ASSIGNMENT

BRITISH LITERATURE: EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

BEGC-112
Programme: BAEGH /2023/2024
Course Code: BEGC 112
Max. Marks: 100

SECTION A

I Explain the following passages with reference to the context. 10x4=40

1. ““What are you saying Septimus,” Rezia asked, wild with terror, for he
was talking to himself. She sent Agnes running for Dr. Holmes. Her
husband, she said, was mad. He scarcely knew her. “You brute! You
brute!” cried Septimus, seeing human nature, that is Dr. Holmes enter the
room.”

2. “….. but now I know

That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,
And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?”
3. “We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,
But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,
With an alien people clutching their gods.
I should be glad of another death.”

4. “He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be

One against whom there was no official complaint,
And all the reports on his conduct agree
That, in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint.”

Certainly! Let's delve into the contexts of each passage:

1. Context:
SOLUTION This excerpt is from Virginia Woolf's novel "Mrs. Dalloway."
Septimus, a war veteran suffering from severe PTSD, is experiencing a moment
of detachment from reality, which causes distress to his wife, Rezia. Septimus
feels disconnected from the world and is talking to himself when Rezia, in fear,
sends for Dr. Holmes, believing her husband to be mad. When Dr. Holmes
enters the room, Septimus, in a moment of anguish, sees the essence of
human nature in the form of the doctor.

2. Context:
SOLUTION This passage is from W.B. Yeats' poem "The Second Coming." Yeats
uses powerful imagery to express a sense of foreboding and a world in turmoil.
The lines refer to a revelation of a "rough beast" awakening after a long
slumber, possibly symbolizing chaos and destruction. The reference to
"Bethlehem" adds a religious and apocalyptic undertone, suggesting the birth
of something menacing and destructive, disrupting the existing order.

3. Context:
SOLUTION These lines are from T.S. Eliot's poem "The Journey of the Magi."
The speaker, one of the Magi who witnessed the birth of Christ, reflects on
their return from witnessing the event. They express a sense of displacement
and alienation upon returning to their normal lives after experiencing
something profound and divine. The speaker feels disconnected from their old
way of life, unable to comfortably coexist with the customs and beliefs of their
society anymore, hence the desire for another death to escape this discomfort.

4. Context:
SOLUTION This excerpt is from W.H. Auden's poem "The Unknown Citizen." It
satirically addresses society's view of an individual through bureaucratic
language. The "Unknown Citizen" is portrayed as a model citizen according to
official records, having no complaints against him and being deemed a saint in
the modern sense, which ironically points to the superficiality and
dehumanization of bureaucratic categorizations.

These passages explore themes of alienation, societal expectations, the

dissonance between individual experiences and societal norms, and the
struggles of existence in different contexts. They each offer a unique
perspective on human experience, social constructs, and the complexities of
life.

Section B

II. Write short notes on the following: 4x5=20

A. The major characteristics of modernism

SOLUTION

Modernism emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a cultural,
artistic, and literary movement that brought about a profound shift in thinking
across various disciplines. It sought to break away from traditional forms and
ideologies, embracing innovation, experimentation, and a reevaluation of
established norms. Several key characteristics define the essence of
modernism:

1. Rejection of Tradition: Modernism was marked by a conscious departure

from conventional forms of expression. Artists and thinkers sought to challenge
established norms and conventions, viewing tradition as restrictive and
inhibiting progress. This rejection was evident in literature, art, music, and even
societal norms.
2. Experimentation and Innovation: Embracing new techniques and forms was
central to the modernist ethos. Artists explored innovative styles, structures,
and modes of expression to convey their experiences and perspectives. This
experimentation led to the fragmentation of traditional narratives and the
exploration of subjective realities.

3. Fragmentation and Discontinuity: Modernist works often reflected the

fragmented nature of reality and consciousness. They presented disjointed
narratives, disrupted timelines, and fragmented perspectives, mirroring the
chaotic and complex nature of the modern world.

4. Subjectivity and Stream of Consciousness: There was a strong emphasis on

portraying subjective experiences and inner thoughts. Techniques like stream
of consciousness writing were employed to delve into characters' minds,
depicting their innermost thoughts and feelings in a more fluid, unstructured
manner.

5. Cultural and Social Critique: Modernist artists and writers often critiqued
societal norms, political systems, and cultural values. They reflected the
disillusionment and upheaval caused by events like World War I, challenging
established beliefs and questioning the notion of progress.

6. Embracing Urbanization and Technology: The rise of urbanization and

technological advancements greatly influenced modernist works. Artists were
fascinated by the dynamism of city life, industrialization, and the impact of
technology on society, often portraying these themes in their creations.
7. Multiplicity of Perspectives: Modernism celebrated diversity and multiple
viewpoints. It acknowledged the relativity of truth and reality, emphasizing that
no single perspective could encapsulate the complexity of the modern world.

8. Self-Reflection and Existentialism: Modernist works frequently explored

themes of self-reflection, existential angst, and the search for meaning in an
increasingly fragmented and uncertain world. This introspection often resulted
in a sense of alienation and dislocation.

In essence, modernism was a movement characterized by its departure from

tradition, its embrace of experimentation and innovation, and its reflection of
the tumultuous and rapidly changing world of the early 20th century. It had a
profound impact on various fields, shaping the trajectory of art, literature,
philosophy, and culture in the modern era.

B. British War Poetry of the early twentieth century.

SOLUTION
British War Poetry of the early twentieth century encapsulates the profound
impact of World War I on the human spirit, reflecting the disillusionment, loss,
and trauma experienced by soldiers and civilians alike. Poets of this era, like
Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, and Rupert Brooke, captured the brutal
realities of war through their poignant verses.

Wilfred Owen, known for his raw and evocative poetry, vividly portrayed the
horrors faced by soldiers on the front lines. In poems like "Dulce et Decorum
Est" and "Anthem for Doomed Youth," Owen dismantles the glorified notions
of war, exposing the gruesome truth of gas attacks, trench warfare, and the
senseless loss of young lives. His use of vivid imagery and stark language forces
readers to confront the stark realities of conflict.

Siegfried Sassoon, a decorated war hero, used his poetry to protest against the
futility and cruelty of war. His collection "The War Poems" showcases his
disillusionment with the romanticized ideals of warfare. Sassoon's "Attack" and
"The General" critique the incompetence of military leadership and the
dehumanizing effects of battle, challenging the notion of heroism in the face of
such destruction.

Contrasting the stark realism of Owen and Sassoon is Rupert Brooke, whose
early war poems conveyed a sense of patriotism and idealism. His most famous
work, "The Soldier," exudes a romanticized vision of sacrifice and honor in
service to one's country. Brooke's poetry, with its lyrical and patriotic tone,
captivated many at the outset of the war, offering a contrasting perspective to
the harsh realities depicted by other poets.

Collectively, these poets epitomized the diverse range of emotions and

perspectives surrounding World War I. Their verses acted as a medium to
convey the psychological and emotional toll of conflict, shaping public
perception and challenging preconceived notions of heroism and nationalistic
fervor.

The impact of British war poetry extended far beyond its time, influencing
subsequent generations of poets and serving as a poignant reminder of the
human cost of war. Even today, their words continue to resonate, serving as a
testament to the enduring power of art in expressing the complexities of the
human experience during times of profound adversity.

C. The central theme of the poem “The Second Coming”.

SOLUTION
William Butler Yeats's poem "The Second Coming" is a reflection on the chaos
and uncertainty that followed World War I. Its central theme revolves around
the breakdown of order, the sense of impending doom, and the idea of a new
era emerging. The poem captures the atmosphere of post-war disillusionment
and the anxieties about the future.

The opening lines, "Turning and turning in the widening gyre / The falcon
cannot hear the falconer," immediately set the tone for the disintegration of
control and order. The image of the falcon, a symbol of power and authority,
unable to heed its master's call signifies a world spiraling out of control. This
breakdown of communication between the falcon and its falconer mirrors the
disconnect between humanity and the guiding forces that once maintained
order.

The poem then delves into the sense of foreboding with the lines, "Things fall
apart; the centre cannot hold; / Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world." Here,
Yeats highlights the collapse of societal norms and the disintegration of the
established structures that maintained stability. The imagery of anarchy
prevailing suggests a chaotic, lawless state where conventional values and
systems are breaking down.
The phrase "The Second Coming" itself alludes to the return of a higher power
or a new order, but rather than evoking a sense of hope, it carries a tone of
ominous anticipation. Yeats presents a grim vision of this impending arrival,
describing it as a "rough beast, its hour come round at last, / Slouches towards
Bethlehem to be born." This imagery of a monstrous creature approaching
Bethlehem, traditionally associated with the birthplace of Jesus Christ, suggests
a dark, malevolent force heralding a new era, one that is ominous and
destructive rather than redemptive.

The poem's central theme is not just about the cyclical nature of history or the
anticipation of a new order, but also the fear and uncertainty accompanying
this transition. It reflects Yeats's deep concerns about the turbulent times he
lived in, where the old certainties were crumbling, and the world was teetering
on the brink of an unknown and potentially catastrophic future.

Overall, "The Second Coming" encapsulates the prevailing sense of

disillusionment, the breakdown of societal structures, and the apprehension
about what the future holds. It remains a haunting and powerful reflection on
the upheavals of its time and continues to resonate as a timeless portrayal of
the human condition amidst chaos and uncertainty.
D. Symbolism in “The Journey of the Magi”.
SOLUTION

"The Journey of the Magi" by T.S. Eliot is a richly symbolic poem that delves
into themes of spiritual transformation, disillusionment, and the cost of seeking
enlightenment. The journey of the Magi to witness the birth of Christ serves as
a metaphor for the spiritual quest and the complexities inherent in such
pursuits.

The title itself, "The Journey of the Magi," holds symbolism. The term "Magi"
refers to wise men or astrologers, traditionally associated with seeking deeper
truths and wisdom. Their journey symbolizes the quest for spiritual fulfillment
and enlightenment.

Eliot employs vivid imagery to convey the hardships of the journey, describing
the physical discomforts and the desolate landscape. This imagery represents
the arduousness and sacrifices often required in pursuing spiritual growth. The
barrenness of the land suggests a spiritual emptiness or desolation that the
Magi encounter on their path.

The Magi's encounter with various people and places on their journey reflects
the idea of spiritual disillusionment. They meet indifferent and skeptical crowds
who do not understand their quest, symbolizing the lack of support or
understanding from the world in their pursuit of spiritual truth.

The birth of Christ symbolizes the culmination of their journey and the
attainment of spiritual enlightenment. However, Eliot portrays this event with a
sense of ambiguity and irony. While the birth of Christ is a momentous
occasion, it brings a sense of discomfort and unease to the Magi. They witness
the birth but feel disconnected and uneasy, sensing that their world is changing
irreversibly. This suggests the paradoxical nature of spiritual
enlightenment—while it brings transformation, it also brings discomfort and
upheaval.

The poem ends with the Magi reflecting on their return journey, feeling
changed and alienated from their old lives. The imagery of them being "no
longer at ease here, in the old dispensation" signifies their inner transformation
and the difficulty of reintegrating into their previous way of life after
experiencing spiritual awakening.

In essence, "The Journey of the Magi" is a profound exploration of the spiritual

quest, showcasing the hardships, disillusionments, and transformations
inherent in seeking higher truths. Through symbolism, Eliot conveys the
complexity and challenges of spiritual enlightenment, highlighting that such
journeys often involve sacrifice, discomfort, and a fundamental change in one's
perspective and identity.
III. Write short essays on the following:

a. Explain the title of the poem “I think continually of those who are truly
great.”

SOLUTION
The title of the poem "I think continually of those who are truly great" by
Stephen Spender encapsulates the essence of admiration and contemplation
toward individuals who possess exceptional qualities, virtues, or achievements
that transcend the ordinary. Through this title, Spender sets the thematic tone
for his poem, evoking a sense of reverence and persistent contemplation of
greatness in its various forms.

The title’s emphasis on continual thought underscores the poet’s ongoing

preoccupation and fixation on these exceptional individuals. It suggests that
the concept of greatness occupies a prominent place in the poet’s mind,
dominating his thoughts persistently. The phrase "those who are truly great"
implies a select group whose greatness is genuine and substantial, distinct from
superficial or fleeting accomplishments. It hints at a deeper exploration of
greatness beyond fame or public recognition, focusing instead on intrinsic
qualities and contributions that define true greatness.

Spender's choice of words, particularly "continually" and "truly," conveys a

sense of unwavering admiration and sincerity. The adverb "continually"
suggests an enduring, almost obsessive contemplation, indicating that the
poet's thoughts are incessantly drawn to these remarkable figures. Meanwhile,
the qualifier "truly" emphasizes the authenticity and genuineness of greatness,
distinguishing it from mere popular acclaim or superficial attributes.

Moreover, the title sets the stage for the exploration of the poet's introspective
musings on greatness, inviting readers to delve into the poet's contemplative
journey. It signals an introspective exploration of the characteristics, deeds, or
qualities that define greatness, prompting readers to question and reflect on
their own understanding of greatness and its manifestations.

In the poem itself, Spender meditates on various aspects of greatness,

highlighting individuals who have left indelible marks on humanity through
their actions, ideas, or values. He celebrates the enduring impact of these
figures, acknowledging their ability to inspire and influence generations beyond
their lifetimes. The poem's structure, with its contemplative and reflective
tone, echoes the title's emphasis on continuous thought and admiration for
greatness.

Furthermore, the title's universality allows for a broad interpretation of what

constitutes greatness. It encourages readers to contemplate not only
historically acclaimed figures but also individuals in their immediate
surroundings who exemplify greatness through acts of kindness, resilience,
compassion, or intellectual pursuits. By doing so, the title extends the concept
of greatness beyond the realms of fame or grandeur, emphasizing the
significance of everyday greatness that often goes unnoticed.
In essence, the title "I think continually of those who are truly great"
encapsulates the poet's unwavering contemplation and reverence for genuine
greatness. It serves as a gateway to a profound exploration of the qualities,
actions, and impact of exceptional individuals, inviting readers to join the poet
in an introspective journey that transcends time and societal boundaries.

b. Discuss how Virginia Woolf employs the “Stream of Consciousness

Technique” in her novels. How did her novels differ from those novels written
in the realist tradition?

SOLUTION
Virginia Woolf is renowned for her pioneering use of the stream of
consciousness technique, a narrative style that delves deep into the inner
thoughts, emotions, and perceptions of characters. This technique is
prominently featured in many of her novels, such as "Mrs. Dalloway," "To the
Lighthouse," and "The Waves."

The stream of consciousness technique is characterized by its fluid,

uninterrupted flow of thoughts and feelings, often without conventional
punctuation or structure, mirroring the way human consciousness operates.
Woolf employs this technique to provide an intimate portrayal of her
characters' inner worlds, offering insight into their fragmented and associative
thinking processes. By capturing the continuous stream of their thoughts,
memories, and sensations, she creates a more profound understanding of their
psychological depth and complexity.
In Woolf's novels, the narrative often shifts seamlessly between different
characters' perspectives, allowing readers to immerse themselves in the rich
tapestry of individual consciousnesses. For instance, in "Mrs. Dalloway," the
narrative fluidly moves between the minds of various characters, presenting
their inner monologues and creating a mosaic of interconnected thoughts and
experiences.

Woolf's approach starkly contrasts with novels in the realist tradition. Realist
novels typically emphasize a linear, chronological narrative structure, focusing
on external events, and employing a more objective viewpoint. In contrast,
Woolf's stream of consciousness technique disregards strict chronological
order, prioritizing the inner workings of the characters' minds over a linear plot
progression.

Moreover, while realist novels often aim for a comprehensive and detailed
portrayal of external reality, Woolf's works prioritize subjective impressions,
emotions, and the inner lives of characters. This divergence allows her to
explore the complexities of human consciousness and the subtleties of human
experience in a way that goes beyond the confines of traditional realist
storytelling.

Woolf's novels, through the stream of consciousness technique, offer a more

intricate and nuanced understanding of characters' thoughts and emotions,
enabling a deeper exploration of themes such as identity, memory, and the
passage of time. By breaking away from the constraints of conventional
narrative forms, Woolf revolutionized the way literature portrays human
consciousness, leaving an indelible mark on the evolution of the novel.
 Section C

IV. Discuss the psychoanalytic readings of D. H. Lawrence’s novel Sons and

Lovers.
SOLUTION
In D.H. Lawrence's "Sons and Lovers," psychoanalytic readings delve into the
intricate web of relationships and the complex psychology of the characters,
often emphasizing the Oedipus complex and the role of subconscious desires
and familial influences.

The novel portrays the intense bond between protagonist Paul Morel and his
mother, Gertrude, which forms the cornerstone of psychoanalytic
interpretation. The Oedipus complex, as proposed by Freud, suggests a child's
unconscious desire for the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry with the
same-sex parent. Paul's deep emotional attachment to his mother is evident
from the start, and he struggles to form meaningful relationships with other
women due to this overpowering connection.

Gertrude's relationship with her husband, Walter, also plays a significant role.
Walter's inability to satisfy Gertrude emotionally leads to her seeking
fulfillment through her relationship with Paul, blurring the boundaries between
motherly affection and romantic love. This intertwining of maternal and
romantic love fuels Paul's inability to have a healthy romantic relationship, as
he subconsciously compares every woman to his mother.

Lawrence's vivid descriptions of nature and sensuality often align with Freudian
theories regarding the connection between sexual desire and the natural
world. Paul's experiences with Miriam and Clara, two significant love interests,
are influenced by his unresolved feelings for his mother. Miriam, depicted as
pure and ethereal, embodies Paul's idealized maternal figure, while Clara
represents a more sensual and passionate yet troubled relationship, reflecting
his unresolved conflicts regarding intimacy and desire stemming from his
Oedipal fixation.

Furthermore, Lawrence's exploration of masculinity through Paul's struggles

and conflicts embodies Freud's concept of the castration complex. Paul's
attempts to define his identity and assert himself as an independent man are
obstructed by the overpowering influence of his mother and the shadow of his
father. This internal conflict manifests in his relationships, career aspirations,
and emotional well-being.

The novel's conclusion, where Paul's mother dies, symbolizes his opportunity
for liberation from the suffocating influence of the Oedipal complex. Her death
marks a turning point for Paul, allowing him to confront his unresolved
emotions and move towards individuation.
However, while psychoanalytic readings provide valuable insights into the
novel, they also face criticisms for oversimplification and neglecting other
aspects of the narrative. Lawrence's work encompasses broader themes
beyond Freudian psychoanalysis, such as societal influences, industrialization,
and the struggle for self-realization.

In conclusion, a psychoanalytic reading of "Sons and Lovers" illuminates the

intricate psychological dynamics within the Morel family, emphasizing the
Oedipal complex, unresolved desires, and the impact of familial relationships
on individual development. Lawrence's exploration of these themes adds depth
to the characters and invites a deeper understanding of human psychology and
relationships.