A functional regulatory space is…

A) the exact perimeter of the water resource: its watershed.

B) a space managed by a private company.
C) a general institutional territory: a town, a state, a region.
D) a political space dedicated to the management of a resource and rivalries within
a specific perimeter.
ANSWER: D
A greater regime extent allows a more efficient management of the resource. True or
false?
A) False. In addition to the extent of the regime, we must also take into account
the coherence of rules as regards to public policy and the property rights system.
B) False. It is the coherence of the regime and its rules that allows us to
evaluate the regime’s ability to achieve effective management of the resource.
C) False. A regime with too much extent does not leave enough space to effectively
manage the resource.
D) True. The greater the number of goods and services regulated by the regime, the
more efficient and sustainable the means of management.
ANSWER: A
A use rivalry is a situation where…
A) Competition of use of resources
B) Availability of resources
C) Sustainable abundant resources
D) Non-availabity of commercial resources
ANSWER: A
According to Elinor Ostrom, community organisation...
A) leads to overexploitation.
B) must use the principle of reciprocity where each user can participate in the
decision, equally and openly.
C) does not work because users can not manage to coordinate themselves.
D) requires a strong hierarchy to force actors to coordinate.
ANSWER: B
According to Garrett Hardin, the tragedy of the commons…
A) Caused by who overexploit institution
B) Is inevitable as long as free access-guaranteed
C) underexploit the resource
D) Caused by community of people
ANSWER: B
For the last fifteen years, the IWRM concept has been criticized because...
A) there is vagueness in the implementation of the concept.
B) it does not reflect the resource management scale.
C) it integrates too many different activity sectors.
ANSWER: A
How did the Institutional Resource Regime (IRR) in Switzerland evolve over its last
three phases?
A) Integrated-integrated-integrated
B) Complex-complex-integrated (research)
C) Simple-complex-integrated
D) Complex - complex – simple
ANSWER: B
If the decisions taken on infrastructure and development are key, what influences
those decisions (multiple correct answers)?
A) Development priorities as reflected in national and regional development
strategies.
B) Environmental policy.
C) Investments that realise national or regional development strategies
ANSWER: C
If the fruit is consumed at a higher rate than stock renewal capacity, it then
becomes...
A) Under exploitation
B) Exploitation
C) Overexploitation
D) Decreasing rate
ANSWER: C
In the case of artificial snow production in Veysonnaz, which started mid-
October...
A) the institutional regime was bypassed.
B) the institutional regime is applied.
C) we are witnessing a gap in the institutional regime.
D) the commune is trying to enforce the institutional regime.
ANSWER: A
In the case of the Columbia River Basin, how can we consider that the environmental
program is a trade-off between electricity production and ecosystem protection?
A) It prohibits the construction of new electrical plants.
B) It imposes limits on household consumption during periods of salmon migration.
C) It proposes actions that limit hydroelectric production and raises the price of
electricity by financing green projects.
D) It foresees the deconstruction of hydroelectric dams to facilitate fish
migration.
ANSWER: C
In the case of the pastures of Törbel (Switzerland), community management has
remained alive because...
A) users have not realised that private ownership is much more effective than
community management.
B) the commune does not want to assume the management of the pasture.
C) agriculture has disappeared and pastures are of no interest to anyone.
D) private ownership would be ineffective because grass quality varies from year to
year and collective ownership is therefore more efficient.
ANSWER: D
In the field of water, which are the most common transboundary interactions?
A) A mixture of cold conflict and cooperation
B) Cooperation
C) Political conflicts
D) Violent conflicts and wars
ANSWER: A
In your view, how many concrete examples of integrated watershed management exist
in Switzerland?
A) Approximately thirty
B) About a dozen
C) Approximately forty
ANSWER: C
In your view, in which year did the concept of integrated water management emerge
in the international political agenda?
A) In 1997, during the first World Water Forum in Marrakesh (Morocco).
B) In 1992, the year of the UN Conference for the Environment and Development in
Dublin (Ireland) and the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
C) In 1977, during the United Nations Conference on Water in Mar del Plata
(Argentina)
ANSWER: C
Law activation strategies…
A) aim to establish the rules issued by the institutional regime.
B) may be passive in a strategy of non-decision.
C) aim to empty the institutional regime of substance.
D) are a means for actors to achieve their goals
ANSWER: D
Local Regulatory Arrangements (LRA or ARL in French) …
A) regroup the practical arrangements of the resource of "water".
B) are faithful to the rules issued by the institutional regime of the resource
"water".
C) include general and abstract rules that regulate the resource “water”.
D) are consensual.
ANSWER: A
Over time, water use tends to…
A) Increase and diversity
B) Simply increase
C) Decrease due to exploitation
D) Increase in diversity
ANSWER: A
The case of the Rhone shows that...
A) the watershed is the correct reference unit.
B) the situation is increasingly simple.
C) issues and tensions arise in the evolution from a single function situation of
the river use
D) to a multifunctional one.
ANSWER: C
The concept of watershed management was initially implemented…
A) in the 2000s with the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) from
the European Union.
B) in the 1950s with the rise of environmental concerns.
C) very recently under the influence of international and non-governmental
organisations to protect the environment.
D) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century with the intensification of
industrial water uses far beyond the limits of national and local resource
management.
ANSWER: D
The Institutional Resource Regime includes all public policies for a given
resource. True or False?
A) False. The regime includes the whole system of property rights: property titles,
disposition rights and use rights.
B) False. The actors are completely free and use the resource as they see fit,
regardless of public policies.
C) False. The regime also includes formal property titles on the resource.
D) True. Public policies can fully regulate the use of the resource and the
behaviour of actors.
ANSWER: A
The low implementation of the integrated watershed management concept in
Switzerland is because of…
A) the large number of river sub-watersheds which must be coordinated.
B) a favourable hydrological situation.
C) the existence of the "executive federalism" and the principle of subsidiarity.
ANSWER: C
The method for resolving water-related conflicts is…
A) the intervention of a basin institution.
B) the peaceful settlement of disputes.
C) consultation.
D) obligatory recourse to arbitration.
ANSWER: B
To fight against the tragedy of the commons, what is the solution?
A) Privatize, involve the state or promote community management.
B) Maintain free access to the resource and allow users to behave as they wish.
C) Privatize or involve the state.
D) Privatize the resource.
ANSWER: A
Watersheds are the most relevant scales for water management. True or false?
A) False. Watershed boundaries are frequently bypassed by remote uses such as
hydro-electricity or agriculture that require coordination beyond the boundary of
the watershed.
B) True. This is true because watershed management could have a strong institution
that governs the various users and authorities in their use of the resource.
C) True. This is true because the watershed is used to integrate all the users of
the resource from upstream to downstream.
D) False. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) allows a sustainable
management of the resource to be achieved.
ANSWER: A
What are the differences between a “top-down” and a “bottom-up” implementation
vision?
A) The bottom-up vision denies the structuring nature of rules derived from the
institutional regime.
B) The bottom-up vision is the only vision concerned with the social interaction
between actors.
C) The top-down vision concerns the institutional regime; the bottom-up vision
concerns local regulatory arrangements.
D) The top-down vision is centred on the realisation of legal objectives; the
bottom-up vision on problem solving.
ANSWER: D
What are the difficulties associated with multi-sector regulation?
A) The importance of use rivalries.
B) Coordination between very different uses.
C) The fact that many users are dependent on the same resource.
ANSWER: B
What are the difficulties to consider in the implementation of integrated watershed
management?
A) The amount of time necessary to implement the watershed scale management
B) The willingness of political parties
C) The hydrological cycle changes.
ANSWER: A
What are the main difficulties for development of the Institutional Resource Regime
(IRR) in the European Union?
A) An increase in extent and coherence
B) Increasing its coherence
C) The increase in extent.
D) The reduction of its extent
ANSWER: B
What are the major factors causing tension in the field of water?
A) In general, it is problems linked to sharing water and the construction of
infrastructure.
B) It is the problem of pollution and the deterioration of water quality.
C) When the population does not have sufficient access to drinking water.
D) When countries are less developed.
ANSWER: A
What is the difference between Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and
watershed management?
A) Watershed management focuses on the ecological function of watercourses.
B) In addition to the multi-sector dimension, watershed management requires that
the perimeter of natural water resources be taken into consideration.
C) Watershed management focuses on electricity production and economic functions.
D) None. These two concepts are synonymous.
ANSWER: B
What is the Network of Social and Community Organisations for the Water Management
in Ecuador (ROSCGAE)?
A) NGO
B) Public communal alliance
C) Intercommunity network
D) Government sector
ANSWER: C
What vision of water does the Confederation of Latin American Community Water and
Sanitation Organizations (CLOCSAS) want to disseminate?
A) As an economic good
B) Associativity
C) As a human right
D) Pachamama.
ANSWER: B
What was the driving force behind the consideration of micropollutants in the case
of the Rhine?
A) Poor water quality
B) Public mobilization against micropollutants
C) The decrease in the fish population
ANSWER: C
Which element distinguishes the Nexus concept from the Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM)?
A) The Nexus concept focuses on public participation.
B) The Nexus concept lets us focus mainly on public actors.
C) The Nexus concept solidifies the approach on the interactions between different
activity sectors.
ANSWER: C
Which element is not considered to be part of the tragedy of the commons problem,
as described in the article “Private water raiding threatens Angkor's temples built
on sand”
A) Lack of information about effect of withdrawals
B) Lack of regulation about lack of regulation
C) Quantity of water as regard to water withdrawals
D) Quality of water as regard to water withdrawals
ANSWER: D
Which of the below are defining characteristics of a natural resource?
A) Existence of resources
B) Unexistence of non-resources
C) Existence of biotic and mineral resources
D) Existence of abiotic resources
ANSWER: C
Which principle does not fit directly into the definition of IWRM?
A) The "polluter pays" principle
B) Stakeholder participation
C) The sectorial approach
D) The integration of ecological, social and economic objectives to attain multiple
and cross-cutting benefits.
ANSWER: A
With a set of important common rules, water governance in the EU...
A) Resolves governance problems.
B) ensures sustainable resource use.
C) is split by the diversity of cases.
D) is harmonized.
ANSWER: C