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Ieee Pid5096603
Ieee Pid5096603
Ieee Pid5096603
Abstract — In Agriculture, the plant leafs may be affected by Increase the image quality and k-means algorithm for cluster
various diseases and they can be detected by image processing identification[8].
techniques based on color, shape and its texture. The increase in
differences from a healthy to diseased leaf shows the increase in
severity of the disease. But, the image which is undergoing the
analysis for the detection of the diseased chunk may have busy or
complex background or presence of shadow in the leaf image,
inclusion of sunlight reflection which turns out to be a difficult
task in applying segmentation/ clustering techniques. The
diseased Plant leaf can undergo various techniques such as Image
Preprocessing, Histogram, Thresholding, Segmentation, Feature
extraction and Classification to identify the diseased fragment.
The challenging aspect in establishing these techniques is the
image condition. Certain affected leaf images may also contain
more than one symptom of diseased spot which is also a pitfall in
identifying the disease. This study reveals the complications of
the diseased images and how can be they dealt with.
I. INTRODUCTION
further tested with leaves of paprika but with complex Enhancement can be applied using Laplacian Filter or Median
shapes[5]. Color, morphology and texture are three feature Filter.
vectors used for feature extraction of learning database
images[7]. By using Morphology, disease shape feature IV.COMPLEX /BUSY BACKGROUND
vector is extracted from healthy leaf/fruit[7]. The author gets Leaf images may include busy or complex
better results for color and morphology as compared to texture background. The background may include plants,leafs
[7]. A preprocessing or filtering step is applied to minimize soil,sand or any other element which may be challenging for
the degradation related to the noise[9]. A cellular automata segmentation. The segmentation seems to be a threat if
filter reduces the noise in the original plant leaf image [9]. background contains other components.
Plantvillage[2] is a free, open access platform for crop
health run by community of experts in agriculture. Most of the These background can be eliminated and only target leaf can
be extracted .
diseased images discussed here are from plantvillage [2].
Leafsnap dataset, which consists of 23,147 lab images and
7719 field images, consists of blur, noise, illumination
patterns, shadows etc. This dataset covers around 185 tree
species and these species can be identified using shape and
morphological analysis of image processing [1].
Figure 2: Damaged Veins of Diseased Leafs Leaf with the shadow shade is specified in Figure 4
above is taken from Leafsnap data set.The figure 4(a) shows
Some disturbance or noise found in the image can the original image with shadow. The figure 4(b) shows the
be removed in image preprocessing stage . ‘Image segmentation applied to the above leaf image leads to an
Enhancement’ is the process that is to be applied. Image erroneous detection of shadow part as diseased part.
2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research
Figure 7:Fresh Vine Grape leaf with red markings under sunlight with
shadows
The fresh vine grape leaf with red markings under sunlight
Figure 5: Overlapping Leaf and its Edge Extraction is exposed in Figure 7. The sunlight illumination in the above
makes segmentation a risky task.Reflection is the difficult
The shape features that facilitate to identify the edges are illumination that makes the clustering to be erroneous.
Aspect ratio, Eccentricity, Roundness and Convex hull.[4]
The solution is to alter the angle of capture of the image.
Aspect Ratio(AR): Ratio of length of the major axis to that
of the minor axis of the leaf.[4] VIII. OTHER PITFALLS
Eccentricity(E): Measure of how much an object deviates Normally have to rely on symptoms for the
from a circle.[4] identification of a disease, but cannot always assume that
disease symptoms will always have same characteristics.
Roundness( R ): Roundness of a leaf of an irregular shape There may be variations in colour, shape and size which may
is closer to zero.[4] be acting as the toughest factors in classifying the diseases.
Figure 5 shows how leaf overlap each other and its edges The symptom variations, multiple diseases and different
are extracted. Later these leaves can be separated from its busy diseases with similar symptoms are discussed under this
background. section.[3]
a. Symptom Variations
Variations in symptoms expressed by diseased
plants may lead to an improper diagnosis of diseases. The
symptoms may differ due to many factors which may
influence them. Those variations may occur due to the
following reasons,
(i) Disease
Figure 6: Extraction of Single Leafs (ii) Plant
The Figure 6 shows extracted bunch of single leaf (iii) Environment
from the overlapped leafs given in Figure 5. Appropriate
extraction algorithms can be applied. An Edge detection filter Disease: The symptom found in avacado leaves shown in
imfilter is used to improve the appearance of blurred or anti- Figure 8 taken from plantvillage changes as infection
aliased images. Canny Edge Detecor can be used to detect the progresses.
edges of overlapped leafs.
VII. EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT ILLUMINATION
WITH REFLECTIONS
Diseased leaf images may contain reflection of
sunlight with difficult illumination. This reflection may
disturb the image characteristics and shadows present in the
leaf might interupt segmentation process. Position of the sun
with respect to leaf can affect the image characteristics.
Feature Extraction concentrates on the local and global
features. The local features are illumination, occlusion and
background. The intensity variations are captured through
mean and variance of the RGB channels. Contrast is a measure
of difference in luminance within same field of view is also
used to track intensity variations. Thresholding can segment
foreground and background images. Colour image plant leaf
is converted to a gray scale image. All features are then
extracted from the grayscale image. Contrast, Correlation, Figure 8: Symptom change as infection progresses
Energy and Homogenity are calculated.
2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research
So identification and classification seems to be a complex Peppermint plant shown in Figure 11 given in
task as this severity of symptom change may vary from one plantvillage has pale small spots on them, which
disease to other. The first diagram shows potassium deficiency seemed liked spider mite damage. But it is leaf hopper
and second shows severe potassium deficiency. The first thing damage. Most of the time the symptoms may be
that should be noted is how the diseased plants are distributed confused with spider mite. The main symptoms are
over the affected area. Whether are they distributed uniformly yellowing and stippling of leaves.
across an area or are they localized? Is there a definite pattern
to the distribution? Due to the Progress of disease these
distribution might change turning out to be a difficult task in
classification.
Plant: The plant genotype, colour variations and leaf age is
an important factor.
Environment: Factors like humidity, exposure to sunlight,
temparature, wind and other mateorological phenomenas Figure 11: Leafhopper feeding in peppermint plant
might be the cause for variations of symptom of diseased Severe damage may lead to dull leaves which
chunk. turn yellow or gray, and eventually brown.These
similar symptoms may lead to confusion which is
tough to identify.
IX.CONCLUSION
This paper is a study on various pitfalls in
plant leaf disease detection before applying image
processing techniques. Before an image is taken for
analysis these challenges are to be carefully examined
so that detection and classification can be accurately
Figure 9:Corn bleach made.