VALVES

ClassifiCations and appliCations

Amina Arooj
Valves
Device that regulates, control or direct the fluid (gases, liquid, fluidized solid, slurries)

1-ON/OFF Valves:
• Typically used to start or stop the flow of fluid in a system.
• Have two positions: fully open or fully closed.

Examples
Include gate valves, ball valves, and butterfly valves.

Gate Valve
• Gate valve is a linear motion valve.
• It will be damaged in partial opening state.

Working of Gate Valve

• OPEN (Counter Clockwise)

• CLOSE(Clockwise)
• Handwheel fixed and stem move up-ward and downward.
Knife Gate Valve
• Isolate or regulate the flow of thick, viscous fluids, slurries, or solids in suspension.
• Sharp-edged gate to cut through and control flow, rather than relying on a traditional closure
mechanism like a disk or ball.
Applications
Commonly found in industries such as wastewater treatment, pulp and paper, mining, and chemical
processing where controlling the flow of abrasive or viscous materials is crucial.

Parts

Difference Between Gate valve and Knife Gate valve

GATE VALVE KNIFE VALVE
Where a tight seal is not required Where a tight seal is required
Opened and closed by turning a handle that is Opened and closed by pushing or pulling on a
attached to the valve lever that is attached to the valve.

Plug Valve
• It is a Quarter-Turn Valve.

Working
• Parallel (Open).
• At 60 (Throttled / open condition).
• At 90 or Perpendicular (Closed).
Applications of Plug valve
• Capable of handling bi-directional flow.

• Primarily used for on/off service, they can also be utilized for throttling or regulating flow in
certain applications.

• Plug valves are often preferred in high-pressure applications due to their robust construction
and ability to withstand high pressures.

• suitable for handling slurry applications where solid particles are suspended in a liquid.

• While plug valves are commonly used in high-pressure applications, they can also be
employed in low-pressure systems, particularly where a simple and reliable shut-off valve is
needed.

Type of Plug valves

Round Plug valve applications

• Suitable for moderate to high-pressure applications and can handle a wide range of flow rates.
• Commonly used for throttling or on/off applications where tight shut-off is required.

Diamond Plug Valve applications

• where a more streamlined flow path is desired, such as in slurries or viscous fluids.
• handle higher flow rates with lower pressure drops compared to round plug valves.

Rectangular Plug Valve applications

• High flow rates and low pressure drops.
• They are commonly used in systems where space constraints are a concern since their design
can provide a larger flow area within a compact valve body.
• Often employed in industries such as water distribution, HVAC systems, and pneumatic
conveying systems.
 Fire Safe Design
Valve
Design
Fire Safe Valve

Full Bore Valve

Bore Design
Reduced Ball
Ball Valve
Valve

Floating Type
Ball Type
Turnian Type

1 Piece Body

Side Entry 2 Piece Body

Structure
Top Entry 3 Piece Body

Ball Valve:
• Rotary Type (Quarter turn Valve) uses a ball type disc to control the flow.

Working of Ball valve

• Open (Handle is Parallel)
• Close (Handle is Perpendicular)

Fire Safe Valve and Fire Safe Design Valve

FIRE SAFE VALVE
Valve that has been tested
and certified to meet specific
fire safety standards, such as
API 607 or API 6FA.
Constructed with materials
and designs that can
withstand high temperatures,
pressure, and exposure to
fire.
FIRE SAFE DESIGN VALVE
May not necessarily have undergone formal certification testing
but are designed with fire safety considerations in mind.
These valves may incorporate features such as secondary seals,
metal-to-metal sealing surfaces, or other design elements
intended to prevent leakage or failure during a fire.
Critical applications where
maintaining flow control and
containment during a fire
event is essential, such as in
oil refineries, chemical plants,
and offshore drilling
platforms.

Difference Between Floating and Trunnion ball Valve

FLOATING BALL VALVE TRUNNION BALL VALVE
Ball valve that is only held in place by stem inserted Trunnion Ball Valve is a ball that has
in the top of the valve this causes the ball to Float in additional support at the top and the
between the seat rings. bottom of the ball.
Suitable for medium to low pressure Additional Supports make the ball more
suitable for high pressures and larger size.

Full and Reduced Ball Valve

FULL BORE VALVE
Valves have an internal diameter that is the same as
the pipe's diameter, allowing for unrestricted flow.
Where maintaining high flow rates is crucial, or in
applications where pigging (cleaning or inspecting
pipelines) is necessary.
REDUCED BORE VALVE
Valves have a smaller internal diameter
compared to the pipe's diameter, leading to
a restriction in flow.
Reduced bore valves can also be used in
systems where pressure drop needs to be
controlled or reduced.
Difference Between Side Entry and Top Entry Ball Valve
SIDE ENTRY BALL VALVE TOP ENTRY BALL VALVE
The valve body is assembled from two or more The valve body is typically assembled from
parts, with the ball and stem inserted from the three parts, with the ball and stem inserted
side from the top.
This design allows for easy access to the internals Maintenance or repair of a top entry valve
of the valve for maintenance or repair without usually requires the removal of the entire
needing to remove the entire valve from the valve from the pipeline.
pipeline.

1 PIECE
One body portion
Due to its simplicity, a one-
piece ball valve is relatively
cheaper compared to other
ball valves.
It offers little fluid resistance
and no friction on the switch.
The one-piece valve is also
light and occupies less space.
Difficult to repair or replace
where reduced flow is not a
concern
Foodservice machinery, liquid
filling equipment, and motor
fluid filling equipment use
one-piece ball valves.
SIDE ENTRY BALL VALVE
2 PIECES
Two body Components
The pieces have body and
end connections
As two separate sections are
connected, there is the
possibility of leaking. The
two-piece ball valve is
unsuitable for high-pressure
applications.
The structure of the ball
valves is also convenient for
repair and maintenance.
Where Fluid resistance is
minimal.
Food, manufacturing, and
automotive industries are
just a few of the industries
that use two-piece ball valve
3 PIECES
3 body Components
valve has one main valve body
and two pipe connectors
pipe connectors are welded or
threaded to the pipes.
The worn-out components like
the ball, seat, or stem can be
replaced independently and
quickly.
A three-piece ball saves cost in
the long run as it can be cleaned
and maintained easily.
The valve provides for full port
and bidirectional shut-off.
Parts can be replaced and
serviced without replacing the
entire valve
The structure of a three-piece ball
valve makes it suitable for high-
pressure applications where the
components experience a lot of
wear and tear, Used in
Manufacturing industries
2-Control Flow Valves:
• Designed for regulating the flow rate, pressure, temperature, or level of a fluid.
• Offer variable control over the flow by modulating the valve opening.
• Can adjust the flow continuously between fully open and fully closed positions.

Examples:
Include globe valves, diaphragm valves, and needle valves.
NOTE: Used in processes where accurate and dynamic control of fluid parameters is necessary, such
as in chemical plants, refineries, and HVAC systems.

Globe Valve
• It consists of a movable disk (or plug) and a stationary ring seat in a spherical body.
• The name globe comes about due to the valve’s cylindrical shape.

Working
• Open Position: the disk or plug is lifted or moved away from the valve seat.
• Closed Position: the disk or plug is pressed against the valve seat.

Applications

• Where precise control of flow rate is required.

• They can also serve as shut-off valves to completely stop (Isolation) the flow of fluid in a
pipeline when maintenance or repairs are needed.
• Suitable for throttling applications where the flow needs to be gradually regulated, as the
movement of the valve disk allows for fine adjustments to the flow rate.
• Globe valves are capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures, making them
suitable for use in steam systems, power plants, and oil and gas processing facilities.
• Can be used with a wide range of fluids, including liquids, gases, and steam.
 Straight Floe(Z-
shaped)

Angle Flow
Flow
Cross Flow

Oblique Flow

Composition Disc
Globe Ball

Plug

Parabolic

Disc Equilibrated Disc

Pin Guided

Needle

Stop Check

Body Guided

Globe Valve Based on Disc Design

PARABOLIC NEEDLE BALL TYPE PLUG TYPE
High flow regulation and Provides finer level of Permitting flow The shape of the plug
improved flow wear regulation with better passages and flow disc makes it much
resistance. flow rate. stop having the more suitable to
possibility to throttling than the
control the partially composite and ball
flow mainly in two disc type designs.
pressure services.
Base on Flow Valve Types
ANGLE (R- CROSS (T- STRAIGHT (Z - OBLIQUE (Y-
SHAPED) SHAPED BODY) TYPE) SHAPED)
The flow path through where the inlet and Straight pattern globe Y-shaped body. Lower
the valve is at a right outlet ports are valves have a linear pressure drops than Z-
angle (90 degrees) to positioned flow path, with the inlet type. Suitable for
the inlet and outlet perpendicular to and outlet ports aligned higher pressures.
ports each other, forming vertically
a cross shape.
Valve stem is typically Cross globe valves Oblique globe valves
oriented are often used in are commonly used in
perpendicular to the applications where applications where the
flow path. space constraints are flow path needs to be
not a concern, and inclined or where space
This design allows for where a straight limitations require a
easier installation in flow path is desired. non-standard
piping systems where orientation.
space is limited or
where changes in
direction are needed.
 Lug Type

Butterfly
Semi Lug
Wafer

Butter Fly Valve

Butterfly valves are a family of quarter-turn rotational motion valves that are used in pipelines to shut-
off flow.

Working of Butterfly valve

In the closed position, the disc blocks the valve bore while in the open position, the disc is oriented
perpendicular to the flow direction to allow flow.
Applications
• Large Flow/ Low Pressure applications
• Good for Slurries

WAFER TYPE LUG TYPE SEMI LUG

They have a simple and
compact design, fitting
between two flanges using
bolts or studs.
These valves do not have
flanges of their own;
instead, they rely on the
flanges of the pipeline for
installation.
They are commonly used in
low-pressure applications
where the valve can be
easily inserted between
flanges without requiring
additional space.
Lug type butterfly valves have
threaded inserts or lugs on the valve
body that allow them to be bolted
directly to the flanges of a pipeline.
Unlike wafer type valves, lug type
valves have their own flanges, which
simplifies installation and removal
without disrupting the pipeline.
Semi-lug type butterfly
valves combine features of
both wafer and lug type
valves.
Similar to lug type valves,
they have lugs on the valve
body for bolting to flanges,
but the lugs are not full-
circle like in lug type
valves.
Needle Valve
• Linear Motion Valve
• Where Accurate Flowrate is required
• Can control very low flowrate with higher accuracy
• Needle Valve also called Plunger valve
Components of Valve
A- Packing Nut
B- Port Connection
C- Orifice
D- Handle
E- Stem
F- Threads
G- Tapered End
H- Valve Housing

Close Needle Valve

Open Needle Valve

Applications
• Oil, Gas, Liquid, Non-Viscous is Liquid Required.

Angle Valve
Function Principle
1. Single acting
Seat is held in closed position by spring force, compressed air applied to open the actuator

2. Double Acting
Opened and closed by compressed air

Application
• Compressed air system
• Nitrogen Generator
Control directional valves
• Manage the direction of fluid flow in hydraulic systems.
• They regulate the path of hydraulic fluid to control the movement of actuators.
• These valves typically have multiple ports and can switch between different flow paths.
• They play a crucial role in enabling precise and efficient operation of hydraulic machinery

Ball Type

Lift Type PistonType

Check Valve

Swing Type Spring Type

Disc Type(Wafer
Type)
Dual Check Type
Spring Load

Check Valve (Non-Return Valve)

A check valve, also called a one-way valve, is a device that allows the flow of fluids to move only in
one direction. The primary purpose of a check valve is to prevent backflow in the system.

Working of Check Valve

Open
A check valve requires a minimum upstream pressure (pressure differential between inlet and outlet)
to open the valve and pass the media through it.

Cracking pressure
This minimum upstream pressure at which the valve opens is called the check valves
Close
If the upstream pressure falls below the cracking pressure or there is back pressure (flow attempting
to move from the outlet to the inlet), the check valve will close.

Parts of Check Valve

TYPES OF CHECK VALVE

LIFT TYPE SWING TYPE DISC (WAFER DUAL CHECK
TYPE) TYPE, SPRING
LOAD
Lift check valves are often Consisting of 2 discs Wafer check valves Consists of two
employed in piping attached to the valve use a swinging disc to independently
systems with high body by a pin and allow or block flow. acting, spring-
turbulence levels, as well operated by the action loaded check valves
as those with low- of springs, which and is effective
pressure levels immediately start against
closing the valve, when backpressure and
the fluid stops. back-siphonage.
 LIFT TYPE
BALL TYPE PISTON TYPE SPRING LOAD TYPE
A ball check valve functions by means of The valve bore The spring helps to take the
a ball that moves up and down inside the maintains and guides closing component of the
valve. The seat is machined t21o fit the piston alignment valve back to its seating
ball, and the chamber is conically shaped throughout its travel. position using its potential
to guide the ball into the seat to seal and Depending on flow energy created when the fluid
stop a reverse flow. conditions, piston check forces its way through the
valves sometimes spring-loaded check valves.
include spring Spring-loaded check valve
assistance to aid in manufacturers produce
closure. different types of these valves
for use in different levels of
pressure and temperature as
well as corrosive and non-
corrosive products.
Ball check valves are often placed on Feed water control in
the outlet side of a pump to protect the the nuclear industry
pump. Dump lines
Make-up water
Wastewater applications as well as in
fire protection and irrigation systems.
Foot Valve
A foot valve is a non-return valve installed in a pump suction or at the bottom of pipelines to prevent
water from flowing backward when the pump is off. The valve keeps the fluid trapped in the suction
pipe when the pump stops, thus sustaining a suitable prime for the pump, and preventing pump
burnout.

Foot Valve Parts

• Screen or strainer: The screen keeps sediments, debris, and other solid particles out of the
valve.
• Disc: This is the foot valve’s door or gateway that opens, allowing media to enter when the
pump operates. Discs are commonly heavy-grade materials like bronze, steel, or brass to
ensure longevity.
• Body: This is the essential part of the foot valve that houses the complete valve mechanism.
The body can be cast iron, bronze, stainless steel, plastic, or brass.
• Seat: A part of the body that has O-rings made of rubber or silicon to prevent leakage when
the pump is turned off and the valve is closed. The seat is where the valve disc rests when
 the pump isn't working. The seat is susceptible to wear from high-velocity media or sediment
that flows past it.

Applications
• HVAC systems
• Car wash systems
• Ponds, pools, and wells
• Irrigation systems
• Sump pumps and intake pumps in rivers and lakes
• Rural fire protection systems
• Pneumatic brake lines for commercial trucks

Special Valves
• For specific applications or operating conditions.
• They often feature unique designs or materials to handle extreme temperatures, pressures, or
corrosive substances.
• Special valves can include control valves, safety relief valves, pressure regulators, and more.
• They play crucial roles in industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, power
generation, and aerospace.

Pressure Reducing valve

Supply
Special Valve

Safety Valve
Instrument
Breathing Valve
Supply Piping
Tank Bottom Valve

Flush Valve

PRV PSV BREATHING VALVE

PRVs are PSVs, on the A breather valve is one type of relief valve.
designed to other hand, are a
relieve excess type of PRV that Its main function is to provide enough air to the storage tank
pressure in a provides rapid when the tank is in an out-breathing condition.
system by and full opening
releasing fluid when a preset It is available in different types like:
or gas to pressure is 3. Pressure
prevent exceeded. 4. Vacuum
equipment 5. Combined Pressure/Vacuum type
damage.
Vacuum only breather valve
When a vacuum is generated and pressure is below-set
pressure it will open and maintains the pressure via air
breathe-in.

Pressure only breather valve

Take care of excessive pressure conditions. As the pressure
increases set value of the valve, it will open and maintains
the regular pressure.

They typically In order to ensure

operate immediate
gradually and pressure relief
are adjustable during
to maintain emergencies,
pressure within focusing on
a certain range. safety.
Supply Piping Valve

Bottom Valve
Used in Piping, reactors & vessels to drain out Liquids, Abrasive, Slurry, Viscous Material or Semi
Solid Media.