PORTOFOLIO

OF ENGLISH SUBJECT LEARNING OUTCOMES

IN SIX SEMESTER
(Submitted to Fulfill The Final Assignment of English Subjects School)
Guidance Teacher: Dede Ahmad Iskandar, SS,MM

Compiled by:
TASYA YULIANI
212210390
XII MIPA 1

REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF WEST JAVA PROVINCE

BRANCH OF REGIONAL EDUCATION OFFICE IV
SMA NEGERI I TELAGASARI
YEAR 2023/2024

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 VALIDITY SHEET

Name : TASYA YULIANI

NIS 212210390
Class : XII MIPA 1
School : SMA Negeri 1 Telagasari
Title : Portofolio of English Subject Learnig Outcomes in Five Semesters
I the undersigned, declare that the portfolio assignments that have completed are
correct. I hereby declare that writing an english portofolio has met all the terms and
conditions set by the Teacher.

Telagasari, February 2024

Students Teacher

(Tasya Yuliani) (Dede Ahmad Iskandar)

NIP:198003122022211005

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 PREFACE
The author gives thanks and blessings to Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala for His abundant and
generous grace to give us various favors, so that the author can complete this portofolio
assignment. The purpose of preparing this portfolio is to fulfill the final school assignment given by
Mr. Dede Ahmad Iskandar,SS,MM in English Teachings.
In addition, the preparation of this portofolio aims to report the author's learning outcomes
for five semesters as well as add insight for personal writers and generally for readers.In preparing
this portfolio, of course it cannot be separated from the direction and guidance of the supervisor,
namely Mr.Dede Ahmad Iskandae,SS,MM. then the authors would like to thank the supervising
teacher and to all those who have helped until this portofolio can be completed within the specified
time. In addition, the authors are also aware that the portfolio is found in many deficiencies and is
far from perfect. Therefore, the authors look forward to criticism and suggestions for this portfolio.
And hopefully this portfolio can provide benefits.

Telagasari, February 2024

Author

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 Kata Pengantar

Alhamdulillah, puji dan syukur marilah kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT. Yang
telah memberikan begitu banyak nikmat kepada kita semua yakni nikmat iman dan
nikmat islam dan mudah - mudahan kita semua dalam lindungan Allah SWT. Serta
shalawat dan salam marilah kita panjatkan kepada Nabi besar kita yakni kanjeng Nabi
Muhammad SAW. Yang menjadi panutan insan beriman. Atas karunia dan rahmat-nya.
Sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas portofolio. Portofolio ini disusun untuk
memenuhi tugas bahasa inggris.
Saya menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa di dalam penyusunan portofolio ini masih
banyak terdapat kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, saya mengharapkan adanya kritik dan saran
untuk membangun demi kesempurnaan penyusunan portofolio ini. Tidak lupa saya
mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membangun penyusunan
portofolio ini, khususnya kepada guru pembimbing mata pelajaran yang bersangkutan.
Akhir kata semoga portofolio ini dapat memenuhi tugas yang telah diberikan oleh guru
yang bersangkutan. Oleh karena itu, kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari Bapak/Ibu.
Akhir kata saya mengharapkan tugas portofolio ini dapat bermanfaat.

Telagasari, 16 Januari 2024

Penyusun

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 Daftar Isi

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN………………………………………………………………………………
KATA PENGANTAR…………………………………………………………………………………….
DAFTAR ISI………………………………………………………………………………………………
#Class XII…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

a. Offering Help…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Caption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

c. Application letter…………………………………………………………………………………………………

d. News Item………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e. Procuder text……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

f. Sing a song……………………………………………………………………………………….………………

#Class XI……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

a. Suggestion and Offer……………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Dialog Asking and Giving Opinion……………………………………………………………………………..

c. Invitation Text……………...…………………………………………………………………….………………

d. Exposition………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e. Letter…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

f. Cause and Effect………………………………………………………………………………….………………

g. Motivation Through Songs……………………………………………………………………………………….

h. Explanation text..…………………………………………………………………………………………………

#Class X…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

a. Asking and Giving Self Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..

b. Compliment and
Congratulation………………………………………………………………………………….

c. Intention…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

d. Descripvite
Text…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

e. Announcement……………………………………………………………………………………………………

f. Recount Text……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

g. Narative Text……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

h. Song……………..………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Daftar Pustaka……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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#Class XII
Offering Help
Offering help or Service is a wat to offer help or assistance to someone. It is a polite way to reach
about situations. New, look ath the the following example!
- Selpi: Hello Good Morning mom
- Mother: Good morning too
- Selpi: What are you doing
- Mother: Mom is cleaning the house
- Selpi: Is there anything I can help you?
- Mother: Oh sure, that’s really good idea
- Selpi: What should I do?
- Mother: You cut the grass
- Selpi: Ok mom
- Mother: Thank you.
1. Social Function of Offering Help or Service
The social function of offering help or service to ther is maintain interpersonal relationship with
others by offering help or service.
2. Language Features of Offering Help or Service
To offer help Service, we usually use the following expressions and the responden.
Offering Help or Service Accepting Help or Service Refusing Help or service

● May I help you? ● Yes, please. ● Please, don’t brother.

● How can I help you?
● Is there something I can ●
do for you?
● Is there something you
would like me to do?
● Thank you very much
Thanks for you help
● That’s very kind of you.
● Thanks
● Thanks. I can manage
myself.
● Thank you, but there is no
need to.
● No, that’s quite all right.

● Is there something you ● No, thanks.

● You helped me a lot
need?

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 ● I would like to be of help, ● If you don’t mind ● No, don’t brother.
what can I do?
● Thank you. I appreciate it ● Not at the moment.

● You sure can, thanks ● You don’t have to.

3. Structure of Offering Help or Service

Read the dialogue below!

● Selpi: May I help you?

● Wina: Yes. I need an encyclopedia.

● Selpi: Oh, there are many encyclopedia that we have. Let me show you, then you, can choose what
you want.

● Wina: Thank you

4. The Use of “May I help you?, “What can I do for you?, and “What if …?”
We may offer help or service by asking for permission to help, being ready to do something, and
giving suggestion to help. When we offer help or service, we can use the following expressions.
1. May I help you?
This is the common expression to offer help or service. The word “May” is a way to get the
permission to help. It is a formal expression, especially when me offer help older people or customer or
someone whom we don’t know.
Examples:

● May I help you, Sir?

● Excuse me, Madam. May I help you?

2. What can I do for you?

It is less formal than “May I help you?”. If someone needs our help, then we agree to help him,
we may say, “What can I do for you?”. It is almost with “How can I help you?”.
Examples:

● Selpi: Can you help me?

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● Wina: Sure. What can I do for you?

3. What If …?
“What if …?” in offering help is used to suggest an action in the future. It is usually used with the
present tense of the verb.
Examples:

● What if I finish the number five for you?

● What if I print the material for you?

Caption
A. Captions
A caption is a tittle or brief explanation appended to an article, illustration, cartoon, or poster. In
other words, a caption is a brief description accompanying an illustration. The Latin root of caption is
capito which means “seizing” or “holding”. Captions consist of a few words of description or several
sentences. Generally, captions are put under the picture or beside the picture.
1. Social Function of Caption

● There are functions of captions.

a. To explain what is shown in a picture or illustration.

b. To identify the subject of the picture.
c. To draw attention to something in the image that is not abvious.
d. To help the reader understand information that may or may not be in the text.

● Photographers and publishers usually include important information in a photo caption, such as:

a. Description of the object or people in the photo.

b. Information that gives context to the moment captured in the photograph.
c. The name of the photograph.
d. The location in which the photo was taken.
e. The date that the photo was taken.
2. Criteria of a Good Caption
a. It can identify the subject of the picture clearly.

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 It should mention what the picture is. If the picture is a photo, the date should be added.
b. It should be succinct and informative.
A good caption is short and to the point. Don’t write needless words. Put other
information in the article itself, but make sure the reader does not miss the important part in the
picture. However, we may put a long description as caption if it is non-visual media. Technical
images like charts and diagrams may have captions that are much longer than other images. Prose
should still be succinct, but the significance of the image should be fully explained.
c. It must be relevant to the picture.
It establishes he picture’s relevance to the article. A good caption explains why a picture
belongs to the article.
d. It provides context dor the picture.
In such caption, the name of the painter and date provide information on the cultural point
of view of the particular presentation.

e. It draws the reader into the article.

The caption should make the reader curious to the article. It means that it is vest not to tell
the whole story in the caption, but use the caption to make the reader curious about the article.
Every single picture in newspapers or textbook must have a caption. Captions in newspapers are
called dutlines. Each must quickly tell the reader what the names, stories, dates, places, and significance.
There are some things that a picture is great at showing and some things it can’t tell you (the 5W’s and
H), such as listing names, grades, classes, teams, titles, places, dates, significance of event, and context.
Captions should include the fives W’s: who, what, when, where, and why.
3. Examples of Captions
The following are some examples of captions.
a. Caption of Picture
A caption of picture ia atitle, explanation, or description accompanying an illustration.
Example:

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b. Caption of Photograph
Photo captions are an integral part of newspaper storytelling, but they are often the most
underdeveloped element in the mix of words, graphics, and photographs in a newspaper.
Example:

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c. Caption of Table, Graph, or Chart
Every table and figfure should include a caption. Usually this caption is a label not a sentence. It
tells what the figure is; experts can imbed the figure’s point there. The caption may appear below or
above the figure. Pay attention to the following examples!
1. Caption of Table

2. Caption of Graph
After headlines and graphics, captions are the third most looked at portion of most printed pages.

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3. Caption or Chart

B. Structure and Language Features of Captions

1. Structure of Captions

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 People usually call the caption near a photograph in a newspaper with cutline. A cutline is
defined as a caption or legend accompanying a cut or illustration in a publication. Itninforms of who,
what, when, where, why, or how about the image.
Words placed at the bottom portion of the screen are also called as captions. They are used to
enable people to understand and enjoy the dialogue the same way as the understanding people do. There
are types of captions on the screen, such as closed captions (CC), subtitles, and subtitles for the deaf and
hard of hearing (SDH).
Captions may consist of a few words of description, or several sentences. Along with the title,
lead, and section headings, captions are the most commonly read words in an article.
There are various ways to begin the caption, such as prepositional phrases, imperative sentences,
participial phrases, adjective phrases, questions and exclamations, and sometimes play on words.
Captions often begin a noun phrases which tells the reader what the visual shows.
◆ There are some types of captions.
a. Identification (Ident) or Identification bar. It clearly identifies any people in the photo, but
do not tell a story.
b. Cutline. It is about who is doing what.
c. Summary. It is who, doing, what, when, where, and why.
d. Quote. It is just a quote from the person that explains doing what, when, where, why, how,
by the who of the image.
e. Collection. Most collection captions are two-part. One caption serves as an overview of all
photos in the grouping giving information and insights relevant to all. The second
idents/briefly describes each individual photos.
f. Group. It identifies the group as well as individual members of the group by first and last
names beginning with front or bottom row and continuing to back or top row.
g. Expanded. It is about who, doing what, when, where, why, how, and quote. In conclusion, a
multi-part caption includes lead-in, sentences caption in present tense, secondary statement
in past tense, and quote.

2. Language Features of Captions

◆ The following are some information that you should know to write captions.
a. Use present tense to describe action in a picture or photo.
b. When identifying members of group, write “from left”, not “from left to right”.
c. A caption should complete the pocture. Make your caption attract the reader to read the article.
d. Do not use “above” or “pictured here”.
e. Do not begin the caption with names. The name of people can be mentioned if they are
important to the picture.

C. Skills

We have discussed about social function, structure, and language features of captions. We must
have ever taken poctures and posted them in social media. Have you ever put captions accompanying
your pictures? In this part, you are going to be tested how well you write captions for pictures.

Application Letters

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A. Job Application Letters

A job application letter is a letter that you write to a company when you are applying for a job. A
good application letter should make an employer interested enough to read your application thoroughly,
and call you for an interview. A simple but well-written application cover letter introduces you to the
prospective employer, explains why you are applying for the particular job, highlights your
qualifications, demonstrates your writing and communication skills, and allows for future contact. An
application letter or job application letter is a form or letter that shows our interest and desire for a
position or job in a company. Job application letters usually contain personal identification such as name,
address and telephone number including work experience.

1. Social Function of Job Application Letters

The social function of a job application letter is to make the employer interested and call the
writer for an interview. The main function of the application letter is for an initial assessment of whether
the applicant is suitable for the position needed and at the same time written evidence that we are
applying for the job. Job application also function as a form of communication between applicants and
companies that contain information about applicants, qualifications and other information related to the
job being applied for.

2. Structure of Job Application Letters

The following is the general structure of a job application letter.

What to Include in Each Part of a Cover Letter

Your Contact Information

● What to include: The first section or header includes your contact information: name, address,
phone or cell phone number, and your email address. It has also become common to include
your LinkedIn address so that employers can immediately access your professional profile,
resume, and networking contacts. In an email, you can also list your contact info below your
signature.
● Choose a style: Go with a simple block, centered header, or get a little fancy with the design if
you're sending a hard copy.
● Keep it professional: Also, keep in mind that your email address should sound simple and
professional. Ideally, it would look like “Firstname_Lastname@gmail.com.” Never use a
“cutesy” email address that refers to your hobbies or political opinions or is off-color—your
email address needs to reflect your professional identity, not your sense of humor.

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 N
ovember 19, 2021
Head of HRD
PT Semesta Alam
Jakarta
With respect,
Based on the information I received from a , PT Semesta Alam has a job opening as Finance Staff.
In connection with that, I would like to apply for said position.
Here is my brief biography:
Name : Selpiyani Eka Suparta
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: Karawang, 19 January 2005
Education: S1 Statistika
Phone number: 085695255477
Email: selpiyaniekasuparta@gmail.com
I can speak English both oral and verbal. I also have the skill to operate software for the office that I believe
would assist in the work.
For your consideration, I have also attached multiples such as:
Curriculum Vitae
Copy of transcript
Photocopy of Diploma
Latest 3×4 photograph
ID Government copy
I hope I can get the chance to follow the next test so I can talk about my abilities and skills in person
with you.
Thank you for the attention.

B
est Regards,

S
elpiyani Eka Suparta

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 From the format, we can conclude that the structure of the text contains expressions of applying
job explicitly, information source of the vacancy, detailed information about the applicant’s competences
as the qualification asked, and availability of having interview.

3. Language Features of Job Application Letters

A typical application letter is not more than one page long. When we write job application letter,
we usually use simple present tense. However, sometimes we use simple past tense, especially when we
are talking about our education and last experience. We can also use present prefect tense when we write
about unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present.
The following are some tips that you should know when writing s job application letter.
a. Be friendly and professional.
b. Be enthusiastic, but do not beg.
c. Use simple and natural language.
d. Use positive words and phrases.
e. Make your letter short and to the point, but interesting to read.
The following are some expressions or phrases usually used in writing job application letters.
a. Opening
● I am wiritng in reply to your advertisement in ….

● With reference to your advertisement in ….

● I would like to apply for the position of ….

● In reply to your advertisement in ….

● I wish to apply for the post of … which you advertised in … on ….

● I am writing in response to your advertisement posted in ….

b. Talking About Experience and Qualifications

● I am in charge of ….

● As you can see from my CV, ….

● At present, I am working as …

● As you can see from my enclosed resume, my experience and qualifications match this position’s
requirements.
● Currently, I am working as a ….

● I have two years experience in this sector.

● My professional qualifications/skills appear to be well suited to your company’s reqirements.

c. Reasons For Applying Job

● I am particularly interested in this position ….

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● I would like to wokr for you, in order to ….

● I have a lively interest in …. and would appreciate the opportunity/chance to broaden my knowledge
by working with you.

d. Closing
● I look forward to hearing from you.

● I will be available for interview from ….

● I am available for interview on ….

● I would welcome the opportunity to discuss further details of the position with you personally.

In a job application packpage, we usually enclose a resume or curiculum vitae. A curriculum

vitae, commonly referred to as CV, is a longer (two or more pages), more detailed synopsis than a
resume. It contains a summary of your educational and academic background, as well as working
experience, awards, honors, and other details.

B. Job Interview

A job interview is a meeting organized by a recruiter used to evaluate a potential emplyee for
prospective employment at a company. Most job interview will feature questions about a candidate’s
work history, personality, work style, and other factors relevant to the job. The following some common
questions in job interview and the answers as the examples.

No Questions Answers
1. Tell me about yourself I have been in the vustomer service industry for
the past five years.
2. Why are you interested in working for this I think your company is doing great things, so I
company? want to be a part of it.
3. Why should we hire you? I’m hard-worker with a proven track record.

4. Tell me about your educational My educational background includes my high

background! school diploma and some time in college where
I studied business management. I completed
three themes of higher education and in that
time I honed my communication and time
management skills in classes such as marketing
and English.
5. How much salary do you expect? I would like to be compensated fairly for my
experience.
6. Why are you leaving your present job? - In order to enhance my skill set
- I am looking for better opportunities.
7. Why do you want this job? This job is a good fit for what I’va been doing
and enjoying throughout my career.
8. What are you strengths? I have an extremely strong work ethic.

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 9. What is your greatest weakness? When I’m working on a project, I don’t want
just to meet deadlines. Rather, I prefer to
complete the project well ahead of schedule.
10. How do you handle stresss and pressure? I actually work better under pressure, and I’ve
found that I enjoy working in a challenging
environment.
11. What are you goals for the future? My long-term goals involve growing with a
company where I can continue to learn, take on
additional responsibilities, and contribute as
much value as I can.

Common interview strategies apply fore all general interview answers. These include the
following things:
1. Be positive. Avoid any negative answers.
2. Show your commitment.

News Item

A. News Item
News is information about recent events of happenings, especially as reported by means of
newspapers, websites, radio, television, and ither forms of media. News belongs to news item. News
item text is a text that informs readers about newsworthy or important daily events/events. Newsworthy
which means worthy to be reposted, so not all events/events can be reported. Only important events or
events are newsworthy. If the event/event is not important then it is not worthy to be reported and known
to many people.

1. Social Function of News Item

The social function of news item is to inform the readers, listeners, or viewers about events of the
day which are considered newsworthy or important. Other function of news are educating, guiding,
entertaining, interpreting, forming opinions, spreading awareness, dan advertising.

2. General Structures of News Item

Similar to other types of English text, such as narrative text, recount text, or procedure text, news
item text also has a general structure or structure or is called a generic structure. The generic structure of
news item text is as follows:
a. Main Event/Newsworthy Event: is the main story, the part that tells a summary of an
important event or event that occurred.
b. Background Event/Elaboration: tells in detail the background of events or events that
occured, who as involved, where and how the events occurred.
c. Source: the last part of the news item text structure, is a news source that can be in the form of
statements from sources, witness, comments, expert opinions, or statements from related parties
from an event.

3. Language Features of News Item

a. Use past tense, present perfect tense, and future tense.
b. Use action verbs.

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 c. Use saying verbs.
d. Using passive voice.
e. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headlines.
f. Use material processes to retell the event.
g. Focus on circumstances.
h. Usually begin with the name of city or place.

4. Characteristics of the Engslish News

a. Title
Most of news recount genre. Its structures are orientation and sequence of events. To know the
content of the news, pay attention to the title of the news. It is the core of the happenings. The title
summarizes the sequence of events presented. The title may be a sentence or a noun phrase. The titles of
English news elaborate the opening of the news. Pay attention to the verb!

No Title Content
1. Simple Present (S + V1/es/s) Happenings in the past in active voice.
E.g. Bali wins beat island award
2. Past Participle (S + V3) Happenings in the past in passive voice.
E.g. New creatures found in ‘lost world’
3. S + V-ing The happines are still going on by time of news
E.g. Most regions lacking Amdal councils published
4. S + to infinitive Happenings in the future
E.g. City to host one fighting championship
5. S + modal + V Happenings similar to the someon’s saying or
E.g. Bahasa Indonesia should go global modality.

Some news use nominal sentence (without be) and noun phrase.
Example: Terror in the eye of the beholder
b. Opening
It contains place, time, purpose or reason, and main problem.
c. Content
It is the extension of the opening. The content of the news must be facts, including informants’
opinion towrds the events. The use of reported speech to refer the informant’s statement, opinion, or
criticism is really needed.

B. Direct and Indirect Speech

A journalist collects, writes, and distributes news and other information. He or she investigates,
collects, finds present information as a news story. Depending on the size of an organization, a journalist
may do some tasks, such as reporters, sub-editors, editors, and features writers. Indormation from
interview should be changed into reported speech.
Example:

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● Direct speech : A spokesman for the civil defence department said, “We are so sad things
happened. We have rescued many other snakes and animal before. We’re not sure why the snake
died.”
● Indirect speech : A spokesman for the civil defence department said that they were so sad
that happened. They had rescued many other snakes and animal before. They were not sure why the
snake had died.
Remember the change of direct-reported speech or vive versa! Look at the rule of direct-indirect speech
below!
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present tense Past tense
Present continuous tense Past continuous tense
Future tense Past future tense
Present perfect tense Past perfect tense
Past tense Past perfect tense
Past future tense Past future perfect tense
Past continuous tense Past perfect continuous tense
Now Then
Ago Before

Yesterday The day before/the previous day

Tomorrow The following day/the next day
Next week The following week
Today That day
Tonight The night before/that night
Last week The previous week
Last sunday The Sunday before
Two days ago Two days before
This That
Here There

✧ Here is a sample news item from the latest news about aftershocks in Nepal

Earthquake aftershock hits Nepal and India, magnitude 6.7

A strong earthquake aftershock struck India and Nepal on Sunday, shaking buildings
in New Delhi and triggering an buildings in the Himalayas. The United States Geological
Survey said the tremor was 6.7 magnitude, less than the 7.9 quake that struck the region on
Saturday killing at least 1,900 people. “Another one, we have an aftershock right now,”
Indian mountaineer Arjun Vajpai told Reuters by telephone from base camp on Mount
Maluku, 20 km (12 miles) from Everest.

Screams and the sound of an avalanche could be heard over the phone line Vajpai was
C. Skills
We have discussed about social function, structure, and language features of news item. Besides
newspapers, we can also listen to the news on the radio or television. The following are some terms that
you must know.
1. Newscaster or newsreader: someone who reporting news or a presenter of a news bulletin.
2. News anchor: a presenter of news broadcasts.
3. Anchorman or anchorwoman: a television person who presents material prepared for a news
program and at times must improvise commentary for live presentation.
4. News presenter: a person that presents a news show on TV, radio, or the internet.

Procedur Text

A. Procedure Text About Food Recipe

A procedur text is a kind of text about how to do something. It contains of “how to” instructions.
A procedure text also contains about series of steps of actions. The purpose of procedure text is to
describes how something is made or done through a sequence of steps. Food recipes, manuals, rules,
directions, and instructions belong to procedure texts. A food recipe is a set of instruction used for
preparing and producing a certain food, dish, or drink.

✧ General structures:
1. Goal (title): the purpose of the procedure.
2. Materials or ingredients: things are needed to make something.
3. Steps or directions (in order): steps in the method are written clearly and concisely in a logical
sequence. They are numbered.

Example:

Step 1
Preheat oven to 180°C. Brush a 1.5L (6-cup) capacity ovenproof dish
with melted butter

Step 2
Combine the flour, sugar and cocoa powder in a medium bowl. Make a well
in the centre. Combine the milk, butterPand egg in a large jug. Gradually
pour the egg mixture into the flour mixture and stir until well combined. Pour
into the prepared dish and use the back of a spoon to smooth the surface.
 A standardized food recipe is a set of instructions describing the way a particular establishment
prepares a particular dish. Atahe following is the structure of a standardized recipe.
1. Name of the food recipe.
2. Yield, including total yield, number of portions, and portion size, yield is a specific quantity of a
food produced by a recipe.
3. Serving size.
4. Ingredients and exact amounts, listed in order of use.
5. Equipment needed.
6. Directions. Indicate step by step instructions for preparation, and include cooking time and
temperature, if applicable. Directions for portioning, plating, and garnishing.
7. Meal component contribution (optional).

B. Language Features of Procedure Text

The following are language features of procedure text.
1. Use imperative sentences and imperatives followed by commands.
Examples: Combine the flour, sugar, and cocoa powder in a medium bowl.
Sometimes, we use first conditional with imperatives to show instructions or suggestion in procedure
text.
Pattern: If-clause, imperative sentence or imperative sentence + If-clause
Example: If you want to make hard-boiled eggs, boil them in a pot on the stove.
If-clause Imperative sentence

Look at the following table!

Condition or Situation If-Clause Main Clause
Future action If the pan is hot, Put the mat.
Action going on now If mother is cooking, Help her.
Finished action If you have finished it, Wash the dishes.

2. Use subject specific vocabulary, such as all-purpose flour and vegetable oil.
3. Use command verbs, such as add, put, pour, and heat.
4. Use sequences, such as first, second, then, after that, next, and finally. They are to show the
chronology.
Example: First, preheat oven to 180 derajat c.

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5. Use second-person voice.
6. Use factual language and tone.
7. Use technical vocabulary, such as bake, grill, microwave, grams, oz, saucepan, and saute.

✧ Example Procedure Text (example)

Here is an example of procedure text:

HOW TO MAKE FRUIT SALAD

- 3 tablespoons (45 g) of cream cheese, softened

- 1/4 cup (70 g) of plain yogurt
- 1/4 cup (58 g) of mayonnaise
- 1/4 cup (25 g) of granulated sugar
- 4 sweet apples
- 1 cup (150 g) of green grapes
- 1 cup (150 g) of red grapes
- 1 8-ounce (227 g) can of pineapple tidbits or chunks, drained
- 1 11-ounce (300 g) can of mandarin oranges, drained

(Makes about 8 servings)

Steps:

1. Beat the cream cheese, yogurt, mayonnaise, and sugar.

Put 3 tablespoons (45 g) of cream cheese into the serving bowl and add 1/4 cup (70 g) of plain yogurt,
1/4 cup (58 g) of mayonnaise, and 1/4 cup (25 g) of granulated sugar. Beat the creamy mixture with a
wooden spoon or hand mixture until it's completely smooth.

2. Chop the apples and cut the grapes in half.

Remove the cores from 4 sweet apples and cut each apple into bite-sized pieces. Put 1 cup (150 g) of
red grapes and 1 cup (150 g) of green grapes on the cutting board. Carefully slice each grape in half.

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 3. Mix the apples, grapes, and pineapple with the creamy mixture.

Put the chopped apples and grape halves into the bowl with the creamy mixture. Then add the 8-
ounce (227 g) can of drained pineapple. Use a large spoon to stir the fruit salad so the fruit is
completely coated.

4. Toss in the mandarin oranges and serve the creamy fruit salad.

Drain an 11-ounce (300 g) can of mandarin oranges and add the fruit to the salad.

C. Skills

We have discussed the social function, structure, and language features of procedure text,
especially food recipes and the use of technology in cooking. In this part, you are going to be tested how
well you understand spoken English, tell a procedure, and write a procedure text.

A. Procedure Text About How to Do Something

1. Social Function

A procedure text explains how to make or do something. A procedure text can also contain how
something is done. Procedure texts must serve a purpose and must be appropriate for audience such as
children or adults. Procedure may be spoken, written, or visual. Most of procedure texts involve physical
activities. Procedures can instruct how to do a particular activity. Procedures normally take the form of
directions or instructions. Directions depend on someone to a place. Instructions will methodically
explain how to make or do something, how something works or how it is used. The successful purpose
of procedure text depens on the person to pass it on accurately. Misunderstandings can arise when the
person transmitting the information assumes that the audience has shared knowledge. Tips belong to
procedures. Tips is a piece of useful or secret information. Tips can prevent people from danger or
disadvantage.

2. Structure

A procedure text begins with a goal/aim. In most cases, this is followed by list of required
things/materials, and steps or instructions then outline what or how things need to be done. The text can
be concluded with an evaluation. A picture or illustration is optional. Prpcedure texts contain only
necessary detail and be easy to follow.

3. Example:

How to Grow Chilies from seeds

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Materials needed:

● Chilies seeds

● A seeed tray or 10-cm pots

● Compost

● A plastic sheet or polythene

Steps:

a. Start your seeds off indoors. They need plenty of warmth to germinate.

b. Fill a seed tray or some 10 cm pots with moist seed compost and flattes down.

c. Sow a few seeds on top and cover with a fine sprinkling of compost.

d. Use a plastic sheet or polythene to cover your seed trays and pop them on a sunny windowsill.

e. Wait for 7-10 days for germination, after which you can move your seedlings to a warm, sunny windowsill.

f. Keep the compost evenly moist but take care not to let it get soaking wet.

A. Imperative Sentences and Adverbs

The language features of procedure texts are sequential steps, command verbs, words used to link
stages of procedure (e.g. next, then), and detailed information. We have learnt about command verbs in
imperative sentences in the previous chapter. Therefore, we are going to discuss more about adverbs or
adverbial phrases. Adverbial phrases tell when, where, how long, why, and how the verbs heppen.
There are some adverbs that we usually use in procedure texts.

1. Adverb of Manner
It describes in which manner an action is done, for example, with a knife, by car, carefully,
properly, slowly, softly, etc.

2. Adverb of Place
It describes where an action is done, for example, in the plastic bag, in the garden, etc.

3. Adverb of Time
It describes when an action is done, for example, for two minutes. In the morning, etc.

4. Adverb of Frequency
It shows how many times an action is done, for example, rarely, sometimes, often, gradually, etc.

5. Adverb of Purpose or Reason

It describes the purpose or reason for the action, for example, to taste, for enjoyment, etc.

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✧ Example Procedure Text

How to Make Coffee

What you’ll need to brew coffee in a pot:

It doesn’t take much to brew perfect coffee; as a matter of fact, it only takes three things:

1. Filtered water: the fewer impurities in the water, the less competition for the true flavor of the
coffee.
2. Correct proportions: regardless of machine-type, use two tablespoons of grounds per eight ounces
of water, and then adjust to your taste from there.
3. The right grind: it differs by machine, but generally the more time coffee grounds spend in
contact with water, the courser the grind–and vice versa. Learn more about how to grind coffee
beans to match the kind of coffee you’re making.

Basic steps to make perfect coffee:

Here are the basic steps to make coffee—assuming you’re not making it with an automatic coffee
machine:

1. Line the basket of your coffee maker with a filter. Grind coffee beans to medium or medium-fine
grind size. Bring filtered water to a boil, then let it sit for a minute.
2. Pour enough water into the filter to wet it completely, and let it drain into your cup or coffee pot.
Discard the water.
3. Measure the ground coffee into the wet filter. Pour in enough water to wet the ground beans and
drain into your cup or coffee pot, then pour in the rest of the water,
4. If you thrill to the chill, maybe iced coffee is your jam.

B. Skills

We have learnt social function, structure, and language features of procedure text about how to
do something. Something someon asks you how to do something. You should show him or her clearly,
so that he or she understands your explanation. In spoken procedures, repetition of steps may result from
attempts to clarify points. Rising intonation can signal the asking for some type of feedback or can
indicate a break and directions will continue shortly. Emphasis is given to important information, while
falling intonation will signal the end of a set of directions. In this part, you are to be tested how well you

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speak in English, especially in telling how to do something. Be more communicative and confident to
speak in front of the class!

A. Procedure Text: Manual Books

Manual books belong to procedure texts. According to Oxford Dictionary, a manual book is a
book giving instructions or information. In other words, manual is a document that provides instructions
or guidelines on how to perform an actvity and serves as a reference book on the activity. Most
consumer manuals or publications provided in the product box contain the following parts:

● Product information: details or descriptions about what a product can or will do.

● Instruction manuals: instructions on how to build, install, or use a product. Instructions often include
safety information, and restrictions for use such as age recommendation.
● Warranties: details about manufacturer and owner responsibilities if the product does not work
properly.
● Consumer advice: tips and suggestions for soncumers to use in their daily lives.

Manual refers to instructions. There are four types of manual.

1. User Guide or User Manual

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 A user guide is a technical communication document intended to give assistance to people using
a particular system. A user manual includes a cover page, a title page and copyright page, a preface, a
contents guide, a guide on how to use at least the main function of the system, a troubleshooting section
(possible errors or problems that may occur with how to fix them), a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions),
and a glossary and an index.

2. Owner’s Manual

It is an instructional book or booklet that is supplied with almost all technologically advanced
consumer products such as home appliances. It typically includes safety instructions, assembly
instructions (for products that arrive in pieces for easier shipping), installation instructions (for products
that need to be installed in a home), setup instructions (for devices that keep track of time or which
maintain user accessible state), instructions for normal or intended operations, programming instructions,
maintenance instructions, troubleshooting instructions, service locations, regulatory code compliance
information, product technical specifications, and warranty information.

3. Instructions Gaming Manual

It is an instructions manual, booklet that instructs the player on how to play game. It is usually
included as part of a video game packpage.

4. Online Help

It is topic-oriented, procedural or reference information delivered through computer software. It

is a form of user assistance. Most online help is designed to give assistance in the use pf a software
application or operating system, but can also be used to present information on a broad range of subjects.

Manuals are flexible documents that can be used for different purposes. The following are
purposes of manuals related to the use of technology.

● To explain how a work activity is to be performed (procedures manuals) and focused on daily work
activities (operation manuals).
● To serve as a guide and reference for the use of a particular tool or piece of equipment (user’s
manual).
● To provide instructions on how to maintain and repair equipment (service and maintenance
manuals).

A. Positive and Negative Imperative

We use imperative to tell someone to do something or to give instructions, orders, warnings,

directions, etc. An imperative sentence gives a direct command. It can end in a full stop or an
exclamation mark, depending on the forcefulness of the command. Imperatives can be phrased positively
or negatively. That’s why imperatives are divided into two groups. They are positive imperatives and
negative imperatives.

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1. Positive Imperatives

We use positive imperatives to ask someone to do something. For positive imperatives, the word
“do” is generally left usntated and implied before the base verb.

Pattern: Base Verbs

Examples:

● Press the button.

● Close the lid.

2. Negative Imperative

We use negative imperatives to ask someone to not do something. For negative imperatives, we
use “don’t” or “do not” directly before the base verb.

Pattern: Don’t (Do not) + Base Verb

Example:

● Don’t touch the lid.

● Don’t put it in the bathroom.

Imperatives are direct and can be considered impolite. We can add ‘just’, ‘please’, or ‘it you
don’t mind’ to make imperatives less direct. To make imperatives more direct, we can add words that are
normally implied such as ‘do’.

Example:

● Please, close the lid. (polite)

● Do close the lid. (polite and direct)

● Get out (forceful command, impolite)

Notes:

The exclamation mark (l) is exclusively of quoted speech and informal English. It is not used in
academic writing. Its use is with imperatives, but only if they are truly commands. Therefore, in manual
books, they mostly do not use exclamatory mark to describe the steps or directions.

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✧ Sample Procedure Text

Procedure text regarding manual operation

How to Use a Printer

You need:

● Printer

Directions:

Step 1

Using a printer even basic printer is extremely easy to do. There are many different models of printers
out there. You have your very basic to your all-in-one printer. The printer with everything on it works
pretty much just like the regular printer you just have a lot more buttons to push.

Step 2

Make sure that your printer is hooked up properly before using it. If this is a brand new printer then it
will go through a check and print out a test page for you. A lot of different times you can just turn it on,
you will hear the ink moving around. Something might come up on the computer telling you that the
printer is on and working properly.

Step 3

Open the page you want to print. If you are on the Internet and want to print something from there. All
you have to do is go up to file, then down to page set up. This will give you more printing options to
choose from. When you are done setting up the page you can verify you have the right printer hooked up
by clicking on “Printer” at the bottom. Once everything looks good click on “OK” and now your page
should print out.

Step 4

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Open up a “.doc” file if that is where your page is that you need to print. When you are ready to print go
up to “File” and “Print Setup”. Again you can choose how you want your page to look, and check and
make sure the right printer is installed. If your page is set up the way you like it you can just click on the
printer icon on the tool bar or go to “File” then “Print.”

Step 5

Using a printer a lot over time will start to wear down your ink supply. Some models of printers let you
know when your ink supply is getting low. If you have an older printer you will just have to go by what
the printed page looks like. If it is very worn and faded then it is time to install a new ink cartridge.

B. Skills

We have discussed the social function, structure, and language features of procedure text in the
form of manual book and tips. To remind you, the following are features or characteristics of a
procedural text.

◆ The title clearly identifies the topic.

◆ The introduction tells why the reader wants to do the activity.

◆ Supplies and equipment are listed in the order in which they are used.

◆ The directions are given as numbered steps or short paragraphs with sequence words.

◆ Most sentences are imperative sentences. The sentences are short and direct.

◆ The author includes photographs, illustrations, or diagrams to help explain the process.

Sing a Song

A. Songs

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 A song is a short metrical intended or adapted for singing, especially one in rhymed stanzas. In
simple words, a song is a short piece of music that is sung. There are many kids of genre of music, so
there are also some purposes of songs. The following are social functions of songs.

1. To entertain the listeners.

2. To teach moral value through the lyrics of songs.

3. To express personal feeling.

4. To critize a particular condition.

Generally, a song consist of the following parts:

1. Intro. Usually it contains only music and no words.

2. Verse. It is also called stanza. It is the part that tells a story.

3. Chorus. It is a lyrics-music combination that is repeated with little or no change throughout the
song. Usually, the chorus lyrics include the song title and gives the listener a general idea about the song
topic. The chorus music includes the most catchy melody in the song. The chorus is generally the oart
that your listener will remember from your song.

4. Bridge. It only appears once. IT contains lyrics that give audience to reflect the story. It is also
called the conclusion of the story.

5. Outro. This is the end of the song. It usually contains instrument.

General structure of songs are Intro - Verse 1 - Chorus - Verse 2 - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus -
Outro.

Lyric is defined as a lyric poem; the words of a song, as distinguished from the music. To the
songwriter, lyrics are the words that are set to music. They are written in a specific way for specific
reasons. Lyrics are flash stories. In some cases, lyrics address personal themes, at times universal. Lyrics
reflect the individual journey or cultural observations of the songwriter.

B. Language Features of Song Lyrics

There are many language features of song lyrics that we should know.

1. Diction

It is style of enunciation in speaking or singing. Sometimes we can recognize teh singer through
diction. For example, Stone is sung sto one. Diction is also defined as the choice and use of words and
phrases. The songwriters usually ase particular dictions to make the song attractive and catchy. Although
a catchy melody is hugely important, one of the reasons some of the biggest artist shool up the charts is
because the words of the song made such a personal connection to their listenes that it was listened and
sung to over and over again. Most songs use popular words, such as baby, yeah, etc. Some song use
informal language simple enough to understand yet still catchy enough to have you dancing and singing

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all day. There are informal words used in most English songs, such as gonna, ain’t, wanna, and gotta.
Contractions such as ain’t, isn’t, don’t belong to informal language, too.

2. Rhyme

A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (or the same sound) in two or more words, most often in
the final syllables of lines in poems and songs. Rhyme help emphasize the rhythm of the lyrics. They let
us achieve a sense of tension that moves into resolution.

3. Figurative Language of Figures of Speech

Figurative language is a broad category that includes figures of speech as well as sound devices
and imagery. A figure of speech is where a word or words are used to create an effect, often where they
do not have their original or literal maening. It is used to heighten or increase the state that they are
decribing. Herer are some examples of figurative language.

a. Sound devices

Sound devices are resources used to convey and reinforce the meaning or experience of poetry
through the skillful use of sound.

1. Alliteration: a literary device in which a series of words begin with the same consonant sound.

2. Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.

3. Onomatopoeia: a word that phonetically mimics or resembles the sound of the thing it describes.

b. Imagery

Imagery is something concrete, like sight, smell, or taste. It describes what the writer sees, heras,
or otherwise senses. Imagery creates a picture that the reader or listener can see in his mind.

a. Metaphor: describing something by likening it to something else.

b. Hyperbole: a frequently humorous exaggeration that hints at a larger truth.

c. Simile: a comparison between two different things, designed to create an unusual, interesting,
emotional, or other effect using like or as … as.

d. Personification: a figure of speech where human qualities are given to objects or ideas. In the
arts, personifications means representing a non-human things as if it were human. Personification gives
human traits and qualities, such as emotions, desires, sensations, gestures and speech, often by way of a
metaphor.

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✧ examples of motivating songs
Trouble is a Friend
Lenka
Trouble will find you no mater where you go, oh oh
No Matter if you're fast no matter if you're slow, oh oh
The eye of the storm and the cry in the morn, oh oh
Your fine for a while but then start to loose control
He's there in the dark
He's there in my heart
He waits in the winds
He's gotta play a part
Trouble is a friend
Yeah trouble is a friend of mine. oh oh
Trouble is a friend but trouble is a foe, oh oh
And no matter what I feed him he always seems to grow, oh oh
He sees what I see and he knows what I know, oh oh
So don't forget as you ease on down the road
So don't be alarmed if he takes you by the arm
I won't let him win, but I'm a sucker for his charm
Trouble is a friend
Yeah trouble is a friend of mine, oh oh
Oh how I hate the way he makes me feel
And how I try to make him leave, I try
Oh Oh I try
✧ The meaning of the song: life cannot be separated from problems, problems come and go. But
there are still many people who think that problems are the enemy. This song invites us to make
problems as friends. Because it is difficult for us to make a world without problems, it is our way of
thinking that needs to be changed by considering problems as friends who are here to live.
C. Skills
Learning English through songs is fun. We can enrich our vocabularies by reading the lyrics.
We can also learn how to pronounce English words correctly by singing English songs. Moreover, we
can get information about poetic words used by the songwriters. In this chapter, we have discussed the
social function and language features of songs. Now, it’s time for you to tested how well you understand
the song lyrics.

#Class XI
Suggestion and Offer
A. Introduction
Look at the following picture! Then read the dialogue!
- Selpi: It’s cloudy outside.
- Wina: Really? Oh, no. I have to go to the bookstore.
- Selpi: Why don’t you bring umbrella?
- Wina: I don’t think so. I’m afraid the rain comes heavily.

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 - Selpi: How about raincoat? It is safer.
- Wina: My saincoat is left in my grandpa’s house.
- Selpi: You can use my raincoat. I don’t need it today.
- Wina: Oh, that’s very kind of you.
From the situation and dialogue above, we know that Selpi gives a suggestion to Wina to bring
her umbrella or raincoat. Wina’s raincoat is left, so Selpioffers her raincoat. The bolded expressions are
expressions to give suggestion and offer. In this chapter, we are going to discuss social function,
structure, and language features of asking for and giving suggestion and offer.
B. Asking for and Giving Suggestion and Offer
1. Asking for and Giving Suggestion

Suggestionis an idea or a plan, so giving suggestion means giving an idea or plan. When we give
suggestion, it means that we decide what to do with our friends. In other words, we give them advice on
what they might do in a certain situation.

a. Social Function of Asking for and Giving Suggestion

The social function of asking for and giving suggestion is to facilitate interpersonal
communication between different people.

There are some expressions that we can use to give suggestion.

Giving Suggestion Accepting Suggestion Refusing Suggestion

● Why don’t (you join us)? ● That’s a good idea. ● No, I don’t think so.

● What about (going to the ● Alright. ● I don’t think we should

park)?
● Good/okay/right. ● Well, not really.
● How about (watching TV)?
● That sounds like a good ● No. Let’s ….
● You could (study at the suggestion.
● That’s too boring.
library).
● Yes, you are right.
● I suggest that (you have
● That’s interesting.
lunch first).
● You ought to (buy the ● Sounds good.
jacket first). ● Thanks for the suggestion.
● If I were you, (I’d study
● I’ll think about
hard).
● Why not?
● You’d better (apologize to
her).

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 ● You should (go for a
picnic).
● Let’s go to (the restaurant).

We can also ask for suggestion from someone about something with the following expressions.
✔ What is your suggestion?

✔ Do you have an idea?

✔ Do you have a suggestion?

✔ Can you suggest a book about stories?

b. Structure of Giving Suggestion and Offer

a. I + suggest + that (clause).
b. I suggest + (Noun).
c. We + recommend + that (clause).
d. I + advise + that (clause).
e. You + should + (Base Verb).
f. Why don’t + you + (Base Verb)?
g. How about + (Noun)?
h. You’d better + (Base Verb).
i. You + might (want to)/could + (Base Verb).
j. Why don’t + you + (Base Verb).
k. Why not + (Base Verb)?
A suggestion or recommendation is another good way of giving advice that isn’t to direct. You
can use the words “suggest” or “recommend”.
NOTES:
We don’t use suggest + indirect object + to-infinitive when we suggest an action to someone.

2. Asking for and Giving an Offer

An offer is act of asking if someone would like to have something or if they would like you to do
something. We usually say yes, please or no, thanks when we reply to offers.
a. Social Function of Asking for and Giving an Offer
The social function of asking for and giving an offer is to facilitate interpersonal communication
between different people.
Look at the following expressions of giving an offer!
Offer Accepting an Offer Refusing an Offer

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 ● Can I (get you something to ● Yes, please. ● Thanks, but I’m okay.
read)?
● Thank you very much. ● No, thanks.
● Can I (offer you a drink)?
● That’s very kind of you. ● No, don’t bother.
● Would you like (some
● It’s just what I wanted. ● I can manage, thank you.
cakes)?
● Do you want (some help)? ● If you don’t mind. ● Not at the moment.

● Shall I (clean your table)?

● Would you like me to

(accompany you)?
● Is there anything I can do?

● Can I help you?

● What can I help you?

● Let me (carry your books).

● Let me (get you a drink).

● Shall we (take you there)?

b. Structure of Giving an Offer

● May I … ?
Example: May I help you?
● Can I …?
Example: Can I put your book in your bag?
● Shall I …?/Shall we …?
Example: Shall I cook for you
● Would you like me (to infinitive)?
Example: Would you like me to help you?
● You can …/I can ….
Example: You can use my umbrella.
I can help you bring that bag.

C. The use of Modal “Should” and “Can”

Should and can belong to modal. We can use them to express suggestion and offer.
1. Should
Should is usually used to express suggestion, recommendation, or advice. Look at the following
examples!
a. A: What should I do to get the good score?
B: You should study harder.

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b. A: Should I take this shirt?
B: Yes, you should take it. It looks good on you.
Those dialogues use should to ask for and give suggestion.
Pattern: should + base verb

2. Can
We usually use can to show ability and permission. Can can also be used to give suggestion and
offer. Look at the following examples!
a. A: Can I help you bring that box?
B: Yes, please.
b. A: I don’t know how I can get to the airport.
B: I can give you a lift to the airport.
A: Thank you very much.
c. A: What can I do to be slim?
B: You can exercise regularly at the gym.
d. A: I forgot to bring my pen.
B: You can use my pen. It is on the table.
Those dialogues use can to ask for and give suggestion and offer.
Pattern: can + base verb
We mostly use could to give suggestion. Look at the following examples!
e. A: You could spend your vacation in my villa.
B: Really? That’s very kind of you.
f. A: I can’t cook. My mother is not at home.
B: You could eat out tonight.
Pattern: could + base verb
NOTES:
● You should … can be very strong. People sometimes soften it by saying I think you should …

● Shall and should are both auxiliary verbs, but they have different usages and meanings.

● Should in general English is used as a past tense of shall, but the usage is occasional. Independently,
should is not used in the past tense. Shall means something that is intended to take place in the
future.
● Could is more formal than can. Could is also less strong than should.

D. Listening Skill
Active listening skills are your ability to be an active listener. An active listener is a listener
who really focuses on listening to the other person, understands the topic of conversation, captures
sufficient information and is able to give serious answers. Unlike active listeners who just listen without
paying attention, the ability to be an active listener is highly valued in the workplace. Because by
mastering these interpersonal communication skills, you can capture detailed information without being
repeated.
Active listeners use verbal and nonverbal language to show and maintain their attention to the
other person. This not only helps you to focus but also makes the other person understand that you are
paying attention and capturing the content of the conversation. Instead of being busy thinking about what
to answer when the other person finished speaking, an active listener actually tries to remember what the
other person said.

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 Having good communication skills will be very beneficial both in the work environment and in
daily life. Having the ability to give instructions, ideas and concepts well can make you more successful
regardless of your job. This skill can be built with continuous practice.
One of the most important skills of communication skills is your ability to be an active listener
or active listening skills. Having this type of skill will help you build and manage relationships, solve
problems, improve your ability to absorb and master information such as instructions, procedures and
expectations.

✧ Examples of Listening Skill

Example: "So you say, your team doesn't like the new management system because with this
management system your team can't store large files?"
● Ask open-ended questions. Ask questions that show you're getting to the point of your friend's
conversation and get your friend to tell you more. Make sure the question cannot be answered with a
simple "yes or no".
Example: “It's true, for example, if your team can't save a file that has a large quota, the construction
project next month will be hampered. So what do you and your team plan to do?”
● Ask specific questions. Ask questions that go straight to the details of the information they convey.
Example: “Tell me, which project do you think takes the most time?”
● Use simple affirmation words. Sentences of affirmation short and positive will help your interlocutor
feel more comfortable and feel that you get the point of the conversation and can process the
information he provides. In addition, simple affirmation words can also help you continue the
conversation without you having to interrupt the conversation of your interlocutor.
Example: "Yes, I understand", "Oh..yes yes..", "It's true..", "I agree"
● Show empathy. Make sure your opponent knows that you are aware and can share his feelings. By
showing affection you can build more trust with the person you are talking to than you can simply
show that you can feel their feelings.
Example: “I'm sorry you have to go through all this. Is there anything I can help you with?”
● Tell us about your experience that is similar to the experience of the other person you are talking to.
Exchanging stories about similar or even similar experiences can not only show that you understand
the problems the other person is facing but also help strengthen your relationship with them. If your
interlocutor tells a problem that you have experienced as well, you can tell the solution you have
taken to solve the problem. Although it seems simple, but helping to provide alternative solutions
will be very valuable for the other person you are talking to.
Example: “In the past I also had difficulty adapting here. But over time you will feel at home.”
● Remember to remember what your interlocutor used to tell you. Try to remember to remember the
essence of your conversation with your interlocutor in the past. This not only shows you are
interested in your current conversation but also shows that you are in control of the information.
E. Speaking Skill
Speaking for most people is considered the most difficult skill because it includes many aspects
of English language skills, including pronunciation (pronunciation), listening (listening), grammar
(grammar) and vocabulary (vocabulary) at once (Yanto, 2015). But really all it takes is a little courage
and great motivation to be able to speak English fluently.
Speaking is one of the skills that must be mastered and really must be able to be practiced in
the field with other people as the interlocutor (Astrawan, 2013). In the education system, learning

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English using Speaking material will be taught by the teacher and usually the teacher uses discussion or
dialogue techniques as the first step in teaching. In this speaking skill, one must really have mastered the
pronunciation well. Pronunciation is a rule in pronouncing words in English or the way someone
pronounces a word (Online Dictionary, 2016). And if the person has proficient pronunciation, then when
he speaks English it will be very clear and sound professional in every word he says.
Speaking skills are usually mastered after mastering listening skills (Heaton, 1988). Because in general,
after someone listens, he will create a "language product" that is speaking (Setiawati, 2016). Through
Speaking, a speaker (speaker) communicates to convey the intent and purpose. In the speaking technique
learned in the form of pronouncing English words, in addition, speaking ability is active English, which
means that a person must be seen to be able to speak English actively.
Another important thing to master the ability to speak is to master a lot of vocabulary
(Vocabulary). Mastering a lot of vocabulary requires as much practice as possible and this is the key to
speaking skills. Practice, practice and practice. Practice makes perfect, so says an expression. In addition,
the ability to master grammar (grammar) is also very important so that we are fluent in English.
Apart from all aspects that must be considered in mastering the ability to speak. The most
important thing is that a person must have confidence in mastering the ability to speak (Yanto, 2015).
Feeling embarrassed when speaking English is equivalent to putting shame on its place. Shame that is
not in place is what has killed the dreams of thousands and even millions of people who want to learn
English. As a result, later on they regret, why should they be ashamed to learn English.
F. Writing Skill
● Writing is your habit.
The most important thing in learning to write is to start writing as a habit. Start from small things first,
for example writing sms, email, chat, or memo to your friends, use English. Once you get used to it you
can write an article. Yes, most importantly, write every day make it a habit.
● Pick up a topic you like and start writing.
You may be confused about where to start writing. You are confused to determine a topic that you will
write about. Don't get stuck thinking about what you're going to write. You can write about whatever you
want. You can write about something you have seen or heard, the news, or a story you have composed
yourself. Take a topic that you like, for example if you like cooking, you can write a recipe that you like.
● Study grammar.
In writing in English, there is a standard rule called grammar. If you want to write in English, grammar is
one of the important things that you should pay attention to. In writing, we are required to be able to
write properly and correctly according to grammar. So learn grammar, you can buy an English grammar
book or study it on the internet. But don't make grammar your burden, with you keep practicing you will
get used to it and grammar is no longer a problem for you.
● Friends to improve your writing.
After you write, it is important for you to proofread your writing and improve it. Well, here, ask your
friends for help to correct your writing. Maybe when you write, there are mistakes that occur, either
grammatical errors or writing errors. In this case, your friend will help improve your writing.
● Revise your writing.
After the results of your writing are corrected by your friends, immediately correct your writing. This is
very important to do before you publish your writing whether it's on blogs, media or journals. Correct
any mistakes that occur such as grammar, writing, or the content of your writing.

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 Dialog Asking and Giving Opinion
A. Introduction
Can you differentiate between a fact and an opinion? Now, pay attetntion to the following
sentences and tell whether it is a fact or opinion!
1. The sun sets in the west.
2. The sun is beautiful to see.
3. There are 18 classrooms in my school.
4. I think our classroom has some poor facilities.
Look at the following pictures and read the dialogua!

Selpi: What do you think of our new classroom?

Selpi: What’s wrong with you? You look
serious.
Linda: I like this class because it has an air
conditioner. We can enjoy studying.
Linda: Look at this picture! I think this
classroom
Selpi: I is not agree
don’t good for
withstudying.
you. TheItair
needs
conditioner
renovation.
makes our skin dry. In my opinion, the classroom
which has some windows is the best one. We can get
Selpi: I agree with you. The condition of this
the fresh air.
classroom makes the students uncomfortable.

Those dialogues are about asking for and giving an opinion. In this chapter, we are going to
discuss more abaout asking for and giving opinion and idea.
✧ Example Introduction:

On this occasion, allow me to make an introduction to who I am. My name is Riki Satria. I am
the first of three children. I was born in Bekasi, Juli 14th 1990. Currently, I live in Jalan Kebon Waru
number 33, Tangerang, South Jakarta.

Speaking of a hobby, music is one of my hobbies. I can play the guitar since 4th grade and now I
have created 4 songs. I have a dream to make a band and will share a stage with Coldplay. Hopefully,
my dream can come true.

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 I have 2 siblings who are still in elementary school, Nini and Nina, they’re twins. My father
works for a prominent contractor company and my mother works in the hospital. I guess that’s all I can
say about this introduction. Thank you very much for your attention.

B. Asking for and Giving Opinion and Idea

An opinion is a judgment or belief about somebody or something which is not based on

knowledge. Giving opinion is stating something which is believed based on the observation. In other
words, there is a reason behind the opinion. An idea is a thought, an opinion, or belief.

1. Social Function of Asking for an Giving Opinion and Idea

The social function of asking for and giving opinion and idea is to keep interpersonal relationship
in asking for and giving opinion or idea.

2. Structure of Asking for and Giving Opinion and Idea

a. Personal Point of View

1. Subject + Verb + Opinion

Subject Verb Opinion

I think That bullying is dangerous.

I nelieve That the corruptors will be caught soon.

I reckon It is the best song I have ever listened to.

I suppose That joining a course is the best way to study.

2. Phrases of stating opinion + Opinion

Phrases of Stating Opinion Opinion

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 In my opinion, It is a good idea to have a new room.
As far as I’m concerned, This institution is the best in this town.
To my mind, People choose the brand because of price.

3. Adverb + Subject + Verb + that (opinion)

Adverb Subject Verb Opinion

Personally, I Think That this book is boring.

Honestly, I Feel That this show is not good.
Frankly, I Believe That the thieves will be caught soon.

b. General Point of View

1. Subject + Verb + Opinion

Subject Verb Opinion

Most people Say That junk food is not good for health.
Some people Believe That the facilities of the park is poor.
Many people Argue That exams are the best way to assess people’s
competence.

Dummy Verb Opinion

Subject

It Is Important to bring identify card everywhere we go.

It Will be Nice if the park has facilities for the elders.
It Is something argued That students are allowed to bring their cell phone.
2. Dummy Subject + Verb + Opinion

C. The Use of “I Think”, “I Suppose”, and “ In My Opinion”

We have discussed the structures and language features of stating opinion in the previous part.
There are many ways to give opinion and idea. We may use the following gambits.
● I think ….

● I suppose ….

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● In my opinion ….

1. I think ….
It is informal way to give opinion. It is used to make opinions and statements sound less
dogmatic.
Examples:
● I think you are wrong.

● I think we should be careful.

Structure: I think (that) (opinion sentence)

2. I suppose ….
I suppose is used to give opinion as a guess. It is used to enquire politely about something. It can
also be used to suggest unwilling agreement. Suppose is used to say that you have an opinion or you
believe something to be true.
Examples:
● I suppose you have known each other for a long time.

● I suppose you are hungry now.

When responding to an idea with ‘suppose’, we can use ‘so’ to avoid repeating the idea that has already
been expressed. It is also used to say that you agree with something.
Examples:
● A: I suppose we will get the result of the test today.
B: Yes, I suppose so.
● A: Would Mr. Joko go to the meeting tomorrow?
B: I suppose so.
Structure: I suppose (that) (opinion sentence).

3. In my opinion, ….
It is a formal way to state opinion.
Examples:
● In my opinion, Mr. Andi is a good teacher.

● In my opinion, we should enter the class earliner.

Structure: In my opinion, (opinion sentence).
NOTES:
These are common introductory expressions to use when giving opinion “I think” is more formal
than the others, so it can be used in writing.

D. Listening Skill
Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process.

Listening is key to all effective communication. Without the ability to listen effectively,
messages are easily misunderstood. As a result, communication breaks down and the sender of the

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message can easily become frustrated or irritated. If there is one communication skill you should aim to
master, then listening is it.

Listening is so important that many top employers provide listening skills training for their
employees. This is not surprising when you consider that good listening skills can lead to better customer
satisfaction, greater productivity with fewer mistakes, and increased sharing of information that in turn
can lead to more creative and innovative work.

Many successful leaders and entrepreneurs credit their success to effective listening skills.
Richard Branson frequently quotes listening as one of the main factors behind the success of Virgin.

● Good listening skills also have benefits in our personal lives, including:

A greater number of friends and social networks, improved self-esteem and confidence, higher
grades at school and in academic work, and even better health and general well-being. Studies have
shown that, whereas speaking raises blood pressure, attentive listening can bring it down.

● Listening is Not the Same as Hearing

Hearing refers to the sounds that enter your ears. It is a physical process that, provided you do not
have any hearing problems, happens automatically.

● Listening, however, requires more than that: it requires focus and concentrated effort, both
mental and sometimes physical as well.

Listening means paying attention not only to the story, but how it is told, the use of language and
voice, and how the other person uses his or her body. In other words, it means being aware of both
verbal and non-verbal messages. Your ability to listen effectively depends on the degree to which you
perceive and understand these messages.

Listening is not a passive process. In fact, the listener can, and should, be at least as engaged in
the process as the speaker. The phrase ‘active listening’ is used to describe this process of being fully
involved.

E. Speaking Skill
Speaking is one of the skills that must be mastered in learning English. How can we
communicate in English if we can't speak English. In this era of globalization, mastery of English is
needed. For this reason, it is important for us to learn English as early as possible. This will come in
handy at a later date.
✧ Examples of Speaking Skill
Budi:
Hi. My name is Budi.
Hai. Nama saya Budi.
Sonia:
Hi. My name is Sonia. I’m glad to meet you.
Hai. Namaku Sonia. Senang bertemu denganmu.
Budi:

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I’m glad to meet you, too. Where are you from?
Senang bertemu denganmu juga. Dari mana kamu berasal?
Sonia:
I’m from Bandung. Where are you from?
Saya dari Bandung. Kamu berasal dari mana?
Budi:
I’m from Jakarta.
Saya dari Jakarta.
Sonia:
Where are you living now?
Di mana kamu tinggal sekarang?
Budi:
In my grandmother’s house. And you?
Di rumah nenek saya. kamu?
Sonia:
I’m living in a dorm.
Saya tinggal di asrama.
Budi:
How long have you been in (this city)?
Sudah berapa lama kamu di kota ini?
Sonia:
Three days.
Tiga hari.
Budi:
Why did you come here?
Kenapa kamu datang kesini?
Sonia:
To study English at this school before I go to another school to study art. How about you?
Untuk belajar bahasa Inggris di sekolah ini sebelum saya pindah sekolah untuk belajar seni. Bagaimana
denganmu?
Budi:
I came here two months ago. Right now I’m studying English. Later, I’m going
to study engineering.
Saya datang kesini 2 bulan lalu. Sekarang saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggris. Lalu, saya akan belajar
teknik mesin.
Sonia:
What do you do in your free time?
Apa yang kamu lakukan di waktu luang?
Budi:
I read a lot. How about you?
Saya banya membaca. Bagaimana denganmu?
Sonia:
I like painting.
Saya suka melukis.
Budi:
Really? What do you paint?
Sungguh? Apa yang kamu lukis?
Sonia:
I paint many portrait of celebrities.
Saya melukis banyak lukisan selebritis.

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Budi:
That’s interesting. I like painting, too.
Menarik. saya juga suka melukis.
Sonia:
I have to write your full name. How do you
spell your name?
Saya harus menulis nama lengkapmu. Bagaimana mengeja namamu?
Budi:
My first name is Budi. B-U-D-I. My last name is Nugroho.
Nama depan saya Budi. B-U-D-I. Nama belakang Nugroho.
Sonia:
Budi Nugroho. Is that right?
Budi Nugroho. Benar?
Budi:
Yes, it is. And what is your name again?
Ya, benar. Dan siapa namamu?
Sonia:
My first name is Sonia. S-O-N-I-A. My last name is Larasati.
Nama depan saya Sonia. S-O-N-I-A. Nama belakang saya.
Budi:
Thanks. It’s been nice talking with you.
Terimakasih. Senang mengobrol denganmu.

Invitation Text
A. Definition of Invitation Text
What is an Invitation? According to vocabulary.com, Invitation is An invitation is a request, a
solicitation, or an attempt to get another person to join you at a specific event. If we interpret it in
Indonesian, invitation is a request, invitation, or effort to other people to be willing to join or come with
us at a certain event.
Invitation a text which contains a request, a solicitation, or an attempt to get another person to
join you at a specific event
✔ According to the Oxford Learner's Dictionary defines "Invitation" as follows:
“a spoken or written request to somebody to do something or to go somewhere”
So an "invitation" is a request in the form of speech or writing addressed to someone to do something or
go somewhere. It's obvious isn't it?

B. The Purpose of the Invitation (Invitation)

“To invite someone attend/come an event.” To invite or invite someone to attend a certain event
An invitation can be used to invite someone to come to an event, some of them are:
● Birthday : Birthday

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● Weeding : Wedding

● Anniversary : Birthday

● Meeting : Meeting

● Graduation: Graduation

● Dinner: Dinner
Some common expressions used to make an invitation:
● I invite you to come…

● I invite you to join…

● Would you like to come

● Would you like to join us

● I would like to invite you

● Request the present of…

C. Generic Structure of an invitation/Parts of invitation text

In general/basic part of the text of an invitation includes:
● Receiver/To: name of the person addressed/invited

● Body of invitation/content of invitation: The contents of the invitation usually consist of the
following:
● Subject: Event Name

● Day or Date: Day and date

● Time: Set time

● Place: The place where the event is held

● Sender/from: The person who sent the invitation

Example (Example) Invitation (Invitation)
a. Sample Wedding Anniversary Invitation (informal

To: Wina

Would you like to come to my parents

wedding anniversary party. The party
will be held:
Day/ date: Sunday/11 march 2016
Time: 07.00 pm
Place: at my house
No meaning without your coming.

Your Best friend P

Selpi
b. Sample Invitation (Birthday Invitation)

To: Linda

I invite you to attend 17th my birthday party. It

will be held:

Day/Date: Sunday/ 17 August 2016

Time : 03.00 p.m

Place: at my sweet house ( Pring Kuning Street

number 17)

I hope your coming

Selpi

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 Exposition
A. Definition
Reporting from Reading Assets is a piece of writing that is persuasive and tries to convince the
readers or listeners. This paper usually contains important issues that are currently being discussed.
Of course, this article contains the author's opinion which can be said to be a one-sided opinion.
Not only opinions, in this type of text almost all of the author's arguments against a problem. So it can be
said that exposition text is an open writing that can produce pros and cons for the author.
Writing that is classified as exposition text is sometimes also known as argumentative text,
because this text will be dominated by the author's arguments and that is the characteristic that
distinguishes the type of exposition text from other texts.

B. Exposition Text Type

There are two types of exposition text in English that you can distinguish. Among others are:
● Analytical Exposition
Analytical exposition is a type of exposition text that begins with a statement that shows the
author's attitude, opinion, or position on the theme being discussed, then supported by various arguments
and closes with an affirmation or restatement of the opinion stated at the beginning.
● Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a type of exposition text that begins with a statement containing the
issue or problem that is raised as the theme of the writing.
Then it is supported by various arguments and supporting evidence that can lead the reader to
the author's point of view. Finally, the text will close with suggestions or recommendations from the
author on what should be done or happened related to the problems or issues presented at the beginning.

C. Text Structure in Exposition Text

To write exposition text, there are three structures that must be studied and applied in your
writing. Among others are:
● Thesis: This section will contain the issue or problem that will be raised, while in the analytical
exposition this section will contain the position, opinion or attitude of the author.
● Argument: The section that contains the opinions or arguments that the author begins to explain.
Both the hortatory exposition and analytical exposition have the same explanation in this section.
● Reitaration: Reiteration is a conclusion. The hortatory exposition will contain recommendations or
suggestions from the author on the problem that is the theme of the writing. While the analytical
exposition, this section will contain a re-statement from the author.
◆ Language Structure
In addition to the structure of writing, there are linguistic elements that you need to pay
attention to in writing exposition text. Among others are:
◆ Using the simple present tense.

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 Many use conjunctions such as because of, so, therefore, the reason, and others.
◆ Contains arguments.
Many use words that contain cause and effect (cause-effect).
◆ Using vocabulary that is able to arouse the reader's emotions, such as: Amused, concerned, innocent,
unreasonable etc.

D. Example of Exposition Text

To be clearer in recognizing exposition text, let's look at the example below.
The emergence of the internet has given entrepreneurs many ways to make money. Writers are
a group that has benefited from their talents as a result of the rise of internet-based jobs.

Blog writing is an increasing popular way to earn money online. determined by the owner of
the blog. They are very popular because the blogs are usually written on a certain subject area but can
vary as their content is their simplicity to get up and running.
There are many free websites out there that will help you set up your own blog if you choose to
go that route because a blog, in addition to advertisements, means potential revenue.

Letter (Personal Letter)

A. Personal Letter
A personal letter is an informal letter sent by one individual to another and usually contains
personal details. The nature of a personal letter is that it is not official so that this letter cannot be
addressed to an agency, organization, or company. So, a personal letter is not appropriate for an English
job application email. Personal letters generally contain invitations, birthday wishes, graduation
greetings, apologies, condolences, etc.

B. Personal Letter Writing Structure

The structure of personal letter writing is almost similar to announcement text, but it is
different from the writing style. Because it is informal, generally personal text is more informal. The
following is the structure of writing a personal letter:

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● Date
Most informal letters have the date on the top right. However, the date on the personal letter is
written on the top left. This date refers to when the letter was written. There are two ways to write dates
in English, namely the American way and the British way.
● Address (Address)
Writing an address in a personal letter is different from the address in a CV or other letter.
Because the address in the personal letter is written on the top right. Then, the tool that is written is not
the address of the person you are going to, but your home address or the author of the letter.
● Salutation and Name
Greetings and the name of the recipient of the letter are almost always in various English
letters. Here are some examples of greetings that you can write in a personal letter:
● Dear…

● Dearest…

● My beloved wife

● my love

● Sweetheart

● Introduction (Opening)
The opening sentence in a personal letter is usually a response to the previous letter. However,
if you are the first sender, then you can introduce yourself or ask how they are doing.
● Body (Content of Letter)
Body is the main or core part of a personal letter. In this section, you can pour out or state the
meaning of your letter. If it contains a graduation greeting, you can write your congratulations and
wishes.
● Closing
This section is a closing sentence to indicate that the letter is coming to an end.
● Greetings for Closing
This section is a short closing greeting to end the letter. The following is an example of a
closing greeting:
a. with love
b. Sincerely yours
c. Regards
d. Best regads
● Signature (Signature)
Under the closing greeting, you can put your signature. However, if you send him a letter as a
secret admirer, you can give him initials to make it seem mysterious. hihihi.
✧ Sample Personal Letter
Here are two examples of personal letters:

Sample Personal Letter for Friend

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 22 Soekarno Hatta
Jakarta
17023 DKI Jakarta

February 11, 2021

Dear My Beloved Friend Cacha,

Hello, Cacha! Are you doing great in New Zealand? Hopefully, you’re doing great there. It’s been a
while since you moved from Jakarta. You don’t know how much I miss you.

I want to let you know that next month is my graduation from University. I’m arranging a family and
friend party. I know you have a tight schedule but I’d love it if you come to the party.

Okay, I think that’s all from me now. Just let me know if you are free next month. I’d love to hear
anything from you. See you!

Sincerely yours,
Lizzie

Cause and Effect

A. Cause and Effect

In English, the meaning of the sentence cause and effect is cause and effect. That is, a type of
compound sentence that has a cause and can lead to an effect. Cause means something that happens,
while effect is a consequence or consequence of the event.

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 Usually, these sentences are characterized by a signifying word or phrase called a connector.
Because it is often used in conjunction with a degree of comparison sentence, you can learn both while
studying! What are the connectors in the example sentences of cause and effect? Please understand the
following explanation. There are formulas and example sentences too, you know!
Cause and effect is divided into two, namely those followed by nouns, verbs or clauses. To be
able to master, you need to first compare the cause and effect sentences.
Cause and effect + Noun
Formula 1: Connector + Cause, + Effect
Connector: due to, owed to, because of, as a result of, as a consequence of
Example:
● Due to the storm we cannot go to the beach.
(connector) + (cause) +(effect)

● Another example:

✔ Owing to her kindness, Mia gave her a gift. (Because of his kindness, Mia gave him a gift.)

✔ Because of this cooking book, I am able to cook my own meal. (Because of this cookbook, I can
cook my own food).
Formula 2: Effect + Connector + Cause
● I got sick due to the cold weather.
(effect) + (connector) + (cause)

● Another example:

⮚ The car was broken as a result of her recklessness. (His car was damaged by his carelessness.)

⮚ Alvin got a warning as a consequence of his laziness. (Alvin gets a warning for his laziness.)

⮚ She was late because of her bad sleeping habit.

⮚ There are many other examples that you can explore and get used to watching English short films
because you often find cause and effect.
Cause and effect + Verb or Clause
Connectors: because, since, for, hence, thus, therefore, thereby, accordingly, as a result
Example:
● Because her brother lives in Jakarta, she must visit him every month. (Since her older brother lives
in Jakarta, she has to visit him every month.)
● This bag is expensive since the famous brand Chanel made it. (This bag is really expensive because
a famous brand called Chanel made it.)
● My arms are hurt. Hence, I cannot swim today. (My arm hurts. So, I can't swim today.)

● As our teacher has suggested to stay at home, she gives us a pile of homework. (Since our teacher
had advised us to stay at home, he gave us homework.)

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● He is invited to the party for he's one of the funniest guys in school. (He was invited to the party
because he was one of the funniest people in school.)
● They haven't turned 17 yet, as a result, they cannot join the international seminar. (They are not yet
17 years old, so, they cannot attend international seminars.)

Motivation Through Songs

A. Understanding
Song is a composition of tone or voice in sequence, combination and temporal relation to
produce a musical composition that has unity and continuity.
So, a song is an artistic composition of tones or sounds in a sequence, combination, and
temporal relationship (usually accompanied by musical instruments) to produce a musical composition
that contains unity and continuity.
B. Purpose
Songs are used to express feelings and ideas in an entertaining world. Songs can be used to
deliver social criticism. The moral values are hidden in the lyrics.
Songs are a way to express emotions and feelings in a fun way. Songs can also be a medium to
convey criticism about the situation in society. Moral value or mandate is usually implied in the lyrics
made by songwriters.
C. Language Charachteristic
Song or songs also have linguistic characteristics, you know! Well, here are the linguistic
characteristics of the song.
· Imagery. Imagery describes about feelings and emotions. A song usually tries to describe how the
writer feels.
· Rhythm. Rhythm here is used to create the mood. For example, if we are sad and listen to a song with a
slow rhythm, we will get carried away with the song. So, rhythm creates mood!
· Figures of speech
1. Metaphor, comparingtwothingsthat are not aliketosuggestthattheyactuallyhavesomething in
common.At first glance, the two things being compared are unrelated, but actually there are similarities
between the two things.e.g. “Timeis a thief” or “Herhaisrwassilk”.
2. Simile, comparestwothingsusing "like" or "as''. A thing is described with something similar by using
the word 'like' or 'as' e.g. “My love is like a redrose”.
3. Hyperbole, a dramatic language. Big exaggeration, usually with humor. A thing is described in
excess, sometimes tickling because it is too much.
e.g. "Thatmathhomeworktookme 8 millionyearstofinish".
4. Personification, anobjectappearlike a person. Objects (non-humans) have human-like abilities. e.g.
“The windwhisper” or “The snowflakes danced in thewind”.
5. Allititration, therepetationofthesamebeginningsound in a series of words. The repetition of the sound
at the beginning of each word. e.g. “Peter Parker pick a pack of pants punctually”.

D. Structure
· Intro, which is the beginning of the song, usually the singer's voice has not been heard (only the
instrument)
The verse, or stanza, is the introductory part to the chorus.
· Refrain, switching from verse to chorus
· The chorus, the core part, is usually the easiest to remember.

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· Bridge, connecting the chorus to the next chorus or to the coda.
· Coda, closing song.
The structure is not rigid, so not all songs have such a structured structure. But every song in
general must have a verse, chorus, and bridge.

Explanation Text
A. Explanation Text
Explanation text is one type of text in English that describes a process. Talking about the
process, this text is almost the same as procedure text. However, if procedure text describes how to do
something (process), this text explains how a process occurs.
That way, we can know that explanation text serves to provide information through a detailed
explanation of a phenomenon that occurs. In a book entitled “Exploring How Texts Work” written by
Beverly Darewianka, this type of text discusses the answer to the question “Why is it so?” and also
“How does it work”. So that the writing made with explanation text must be detailed and can answer the
readers' questions.
B. Explanation Text Structure
Reporting from Literacy Ideas, the structure of this text is:
● Titles
Every article must have a title and the type of explanation text is no exception. For titles with
this type of text, you don't need to beat around the bush. You only need to provide a title that matches the
content of the article, such as “What causes a Tsunami?”, “Why are our rain forests disappearing?” or
“The process of making aluminum”.
● Opening Statement
The purpose of writing with the type of explanation text, of course, is to provide valid
information and facts for the readers. Therefore, you really need to include a strong opening statement in
your writing and if you can, you must include evidence such as journals or articles that have been
verified. In the opening statement, you can also write down the identification of the process to be
explained. Focus on the process of a phenomenon that you want to explain and avoid too much to
include the small things involved in a phenomenon.

● Sequencing
In creating an article, write it in the form of short paragraphs and divide it into several parts. Do
not let the reader dizzy to read paragraphs that are too long. Also use the relationship by inserting the
cause and effect of a phenomenon or event.
● Conclusion
If everything has been discussed, don't forget to write a conclusion or conclusion from the
information you provide. This way your writing will be considered more valid.
● Visuals
In explaining a process, usually you will need visuals such as pictures, photos, diagrams, and so
on to clarify the content of the writing.

C. Characteristics of Explanation Text

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 So that you are not confused, there are some special characteristics of explanation text that
distinguish it from other types of writing. Because this type of writing discusses facts, the tense used is
the simple present tense.
The use of action verbs which are verbs used to describe an action that is taking place.
For example: do, make, create, and so on.
Writing in this type of text uses the passive voice which aims to emphasize the focus on the
events that are taking place rather than the subject.
● Using noun phrases.

● Using technical terms. Technical Terms are technical terms that are in accordance with the contents
of the articles discussed.
● Using chronological conjunctions such as “next”, “first”, “then”, “to begin with”, and others.

● Also read: Possessive Pronoun: Definition, Example Sentences, and Usage

Have you ever heard or learned?

Example of Explanation Text

Let's immediately see an example of writing from this type of text.

How Does Rain Happen

We all know that rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world,
providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems. Rain is water that descends from the sky through
several processes until the rain occurs. Do you know how does rain happens?
The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of a water circle includes the
sun heating the Earth's water surface and causing the water surface to evaporate. Earth's water includes
water from lakes, rivers, and oceans. Then, the water vapor experiences condensation and becomes
condensed vapor. Condensed vapor is formed from droplets so that when the air temperature is higher, it
makes the droplets gather, condensed, and formed into clouds. The presence of winds helps clouds move
and gather in other places that have lower temperatures. At that time, the droplets become heavier and
unstoppable and cause the droplets to fall so that there is rain.
If the droplets drop in an area with very cold temperatures, the droplets will drop as snow.
However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporate while falling through dry air. This is called
Virga, a phenomenon that is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

#Class X
Asking and Giving Self Introduction
A. Asking for and Giving Infomration About Self-Identify and Kinship
When we do self-introduction, we mention some information about us, such as self-identify
and kinship.
1. Self-Identify
Self-identify is the quality that makes a person or thing different from others. To make people
know about our self-identify, we should do self-introduction.

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 Self-introduction means telling people who you are, what you do, what your interest are, where
you are from, and what you have done in your life.
● Social Function of Self-Introduction
The social function of self-introduction is to introduce and mention identify in order to develop
interactional communication with others.
● Structure of Self-Introduction
a. Introduction (name and hometown)
b. Body (background and personal details, such as hobbies and interest)
c. Conclusion (future goals)
The following are expressions used to ask for and give information about self-identity.
Asking for Information About Self-Identity Giving Information About Self-Identity

● May I know your name? ● Hello, allow me to introduce myself. My

name is….
● What is your name?
● May I introduce myself? My name is…
● Where do you live?
● Let me introduce myself. I am ….
● How old are you?
● Hello, my name is ….
● What do you do?
● Hi, I’m Rudi
● Where do you work?
● Etc.
● What is your hobby?

● Etc.
When we are sitting beside a stranger, sometimes we want to start a conversation. When you
want to start a conversation with someone whom you don’t know, use the following expressions!
● We haven’t met before, have me?

● The weather is nice, isn’t it?

● This is a nice area, isn’t it?

If the stranger gives a feedback, we continue the conversation with self-introduction
2. Kinship
Kinship is blood realtionship. Kinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other,
through our biology and history. Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal
system as everyone has a family.
In self-introduction, we can also tell about our family. The following are some expressions
used to ask for and give information about kinship.
Asking for Information About Kinship Giving Information About Kinship

● How many persons are there in your family? ● There are five persons in my family.
● How many brothers or sisters do you have? ● I have two brothers and one sister.
● Do you live with yout parents?
● Yes, I live with my parents.

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 ● What is your father’s name? ● My fahter is Handoko.

Asking for Information About Kinship Gicing Information About Kinship

● What is your mother’s profession? ● She is a tailor.

● Are you the eldest? ● No, I am the youngset.

● Are you married? ● No, I am single.

When we want to introduction someone to others, we can use the following expressions.
Asking about Someone Introducing Someone

● Who is he/she? ● Nadya, this is my little brother, Andi. Andi this is my

classmate, Nadya.
● Is she your sister?
● Let me introduce my brother, He is Doni.
● Who is that?
● She is my mother. Her name is Anisa.

● Yes, she is my big sister.

Compliment and Congratulation

A. Compliment
Compliment is an expression to appreciate or praise other people. Compliment is useful to give
encouragement so that people will keep on doing their best and even improve their performance.
(Compliment is an expression to appreciate or praise others. Praise or appreciation is very important to
encourage others so that they will consistently maintain achievements and improve their abilities.)

● When to express compliment:

(kapan mengekspresikan pujian)
✔ On daily basis, (sehari-hari)

✔ When someone has done his/her best, (Ketika seseorang telah melakukan yang
terbaik)
✔ When you visit someone’s house for the first time, (Ketika anda mengunjungi

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 rumah seseorang kali pertama).
✔ If you notice something new about someone’s appearance. (Jika anda melihat
sesuatu yang baru dari penampilan seseorang

● Contoh Dialog

Fatimah : Hi, Ira, how are you?

Ira : Fine, thanks. I hope you are all right, too. What is that in your
hand, Fatimah?
Fatimah : It’s a handycraft. I made it myself.
Ira : Oh, really! What wonderful hadycraft you made.
Fatimah : Thanks, Ira.
Ira : You’re welcome.

B. Congratulating
Congratulating (Congratulation) is congratulating others on achievements and happiness
achieved. For example: Winner of competitions at school, outside of school, graduation, moving house,
promotion, getting a baby/baby, marriage, and others.

● Contoh Dialog

Dialogue 1
Ana : I heard you win the singing contest last night, Siti. Is that
right?
Siti : You’re right, Ana.
Ana : Congratulations, Siti! I’m proud of you. I hope you’ll be winner
again next time.
Siti : Thanks, Ana. You’re very kind to say so.
Ana : You’re welcome.

Dialogue 2
David : John, Congratulations for being number one in your class!.
You got the first rank.
John : Thank you, David.
David : Never stop studying hard, John. I hope you keep your

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 achievement next year.
John : Okay, Thanks for your suggestion, David. You’re my best
friend, ever.
David : Don’t mention it!

Itention
A. Itention
Intention expression is an expression that is often used in English to express an intention, plan,
or something to be achieved or achieved. Intention expression needs to be used properly in order to
convey a desire, plan, or intention well. Intention expression is indirectly an event that has not happened
because it is still a hope. The tenses used are future tenses. Example:

● I am going to visit my grandparents’ house.

● I’ll come to your house and we can go together.

B. Formulas and Usage Examples

1. Subject (I, You, We, They, He, She, It) + is/am/are + going to + simple verb

a. Statement form

● I am going to finish my project this night.

● I am going to spend my holidays to finish reading all my novels.

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b. Question form

● Are you going to join with me in writing essay contest?

● Are you going to bake choco chips cookies like the last time?

2. Subject (I, You, We, They, He, She, It) + would Like + simple verb

a. Statement form

● I would like to present my mechanical project at this moment.

● I would like to bake cookies with Riri.

b. Question form

● Would you like to discuss about recycling bottles tomorrow at 10 a.m?

● What would you like to do on the long weekend?

3. Subject (I, You, We, They, He, She, It) + will + simple verb

a. Statement form

● I will make my own composter at home.

● I will call you on Friday to let you know the time when we can start.

b. Question form

● Will you attend the waste management workshop next week?

● Will you go fishing with me and my dad?

4. Subject (I, You, We, They, He, She, It) + would Rather + simple verb

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a. Statement form

● I would rather stay at home than go fishing.

● I would rather bring my own tumbler than buy mineral water.

b. Question form

● Would you rather make a homemade food or buy instant food?

● Would you rather stay at home or go outside?

Descriptive Text
A. Definition of Descriptive Text
Descriptive Text is a type of text in English that clearly describes the characteristics inherent in
something, be it humans, animals, plants or inanimate objects. The purpose of this text is to provide clear
information about the object described to the reader.

B. Characteristics of Descriptive Text

● Using Simple Present Tense
This text uses the Simple Present Tense because we will describe the facts attached to an
object, and one of the functions of the Simple Present Tense itself is to show a fact or truth.
● Using many adjectives (adjectives).

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 Because the function of this text is to provide information by describing an object being
described, in Descriptive Text there will be many adjectives. Examples are big, small, colorful, and so
on.
● Using a connecting verb (relating verb).
A relative verb is a verb that gives an explanation to the noun that is the subject of a sentence.
For example: is, have, seem, appear, and other verbs.

C. Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text has its own rules regarding its structure. The following is the generic structure
of descriptive text:
1. Identification. This section, located in the first paragraph, aims to identify an object to be described.
Identification serves to introduce the reader to the object that we are going to explain, before we tell
about the object in more detail in the next paragraph.
2. Description. This section, located in the second paragraph and so on, contains the characteristics
inherent in something that you have introduced to the reader in the first paragraph.

Announcement
A. Definition of Announcement
Announcement is a statement (official notification) in oral or written form that contains
something for everyone to know. However, not everyone who heard or read the announcement was
interested in the announcement. We can hear or read announcements anywhere, for example verbal
announcements at school or in public places, while written announcements can be read on bulletin
boards, in magazines, and in newspapers.

B. Announcement Type
● Missing person announcement

● obituary

● News of weddings, birthdays, inauguration and births

● winner announcement

● job vacancy

● Advertisement

● Activity/event report

● Notifications/appeals from the government

C. Purpose of Announcement
“The purpose is to inform the announcement text information about an event, job vacancies,
new enrollment, new admissions, and so on”. The purpose of the announcement text is to provide
information about an event, job vacancies, acceptance of new students, acceptance of new students, and
so on by providing formal information to the general public or certain communities (To give a formal
written notice of certain events.

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D. Generic Structure Announcement

1. Title: This is the most important part because it represents the overall content of the announcement.
However, sometimes it is not clearly stated.
2. Explanation: Further explanation of the announcement. Usually consists of basic information that
includes: type of activity, time, place, and participants.
● Announcement Sections

✔ Title or type of event (The title/type of event)

✔ Date and time (date and time)

✔ place

✔ person/address that can be contacted (contact person/address)

Announcement Example
Missing person announcement

Recount Text
A. Understanding Recount Text
Recount text is one type of text in English which contains the story of an action or activity of
the author or the characters in the story. The activity or action in question is the author's experience
expressed through recount text, usually the purpose of recount text is to entertain the reader, as well as
provide information.
B. Kinds and Examples of Recount Text
Like narrative or other types of text, recount text has several types or kinds that you can use
according to your needs in telling a story. Here are the various types and their explanations.
1. Personal recount

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 is a recount text that has a function to tell about the author's personal experience. Personal
recount is the most common type commonly used to write recount text.
● Personal recount example.
My Bad Day
Doni scrimped and paid for a trip around the world that lasted two months. In his diary, he
detailed his journey. I travelled to London and spent several weeks in Europe after spending a week in
New York. I took a train to Istanbul and visited several locations in Asia after seeing the sights in
Europe. First, I flew from Mexico City to New York City, where he lives. After travelling across Asia, I
travelled to South America before returning to Indonesia. Doni was weary, but he was ecstatic to be on
the road again.
C. Generic Structure Recount Text
Recount text has three main structures or generic structure as follows.

● Orientation, the first structure that contains information about the character, the place of the incident,
when the incident took place and so on. The information provided by the author is expected to
provide the knowledge or information needed by the reader in order to understand the storyline.
● Events, the second structure is the content of the text or in the form of stories about events or
experiences that the author wants to convey to the reader.
● Reorientation, the third structure contains conclusions or summaries or repetitions of information in
the orientation structure.
Writing in English requires good grammar in addition to mastery of vocabulary. Writing Super
Guide For Today's Learners, Standardized Writing contains how to write in English, use proper
grammar, vocabulary, and much more.
D. Recount Text Characteristics
There are three characteristics of recount text that you can identify if there is a question
regarding recount text, besides that you need to include these three characteristics or must be in the
recount text script that you make. The following are the three characteristics of recount text.
● Recount text uses the past tense or past tense. For example, the use of verbs 3 went, woke up,
departed, burned, ate and so on.
● Recount text uses part of speech adverb and adverbial to explain the time, place and manner. For
example, last October, Bandung, On the third day, at the park and so on.
● Recount text uses part of speech conjunction and time connectives to order events and events in the
story to form a coherent text. Examples such as and, after, the, that, before and so on.
E. Language feature in recount text
In addition to the three characteristics of recount text that you can recognize to distinguish
recount from other types of text, recount text has a language feature that is generally found in recount
text to clarify the function of the recount text, here are five language features in recount text.

● Using personal participants such as I, my, me and so on.

● Using chronological connections such as first, then and so on.

● Using linking verbs such as were, was, heard, saw and so on.

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● Using action verbs such as go, look, change, run and so on.

● Using the simple past tense.

Narrative Text
A. Definition of Narrative Text
Narrative text is one type of text that tells about a series of events chronologically and
connected to each other. The nature of narrative text is imaginative or in the form of a fictional story
(composition) which has the aim of entertaining the reader.
B. Types of Narrative Text
● Fable or fable
is a story about animals. For example, The Ugly Duckling, The Country of the Mice, A Bear
and A Rabbit, The Cat and The Rat, The Greedy Monkey, A Fox and A Little Bird, The Mouse Deer and
Crocodile and so on
● Myth or myth
is a myth / myth that developed in society and is generally considered a factual story or actually
happened. For example, Aji Saka and Dewata Cengkar.
● legend or legend,
is a story that tells about the origin of a place. The Legend of Surabaya, The Legend of
Prambanan Temple, Story of Lake Toba.
● Folktale/ folklore/ folklore
is a story passed down from generation to generation to become part of the community
tradition. For example Malin Kundang, Golden eggs.
● Fairy tales or fairy tales
are folk tales or children's stories that have magic in the stories told by their authors. For
example Timun Mas, Tinker Bell,

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● Love story or love story / romance
is a story that tells (generally) the love struggle of the main character or about the love story of
the characters. For example, Romeo and Juliet, I'm One of Those Fool Man.
● Personal experience
is a narrative text that contains the author's personal experience.
● Slice of life
is a story that contains activities or stories that occur in the daily life of the author or
imaginative character. For example True friends.
● Horror stories
is a type of narrative text that tells generally scary stories such as ghosts or other astral beings.
● Science fiction
is a story that tells about things related to science.

Songs
A. Definition Songs
Song is a composition of tone or voice in sequence, combination and temporal relation to
produce a musical composition that has unity and continuity.
So, a song is an artistic composition of tones or sounds in a sequence, combination, and
temporal relationship (usually accompanied by musical instruments) to produce a musical composition
that contains unity and continuity.
B. Purpose
Songs are used to express feelings and ideas in an entertaining world. Songs can be used to
deliver social criticism. The moral values are hidden in the lyrics. Songs are a way to express emotions
and feelings in a fun way. Songs can also be a medium to convey criticism about the situation in society.
Moral value or mandate is usually implied in the lyrics made by songwriters.
C. Linguistic Chrachteristic
Song or songs also have linguistic characteristics, you know! Well, here are the linguistic characteristics
of the song.
● imagery. Imagery describes about feelings and emotions. A song usually tries to describe how the
writer feels.

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● Rhythm. Rhythm here is used to create the mood. For example, if we are sad and listen to a song
with a slow rhythm, we will get carried away with the song. So, rhythm creates mood!
Figures of speech
● Metaphor, comparing two things that are not alike to suggest that they actually have something in
common. At first glance, the two things being compared are not related, but in fact there are
similarities between the two things. e.g. “Timeis a thief” or “Herhaisrwassilk”
● Simile,comparestwothingsusing "like" or "as''. A thing is described with something similar by using
the word 'like' or 'as' e.g. “My love is like a redrose”.
● Hyperbole, a dramatic language. Big exaggeration, usually with humor. A thing is described in
excess, sometimes tickling because it is too much.
● e.g. "Thatmathhomeworktookme 8 millionyearstofinish".

● Personification,anobjectappearlike a person. Objects (non-humans) have human-like abilities. e.g.

“The windwhisper” or “The snowflakes danced in thewind”.
● Allititration, therepetationofthesamebeginningsound in a series ofwords. Repetition of sound sounds
at the beginning of each word. e.g. “Peter Parker pick a pack of pants punctually”
D. Structure
● Intro, which is the beginning of the song, usually the singer's voice has not been heard (only the
instrument)
● Verse, or stanza, is the introductory part of the chorus.

● Refrain, switching from verse to chorus

● The chorus, the core part, is usually the easiest to remember.

● Bridge, connecting the chorus to the next chorus or to the coda.

● Coda, closing song.

The structure is not rigid, so not all songs have such a structured structure. But every song in
general must have a verse, chorus, and bridge.
✔ Sample Songs

Trouble is a Friend

Lenka

Trouble will find you no mater where you go, oh oh

No Matter if you’re fast no matter if you’re slow, oh oh
The eye of the storm and the cry in the morn, oh oh
Your fine for a while but then start to loose control

He’s there in the dark

He’s there in my heart

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 He waits in the winds
He’s gotta play a part
Trouble is a friend
Yeah trouble is a friend of mine. oh oh

Trouble is a friend but trouble is a foe, oh oh

And no matter what I feed him he always seems to grow, oh oh
He sees what I see and he knows what I know, oh oh
So don’t forget as you ease on down the road

So don’t be alarmed if he takes you by the arm

I won’t let him win, but I’m a sucker for his charm
Trouble is a friend
Yeah trouble is a friend of mine, oh oh

Oh how I hate the way he makes me feel

And how I try to make him leave, I try
Oh Oh I try

● The meaning of the song: life cannot be separated from problems, problems come and go. But
there are still many people who think that problems are the enemy. This song invites us to make
problems as friends. Because it is difficult for us to make a world without problems, it is our way of
thinking that needs to be changed by considering problems as friends who are here to live.

Daftar Pustaka

https://www.thebalancecareers.com/parts-of-a-cover-letter-2060308
https://fadlan90.wordpress.com/2017/04/21/speaking-skill-dalam-bahasa-inggris/
https://www.studiobelajar.com/descriptive-text/
https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/memperkenalkan-diri-dalam-bahasa-inggris-self-introduction/
https://www.necerz.com/2020/12/%20Congratulating-Complimenting-Someone.html
https://tr-ex.me/terjemahan/bahasa+inggris-bahasa+indonesia/our+intentions
https://www.jagoanbahasainggris.com/2017/11/contoh-descriptive-text-tentang-tempat-wisata.html
https://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/materi-announcement/
https://blog.cakap.com/apa-itu-personal-letter/
https://blog.cakap.com/kalimat-cause-and-effect/
https://www.wallstreetenglish.co.id/english-tips/explanation-text/

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