LESSON-3 .

Members Structural Steel Detailing

1. Anchor Bolt

Bolts used to anchor structural members to a concrete floor, foundation or other support. Usually refers
to the bolts at the bottom of all columns

2. Column

A vertical structural member used in a building to transfer loads from the main roof beams, trusses or
rafters to the foundation.

3. Beams / Monorails/ Crane Girder

Beam: A horizontal structural member designed primarily to resist moments

Monorails: distinctive type of materials-handling machine that provides an overhead, normally

horizontal, fixed path of travel in the form of a track age system and individually propelled hand or
powered trolleys which carry their loads suspended freely with an intermittent motion. Because
monorails operate over fixed paths rather than over limited areas, they differ from overhead-traveling
cranes, and they should not be confused with such overhead conveyors as cableways

Crane Girder: A primary horizontal beam of the crane bridge that supports the trolleys. A Girder
arrange to parallel to the main girder for supporting the platform, motor base, control panels, etc. of a
crane system.

4. Bracings (Vertical ,Horizontal and Knee brace)

Bracing systems are used to resist horizontal forces (wind load,
seismic action) and to transmit them to the foundations.
Vertical Brace: The vertical supporting elements are called vertical
bracings. Vertical braces are designed to handle wind loads on the
structure.
Braces are generally made from L, C, TS, WT, and in heavily loaded
situations, W sections. Typical configurations for these braces would
be in the shape of an “X” or “K”. Braces can be loaded in
compression or tension, depending on which way the wind is blowing.
When angles or channels are used, it is quite common to see two
angles or two channels “back-to back”, to provides the necessary
strength. When this happens, stitch plates, either bolted or welded,
are used to tie the two pieces of material together to prevent the
material from buckling under a compression load.
Horizontal Brace: Horizontal braces are designed to handle torsion
Or twisting loads on the structure. These loads are usually caused
 by machinery and conveyors found in industrial plants, and this is
Where you will typically find horizontal bracing. These braces are
Generally made from L, C, and WT sections.
Knee brace:
The Knee Brace applies the technology of buckling-restrained brace, and it is
designed to prevent damage to columns and beams by confining them in the
elastic range by absorbing the seismic energy with the plastic deformation of
the damper's core material in major earthquakes.

5. Lintels / Loose Lintel

Lintels: A horizontal structural member spanning a door, window, or other wall opening which
supports a wall or any construction immediately above.
Loose Lintel: A lintel that is not attached to another structural
member but is merely placed across an opening in a wall during
construction to support the weight of the wall above.

6. Embeds/ Early Steel

Embeds:1)A steel member such as a plate, bolt, stud, or bar cast into
a concrete structure which is used to transmit applied loads to the
Concrete.
2) Embeds are any item placed in concrete for the attachment of
Some part of the structure. These may include anchor bolts for the
Beams and columns, in sections of pipe, called “sleeves”, in stick
Handrail posts in, and plates that will have something field welded to
Them. These are usually the first things that the steel fabricator has
to provide on the jobsite.
Early Steel:

7. Truss
A structural member, made up of several individual parts welded
or bolted together, designed to carry a tension or compression
force with the complete structure acting as a beam.
Truss is fabricated members, consisting of a top chord, a bottom chord, diagonal members, and if something frames
into it, vertical members where needed. Trusses are used to support roofs and floors where there are very large clear
spans, or very heavy loads, and it is not practical to use a rolled section or welded plate girder .
8. Stair Case
A flight or series of flights of steps and a supporting structure connecting separate
levels. The design of stairs depends on the intended use. Generally, fire escape and
industrial stairs have stringers made from channel, or sometimes plate. Exposed
stairs may have stringers made from rectangular TS sections. Treads are often
made out of bent plate, which is welded to the stringers. Concrete is poured onto
the top of the tread, and is usually 1 ½ “thick. In some industrial uses, treads are
made from prefabricated grating, and are bolted to the stringers. Some shops
prefer to ship the stringers and treads loose for field assembly. Bolted grating treads are usually shipped loose for
field assembly.
 9. Stair Rail
The rails provided on inclined stair for the purpose of provide the support to traveling. Stair rail may be shop
welded to the stair stringer, or shipped loose for field for field welding.

10. Guard Rail / Hand Rail / Wall Rail

.
Guard Rail: A protective railing designed to prevent people or objects
from falling into open well, stairwell or other open spaces
Hand Rail: Handrail, and stair rail, is usually made from Pipe, and
occasionally, angle. The vertical pieces are referred to as “posts”, and the
horizontal pieces are “rails”. Some shops prefer to miter the corners where the
pipe intersect, while others use prefabricated “elbows” which are shop welded to
the pipe. Intermediate rails are notched to fit, and then welded to the posts.
Sections of rail are fabricated in the shop, sent to the jobsite, and set in
embedded “sleeves”, or bolted to the floor or structure. Stair rail may be shop welded to the stair stringer, or shipped
loose for field for field welding. There is usually some field
welding required to assemble the various pieces of handrail sections. Sometimes handrail sections are galvanized after
fabrication.
Wall Rail: Used where a stair runs alongside a wall and it attached to the wall with rail brackets.

11. Bollards

A bollard is a short vertical post typically

found where large ships dock. While
originally it only meant a post used on a
quay for mooring, the word now also
describes a variety of structures to control
or direct road traffic

12. Girt and Sag Rods

Girt: Secondary horizontal member attached to the mainframe columns. Girts normally support wall
panels
Sag Rods:
1) A tension member used to limit the deflection of a girt or purlin in the direction of the weak axis.
• 2) Sag rods are used to provide lateral support for the purlins (to prevent sag in direction parallel to a
sloping roof due to vertical applied loads).
• They are designed to support the component of roof loads parallel to the roof.

13. Shelf Angle/Brick Supporting Angle/Relieving Angle

Shelf Angle: Mild steel angle section, riveted or welded to the web of an I beam to support the
formwork for hollow tiles or the floor or roof units, or to form a seat for precast concrete. Or Shelf angles are
required on mid-rise and high-rise steel frame buildings to support the outer Wythe of brick. They transfer
the dead load of the masonry back to the steel frame structure.

Relieving Angle/Brick Supporting Angle:

is a revelation in the field of masonry support. Building components expand and contract with
changes in temperature and moisture content. Relieving (or shelf) angles are necessary to accommodate this
movement in masonry walls. If a relieving angle is omitted; cracks will develop where the brick is
restrained as the brick grows and the backup shrinks

14. Gratings / Floor Plates

Gratings: An open grid assembly of metal bars in which the bearing bars, running in on directions, are spaced
by rigid cross bars attached to them.

Grating contain 1) Bearing bar:-load carrying bars extending in the direction of the grating span

2) Cross Rods or cross bars:-the connecting rods or bars which extend perpendicular across bearing bars. where
they intersect the bearing bars, they are welded, forged or mechanically locked to them

3) Bar:-An extruded aluminum bearing bar having a cross sectional shape resembling the letter ‘I’
Panel to panel, cutout & support clearances.

Welding Standards
 Toe plates

Banding

Types of grating:

 Welded steel grating

 Pressure locked grating

 Riveted grating

 Aluminum plank gratings

When to Choose Grating

In many applications, metal grating is the best choice for strength and long-term cost savings. Choose metal grating
instead of solid flooring when you need:

 Open area to allow passage of light, air, heat and sound between flooring levels
 Flooring on which liquids and/or debris cannot collect
 Flooring where slip resistance is an issue
 Areas where easy installation and fabrication are important
 Areas where there are complex floor patterns and hard-to-fit areas
  Situations that require a high strength-to-weight ratio

In many applications, metal bar grating is the best choice for strength and long-term cost savings. Metal bar grating has
many benefits in commercial and industrial environments:

 Available in carbon steel, aluminum and stainless steel for a variety of applications
 Provides functional, durable installations
 Can be configured for slip-resistance
 Designed for strength and longevity, metal bar grating outlasts other materials
 Versatile: Can be fabricated to suit any configuration for your specific application
 Extensive open areas allow for the passage of light and air, reducing the need for additional lighting and
ventilation
 Can support loads ranging from light pedestrian traffic to the heaviest vehicular traffic
 Prefabricated and ready for installation, metal bar grating reduces costly field labor
 Virtually maintenance free: High percentage of open areas allows for excellent drainage and free passing of
debris
 Aluminum grating is light-weight, corrosion resistance and has a high strength to weight ratio

The most common uses for metal bar grating is in commercial and industrial flooring, including mezzanines, catwalks,
platforms, ramps, subway and sidewalk grating.

Choose metal grating for your flooring when you need:

 Open floor areas to allow passage of light, air, heat and sound between flooring levels
 Flooring on which liquids and/or debris cannot collect
 Flooring where slip resistance is an issue
 Flooring where walking and standing comfort is a concern
 Flooring where economy in combination with high corrosion resistance is important
 Areas where there are complex floor patterns and hard-to-fit areas
 Flooring that requires a high strength-to-weight ratio
 Situations where flooring must be non-magnetic, non-sparking and corrosion resistant
 Situations where highly concentrated or turning wheel loads require increased lateral stability, such as forklift
and pallet jack traffic areas
 Situations where there is heavy pedestrian traffic and flooring needs to feel solid yet be high strength, light
weight and economical, such as in vestibules
 Environments which require flooring that is light weight, provides a comfortable walking and rolling surface
with substantial load bearing capacity and long life expectancy
 Areas where slip and fall loss prevention programs are important, including stairs and ladders

Industrial and commercial uses for metal bar grating include:

 Power plants
 Refineries
 Water and wastewater treatment plants

Common Uses for Grating

Some common uses for metal grating include

 Flooring
 Catwalks
 Mezzanines/decking
 Stairs
 Sidewalks
  Platforms
 Grates
 Grilles
 Fencing
 Vault bin floors
 Ramps
 Docks
 Trench covers
 Fire escapes
 Window and machinery safe guards
 Wash racks
 Railcar Running boards
 Ventilation screens

Floor plates: A series of flat, generally rectangular plates are used for making a Floor Plate has
a provision for leveling the floor from the top surface if required.

15. Deck Supporting Angle / Pour Stopper

Deck Supporting Angle: The angle attached to the main member perpendicular to the direction of deck for carrying
the load coming over the deck.
Pour Stopper: Angle is used at floor opening or edge on poured concrete floors. These provide both a smooth edge,
and a form for the concrete.

16. Joist / Joist Girder

Joist: Joists are similar to trusses, but much smaller. Joists are often used as intermediate members for floors and roofs
on commercial buildings.
Joist Girder: Joist girders are primary framing members. The design is simple span, supporting equally spaced
concentrated loads from open web steel joists. These concentrated loads are considered to act at the panel points of the
joist girder. Joist girders are designed to allow for the efficient use of steel in longer spans for primary framing members.
The joist girders are 20" to 96" deep and spans up to 100 feet. The depth designation is determined by the nominal depth
at the center of the span, except for offset double pitched girders, where the depth is determined at the ridge. The
standard configuration of a joist girder is parallel chord with under slung ends and bottom chord extensions. (Joist
girders can be furnished in other configurations, see below.) The standard depth of bearing for joist girders is 71/2 inches
at the end of the bearing seat. The standard method of connecting girders to columns is two 3/4" diameter A325 bolts. A
loose connection of the lower chord to the column or other support is required during erection in order to stabilize the
lower chord laterally and to help brace the joist girder against overturning

17.Ladder / Cage Ladder

Ladder: steps consisting of two parallel members connected by rungs; for climbing up or down.Rigid ladders are
usually portable, but some types are permanently fixed to buildings.
Cage Ladder:
APPLICATIONS/SCOPE
A. Fixed and Cage Ladder Design:
1. Safety cages are required on ladders over 24 feet (7315 mm)
2. Safety cages are required on all ladders in high or hazardous areas.
3. Landing platforms are required at 50 feet (15,240 mm) above the bottom of the ladder.
4. Rail and harness fall arrest system as alternate to safety cage and landing platforms shall be a
permissible manufacturer’s option.
a. Fixed Ladder Bottom Bracket:
b. Bottom floor supported bracket.
c. Bottom wall supported bracket.
 d. Bracket as drawn

FABRICATION

A. Rungs: Not less than 1-1/4 inches (32 mm) in section and 18–3/8 inches (467mm) long, formed from tubular
aluminum extrusions. Squared and deeply serrated on all sides.
1. Rungs shall withstand a 1,500 pound (454 kg) load without deformation or failure.
B. Channel Side Rails: Not less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) wall thickness by 3 inches (76 mm) wide.
C. Heavy Duty Tubular Side Rails: Assembled from two interlocking aluminum extrusions no less than 1/8 inch (3
mm) wall thickness by 3 inches (76 mm) wide. Construction shall be self-locking stainless steel fasteners, full
penetration TIG welds and clean, smooth and burr-free surfaces.
D. Walk-Through Rail and Roof Rail Extension: Not less than 3 feet 6 inches (1067 mm) above the landing and
shall be fitted with deeply serrated, square, tubular grab rails.
E. Landing Platform: 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) or greater diameter, tubular aluminum guardrails and decks of serrated
aluminum treads.
F. Security Doors: Formed 1/8 inch (3 mm) thick aluminum sheet. Security panels shall extend on both sides,
perpendicular to the door face, to within 2 inches (51 mm) of the wall. Security door shall be furnished with
continuous aluminum piano hinge and heavy duty forged steel locking hasps.
G. Ladder Safety Post: Retractable hand hold and tie off.
H. Rail and Harness Fall Arrest System: Supplied where specified as alternate to safety cage and landing
platforms, in accordance with OSHA regulation 1910.27; permanently mounted to ladder rungs and complete
with necessary components.
I. Safety Cages:
1. Fabricate ladder safety cages to comply with authority having jurisdiction. Assemble by welding.
Spacing of primary hoops, secondary hoops and vertical bars shall not exceed that required by code.
2. Safety cage hoops and vertical bars: 3/16 inch (5 mm) by 2 inches (51 mm) aluminum bar.
J. OSHA requires safety cages in access ladders at 24’.
K. OSHA requires landing platforms at 50’ intervals.
17. Roof Hatch/ RTU Frames
 Roof Hatch: Roof Hatches available in Galvanized Steel and Aluminum.
Roof hatches are designed to provide access to the roof from the
interior of the building. Our hatches include weather resistant
gaskets, and welded and mitered corners. Hardware includes shock-
absorbing cylinders and an exterior 'T' handle with inside locking
device.
OSHA standards for Roof Hatch
1.
Serves as substantial protection of the open hatch. Serves as an extension of a ladder to a "platform", and
provides something substantial to hold while exiting or entering a hatch
2. Exceeds minimum strength requirements for railings.
3. Is galvanized for weather resistance.
4. Is unobstructed from top to bottom.
5. Contains no sharp edges or snag points

RTU Frames: (Roof Top Unit Frames)

Is made from standard structural shapes and/or plates and attached to the structural steel frame or steel (open-
web) joists

18. Post / Stub Column / Hanger

Post: A comparatively short vertical or near vertical, compression member which is rest on a beam or Girder. Or it
is provide the support to the beam at the top of post.
Stub Column: A short vertical structural member that bolts between two other members such as a rafter and
ceiling beam.
Hanger:

19. Davit / Gate / Crane Rails

Davit:
A device that projects beyond the side of the boat to raise objects from the water. Typically a single davit is used on
the bow of a vessel to raise an anchor, and a pair are used on the side or stern of the vessel to raise a dinghy.
Gate:
Crane Rails:
A Track supporting and guiding the wheels of a top-running bridge crane or trolley system.