A the beginning of
monsoon, young weeds, which sprout on the start of rainy season, shall be uprooted
and disposed. This will help growth of good tree and support faunal population.
 The efforts to protect wildlife and forest / Habitat conservation shall be succeeded
without active involvement of mining work force. Hence, it is important to create
awareness among them and also in the surrounding villages. For this purpose lectures,
competitions, debates, essay and quiz, film show, printing and distribution of literature,
celebrating wildlife week etc. will be arranged on regular basis. Suggestions from the
locals for conservation of wildlife and habitat protection will be invited and suitable
reward given as encouragement to the persons. Beside visit to the nearest protected
area will be quite useful. The youth, woman and children can be targeted for this
purpose.
 Two year healthy seedlings of species like Gambhar, Gohira, Bamboo, Moi, Simli, Bera,
Bel, Kumbhi, Plalas, Awasth, Zizypus, Neem, Siris, Jamun, Awala, Mahua and edible
grasses can be planted in the 0.45 m3 pits with pond soil, mixed with biofertilizer. Bio
insecticides like neem cake can be used as preventing pests. Along with edible species
non edible species like Karand, Karanja, Chhatian, Sidha, Kusum etc. will be intermixed
with edible species in 1 : @ ratio. Casualty replacement should be done with healthy
seedings during 2-3rd week of July every year.

 Fire should be completely prevented in the plantation through deployment of Van

Sahayak. Fire lines may be laid internally and surrounding plantation. Seeds of edible
grasses, legumes and berries of Temeda triandra, Heterpogon, Chrysopogon, Isielema
laxum, Dendrocalamus, Alibizzia, Dalbergia, Mitragyna, Zizyphus ocnopila, Carissa,
Spinarum, Sterculia, Colorata, Grewaia tilaefolia etc. embedded in cow dung/soil pellets
may be broadcasted in the opening after monsoon shower, preferably after de weeding,
windter control burning and hoeing.
 It is proposed to improve the water availability with the help of various water
conservation measures like drainage line treatment, development of CCT, rubble check
dams, Gabion Structures, ponds etc. The improvement in water storage capacity and
recharge measures will assist in development of plantation of the area.

Annexure 1


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Annexure 7.

M/s JMS MINING PVT. LTD.

i Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

ii Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

iii Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

iv Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

CHAPTER -1: INTRODUCTION

1.2 Project Details:

Station Railway Station – Kotma located at about 5

6 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

Normative Capacity - 0.60 MTPA Peak Rated Capacity – 0.90 MTPA

1.3 Description of Mine Lease Area:

1.4 Location of Project:

7 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

Figure 1.1: Location Map of the Project Site

1.5 Site Location:

Figure 1.2: Key Plan of the Core & Buffer Zone

CHAPTER -2: BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

A change in the composition of biotic communities is reflected by a change in the distribution

10 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

2.2 Objectives of Biological Study

2.3 Forest Types:

11 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

2.4 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna:

2.4.1 Terrestrial Flora:

2.4.1.1 Core Zone:

2.4.1.2 Buffer Zone:

12 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

2.5.1 Inventory Method:

Sr. No. Aspect Mode of Data Parameters Remarks

2.5.2 Quadrate Method

14 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

Mean basal area =

Total basal area = Mean basal area × Density

Mean of the circumference (C) =

Importance Value Index (IVI) =

15 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

EB 13 23˚15.076’N 82˚1.202’E Baskhali 0.41 NE Agri. Land

16 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

Figure 2.1: Monitoring Location Map of Urtan North Coal Block

Code Near Village Site Photographs

18 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

19 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

2.5.3 Core Zone:

Land Use Total (Ha)

20 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

Land Use Total (Ha)

2.6 Observations and Results:

2.6.1.1 Core Zone:

21 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

Table 2.2: Floral Diversity within Core Zone

S. No Botanical Name Local Name Family

Table-5: List of existing floristic composition within Buffer zone

1 Acacia catechu khair Leguminosae

2 Acacia leucophlea Hiwar/Reunjha Leguminosae

3 Adina cordifolia Haldu/Kalmi Rubiaceae

4 Aegle marmelos Bel Rutaceae

5 Ailanthus excelsa Maharukh/ Mahaneem Simarubiaceae

23 Srushti Seva Pvt. Ltd. Nagpur

S. No Botanical Name Local Name Family

6 Albizzia lebbek Kala siris Leguminosae

7 Albizzia odoratissima Chichwa Leguminosae

8 Albizzia procera Safed Siris/ Karahi Leguminosae

9 Anogeissus latifolia Dhaora Combretaceae