MINERAL

SUNSCREEN
Sunscreen Mineral is formulated
using inorganic UV filter

Titanium Dioxide

Zinc Oxide
 PHYSICAL& CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

AGENDA INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE

INFLUENCE OF SURFACE TREATMENT

FORMULATION
 PHYSICAL
& CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
TITANIUM DIOXIDE & ZINC OXIDE
TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Titanium Dioxide is a white powder,

insoluble in water.
There are three types differentiate
base on crystalline structure, there
are Ilmenite, Anastase and Rutile

Rutile is the most thermally stable

and light resistance
Calculated UV absorption curves for rutile and
anatase Titanium Dioxide
ZINC OXIDE

Zinc Oxide is a white

powder, it is insoluble in
water but soluble in
dilute acids or bases.
1. Scattering

Large particle is much more than efficient in scattering, this give whitening effect. To
reduce whitening effect, the particle size must be reduced.
When particle size reduced too much to minimize the whitening, the dominance of UV
light will give way to absorption

Relative refractive index of Zinc Oxide is lower than relative refractive index of Titanium
Dioxide in media (in oils), this make Titanium dioxide scattering light (whitening effect)
more effective than Zinc Oxide
2. Absorption
Light with wavelength < 420 nm
has enough energy to excite the
electron in the valence band and
therefore can be absorbed by
rutile Titanium dioxide

But, the absorption of UV at longer

wavelength is weak and gradually
reaches a plateu at
360 nm. It means that Titanium
Dioxide not considered as an The atteunation of UV A by titanium dioxide mainly
efficient UV-A and UV-A II takes places via scattering
2. Absorption

Band gap wavelength Zinc

Oxide is longer that that

ABSORPTION
Titanium Dioxide, Zinc Oxide
absorbs broader spectrum
range of UV light than Titanium
Dioxide
WAVELENGTH (NM)
INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE ON UV
ATTENUATION BY
TITANIUM DIOXIDE & ZINC OXIDE
 Agglomerates easy to break by grinding

Primary particles always aggregate to form secondary particles due

to high surface energy such as vander waals, electrostatic force and
hydrogen bonding
TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Attenuation of UV light with a wavelength of 300 nm (UV-B) increase as

the size decrease but that of UV light with a wavelength of 350 nm (UVA)
decrease if the particle size is 100 nm or smaller
UVB attenuation is predominantly due to its absorption
UVA attenuation is predominantly due to scattering
TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Therefore, when the size titanium dioxide is

well controled, it can be effective for UVB and
UVA attenuation, providing broad spectrum
ZINC OXIDE

Zinc Oxide has ability of UVB and UV A attenuation

It can be seen from data, when size decrease maximum
absorption shift downward as far as 360
INFLUENCE OF SURFACE TREATMENT
Surface treatment add value to micronized titanium dioxide
and Zinc Oxide, it's impotant for compatibility,
photostability and mechanical properties

Photo catalytic activity become greater

since the surface area of the pigment
particle
Selecting the proper surface treatment

Considering the needs of formulation, what media oil that

used as dispersant but good sensorial

Compatibility with other material used in formula

Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum stearate have been the most popular
combination for surface treating micronized titanium dioxide but if formula combine
with Avobenzone Al ion will react with Avobenzone then choose silicone surface
treatment
Proper surface treatment is essential for :

No Aggregation, achieve transparency

Homogenous dispersion

No dispersing agent required

FORMULATION GUIDELINE
Define formulation type
using Zinc Oxide or combination Zinc oxide with Titanium dioxide
recommend to formulating with water in oil formulation

Targeting SPF and PFA number

Combination of Titanium dioxide and Zinc Oxide will give broad
spectrum protection. Variate particle size will boost SPF and PFA number

Select surface treatment

Final sensory of formulation affect dispersant oil choice, is it
silicone oil, ester oil or both

Choose Media Oil

Medium to high polar oil will boost SPF number. Oil with excellent
disperse ability of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide also will boost
SPF and PFA number
Formula type water in silicone
SPF/PFA target SPF 30 PA+++
DSM Suncreen Optimizer
SPF : 27,6
PFA 14.1

UV Filters
UV Filters Particle Size % Active

Parsol ZX 90 - 130 nm 8.865

SPD Z5 25 nm 9

Parsol TX 80 nm 4.73

SPD T7 20 nm 2.61

Total Active 25.025%

C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate is good dispersant oil for Titanium
Dioxide. It will increase SPF primarily by providing a more
uniform dispersion of oxides through enhance pigment
wetting

Cetiol CC is good dispersant oil for Zinc Oxide. It will

increase SPF primarily by providing a more uniform
dispersion of oxides through enhance pigment wetting it will
eliminates aglomeration

KF-6017 and KP-578 use to help pigment disperse in media

oil
thank you.
application lab - PT. Menjangan Sakti