to 2^ ..

2= 5
4=4
2
2
st i's n nlpetent x
Sme
n -f
integu Bome
h.
tpoteat, ialled Nciypotent
-
tlnets
A i elenent
x tn
he to said s
a Tintin[Unet)!
liisons= n
3,43 2, 0.
donain inteyal be said s A
donaln: Intenal
diuison yeo y is
A
ing eA, x
elent An
Tuesday
 Fied .
disisor. .
aeA: dt
be
anibs det
IeLu)
suppoe taeA
has Fnibs (3) =
diniser.
9ere
ig,F isa let
and 3Z
sF n (u-).y=0 Co A Calle then
Lu)ae Cuy ABt (uA
av) U.
ntisX
hot st
ssne enit nA

dinisers
geuo paincipal
D
inA khout
álioand is
dimisos
contiadletion
A.
C
then aeA.

elmets
yere cannat

geo a
 hon
Prosf Prepgritim:
tnen
4: det
ppose
A’ The
etA
(4A krtt A sif
:
B A
oney be

’ B
B diaent. a
ts Ldeal and
a ideals
B tied Irtigne
the net a njittue' to A
nst
injactiue.
be
a
n
hatuel egial A Integral
tieed infeubine au Domais
to
y
is kf=o
hernomephism f°a}nd A ,
hot A
ohin Then Batt done
a
tny is
the
not
unit
a
a
fted
 EX: Z Ex: thua ei
pépe
idel Paine
ideal
A s
ppose aibeA
a ¢y)O
nat h=k,
then But $opo)
But a¬ pime
a comyoite ds
n
k. not
a,be{} a,e and
idal
pime A ideals
pime n ideal idealan
=
n= abe ’ot
fonsoe
n. (x)=
Ie
nz,
to bE
azo
(oY)
bo bez. thun
sdeal.
plme keme .A A)

dntagrs pine no.

 e>
A ldal.
pri
a
a and
ddealDonuin beg
ileal.
abe.
pime eldeal
pine
Trtegnal' that and
i

g=0+
at)
abe.
contiadies
his pine (b+
)at
sD. s
that asse
Cauerely
abeA D
an
s
Thunsday ds.
is
Beposition.
o
Alg
in
a
ppou
A/ clain:
clalm: and
Psee Then
 scalled
A
A AfM fed)
of
ideal A
A
a o
of eontainiegdeals
Manieldeal , nanimalldeal
cheetnigatim
D
,an
the
contasing. AM
a
of malal ,
betueen
lleal y
nanial
ldeae
yopee
ideal Tleld A b
ossespondine' eheay
TD is
aild
ine
repr thn fdal
n e fiele
idels
Aial.
ine
prepe Show
that Let
m.da
a
and
s (
san ) tn l-t
PAepostin
P2 Cx) MAXIMAL the Ret:
 ZORN'
LEMNAS
Ex!
woo, clain: has Ex Nete:
Prepesition:
det but
det a o}
denstedet s
o1nt s heck maimal (o) s
is not ideal
pine
et
a
nion thn A
a {6}at
and idal A.
a mascinal
S Bu dal and maunal
poset. deel of
has es 22
(62
a tue heed
ideal Ldial Z.n
prepu cn a
ideal
icleals hat
ane
chain maAninal of deal
eithea of the be
Cdeal A A an a
in s and
an Cdeels maninal
. 'deal
S, elenent.. opr
Cln A. idial
ideal idealsefA
(Ar:
wiid)h
A
no)
 <a,+> s a sutbgiap f A

ldeal

’)

an idal Bt A.
gut
is net oper ideal e) o= A

Rs hat popes ideal hich cmtiadbs Btie s

idal o A

e is the naninal eliunt in s tre chain

à) e y chaih in s has maninalelent

a Manial dal in A.

king has prine idial

Boe:
Th
prepesition A las'a
aunl deal m.
*wy monnal ddeal ds a pine ideal
’ d s a prime 'deal o A.
(Ce) A has a pine dat
S 0 show that to euy ropu ciclenl
A o) ,3 a henimal ideal nsuch hat t Sm
Show that i wit x in A
a manil idul yo A t xe g.
 has a maninal idea.
S= fa: A}
Tate s= b.ideal ofA t2
Follow the serne
Soluiòn to : enit
EA a es hot nil
det
’ (x) EA
ctained in
maiul ideal o A

he krow,

N 22,3,5Z, --

276 manial
2s

DEFINITION:
loal ing if t cmtuins
haninal ideal
as man idial

Sy tielal s a local
Reside feld
moinal dal in A) , then te suotient ig
Alm serie fleld. .
 ST.
ideals be bcnd o1 at Ex:
xeA and ideal cen be ordet Notation
Preper
contain Cdlal
coutained
in ideal
s
nst delcts y
nents nit non ldeal
o=A then wnit contais
a o Ex
AA=
)=
Awnit’
(X X
Note
ts ho
ay det
ideal be t
and
wit) (:)sa 1a
t4
A ideul
the as with
ing a be ALet
Bepesitim:
Psoperition :
tm s a t then
e y element

Proe) xeAM
Qn ideal o A.
hote'

prepe, biet

taeA

) ax = -4 4Ey)
axelms.

tre
By eious prepenitin
A.
Am)s Local
Noe; be an ided
The et o wnits need hot

nits n Z = 1T.5}

2+3 = 5 4 b
NOT idal.

PLD ng s cale a prinipal Idel Doin

Itgal demais and euy idal q A
a pirjal isual
 PrD
Feed, F
k [n J s Prip
s PID, ED
Fs fell, F[J k- fiet
P.D E_D

al the non yee une ideals mainal

- hot pane.

120) 2024 - Monday

Bepesitim:
It A s PrD thn e hon y e pini
ddial ia maninal.
Bree: det At a pene ldeal n A and
went to sow tht maninal
loe en ldial A st

- Cy) for me yeA

zeA

elth

’ x(-yt) = D
" . A s TD
a cotelictim
 = = A.

e thave elther
nunimal ideal.

Neepotnt elenents:

Z2le = fo,6,2 18, 24 --

he
Netation let
elenntt b the
set o al hlpotent
a is nilpdent
an>o for sne n

y"=o fo tone n,m

det
? htm
n m
:

either izn
Note: in onpessiom
ntm--n
<n and
Fr ppose ntm-l-ism-)
)
)
n+m-2 which s absurd.

in thu snmatin each wnmand s ge

So
ntm
nlpstint

let
(ax)"= a x
an a^.o = 0
axe
 Cal the
Nlsadical of A:

Niendil of A
Nete:

not n ideel. (2+3 = 5 )

, 2, 3) 4 is

Preperiilon:
The nilkacilal of A tne tusion s

páme lalal of A.
Ppne
idenl of A .
Phoof: det
gprine

cent
some nezt.

pine ldeal

( s pine llial )
t pinu ddeal A.

To poue : 2 e n
) BEA
tne z+

det le set al ldesls

tnez}
(2, ) s a
patiauy rleeol set
 cheln
Zons eeua, has a enlmal e l t t
At need not mainal ideal bens
a fleal)
Claini s prine tdlal.
buppse g is hot a mhe ileal abeA

et abeg

toe sonve n,
a conttadictn
tnezt

Susy invaig
Loins lenna, 2 has a manal elenent
( t need net be mais al i dial coy 2 is not colleetin
all (deal)
(2) s
CCain: psinnes lial a
hppo ais net a pne ddeal ,
atg ad but abe
-’ and (b) + ?
(a) + 3 and
one n

t = Ra t 2,

ymtne ab, z,, Z2 e g)

 conthdiclin

pie ideal af A

puticelax
conon elenent
of all pine ideals)
8-pue

Hence

alooao4-Tuesday for sne inden n?

-pine ideal
iacA:
Dtn: caleoc the Acoson adical
m-manimad
ideal
istineclin l ranial eeals and
the
Aenoted TCA)

Beponti
yen
(e) JCA) = t- y s a unit n A, tyeA

Prosy et xe T(A)

Aainal
I- y= 2 zem

xE JlA) =
mancin
ilaals
 +o)' t (+x)= =)X=0 ’ h=l
ERClSE: Bx
artilat, i
elenent iepotent
prine
manimal
xeA:
+ JA)=
Rarnak
pred ten
JA)tyeAe waitin
A, A:
s-xy ’DEe
ideal) cnlf be
a cannot
whee
=A
b)+y ’
icdeal naninal yas
and x¢
JA) x¢
Ay A, nunit l-y
ts : fxeA TCA)
E
I-y
A:yewnit,t a
idlenl) Prepu
 PT
C2 take Hint:
botn contain
Ain deel Smalest the ST
ERCISE Ex
ideal an
A
ae t
snbyop
A.
atly are
(yy2) (2i-*)+ (*z4y)= (X1ty)-
Paoeg:
A idenl
1slo2]9034-Habsaay)Paepovtim:
tren
TALals: puatims
C-1)*x+
) +
-1,^+..
)
 Pdeals f A
then ST)

Definitin:

ieT
wue a l t
taikety mangf

s
ldeal shee

A.

and ane ileals A then

an icleal A

A A, ren
a colctin e
aitier
idels A.

Deyiniton:
ideals a4 A then
ab= tinite

Ex )sfhet an idel Ot A
A.
2) S.T ett s an

Remak: ot s

3
 5) nb 1b
6) 2.Z. 22 =6Z.

4) b Btt

Resut
det , b,c ae icleals f A
9t.(b+ C) = ef. t + 9t.

det s xiCyiT z)e

det

Ibjol]2o4- FAday

Deinitim: wo cdeely

4Zt6Z = 2Z
Preporition
cepine ten

ns that -O
Pro

coprine

= zY

cee

not te

Let
et lerste tne natual honeepAism
tren A ’ A/a:
, a e A.
k
Now, yine
(A) Alort X
,at k) ta eA

by howeepim
a+ b)Pk)

atoK)+ (bte

latb) = ¢ta) +o6)

abt t )
+lab)= (ab tet,

- atDtk). (6tt,,.., brDk)