Concrete 2

University of Liverpool
February, 18th 2020
CIVE233, Concrete
marco-broccardo.com
CIVE233 Structural Engineering in the Built Environment
Outline, Syllabus
๏February, 18th 2020 ๏February, 25th 2020

‣ Motivation ‣ Recap
‣ Intro to concrete ‣ Strength tests
‣ Cement ‣ Casting tests
‣ Intro to mix design ‣ History of Concrete
‣ Quiz ‣ Quiz
marco-broccardo.com
‣ Recap + RAC
‣ Strength tests
‣ Casting tests
‣ History of Concrete
‣ Quiz
slide-54 marco-broccardo.com
Concrete ingredients
‣ Cement ๏Most expensive ingredient

๏Binder
‣ Aggregate
Fine Agg.
๏To make a more durable material
๏Restrain shrinkage
Coarse Agg. ๏To make a cheaper material
‣ Additive
๏Fibers, minerals, chemical products, etc.
Compressive strength
๏Strength(w/cm)
water
~ 0.4-0.6
cement
Other strengths
๏Tensile ~ 10% of compressive str. E.g.,

๏Flexural ~0.63 Fc units in [Mpa]
๏Shear ~ 6 times the tensile strength
๏Example
30 [MPa]
‣ Tensile 3.00[Mpa]
‣ Flexural 3.45[Mpa]
‣ Shear 18.00[Mpa]
Calcination
๏Production of cement uses 6% of World Energy

๏ Cement industry produce 5% of CO2 emissions
๏ Calcining CaCO3 +heat CaO + CO2
Calcium Carbonate >1400 OC Calcium Oxid Carbone dioxine
+ +
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Manufacture
๏Dry Process
‣ Input: raw materials
‣ Process: Crusher > Grinder > Compressed Air Blenders
‣ Output: raw materials+15% Water (“kiln feed”)
๏Wet Process
‣ Input: raw materials
‣ Process: Crusher > Grinder > Wash mill
‣ Output: raw materials+35-50% of Water (“slurry”)
>1400 OC
Hot hair
Clinker
Source: Carbon Brief, Chatham House
Mix design fundamentals WSDE
๏Workability
‣ Is it “easy” to use in a construction site?
๏Strength
‣ Does it have the desired strength?
๏Durability
‣ Does it perform for the entire service life and beyond?
๏Economy
‣ Does it cost effective?
Concrete Mixture Proportions (Typical ranges)
Slump test
Low work. High work.
Coarse aggr. 42% -3% 39%
% of Volume
Fine aggr. 28% -3% 25%
Paste 24% +6% 30%
Air 6% 6%
Concrete Mixture size distribution
Only the size distribution is different!
Deficient Excessive High High Good

fine sand fine sand intermediate coarse mixture
Source: Tyler Ley: www.tylerley.com, based on Daniel Cook Ph.D. investigations
Shape aggregate
~8-10cm slump
4 ml/kg addmix. 0.0 ml/kg addmix. 1.8 ml/kg addmix.
Crushed limestone A Crushed limestone B Crushed A

Flat shape Cubic shape Rounded shape
Medium texture Medium texture Low texture
Medium Angular Medium Angular Low Angular
Source D., Ghaeezadeh, A., & Ley, T. (2013). Investigation of optimized graded concrete for Oklahoma (No.
OTCREOS11. 1-39-F). Oklahoma Transportation Center.
Mineralogy and Gradation
๏Mineralogy
‣ Type of rock: limestone, granite, sandstone, etc.
‣ Density (special gravity), strength, and hardness
๏Gradation
‣ Size distribution, & shape
‣ Depend on how the rock is processed
‣ The sand gradations depend on where they are removed from the river
‣ The manufactured sand gradation depend on processing coarse aggregate
Sieve analysis
๏% passing through the sieve or as the precent retained
Sieve analysis, Percentage passing
4 ml/kg addmix.
48%
Source 52%
Source Ley, T., Cook, D., & Fick, G. (2012). Concrete pavement mixture design and analysis (MDA):
Effect of aggregate systems on concrete properties (No. Part of DTFH61-06-H-00011 Work Plan 25).
Sieve analysis
28%
Sieve analysis
๏Aggregate types
Construction Demolition Waste (CDW)
30% ~60% CDW!
[CDW] %
Construction Demolition Waste
Others
8%
Commercial
19%
UK
225 mil [ton]
CDW
Household 61%
12%
Source Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
Recycled Aggregate Concrete
๏Construction Demolition Waste (CDW), concrete, bricks, etc.

‣ >30% EU (>60%UK) waste produced are CDW
‣ A lot of the buildings from 1950 are close to their end life time span
‣ After major disasters (earthquakes, floods etc.) large portions of CDW
‣ Think about this waste as resource not as a waste
‣ Goal is to have prime-aggregate for cement
‣ Lowering the cost for aggregate (Natural aggregates are expensive!)
๏UK-RAC
Source Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
Reinforcement
Steel
‣ Screening
Remove ‣ Air Separation
‣ Demolitions
Foundation
Material ‣ Electromagnetism
Soil
Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC)
๏Waste is crushed in different sizes

‣ Flatter shape
‣ Higher texture properties but higher porosity (you need more water later!)
‣ Higher Angular
Recycled Aggregate (RA) Natural Aggregate (NA)
Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC)
NCA RAC30 RAC40 RAC50

Cement 80% 80% 80% 80%
Paste
Fly ash 20% 20% 20% 20%
Sand 100% 80% 80% 80%

Aggregate
NA 100% 70% 60% 50%

RA 30% 40% 50%
Fresh C.
Slump [cm] 10 10 9.5 9

Air cont. % 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6
RCA Compressive Strength
55 NAC RAC30 RAC40 RAC50
45
MPa
35
25
15
0 30 60 90 120
Age [Days]
Source American Concrete Institute
RCA Mechanical Properties
Module Compress. Compress. Poisson

Elasticity Strength Strain ratio
[GPa] [MPa] %
NAC 27.5 49.8 .00211 .23
RAC30 27.2 48.1 .00262 .23
RAC40 26.6 47.6 .00258 .24
RAC50 26.5 43.8 .00237 .25
Durability Test (Sulphate exposure)
๏Volume Change concrete cylinders under sulphate exposure

NAC RA30 RA40 RA50 RA100
0.3
|Ht H0 |
H(%) = ⇥ 100
H0
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Height Change %
0.15
0.075
0
28 56 148
Age [days]
Durability Test (Sulphate exposure)
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RCA-I
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<✓ RCA-III
RCA-III RCA-I
✓
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<✓
RCA-II
RCA-II
✓
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<✓
๏Advantages
‣ Promote circular economy and sustainability
‣ Save Landfill space, reduce gravel mining, and limit transportation pollution
‣ Can be used extensively for non-structural members
‣ A lot of Research and Development need to be done!
๏Disadvantages
‣ Lower strength resistance due to inferior mechanical properties of aggregate
‣ Reduce workability due to high absorption of water
‣ Lower Modulus of Elasticity
‣ Durability is a open question, but a potential limiting factor
‣ Recap + RAC
‣ Strength tests
‣ Casting tests
‣ Quiz
Compressive strength
๏Water cement ratio
water
mass water
=
mass binder
cement
Other factor influencing strength of the concrete
๏Water cement ratio

๏Consolidation
‣ Remove the air (just the big bubble)
๏Curing
‣ Keep it moist at a reasonable temperature, to promote the hydration
‣ Promote a production of tighter and tighter microstructure
๏Age
Strength(consolidation)
๏Age (with moisture, relative humidity, >75%)

F’c
100%
90-95%
70-80%
40-50%
10%
1 3 7 14 28
Days
Three points curves
45
~2% air
28 days compression strength MPa
36.75
~6% air
28.5
20.25
Better for
Freeze-Thaw Durability
12
0.33 0.4 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.75 0.82
w/cm
Three points curves
๏Curves depend on materials (aggr., cement, air etc.) used in the mixture
๏You Prepare a mixture with (at least) 3 w/cm ratio
n>7 w/cm=.4
w/cm=.8 w/cm=.6
๏Compute by regression analysis these curves

F’m
Three points curves
45
36.75
28.5
20.25
12
0.33 0.4 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.75 0.82
w/cm
Three points curves
45
36.75
28.5
20.25
12
0.33 0.4 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.75 0.82
w/cm
Three points curves
45
~2% air
36.75
28.5
20.25
~6% air
12
0.33 0.4 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.75 0.82
w/cm
Three points curves
45
~2% air
36.75
30
28.5
20.25
~6% air
12
0.33 0.4 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.75 0.82
w/cm
Concrete Overdesign
๏Strength of concrete is CRITICAL for our safety

๏Make sure that strength is sufficient to guarantee a reliable resistance
‣ We want a low chance (i.e., probability) of being below the design strength
๏We MUST take into account uncertainties
‣ Variability of material properties
‣ Variability on the manufacturing of the single components
‣ Variability on aggregate composition and mixing
‣ Variability of water/cement ratio
‣ Etc., Etc.
Concrete Overdesign
✓ 2
◆
(x µ)
N (x; µ, ) ⇠ exp 2
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<latexit sha1_base64="hXJiW+WLNjPgK15zr7Fh0flMwBw=">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</latexit>
q95%
<latexit sha1_base64="dwHhRk8ES9CkNjoUJI6RGHmrsHI=">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</latexit>
Concrete Overdesign
✓ 2
◆
(x µ)
N (x; µ, ) ⇠ exp 2
<latexit sha1_base64="QCgyNP5CxcmfXLQZhV1OQjjoYTM=">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</latexit>
2
=3
PDF
<latexit sha1_base64="DIckC45GluR0wbInpu6xWtykA+A=">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</latexit>
34.9 MPa
20.2 MPa 39.8 MPa
<latexit sha1_base64="Op9pu5WM6xDV4+o3sYcFWy/kqXc=">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</latexit>
=6
30 MPa
Concrete Overdesign
PDF
Fc ⌘ q5%
Fm ⌘ µ
q95%
Concrete Overdesign
๏ Fm: ⌘mean
µ (target) strength
๏ Fc :⌘characteristic
q5% (design) strength <latexit sha1_base64="/k6IVsvYXSjK3FoMLDJZ83ssqsk=">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</latexit>

PDF
Fc ⌘ q5%
Fm ⌘ µ
q95%
Concrete Design Properties
Concrete Design Properties
C20/25
๏ fck : characteristic compressive strength <latexit sha1_base64="n8bupvCUWb0aa9F2atamTlKO0GM=">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</latexit>
‣ It is the value of the strength of concrete at which not more than 5%

of cylinder test results fall below a specific value
๏ fck,cube : characteristic compressive cube strength <latexit sha1_base64="OM9YFfokZ4I7TwqrVg4RN0mbecs=">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</latexit>
‣ It is the value of the strength of concrete at which not more than 5%

of cubic test results fall below a specific value
๏ fcd = ↵cc
fck
: design compressive strength
<latexit sha1_base64="U6g1Q/orNawE6TixPRJRZXBlCIE=">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</latexit>
c
‣ c : partial safety factor. Value depend on load combination, (1.5 collapse)
<latexit sha1_base64="Z+Jbaje//Kd6f9ZwS9bd2B7vFfI=">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</latexit>
‣ ↵cc : long term effect and unfavorable load effects (typically 1) <latexit sha1_base64="3nDE/WymW0kP+YZdA9hDuYVnuok=">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</latexit>
Concrete Overdesign
PDF
Design
safety factors
fcd
<latexit sha1_base64="fJfFAQbC7esBX9HUFiBUWoXOEAk=">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</latexit>
fck
<latexit sha1_base64="n8bupvCUWb0aa9F2atamTlKO0GM=">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</latexit>
‣ Recap + RAC
‣ Strength tests
‣ Casting tests
‣ Quiz
marco-broccardo.com
Fresh Quality control test
๏Best controls to enforce consistent concrete properties

๏Tests are performed before the concrete has hardened
‣ If there are problems, we can make changes online!
๏Tests are fast and give important informations

๏Problem: These test tell you that there is a problem but not which one
Tests
๏Slump
๏Unit weight bucket
๏Air meters
‣ Tells you space of bubbles inside concrete
‣ For wet weather
‣ For wet weather
Slump test
300[mm]
200[mm]
1 2 3 4
Add concrete Strike off Pull cone Measure
& consolidate the surface up over the slump
Slump test
Range [mm]
Foundations walls footings 20-80

Substructures walls 20-80
Beams & Reinforced walls 20-100
Building columns 20-100
Pavement & slabs 20-80
Bridge deck 100-180
Slump test
๏Slum test is good because it is low tech practical and easy transp.
๏For slump < 50[mm] and >20.32[mm] the test is NOT sensitive
๏NOT sensitive for self-consolidating concrete
๏The only information is how far the concrete falls under self-weight
๏The slump test does NOT give you information about
‣ Mechanical properties
‣ Respond to vibrations
‣ Put pressure on forms
Slump test
Ideal slump Shear failure
low paste content too much sand

Collapsed slump Segregation slump
inadequate sand in the mix (no coese) too much of a single aggregate
‣ Recap + RAC
‣ Strength tests
‣ Casting tests
‣ Quiz
marco-broccardo.com
History concrete
C
0B
RC
C
C
C
C
0
50
0A
6A
70
0B
0B
0B
-1
67
40
>1
00
80
30
47
00
18
~1
<2
14
Egyptians UK, EU, US

Greek Roman golden era
Early Romans Global era
Pantheon Smeaton Tower
History concrete
๏Hydraulic cement
‣ Binder that is stable in water
๏Non Hydraulic cement

‣ Binder that are NOT stable in water
‣ Used by Egyptians, Greek, Early Romans
History concrete
C
0B
RC
C
C
C
C
0
50
0A
6A
70
0B
0B
0B
-1
67
40
>1
00
80
30
47
00
18
~1
<2
14

History concrete
๏Non-Hydraulic cement
CaCO3 +heat CaO + CO2
H2O + CaO Ca(OH)2

slaked lime
Ca(OH)2 +CO2 CaCO3+H2O
History concrete
๏Non Hydraulic cement (Egyptian, Greeks, Early Romans )

๏Create Artificial Limestone!
๏Limestone is solvable in water so this cannot be used in wet cond.
๏This material take a very long time to gain strength to be usable
History concrete
C
0B
RC
C
C
C
C
0
50
0A
6A
70
0B
0B
0B
-1
67
40
>1
00
80
30
47
00
18
~1
<2
14

Opus Caementicum
๏Hydraulic cement (Romans), Opus Caementicum (OC)

‣ OC is a mixture of CaO & volcanic ash
𝛼(CaO) +𝛽(SiO2) + heat (𝛼CaO)(𝛽SiO

. 2)
𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛼 𝛽
Reactive
Quick lime + Silicon dioxide + >1200 O
C Calcium
Volcanic ashes Silicate
‣ 𝛼 and 𝛽 are still partially unknown (in the original recipe)
Opus Caementicum
๏Pozzolanic reaction (Pozzuoli)
(𝛼CaO)(𝛽SiO2) +𝛾H2O (𝛼CaO)(𝛽SiO2)(𝛾H2O)
𝛼 𝛽 + 𝛾 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
Calcium Calcium
Water
Silicate Silicate Hydrate (CSH)
Volcanic Ashes
Affresco, House of the Centenary 79 AD (Pompei), discovered in 1879 AD
Volcanic Ashes
Vesuvio, view from Pompei
Volcanic Ashes
Pozzuoli
Baiae Vesuvio
Pompei
Naples gulf
Volcanic Ashes
๏Vitruvius (25BC) Ten Books in Architecture (De architectura)
๏Vitruvius recommended
‣ 1 part lime + 3 parts pozzolana for buildings
‣ 1 part lime + 2 parts pozzolana for underwater constructions
Opus Caementicum
๏High variability of mechanical properties

๏Pozzolanic ashes are not available everywhere
๏Strength gain is very slow (take months to reach desirable strength!)
History concrete
C
0B
RC
C
C
C
C
0
50
0A
6A
70
0B
0B
0B
-1
67
40
>1
00
80
30
47
00
18
~1
<2
14

Portland Cement
๏1824 Joseph Aspdin patented the “Portland cement”

๏The patent was a failure
๏Joseph’s son, William A., solved problem (and saved the family honor)
3(CaO) +1(SiO2) + heat (3CaO)(1SiO2)

>1900 Alite
Pantheon
Hadrianus
Pantheon
Source: MIBACT— Italian Ministry of Culture
Pantheon
Source: Twitter Christian culture
Source: Steve Bartlett, https://www.flickr.com/photos/31381944@N07/
Pantheon
๏Pantheon “Pan Theos” (all the god )
๏First construction 27-25 BC

๏Third reconstruction (The current version was completed in 110A.D.)
๏The current version was design by the Emperor Hadrian
๏Still remain the largest (unreinforced) concrete dome in the world
* Reading list: Memoirs of Hadrian, Marguerite Yourcenar
Pantheon
Pantheon
Pantheon
43.3
Pantheon, section
Transverse section of the Pantheon, from a 1682 engraving by Antoine Babuty Desgodets
Source: Khan Academy
Pantheon, section
43.3
21.65
10.83
5.42
2.71
0
Pantheon, section
43.3
21.65
10.83
5.42
2.71
0
Pantheon, section
Pantheon, 3D model
Source: Steve Bartlett, Virtual visualization of the Pantheon’s geometry. (Conception Mark
Wilson Jones, realization Robert Grover)
Dome, Structural behavior
Apollodorus of Damascus
Source: Munich Glyptothek
Meridional
forces
Hoop
forces
No hoop stresses
52~54o
Compression hoop
No hoop stress
Tension hoop
52~54
Compression hoop
No hoop stress
Tension hoop
52~54
Meridional
forces
Hoop
forces
Meridional
forces
Hoop
forces
Compression oculus
Light materials
heavy materials
heavy materials
52~54 Light materials
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Coffer
52~54 design
Meridional
forces
Hoop
forces
Pantheon, meridian crack
Source: Masi, F., Stefanou, I., & Vannucci, P. (2018). On the origin of the cracks in
the dome of the Pantheon in Rome. Engineering Failure Analysis, 92, 587-596.
Global, Structural behavior
Tufo giallo & Vesuvian scoria Concrete V

Tufo giallo & brick fragments Concrete IV
Brick fragments
Concrete III
Travertine & brick fragments Concrete II
Travertine Concrete I
Source: italianways.com
Bruder Klaus Field Chapel

Peter Zumthor
Source: wikiarquitectura.com
Quiz
marco-broccardo.com

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University of Liverpool

February, 18th 2020

๏February, 18th 2020 ๏February, 25th 2020

‣ Cement ๏Most expensive ingredient

๏Tensile ~ 10% of compressive str. E.g.,

๏Production of cement uses 6% of World Energy

Calcium Carbonate >1400 OC Calcium Oxid Carbone dioxine

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Manufacture

Mix design fundamentals WSDE

Concrete Mixture Proportions (Typical ranges)

Coarse aggr. 42% -3% 39%

Paste 24% +6% 30%

Concrete Mixture size distribution

Only the size distribution is different!

Deficient Excessive High High Good

Source: Tyler Ley: www.tylerley.com, based on Daniel Cook Ph.D. investigations

4 ml/kg addmix. 0.0 ml/kg addmix. 1.8 ml/kg addmix.

Crushed limestone A Crushed limestone B Crushed A

Mineralogy and Gradation

๏% passing through the sieve or as the precent retained

Sieve analysis, Percentage passing

Construction Demolition Waste (CDW)

30% ~60% CDW!

Construction Demolition Waste

Source Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

Recycled Aggregate Concrete

๏Construction Demolition Waste (CDW), concrete, bricks, etc.

‣ Lowering the cost for aggregate (Natural aggregates are expensive!)

Recycled Aggregate Concrete

Source Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

Recycled Aggregate Concrete

Remove ‣ Air Separation

Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC)

๏Waste is crushed in different sizes

Recycled Aggregate (RA) Natural Aggregate (NA)

Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC)

NCA RAC30 RAC40 RAC50

Fly ash 20% 20% 20% 20%

Sand 100% 80% 80% 80%

NA 100% 70% 60% 50%

Slump [cm] 10 10 9.5 9

RCA Compressive Strength

55 NAC RAC30 RAC40 RAC50

RCA Mechanical Properties

Module Compress. Compress. Poisson

Source American Concrete Institute

Durability Test (Sulphate exposure)

๏Volume Change concrete cylinders under sulphate exposure

Durability Test (Sulphate exposure)

Recycled Aggregate Concrete

๏Water cement ratio

Other factor influencing strength of the concrete

๏Water cement ratio

๏Age (with moisture, relative humidity, >75%)

Three points curves

Three points curves

๏Compute by regression analysis these curves

Three points curves

Three points curves

Three points curves

Three points curves

๏Strength of concrete is CRITICAL for our safety

20.2 MPa 39.8 MPa

Concrete Design Properties