Chapter: 4 Network Addressing

4.1 IPv4 Addressing

4.1.1 Need of IP Address

 IP address is designed according to the modern computer technology. It is use
by computers to communicate with each other using internet.
 IP addresses allow the billions of digital devices that are connected to the
internet are differentiated from other devices.
 A remote computer needs your IP address to communicate with your computer,
same as that someone needs your mailing address to send you a letter.

4.1.2 IPv4 addressing scheme

 The IP address is a specific number string(separated by full stops) that identifies
each device that communicates over a network using the Internet Protocol.
 An IP address consists of four number each number of which contains one to
three digits, separating each number with a single dot (.).
 Each of four number has range 0 to 255.
 Here is an example of an IP address is like 78.2.11.9.
 Using IP address you can send & retrieve data over network.
 Without IP address sending &retrieving data over the net would be impossible.
 Each internet address consist of four bytes (32 bits) defining three fields, class,
net id and host id.

Figure 4.1.2 IPv4 Address

(Image Source: http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPClassfulAddressingNetworkandHostIdentificationan-3.htm)
  There are currently five different field-length in use, each define a class of
address.
 For example class A addressing are lowest it use only one byte to identify class
type and net_id and other three bytes available for host id.
 This division means that class A network can accommodate for more hosts than
class B or class C network.
 Class D is used for multicasting allows copies of datagram be passed to
selected group of hosts rather than to an individual host.
 And class E is reserved for future use.
 Dotted- Decimal Notation
 To make the 32 bits form shortest & easier to read, Internet address are usually
written in decimal form with point separating the bytes.

10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111

128.11.3.31

 Looking at the first byte of an address in decimal form allow us to determine at

which class this address is belongs.
Table 4.1 IPv4 Address Range
Class From To
Class A 1.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
127/2=63
Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 63/2=31
Class C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 31/2=15
Class D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 15
Class E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

4.1.3 Address space and notations

Address Space
Address space is the total number of addresses used by the particular network. If
the network uses bits to define an address. The address space is 2 b because each bit
can have two different value (o or 1).
Notation
 There are two notations used to show an IPv4 address.
 Binary notation(base 2)
 Dotted-decimal notation(base 255)
 In binary notation an address displays 32 bits. To make the address more
readable one or more space are usually inserted between each 8 bits of group.
Ex. 10000000 00001011 00000011 00011111
 To make the IPv4 address more compact and easier to read it is usually written
in decimal from with point separating the bytes. It is known as dotted – decimal
notation.
 Ex. 128.11.3.31

Example 1

00011110 11110000 10101010 11001001

Class A
Net id :- 00011110
Host id:- 11110000 10101010 11001001

Example 2

11011110 11110000 10101010 11001001

Class C
Net id :- 11011110 11110000 10101010
Host id :- 11001001

Example 3

10101000 00111100 11100010 00011001

Class B
Net id :- 10101000 00111100
Host id :- 11100010 00011001

Example 4

101.2.30.6

Class A
Net id :- 101
Host id :- 2.30.6

Example 5

201.2.30.6
Class C
Net id :- 201.2.30
Host id :- 6

Example 6
130.80.50.46
Class B
Net id :- 130.80
Host id :-50.46

Example:1

11000010 10101011 10001000 00001000

Class C
Net id :- 11000010 10101011 10001000
Host id :- 00001000

Example:2

00110000 10101111 00111100 01010000

Class A
Net id :- 00110000
Host id :- 10101111 00111100 01010000

Example:3

10111000 10000111 00110001 11001111

Class B
Net id :- 10111000 10000111
Host id :- 00110001 11001111

Example 4

11110100 00011100 00001100 00000011

Class E
Net id :- NA
Host id :- NA

Example 5

11100000 11100000 11001100 11111100

Class D
Net id :- NA
Host id :- NA

Example 1

25.101.2.13

Class A
Net id :- 25
Host id :- 101.2.13

Example 2

198.36.85.111

Class C
Net id :- 198.36.85
Host id :- 111

Example 3

131.60.50.10

Class B
Net id :- 131.60
Host id :- 50.10

Example 4

230.99.11.77

Class D
Net id :- NA
Host id :- NA

Example 5

251.68.98.48

Class E
Net id :- NA
Host id :- NA
1. 56.6.8.9

Class A
Net id :- 56
Host id :- 6.8.9

2. 135.6.9.7

Class B
Net Id :- 135.6
Host Id :- 9.7

3. 29.6.7.8

Class A
Net id :- 29
Host id :- 6.7.8

4. 165.98.78.202

Class B
Net id :- 165.98
Host id :- 78.202

5. 201.6.98.105

Class C
Net id :- 201.6.98
Host id :- 105

1. 11000110 10101000 00110011 01000011

Class C
Net id :- 11000110 10101000 00110011
Host id :- 01000011

2. 00110001 00010001 11000011 00001000

Class A
Net id :- 00110001
 Host id :- 00010001 11000011 00001000

3. 10100000 00010000 11110000 10101010

Class B
Net id :- 10100000 00010000
Host id :- 11110000 10101010
4.