日本建築学会計画系論文集 第80巻 第716号， 2253-2260，2015年10月

【カテゴリーⅠ】 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 80 No. 716, 2253-2260, Oct., 2015
DOI http://doi.org/10.3130/aija.80.2253

A STUDY ON NEIGHBORHOOD FUNCTIONS OF

‘GOZARS’ IN KABUL, AFGHANISTAN
A STUDY ON NEIGHBORHOOD FUNCTIONS OF ‘GOZARS’ IN KABUL, AFGHANISTAN
アフガニスタン国・カブール市における「ゴザール」の近隣機能に関する研究
࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥᅜ࣭࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࠖࡢ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲
Sofia SAHAB ＊ and Toshiyuki KANEDA ＊＊
サハブ ソフィア，兼 田 敏 之
Sofia SAHAB* and Toshiyuki KANEDA**
ࢧࣁࣈ ࢯࣇ࢕࢔㸪ව⏣ ᩄஅ

‘Gozars’ are a centuries old spatial and social urban unit found in Kabul City. To date the neighborhood functions of contemporary
Gozars have not yet been subject to any academic research. This paper identifies the neighborhood functions and the activities of the
Gozars, and seeks to determine factors affecting the neighborhood functions and activeness of the Gozars. First, we explored the
concepts underlying traditional and contemporary Gozars in the existing literature, and then prepared a questionnaire exploring the
neighborhood functions which was presented to 82 Gozar representatives, and finally the results were analyzed by applying
statistical tests.

Keywords: Urban Neighborhood, Gozar, Neighborhood Functions, activeness of Gozar, Kabul

㒔ᕷ㏆㞄ࠊࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟ ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢάⓎࡉ㸪࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷ

1 Research Background and Objectives
Kabul, the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, is facing
chaotic urban expansion, mainly triggered by the migration of
refugees from outside the city in the aftermath of the civil war
with its widespread disruption and destruction (1992-1996). This
situation is quite different from the typical urbanization process
found in other developing countries. In 1992, Kabul’s population
was 1.5 million, and today only 22 years later, it is estimated to
be nearly 5 million, a 3.3 increase 1).
When grasping the reconstruction of Kabul, located as it is in a
Least Developed Country (LDC), not only the physical aspects
such as housing supply and infrastructure development, but also
the social aspects, such as civic engagement and establishment of
social solidarity need to be examined. Both issues, especially the
social aspects, have a close relationship to the urban lifestyle
being developed by the citizens of Kabul in their own way.
From such a perspective, our research interest focusses on
community planning and design in a particular Afghan way.
Thus, we focused on the neighborhood functions of the Gozars.
The Gozar is a traditional district unit spatially organized
around one or more mosques, which stand at important
locations; a popular pattern found in the surrounding Islamic
countries.
No academic research has addressed the current neighborhood
functions of the Gozars, except for the preparatory surveys of
international institutions. Nevertheless, in the planning context,
it is important that we identify the neighborhood functions and
activities in a Gozar, assess how well they work, and seek to
determine the factors affecting them.
In this paper, we will (a) specify the main characteristics of
both traditional and contemporary Gozars, mainly by reviewing
literature and overviewing city planning legislation in Kabul; (b)
examine the existing neighborhood functions of the Gozars
through a questionnaire survey conducted among 82 Gozar
representatives and; (c) analyze the factors affecting
neighborhood functions by conducting statistical tests.
2 The Traditional Concepts of Gozars in the Existing Studies and the
Definition of Contemporary Gozars
Traditionally, Gozars are known as ‘Mahalleh’ in Iran,
‘Mahalla’ in Uzbekistan, and Mahalle in Turkey and have existed
for many centuries2, 3). Despite their different names, these
neighborhoods were all organized around one or more mosques,
and included schools, local shops, and open space and community
gathering areas. In such community gathering areas, not only do
the Gozar representatives representing their neighborhood often

＊
Doctor Course Student, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of 名古屋工業大学大学院工学研究科 博士後期課程
* Doctor Course Student, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya
Technology ྡྂᒇᕤᴗ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉ ༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬
アフガニスタン国・カブール大学建築学科 助講師
Institute of Technology
Assist. Lect., Architecture Department, Kabul University ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥᅜ࣭࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝ኱Ꮫᘓ⠏Ꮫ⛉ ຓㅮᖌ
＊＊
Prof., Graduate
Assist. School of Engineering,
Lect., Architecture Department,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Dr. Eng.
Kabul University 名古屋工業大学大学院工学研究科 教授・工博
** Prof., Graduate School of Engineering, ྡྂᒇᕤᴗ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉ ᩍᤵ࣭ᕤ༤
Nagoya Institute of Technology, Dr. Eng.
─ 2253 ─
meet with the local community to
discuss daily matters and problems4),
but such areas also play a
self-political/juridical role as places
for decision-making. They also
represent a cultural/spatial and
educational place, where women can
also meet together5, 6).
With the addition of a new feature
to the contemporary Gozars, the
traditional Gozar functions have
faced transformation in Kabul as
they are now playing the role of
institutionalized municipal urban
units.
This raises the question, does the
centuries old system of Gozars,
really have the potential to act as
planning units in a modern Kabul?
To answer this question, we became
interested in conducting a Fig.1 Kabul City District Map: Distribution of Formal and Informal Settlements and Survey Districts (3,
questionnaire survey among Gozar 9, 15, & 16)
representatives. But, before explaining the survey details, we
will show the current features and characteristics of Gozars as To provide an overview of today’s Gozar spatial size and

found through investigating the literature, reports, and features, we have measured and showed the Gozar sizes in four

interviews. districts (n=124) on aerial maps*2) (Table 1) which indicate a wide

Contemporary Gozars can be characterized by (a) having at range of Gozar sizes that is to be mentioned later as a part of our

least one mosque; (b) represented by an elected representative survey.

and; (c) having set or customary boundaries. The mosque is still

an important gathering place for Gozar residents. The Gozar 3 Informal Urban Expansion in Kabul and the Neighborhood

representative is elected by residents and approved by the Functions of Current Gozars

district level municipality. Representatives have meetings at To guide the urban growth of Kabul, four master plans have

district level municipal offices and act as a conduit of information been approved: 1962, 1970, 1978, and 2013. The third master

between Gozar residents and the municipality 7). They are also plan was a revision of the two previous master plans 8) and

responsible for certifying documents such as births, marriages formed the base for the fourth master plan. The implementation

and deeds, and mediating on land and building disputes*1). Gozar of this third master plan had been constrained by unstable

boundaries have changed due to the extension of built-up areas, political conditions and the flow of rural-urban migrants taking

the migration of people, and road improvements or developments up residence in the city as informal settlers. In fact, from this

that sub-divide the Gozars. Such changes take place through point on, the urban growth in Kabul is addressed either as

negotiation of the representatives with the residents and formal or informal, however, the emergence of informal

adjacent representatives2). settlements dates back to the early history of the city9). Not
surprisingly, the informal settlements currently accommodate

Table1 Measured Sizes of Gozars in the Surveyed Districts *2 about 74% of the Kabul city population and cover 76% of the

(n=124) city’s residential land (Fig. 1)1).

Area Number of Density by Currently, the formal settlements refer to those that are (a)
Basic
(Gross Housing Population Persons per ha planned and built in accordance to the Kabul City Third Master
Statistics
ha) Units (Gross)
Plan, zoning regulations and construction codes and standards;
Average 40.76 635.77 6,183.48 155.51
Max 250.20 2,145 15,000 355.69 (b) constructed on legally procured land (inherited, purchased,

Min 3.69 22 230 7.07 leased or officially granted by the government) and; (c) have
ownership of both land and construction certified by legal deeds

─ 2254 ─
 Fig.2 Gozars in District Nine (Revised8))

(and in some cases by customary documents) 10). include variations in Gozar establishment period, settlement
In contrast, informal settlements are those that meet one or type (formal or informal) and population density.
more of the following conditions: (a) constructed in violation of Among the 92 representatives interviewed, 82 representatives
the Kabul City Third Master Plan and zoning codes and completed the questionnaire, giving an effective response rate of
regulations, including illegal land subdivisions and construction 89.1% (Table 2).
on legally owned private land classified by the Third Master Plan Although the sampling was not strict, we checked the bias for
as agricultural land or land not zoned for construction or the number of Gozars with formal and informal settlements, in
residential use and expansion; (b) illegally occupied publicly the existing and sampled Gozars (Table 3), we could not find any
owned land, without having a rightful title to that land and; (c) biases with a p<0.1 of chi-square significant level test.
illegally occupied land that belongs to another party, and the The questionnaire has six sections: demographic, areal
occupier has no legal right to the land10). characteristics, neighborhood functions, activeness, relation
The main focus of section 6 is devoted to answering the between the Gozar and municipal bodies, the role of Gozar
question: do the neighborhood functions and activeness differ in representatives.
Gozars with formal and informal settlements? In our survey, the results showed the representatives were all
In Fig. 2 we show the distribution of formal and informal male with an average age of 55 years, and the majority were
settlements and the Gozar features in District 9. It can be seen unemployed.
that the whole area of the Gozar is either formal or informal and
there is no Gozar that consist of both formal and informal Table2 Sampling Feature of Gozar Survey in Kabul
settlements. It is the same in all sampled Gozars and has similar (Representatives)
Area Populatio Household Sampled Sampling
tendency for all the Gozars in Kabul. Gozar (n)
Districts Percentag
(km2)*1 n*2 /Gozar (n) Gozars

District 3 9.11 133,700 26 850.00 7 26.92%

4 The Questionnaire Survey of Gozars
District 9 24.33 250,100 39 1,012.82 36 92.31%
To examine the neighborhood functions of Gozars, during
District 15 32.53 328,400 29 1,810.34 12 41.38%
June and July 2013, we conducted a survey in 82 Gozars located
District 16 25.07 142,500 30 776.67 27 90.00%
in 4 districts within Kabul’s municipal boundaries (Fig. 1).
Total 91.04 854,700 124 1,108.06 82 66.13%
The data collection was based on questionnaires answered by
*1 JICA 20111), *2 CSO 2013 11)
representatives of the Gozars. Districts 3, 9, 15 and 16 were
chosen as the field area for the survey research, in order to 5 Gozar Features Ascertained through the Questionnaire Survey

─ 2255 ─
5.1 Areal Characteristics of Gozars Table3 The Distribution of Formal and Informal Settlements in the
According to the representatives’ answers and based on the Sampled Districts
aggregations of our survey results, firstly, we show the areal Existing Gozars Sampled Gozars
Districts
characteristics of the surveyed Gozars (Fig. 3). However, in order Formal Informal Formal Informal

to examine the difference between formal and informal District 3 20 6 6 1

District 9 6 33 6 30
settlements with more detail, we skip (III) here and follow it in
District 15 9 20 3 9
the next subsection.
District 16 4 26 4 23
(I) Population size: The Gozar population size varies from 500
Total 39 85 19 63
to 15,000, which coincides with the previously mentioned, wide
range of population levels in Gozars.
0 20 40 60 80 100
(II) Gozar establishment period: As can be seen in Fig. 3, we
(I) Population size 33.8% 33.8% 32.4%
set four periods in our questionnaire according to the periods of (person), n=68 500-3,500 3,501-5,500 5,501-15,000

time when Kabul City has faced considerable urban expansion *3). (II) Gozar 15.9% 20.4% 36.4% 27.3%
establishment period,
A wide-range distribution of Gozar establishment ages was n= 44 Bfr 1900s 1910s 1960s 1970s to 1980s 1990s to Now

(III) Formal/informal 23.2% 76.8%

indicated too. settlements, n=82
Formal Informal
(III) Formal/informal settlements: To be described in 5.2. (IV) Majority of 19.2% 51.9% 28.9%
employment status, n=
(IV) Majority of employment status: There are many more 52 Govt-emplyd Self-employed unemployed

Gozars with a majority of self-employed (51.9%) than Gozars (V) Majority of 81.2% 18.8%
property types, n=69
with a majority of unemployed (28.9%) or Government employed Owner Rental
(VI) Targeted by 16.0% 84.0%
(19.2%). Survey questions on residents’ income levels were in the international aid,
n=82 Yes No
main avoided by the respondents.
˞) Frequency of Gozar 23.9% 40.9% 35.2%
(V) Majority of property types: Many more Gozars have a gatherings, n= 71 Weekly Monthly In Necessary Cases

majority of owner inhabitants (81.2%), which is about four times ˟ Number of

52.8% 47.2%
participants in Gozar
the number of Gozars with a majority of rental inhabitants gatherings n=53 5-49 50-500

ˠ Gozar dues paid by 76.6% 23.4%

(18.8%). residents, n= 64
Being Paid Not Being Paid
(VI) Targeted by international aid: To improve infrastructure
Fig.3 Areal Characteristics in Gozars and Activeness of Gozars
and access to services, a number of Gozars are supported by
According to the Responses
international aid. Thirteen were supported by implementation of
the Kabul Solidarity Program (KSP)*4). Our research focus
Table4 Characteristics of Formal and Informal Settlements in the
includes the comparison between Gozars with/without
Sampled Gozars
international aid.
Test
5.2 Gozar characteristics by Settlement Type
Gozar Characteristics by Settlement Type Formal Informal Results
In our sampled Gozars, 76.8% of the Gozars are informal
Average 35.76 40.82
settlements (Fig. 3, Table 3), which shows a similar trend to the
Area ( Gross ha), n=82 Max 140.00 250.20
previously mentioned residential land covered by informal
Min 8.37 8.11 N.E A

settlements in Kabul.
Average 6,146.67 5,115.58
In order to examine the difference of Gozar characteristics Population Size, n=68 Max 13,000 15,000
between formal and informal settlements, we created a summary Min 3,000 1,200 N.E A

of Gozar characteristics by settlement type and tested the Before 1900s 9.1% 18.2%

relations with statistical tests (ANOVA and Fisher’s exact test). Gozar Establishment 1910s to 1960s 18.2% 21.2%
Period, n=44
(Table 4). We did not find any significant relation between Gozar 1970s to 1980s 54.5% 30.3%
N.E
characteristics and settlement type, except the majority of 1990s to Now 18.2% 30.3%

Govt. Employed 31.3% 13.9%

property type and the target of international aid. In the formal Majority of Employment
Self-employed 50.0% 52.8%
Gozar settlements, 50.0% of them have a majority of owner Status, 52
Unemployed 18.8% 33.3% N.E
inhabitants. In contrast, in the informal Gozar settlements,
Majority of Property Owner 50.0% 92.2%
92.2% of them have a majority of owner inhabitants which Types, n=69 ***
Rental 50.0% 7.8%
suggests that informal settlers are more active in asserting their Targeted by
0.0% 20.6%
newly acquired ownership rights. International Aids, n=82 ***
Even though not significant, but it can be seen that the area N.E No Effect,*** p<0.01, p probability, A result found by analysis of
variance (ANOVA), others are found by Fisher's exact test
and population size have a wider range in the informal Gozar

─ 2256 ─
settlements. This suggests that formal Gozar settlements are 0 20 40 60 80 100

more likely to have a standard size. The establishment period of

(A) Governance
(Aa) Representing Gozars to the upper body 87.5% 12.5%

Gozar is various in the informal Gozar settlements, while most of (Ab) Info. transmission from the upper body 63.8% 36.2%

the formal Gozar settlements were established during 1970s and (Ac) Joining inter-Gozar committees 82.5% 17.5%

1980s, when the master plans of Kabul were developed. In (Ba) Mutual aid within a Gozar 78.8% 21.2%

addition, only informal Gozar settlements are the main focus of (Bb) Dispute resolution 56.2% 43.8%

international aid. 22.5% 77.5%

(Bc) Recreational activities

(B) Social
5.3 Neighborhood Functions of Gozars 38.8% 61.2%
(Bd) Traditional events
We listed 18 questionnaire items to define the neighborhood
(Be) Community market events 20.0% 80.0%
functions of a Gozar. Representatives were asked for a simple
(Bf) Elder care and child education 51.2% 48.8%
yes/no answer to distinguish items that worked/did not work in
(Ca) Improvement of the Gozar environment 68.8% 31.2%
their Gozar. For analysis, we categorized the items in to the
(Cb) Maintenance of the Gozar facilities 60.0% 40.0%

(C) Physical
following four groups (Fig. 4).
(Cc) Contribution to garbage collection 66.2% 33.8%
(A) Governance functions: we set three items in this group:
(Cd) Tree planting and beautification 73.8% 26.2%
(Aa) representing Gozars to the upper body; (Ab) information
(Ce) Contribution to public health matters 46.2% 53.8%
transmission from the upper body; and (Ac) joining inter-Gozar
(Da) Accident prevention 46.2% 53.8%
committees.

(D) Safety
(Db) Fire prevention 46.2% 53.8%
While more than 60% of the representatives’ answers were
(Dc) Disaster prevention 43.8% 56.2%
positive for all the three items in this group, the difference in the
(Dd) Anti-crime activities 65.0% 35.0%
number of positive answers in (Aa) representing Gozars to the
n = 80 for all the functions Yes Answers, No answers
upper body (87.5%) and (Ab) information transmission from
upper body (63.8%) indicates that institutionalized contemporary Fig.4 Performance Percentage of Neighborhood Functions in
Gozars function as top down, rather than bottom up. Gozars According to the Responses
(B) Social functions: we set six items in this group: (Ba) mutual
aid within a Gozar; (Bb) dispute resolution; (Bc) recreational While more than 50.0% of the representatives’ answers were
activities; (Bd) traditional events; (Be) community market negative for: (Da) accident prevention, (Db) fire prevention and
events; and (Bf) elder care and child education. If we further (Dc) disaster prevention; it suggests a tendency that
subdivide the social functions into non-recreational and representatives do not recognize that Gozars should provide any
recreational items, the number of positive answers was more safety measures except crime prevention.
than 50% for non-recreational social activities, which are: (Ba) 5.4 Activeness of Gozars
mutual aid within a Gozar; (Bb) dispute resolution; and (Bf) For assessing the activeness of Gozars, we asked questions
elder care and child education. about Gozar gatherings, participants and dues, which are
(C) Physical functions: They are (Ca) improvement of the discussed with the results as follows:
Gozar environment classified as any type of effort to improve the (ǂ) Frequency of Gozar gatherings: Representatives explained
physical environment, e.g. places, streets, and pedestrian whether the gatherings in their Gozar were periodic (taking
facilities; (Cb) maintenance of the Gozar facilities; (Cc) place weekly or monthly) or non-periodic (taking place only as
contribution to garbage collection; (Cd) tree planting and needed). The answers indicate that nearly two thirds (64.8%) of
beautification; and (Ce) contribution to public health matters the Gozars are holding periodic gatherings.
such as vaccination campaigns. (ǃ) Number of participants in Gozar gatherings:
As shown in Fig. 4, more than 60% of the answers were Representatives stated the number of participants in Gozar
positive for the (C) physical function items except (Ce) gatherings as between 5 to 500 participants.
contribution to public health matters (46.2%). This suggests that (DŽ) Gozar dues paid by residents: The dues are collected from
Gozar representatives recognized that Gozar activities the residents in the Gozar and used for purchasing materials or
contributed to maintaining a good physical environment. services to improve the Gozar. Representatives replied that dues
(D) Safety Functions: We defined this group by four items: (Da) are imposed periodically at 76.6% of Gozars, and the remainder
accident prevention; (Db) fire prevention; (Dc) disaster replied dues were imposed as needed.
prevention and (Dd) anti-crime activities.
In this group, the only item, which received positive answers 6 Analysis on Factors Affecting Neighborhood Functions and the
from 65.0% of the representatives was: (Dd) anti-crime activities. Activities of Gozars
To investigate the factors that affect neighborhood functions

─ 2257 ─
and the activeness of Gozars, we show a hypothetical causal
scheme (Fig. 5) that: (1) the neighborhood functions of a Gozar
are affected by the areal characteristics of a Gozar; (2) the
activeness of a Gozar is affected by the areal characteristics of a
Gozar; and (3) the activeness of a Gozar and the neighborhood
functions of a Gozar are affected by each other. Assuming this
scheme, we interpret the degree of correlation as a factor in this
section.
First, we converted all the data into categorical data and then
conducted statistical significance tests. We conducted the
chi-square test in those cases where all of the cells were filled
with over 5 samples; otherwise Fisher's exact test was applied.
All the results were examined within a 10% significance level.
Based on the results of the statistical tests, we focused on the
areal characteristics of Gozars and their effect on the
neighborhood functions and the activeness of Gozars.
6.1 Factors of Areal characteristics of Gozars Affecting the
Neighborhood Functions of Gozars
The statistical test results for the framework
supposing that neighborhood functions are affected
events are positively related to (VI) receiving international aid.
In (C) physical functions, (Ca) improvement of the Gozar
environment and (Cc) tree planting and beautification are
negatively related to (V) the majority of property type. This
seems to indicate that voluntary activity for improvement of the
physical environment is greater in Gozars with a majority of
rental inhabitants, in other words formal settlements.
In (D) the safety functions’ group, (Da) accident prevention and
(Db) fire prevention are related to (IV) employment status, which
seems to show that the unemployed are more cautious
concerning hazards. (Dd) anti-crime activities are positively
affected by (III) settlement type and (VI) receiving international
aid. These suggest that Gozars with formal settlements and
Gozars receiving international aid tend to be more mindful of
crime prevention.
When we focus on areal characteristics from (I) to (VI) we can
find a trend that: (1) none of the neighborhood functions in a
Gozar is affected by population size or the Gozar establishment
Neighborhood Functions of Gozars

by areal characteristics are shown in Fig. 6, and are
Areal Characteristics of Gozars
described according to their groups as follows: (I) Population size
In (A) governance functions, (Aa) representing (II) Gozar establishment period
(III) Formal/informal settlements
Gozars to the upper body is negatively related to
(IV) Majority of employment status
(VI) receiving international aid. (Ab) information (V) Majority of property types
transmission from the upper body and (Ac) joining (VI) Targeted by international aid
inter-Gozar councils are positively affected by (III)
settlement type. This suggests that formal Gozar
(A) Governance
(Aa) Representing Gozar to the upper body
(Ab) Info. transmission from the upper body
1 (Ac) Joining inter-Gozar committees
(B) Social
(Ba) Mutual aid within a Gozar
(Bb) Dispute resolution
(Bc) Recreational activities
(Bd) Traditional events
(Be) Community market events
(Bf) Elder care and child education

settlements have more internal and external 2 (C) Physical

connections. (Ca) Improvement of the Gozar environment

(Cb) Maintenance of the Gozar facilities
In (B) the social functions group, (Bb) dispute
(Cc) Contribution to garbage collection
resolution is positively affected by (III) settlement Activeness of Gozar (Cd) Tree planting and beautification

type, which suggests that social relations are more (Ce) Contribution to public health matters
(ǂ) Frequency of Gozar gatherings 3
(D) Safety
developed in formal Gozar settlements. (Bc) (ǃ) Number of participants in Gozar
gatherings (Da) Accident prevention
recreational activities are positively related to (V) (Db) Fire prevention
(DŽ) Gozar dues paid by residents
majority of property type, which suggest that there (Dc) Disaster prevention
(Dd) Anti-crime activities
are more recreational activities in Gozars with a
majority of owner inhabitants. (Bd) traditional
Fig.5 A Causal Diagram for Testing Factors for Gozar Activities

(Aa) (Ab) (Ac) (Ba) (Bb) (Bc) (Bd) (Be) (Bf) (Ca) (Cb) (Cc) (Cd) (Ce) (Da) (Db) (Dc) (Dd) (ǂ) (ǃ) (DŽ)

(I)

(II) (±)* (±)**

(III) (+)** (+)*** (+)*** (+)* (+)**

(IV) (±)** (±)*

(V) (+)* (–)* (–)* (+)* P

(VI) (–)** (+)** (+)*

*** p<=0.01,
(ǂ) (±)*
** p<=0.05,
(ǃ) (–)* (+)* P
* p<=0.1
(DŽ) p probability
(+) positive correlation, (–) negative correlation, (±) independency is not rejected between two variables, but particular tendencies are found (mentioned in the text), P the probability result
found by Pearson's chi-square test, others are found by Fisher's exact test

Fig.6 Summary of the Relations between the Neighborhood Functions, Areal Characteristics and Activeness of a Gozar

─ 2258 ─
period; (2) information transmission from the upper body, joining
inter Gozar councils, dispute resolution and anti-crime activities
all tend to work well in Gozars with formal settlements.
6.2 Factors of Areal characteristics of Gozars Affecting the
Activeness of Gozars
The statistical test results for the framework that the
activeness of Gozars is affected by areal characteristics are
shown in Fig.6, and are described according to the order of
activities as follows:
(ǂ) The frequency of Gozar gatherings are affected by (II) the
Gozar establishment period and (III) the settlement type.
Younger Gozars (established from the 1990s to date) have more
frequent weekly and monthly gatherings. Furthermore, weekly
gatherings and gatherings as needed are more frequently held in
those Gozars with formal settlements.
(ǃ) The number of participants in Gozar gatherings are related
to (II) the Gozar establishment period, the number of
participants is higher in Gozars established from the 1990s and
later.
(DŽ) Payable dues are related to (V) property type, more dues
are paid in Gozars with a majority of owner inhabitants.
When we focus on areal characteristics from (I) to (VI) we can
find a trend that: (1) the activeness of a Gozar is not affected by
the population size, majority of employment status or receiving
international aid; however (2) the frequency of gatherings is
related to the settlement type, which suggest that formal Gozar
settlements tend to hold more frequent gatherings.
7 Conclusion
We can summarize the findings as follows:
By the literature survey we identified the main characteristics
of traditional and contemporary Gozars and confirmed that an
institutional characteristic has been added to the contemporary
Gozars. Moreover, we defined the three major characteristics of
contemporary Gozars.
From the Gozar representative survey, we specified that the
governance and physical functions (except contribution to public
health) are neighborhood functions that worked well. In addition,
the mutual aid in social functions and anti-crime activities in
safety functions are among those neighborhood functions that
worked well.
By conducting statistical tests, we found that none of the
neighborhood functions of a Gozar is affected by population size
or the Gozar establishment period, but is affected by the
settlement type which suggest that Gozars with formal
settlements score more positively in all the following functions:
(a) information transmission from the upper body and joining
inter-Gozar committees; (b) more social relations; (c) more crime
prevention measures; and (d) more frequent Gozar gatherings.
The above findings provide evidence for the Kabul
municipality and other related organs to (1) recognize and
consider the potential of Gozars as a planning and design unit,
(2) devise social as well as physical/spatial policies for
development of informal settlements. In addition, our findings
may very well serve as a good starting point for studies on
planning and designing urban communities in a particular
Afghan way.
Our further work includes physical studies on Gozars to help
the planning of these urban communities in a way which
satisfies their social, institutional and service requirements.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mr. Toshiyuki Iwama (Former
Project Leader, JICA Technical Cooperation Project on Kabul
Metropolitan Area Development) and the KSP-PIU team for
their contribution during the survey in Kabul.
Notes
*1) Based on interviews in our questionnaire survey.
*2) We found the Gozar areas and the number of dwelling units by
measuring aerial maps such as Google earth maps.
*3) Urbanization periods according to urban expansion in Kabul:
Before 1900s: All urbanization before the 20th century
From 1910s to 1960s: Urbanization attempts made during the reign
of Amir Habibullah Khan (1901-1919) and his successors resulting in
the extension of the city to the north side of the Kabul river, and the
creation of a new capital to the southwest of Kabul city
1970s to 1980s: The extension of the city, according to the new
Master Plan of Kabul City
1990s up to now: The age of massive informal urban growth1, 10)
*4) KSP is an initiative of the Kabul Municipality with collaboration
from UN HABITAT which aims to improve the infrastructure and
access to services through empowering communities.
References
1) Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA): Draft Kabul City
Master Plan, RECS International Inc., 2011
2) Sahab, S., Meziani, R. and Kaneda, T.: A Visionary Study on Urban
Neighbourhood Models in Kabul City Based on Actual Surveys,
Proceedings of REALCORP 2014, pp. 45-54, 2014.5
3) Rahnomayee, M.T., Farhoodi, R., Qalibaf, M.B. and Hadipoor, H.Kh.:
Spatial and Structural Transformation of Mahalleh in Iranian Cities,
Geography, New Vol, No. 12 & 13, pp. 19-43, 2007.9 (In Persian)
4) Habib, F., Hodjati, V. and Moztarzadeh, H.: The Concept of
Neighborhood and its Constituent Elements in the Context of
Traditional Neighborhoods in Iran, Advances in Environmental
Biology Journal, Vol. 7, No. 9, pp. 2270-2278, 2013.9
5) Kheirabadi, M.: Iranian Cities- Formation and Development,
Syracuse University Press, 2000
6) Habibi, S.M.: From (Old) City to (Contemporary) City, University of
Tehran Press, Tehran, 2013 (in Persian)
7) JICA: Kabul City Current Status Report for Urban Development,
RECS International Inc., Ltd., 2011
8) JICA: The Study for the Development of the Master Plan for the
Kabul Metropolitan Area in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,
RECS International Inc., 2009
9) Gebremedhin Y.: Preliminary Assessment of Informal Settlements in
Kabul City, USAID, 2005
10) Agha Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC): Kabul Urbanization and
Development Challenges- A Synthesis Report, 2011
11) Central Statistics Organization (CSO): Population of Kabul City by
District and Sex 2013-14, Afghanistan CSO, 2013
─ 2259 ─
 ࿴ᩥせ⣙
 ᖺ㛫࡟ࢃࡓࡿᅜ᝟ࡢΰ஘࡟క࠺㑊㞴Ẹࡢὶධࢆ୺ᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢔
ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥᅜࡢ㤳㒔࣭࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷࡢேཱྀࡣቑຍࢆ⥆ࡅࠊ⌧ᅾ 
୓ே࡟㏕ࡿ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᕷ⾤ᆅࡶࡲࡓ↓⛛ᗎ࡞⭾ᙇࢆ⥆ࡅࠊ
 ᖺ࣐ࢫࢱ࣮ࣉ࡛ࣛࣥᣦᐃࡉࢀࡓィ⏬ᆅᇦࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࡢࢫࣉ࣮ࣟ
ࣝ໬ࡀ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚋⓎ㏵ୖᅜ࡜࠸࠺ไ⣙ୗ࡛ࠊ࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷࡢ෌
ᘓࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢィ⏬࣭タィࢆᵓ᝿ࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊୖỈ㐨
౪⤥ࠊఫᏯ౪⤥ࠊ⾤㊰ᨵၿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≀ⓗഃ㠃ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ♫఍ⓗᏳ
ᐃᛶࠊ♫఍࡜ࡢ⤎ࠊᕷẸཧຍ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ♫఍ⓗഃ㠃ࡶ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ✵㛫ⓗ࣭♫఍ⓗ࡞㒔ᕷ㏆㞄༢఩
࡜ࡋ࡚ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࠋࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ࡜ࡣࠊࣔࢫࢡ༊࡜ヂ
ࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ㞄᥋ࡋࡓ࢖ࢫ࣒ࣛㅖᅜࡢ㒔ᕷ࡛ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ⌧௦ࡢ
ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡣࠊ⮬἞య࡛࠶ࡿ࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷࡢୗ࡟ไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࠊ㞟఍ᡤࡇ
ࡑࣔࢫࢡ࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢ௦⾲ࡣఫẸ࡟ࡼࡾ㑅ฟࡉࢀࠊ
ఫẸࡢ᪥ᖖάືࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟ࢆ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞
ࡀࡽࠊࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡀᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟ࡢᐇែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜ㝿༠ຊᶵ
㛵ࡀⱝᖸࡢணഛⓗㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᏛ⾡ⓗ࡞ㄪᰝศᯒࡢሗ
࿌ࡣぢ࠶ࡓࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ  ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡟ࡼࡾࠊఏ⤫ⓗࢦࢨ
࣮ࣝ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟⌧௦ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢ୺࡞≉ᚩࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡓࡢࡕࠊ ᕷෆࡢ㸲
ࡘࡢ༊࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢ௦⾲ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅࣗ࢘࡞ࡽࡧ
࡟㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࡞࠸ࠊࡑࡢάືᐇែࢆᴫᣓࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ  ࢦࢨ࣮
ࣝࡀᣢࡘࠕᆅ༊≉ᛶࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟ࠖ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ࠕάⓎࡉࠖࢆㄝ᫂
ࡍࡿࢲ࢖ࣖࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᥦ♧ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊࢡࣟࢫ㞟ィ⾲ࡢ⤫ィⓗ᳨ᐃࢆ
⾜࡞࠸ࠊࡑࡢάືᐇែࡢ㐪࠸ࡢᆅ༊≉ᛶୖࡢせᅉࡣఱ࠿ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ
ᩥ⊩ࢧ࣮࣋࢖࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⌧௦ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡣࠊ D ୍ࡘ௨ୖࡢࣔࢫࢡࠊ
E බ㑅ࡉࢀࡓ௦⾲ࡢᏑᅾࠊ F ྲྀࡾỴࡵࡽࢀࡓࡶࡋࡃࡣ័⾜ୖࡢቃ
ࡢᖹᆒཧຍ⪅ᩘ࣭ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ఍㈝ࡢᐃᮇⓗᚩ཰ࡢ᭷↓㸧
ࠊࡢ㉁ၥ⩌ࢆྵ
ࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ㄪᰝࢧࣥࣉࣝࡢᆅ༊≉ᛶࢆせ⣙ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊேཱྀࡣ༓ே௨ୗ࠿ࡽ
㸯୓ே㉸ࡲ࡛ࠊ๰❧᫬ᮇࡶ  ୡ⣖௨๓࠿ࡽ  ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡲ࡛ࡢከᵝ
ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝᒃఫᆅ࡜ఫᏯᡤ᭷ᅇ⟅ࡢྛࠎࡢ
ẚ⋡ࡣࠊ࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷ඲య⤫ィ࡜ഴྥࢆྠࡌࡃࡍࡿࠋ
㏆㞄ᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㞟ィ⤖ᯝࢆせ⣙ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢഃ
㠃࣭බ⾗⾨⏕ࢆ㝖ࡃ≀ⓗᨵၿࡢഃ㠃ࡢ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⫯ᐃⓗᅇ
⟅ࡀከ࠸ࡢ࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊ஫ຓࢆ㝖ࡃ♫఍஺ὶࡢഃ㠃࣭㜵≢ࢆ㝖ࡃᏳ඲
ࡢഃ㠃࡛ࡣ⫯ᐃⓗᅇ⟅ࡀᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࢦࢨ࣮ࣝάືࡢάⓎࡉ
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ఍ྜ㢖ᗘࠊཧຍேᩘࠊᚩ཰ᙧែ࡟ከᵝᛶࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢከᵝ࡞ᅇ⟅ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࢦࢨ࣮
ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿάື㸦ࠕ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟ࠖ࡜ࠕάⓎࡉࠖ
㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕᆅ༊≉ᛶࠖ
ࢆせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡕࠊ┦㛵ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࠕ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟ࠖ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ  ண᝿࡟཯ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ㏆
㞄ᶵ⬟ࡶேཱྀつᶍࡸタ❧᫬ᮇࢆせᅉ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡾ࠼ࡎࠊࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ㸭࢖
ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝᒃఫᆅࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟ࡢ㐪࠸ࡢせᅉ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ
ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝᒃఫᆅ࡛ࡣࠊ⮬἞య࠿ࡽࡢ᝟ሗఏ㐩࣭ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ㛫⤌⧊࡬
ࡢຍධ࣭㜵≢࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⫯ᐃⓗᅇ⟅ࡀ᭷ព࡟㧗࠸ഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ
άືࡢࠕάⓎࡉࠖ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ  ேཱྀつᶍ࣭᭷⫋≧ἣ࣭ᅜ㝿༠ຊࡢ
᭷↓ࡣせᅉ࡜࡞ࡽࡎࠊ 㞟఍㢖ᗘࡣࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝఫᏯᆅ࡛㧗࠸ഴྥ࡟
࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝࡣ➃⥴࡟╔࠸ࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ
࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥࡢᕷẸࡀᮃࡴ㒔ᕷࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢタィ࣭
ィ⏬ࢆ⾜࡞࠺㝿࡟ࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟▱ぢࡀ᭷ᮃ࡛࠶ࡿ
࡜࠸࠺ぢ㏻ࡋࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ
（2014 年 12 月 9 日原稿受理，2015 年 6 月 26 日採用決定）

⏺ࠊࢆࡶࡗ࡚≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢቃ⏺ኚ᭦ࡸศ๭࡞
࡝ࡣ㞄᥋ࡍࡿࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢ௦⾲ࡸఫẸࡢヰࡋྜ࠸࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋ࡞࠾㸪
௦⾲ࡣᆅ༊ఫẸࡢฟ⏕࣭፧ጻᒆࡸᘓ⠏⣮தࡢㄪ೵᭩ࡢಖドேࡶ⩏ົ
࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷෆ࡟  ࢆ㉺࠼ࡿࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋㄪ
ᰝᑐ㇟࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢつᶍࡣࠊࢢࣟࢫ㠃✚࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊᖹᆒ KDࠊ
᭱኱ KD ㉸ࠊ᭱ᑠ KD ᙅࠊᒃఫேཱྀ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊᖹᆒ  ༓ே⛬ᗘࠊ᭱
኱  ୓㸳༓ேࠊ᭱ᑠ  ே࡜ከᵝᛶ࡟ᐩࡴࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࢝ࣈ࣮ࣝᕷࡢ
ᒃఫᆅ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠃✚ࡢ ࠊேཱྀࡢ ࡀ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝᒃఫᆅ࡛࠶
ࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝᒃఫᆅ࡜ࡣࠊ࢝ࣈ࣮
ࣝᕷࡢᕷ⾤ᆅᙧᡂ࡟㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓ  ᖺࣉࣛࣥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ィ⏬ᆅᇦ௨እࡢᒃఫᆅࢆᣦࡍࠋ
➹⪅ࡽࡢ⾜ࡗࡓ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࡣࠊࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢ௦⾲࡟ᑐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ
 ࢧࣥࣉࣝࢆᅇ཰ࡋࡓࠋタၥ࡟ࡣࠊ
ࠕᆅ༊≉ᛶࠖ
㸦ேཱྀつᶍ࣭๰❧᫬
ᮇ࣭ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ㸭࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝᒃఫᆅ࣭᭷⫋≧ἣ࣭ఫᏯࡢᡤ᭷㸭
㈤೉࣭ᅜ㝿༠ຊࡢ᭷↓㸧
ࠊࢦࢨ࣮ࣝࡢࠕ㏆㞄ᶵ⬟ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ
㸦ᕷ࡬ࡢ㛵୚࣭ᕷ࠿ࡽࡢ᝟ሗఏ㐩࣭ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ㛫஺ὶ㸧ࠊࠕ♫఍஺ὶࠖ
㸦ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝෆࡢ஫ຓ࣭⣮தㄪ೵࣭ࣜࢡ࢚࣮ࣜࢩࣙࣥάື࣭ఏ⤫⾜஦࣭
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ᕷሙ࢖࣋ࣥࢺ࣭ᖺ㛗⪅࡜ඣ❺ࡢカ⦎ᩍ⫱㸧
ࠊࠕ≀ⓗᨵၿࠖ
㸦ఫ⎔ቃᨵၿ࣭ࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ᪋タࡢ⥔ᣢ⟶⌮࣭ࡈࡳ཰㞟࣭᳜ᶞ࡜⨾໬࣭
බ⾗⾨⏕࡬ࡢᐤ୚㸧ࠊ
ࠕᏳ඲ࠖ
㸦஺㏻Ᏻ඲࣭㜵ⅆ࣭㜵⅏࣭㜵≢㸧ࡢྛഃ
㠃ࠊࢦࢨ࣮ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㏆㞄άືࡢࠕάⓎࡉࠖ
㸦㞟఍ࡢ㛤ദ㢖ᗘ࣭㞟఍

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