Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Vol 26

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ea ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY Cea aaa. SUPPLEMENT SS FOURTH EDITION Waa XYLYLENE POLYMERS CONTENT INDEX (vol 26, Supplement) (with hyperlinks) Edited by hiipsfuswu waeberwerkdnaod sul AEROGELS AQUACULTURE BIOREMEDIATION BIOSEPARATIONS CHIRAL SEPARATIONS FURAN DERIVATIVES HIGH PURITY GASES HORMONES, ADRENAL-CORTICAL LITHOGRAPHIC RESISTS MICROBIAL AND VIRAL FILTRATION MICROEMULSIONS MOLECULAR MODELING MOLECULAR RECOGNITION NANOTECHNOLOGY NITRILES RECYCLING, PLASTICS ‘SEMICONDUCTORS, ORGANIC ‘SMART MATERIALS SOLVENT RECOVERY, CONDENSATION SONOCHEMISTRY SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS THERMOGRAPHY UREA WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS WEIGHING AND PROPORTIONING WELDING WHEAT AND OTHER CEREAL GRAINS WINE WOOD-BASED COMPOSITES AND LAMINATES. XANTHENE DYES XYLENES AND ETHYLBENZENE XYLYLENE POLYMERS 217 229 236 249 254 255 268 290 297 312 324 341 351 363 377 398 410 427 AEROGELS Supplement AEROGELS eg sl tisha so pros that sey contin ny we fpr in 24, Kiker ed eige hacen a pel ding ‘ernoethe see asl neon tt corps se ich tated oper i Nite" npr ‘ccrand consequent oth elm be boil abot yea eet mac" he decd eh thee een “einn noes bth iw af pcan cme nde ses he Tie ees he ey sed {epee pcos hy fn oman can eign ng ed i e "Amor dl spc of ase at eco ewig pei ace wh aig poss ano Eason an eo pong coming of toy erostig pss The pes as stand soles cone ttt spe athe ph ote Forowe BP of he png ne eax ep cots prices ht of he oe 1 ake aie ttn piso erg Sch med har pdt of sae 0k a nd acne a of on 1 The sy oppose se ens nd pea empty ey the dry sted mn ned ht exogis suie y ep Woven nila Th hi lps oh tw nd tlt of pratt on mrt ten ko samt bce wa gt se ethene et th pat ey Tee pa hve pee Seite enn of gi none a ong be mon fh np sven ssi i speci dg ed by Kehoe n tae mn ote ed tat donut cle ‘poet day lw pratt meh cnt th epochs ne Sng chet on eae pores ll nme pie an igs por) Ths ans in ovina he tsa perpny-ppiain aan fag Sena geno ow what oe sine popes a and how eyo ded eg bed on an neta the rp sd ps of pe mice Sol-Gel Chemistry Inorganic Material. 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et fw rom eit edn ange soe con pnt et of he mye dg ply ht let [iooncompetinetecosopee snd mn spt BIBLIOGRAPEY SS bite Nat 2,74 1951) 2 Cf Bike ad GW Sc So Se Te Pll hoy of Sel Pg, een a, New Yor, 190, 5. Siege Hea nd Se, Sa Ste Chon 16, 25998 4 RC Meh [Nin ct SHS, 109) 5. HD Genera" Goma Che Ro 9,765 (198. RR Bey Thelen ion Why 8 So Nee York 17% Chap 3, SINS age nd Nm fet CoS 2998 (8) tach 1 Wi, Wet le Gea 8 Dn hPa aE, 4, Renan El Rowing and) Wop, Hand f Hag Catts VCH, Geman, HHP Va See 24 Mo RE Yold Ada see 18.7). Th ftge and Smee, Ne Crt a8 5,1 (992, TUS Pa grate ee, 10) US Pat 97,908 8,190, RW Pb TSR. Pesan CT Abc RS Sop Pe 20,5 (1982). Me RW Plant Anco, Ma Su yn Pn 18,9180, Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) ’ AEROGELS Supplement eee eeueseneuN neatepesgenee gepeese RW. Peaa.CT dX La. Cn al Hk, Nit Sb 4, 36195, ML Novak Aa 8,229) {Sucker and Rib ow Cor 1107 0999 2405) Vee Cho at 7, 3010 (1999, Abaya She, Choc Re 9, 151155, 1, Aoi Bra, OL and Omen Choe Mer 6 105,079) WC ¥. Span 3 J Ha aS Sp De 9,57 (9). AJ Aponand Pts aslo i 15°08 SK Sean Jey FG. Ape nd Eg Cr 26,5819 Sete CHEMTCH 24,7200. So Tebdce GA Nila MA Vc an. Gate, Ale Cai tf 5,285 078) US. Pat 068 Sp 9,198), PH Towa ad Hone US. Pat 49,98 (28,198. Chg Pets EN Wh Nang Eng: Tp: Spon) Fb, od HC Hal Ap Ct 24,7798. RU J Nap S48, DLA Sih Depa an) Bane Mt Reap Pr 25531925 {CpG TM Ch an] ek at Rex Sp: Pr 32198 boc Cid, Coun Palatina FB Nae So 1,8 Cf Brodsyse E Kaf Mate Cow 4681 9 LEM Dutt a Stiga 4 Ba, Prat 16198) N.S ed A Bae Ca Ro Eg 31, 529 (73) GW Siem. gunna Di Ee the Neda, 953 p. 92-11, GW Stef Nie a W533 199. 1G. Shwe} Sno 3.137198) 4 WoW She and & Sone, SG: T3098) LW Mls and P Pn Nie Sd 18, 41995, Pac, PR ona HW Poa LW Hab, Rt Sap rn 8,29 (06) ‘Despas D-M S and) Bak, at Ra Su Sp Pr 28 541993, {CBee Sep NK ea, Pash ap. Beat, at RS Sp Pr 8,529,095). 1M Sm R Destpnde and Bk Mt RS Sp Pe 21 567992, 'D.M. Sh estar Bk, Cue Tn 311 (93). Sach fT, | Hoan SA Ra, Nao S499. SS Paka CJ ke a 4} df Nine Sd 0 24099, 1M Soh WC emo, Roth A. Zermatt Ra Sn Sap. Pe 421180, 1, Rho Chi M Repaid. 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Serb det me tar fom 2a ed Edom wih suey hmoyed w 35-Sncatcho, lowed ying clewage ond comple meat 4) Gt geri bested ocr et te pia comming is oped at hw i we gy Teli seh ary in be (DDT (eco 22 b(n) emai mld wich apie thi yo anette scum tte tp of th ood chain Neve he actin hata Dehra ut anal weh dec sd Sts wih ig oman (0) DDT ot ls eed raga vey hb aad ton ems sed Ing rts Wath an dade DDT america he inn oC, The peli beng ut wtnet Son ghost ka sine aac Snel he sont of an ene ae he ieee esti as ely en een calppy 2) Mowe ‘sna coqprns eet ab eat boty diel decode smb co, Come esti of he ‘nme int a gay eps an aro pease an whic ane A jor oe othe nae pent ia ‘rete mn eran expen of he gti yen (yh che compounds do tind eee ht wed {Moray The loons teeth pce ny sn “fh ‘dren ike aa sum ete dag ae compra Th slat elt cet engacoag npn degadeplhic ‘pw ain td wus oe te ey pdt cargnoc er eae by hear of hema oath ene eg (9) ors ‘Sind by bong we reed hgh ote we dette ch ce out pad ol prove omg ogra, ‘Sains (Jon wih the aed slventh os th pas abe nib dead patna npn) The ints ofc st degen at ters; howee dn ee onto al ep sot she Campo Soper Lit Montana eal ste wnt nerd es ed ed Uke Seno hi of een p tepr abn ape on 13 om ser onthe oder ofa) Thien om he ao opt te bt ay ram nosing "Rl ogni 4 prop nme on me ot a ies Conon db ogo af eh nm ‘Ist ihre th pre On hr lech ein to tna dpe po ‘Mow ign opin a pes adc in es of Seynaion yalld (, “Xmjorconcem wi negate se a enon wen ain combination wah et and ee campus shone cope senses ote bls soe Fatal ed ont (So with ca The pay het, eben sess n slotted wth ach igh oth comprand CW pp saci Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) 3 [BIOREMEDIATION Supplement est gn 0) Te cay io sin tn Suet ai eign cin the ‘ny mac (30) 24D ately degraded coping wil shot al bg comple ined, a eral Beco, ‘toned in nner om nth so ol og: tes 1) he cms ee flag st antes reso ee apc ots onl eet ‘otra dca rk yin nla ars hr contain ithe degen ofc ‘Neverland ttn Spee bth phoned ins and pet da The aint the eo Scape gr: plese peg gsi, pay income ns ne perc nh sen on “tome began ee ond he “Gumtree needa of petcnpbnt sing cit he iy Spend ite eed sone. A howe {cps psen 530ml seats ane way avn eng Noses gn ponte wee et ee ‘orn ppl wy sng hep nd pacseped concen demand fone pmo Spm wt 9 Comets nee cine sees in nm aro en tad ee he ingen pene ond ‘ne ie ey sty ered whan an pot ee dt eon 5) Textron ally dgiel an waco bod is pom. nf re fontaine er ght the ie pu of pada open. ‘pone cum seme sts degra een yh tg On tent nee dont gh ‘odgnaton af pene open be epi yh chang ge” ofthe ni ss inraatio proe 139), Thesnscdcodntn of hetnnt meet cngres 2 pat be aed ying al deen congress 225th (0) bee hs ae pp or awn ob Ha ed nes Se ‘shed dg ining casein Hao Rey ingen tet en sdogynpseb ona pened asin os plore pen! ering erin (tapes 85) hd wo i Ewe {irdeto soni eed ons, bt ones ho eran eset eed Se eg ne pnp en ‘Nomchlorinaed Pesticides and esbicdes, Conatnaenan acme oun aed aici, pose, Sng, se ae sown Fg 0 be ria nym be oman eto ot nts enn sbcotnnone sy pi aes " . & ste Py Hamp heess pestisiesnetohoentton, Tha temo of phe, gad ce ine a ot dard though hae adage fun compas the nls med gach conn for shh te See bec a eo 1 a hts oon ba tno edly Syne asl tha de cb late th nee bee open. Onesies se Leet dn roy phy ma ev te Vy en ein ‘Compounds wah oxgatophosphate mois, sch 4s Duca, Meth Pathog, Cmaps and lysate a pill the om (038) Inve Fant ote se chaos aon rin pote manos psec rash one non al asses ae ea sb by teenth en ew preston eto ead sich tase gh sone Pras seo se he chopesoabtmet onthe) flowed compte reson a te nn sg Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) a [BIOREMEDIATION Supplement iowa compos th Dic dod nt aed macs ondos{), Te it gop ny be cde fe de make wt ced oan in pases stesso cons Aen egy tea ene ‘tod Tho, wee mde este gute oud i the ment, hey become rina ne ope cono (9) Ran a i ated Ch mer she say eek metal nthe par eee tn The eu le obo de et tly mira 20, (8 ‘Cin tc Aloha dg dese ecb sd eae condos dred he cain fhe icy toe ‘lie ad lon ptf he eran of apd to nt pote om Sse ob mtn cas up aan he homes steno pcese ny tne sweat ft nse, mie seme heady se cena td chen ine cps (6). 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Ta pbb oc by ion ete to compo ‘korean i ity ett orga ei rong i eon hh TT eso coin copy compen 7) Svea oe ety ae RD (ad Tan) at sole soe of ge op he ‘Soy bs lad its pgs Tite woos bon ped on bee of nti bt my becom pant age reo oe ike (ye os, Bioremediation Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) 3 [BIOREMEDIATION Supplement Acme hogy (9) te SABRE pens a contain wea lin aos paces yang dy pada so4an icin of merc bem et epi he conan ah wt ementtna wots on 0 ht he set tijecomanintis ae emp aiepbentn St Compt cota by igh espns bio tt he ls Amy Dat es Hemme (Som ‘nuttin wat pan ring eaten opt ow 20 edhe tinted cont lth nde neon of ‘Meron tn cei 50 inde Nate Pty it ci be ten sy ‘Other Onganic Compounds. The njuy of og copes cone er beds ae foc cing oy ser ts aeons Fo eel Rel 7 rps ccna Comins SO ae ‘nets aoa pion wie is of ch computnds cotaabut onde Fo crn homme sem ee tment forages contaminated wah pains (2 an peal), Tnorganic Contaminants Nitmgem Compounds, Cantey tig conan on is Ni od mpc andere o [snaps om a stn tna na tpn sge Oe: angen satan dees we we [tthe nse ee Wir, sens stern, Waren ents mca sae) On te thera, moa sd eee ene ae Foca cel ath ooops use oan uo and ot ‘Bioremediation Sie Wot One expecting hls andl eac sige fice ater cio te Vee Lago in ny. ont eon fom wet pws rg sy bern rh se agen tn ni tt rhe hy: Thic eae etn cmos a slows msn fs pan) aes wa we ull aay ih owing stn ade copia oa Op) aay en acne been op ‘Su snd di tlie opt te tT pa dt ee oid nt ee dcp et hen int daca nec porse neo, Bacneaon by dao snr nat mre sue eee end {Delile of ease). ‘bevel hw ent ei inane aprotstelswaygssin tot ems pain ean af oxygen ia cei keto So stench cna ate br ied sea ase gen mp ee dw ew coronal ig ter See heli ws 4 cs ino he gee ated wig den the wee ws gh OO. ‘Metals nd Metallide. 4 wstermgr fc nd at coe poo ot tami tinted gt shropshire Ty pst es pts emt enn ey ‘Sima del ett opens vay en ete depen | ‘Saeco ol tse us om Than uy ate ey a inning te eee rd earn segs pony onl pcre Baloo ‘Sele ma ene te pcr Remy he cota an wat lac ide horace dc wees sc bay ‘throm ener ee Tp tat en mittee ated beng wed reer ona et mpl tens oink ata poms lon forks eo sts stelitng i peng ise ley en aie secu Ancient ten vests, hee ls el nxt cota sad aed “immobiation nd Toni Minimization, Adaya Bw fen el pdt re Syd ar a abt andthe contain ete (8 bt hn i ‘eth pe i ie Melia Preats Mon cents Spay age flies nd ise fics pong i cnc fo Force cnn gh Snub m even miso oma omen ken to be oxic at higher leds Ine change of wile eo sta {iter setenv tp CD ay mons wd ont Cx ot ie go en eae Sn gi to neh om tere beth nea cos Ty hee poh coi ‘kced Stee Cetin ar nibs ce a ale condo ed poe ese al sae ‘Sel es icon oti leasoa itieat bwaby inti ed sat ith ih lene lnm eget toa sete Many rogers a ng a seo ce won pec pecly ‘ite then cnet or, proving ape eedton son eet An en poco weing eme romintnn somes man fev dene Ang the ebay o r ps ra eo w Une wa eo the sn igs a eons ‘Romi ante deat wh lle hd nt diet oe te, Aer unweit ola tucson (140) date MD) swe ern tent, on wma, Newent wa {espe ng set ts het eo eth pre o mam aed fm Inthe ts aw the ‘Mie netnay cattle nen he bs ed alrite edn nea ‘Nether pec mechan of mb mbit alo pst by te scomedon of wa mae ian fing wa phosphate ys Cinbpeses 8) Staging mn of wank canbe ppnow thn of the bes “Speight Reon ws tt ee he donot wy fon leprae npn be pred ‘atte a pnts) The ppm ie by peti pon ah ney an xen pone Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) 6 [BIOREMEDIATION Supplement Ahagh hepa oes he dion photos sah gen 2 psp ina eave fr ceing Wate contain ‘eh ahi A aemate mde tw prepininn een yale rednng hore os Dini dns whch UND) ‘hhc UU) When combined wth tn xin conse so ar may prem ein tnt fr vg wn omimeirton Mw yy sd sy ning te ey th ann om ih ade 8, ‘Tine edie te conomennd pact af cops ch mein howe ch bp wnldbae to ies ac ‘rym Rhine et of lt esc ture ening retin we (Teas mv sb {yen ander brn pt os dng genoa tho lor (si acy Ranting ee ‘Scheer ph Edessa merida pens Ants cme, Pera se pen ‘Stein atmos nwa Uden hittin ene ic gb ie ee hase pees lar urbed Adbnpomaf t otaninut then se mt ca fd pel ape inl pats, ply to ppc ie acca pues plppse for sn Smelt ty te the tal nt hie el ae tant te mel 2 {helt sho. Thee besos n pyran of mene eee Ge be) Thi penne iy ony beeen ‘reson bonehead tt et ee oe ntl oo en he Seabee compere Frenne lis pce phones nto ld ate (Bos) ws eae op 3 {sot wet) Ths penne ms tome me si opt ote fr ety ded whe do rs heft sh cen pt pcs leo ene on ds wih igh of tht he ge oct laid thie ar ec art ome te pe sty aed he pea nde eed iol Thee lat awn pects acpi by Apne eae, Ha xm ‘Shichi sew comedies wie ge et sng hn opel ssn sel hse fl a ‘on see er tee (8 Unltd fors nea nit, ot ypernmsn esshw owing pt. Ree Ine hr, tome ily eowing ts tickle iy might nt qa alte the ypu ht a igh {edistevsn me dla ngage 8H onda oa be daa ate Ese aw ‘emporio are no Sey mcg he to te wat mo Bo ble ‘Ss een eal ly eu vacua ft conta y cong ot hr nr ie a etch ‘cana oo ster pl ter pcr Phys wl epee ch aes hat cee etch rc lr 8) Ore dome stoned map preps (6a bth neon to be coed taal ‘heen tnsponed these sp om the oe he sor son epg expe Canam sess Be none oe st ‘fuss (an Bj whe thong toe spore a sete cops mam spces 1) Opting hie roel Teil tp tuna ue cg thn tl aca late al: Massing hess inert atone ny nt spn he ace o eth th sino olan hee ‘incon ch evn Dene (bt esa a is nit a ey ae desing wi counted wit ihe i dein a Catrina ob sated we ae ecine ssi lt hee) Psion repens he tein nested a de ne on se ply Bj nie oon of ddd, hough ces ha i in Seve mchol be wo i mueller een nc poor ght hve no dees ice eee A ‘apron eva wd foray coms Rel daa ellen se yo he ay pec gh ea op fo eng ected sky btw fof en pane Pym la vm ces ty bingo sei contin ste mina nfl nite inp: a “onan sin last sone cane ating etal toler pci eh etc at coumny, tin thesis, ach ie ie pltand ing ene capes Whew pecan {yap mets bore unelected an wna phen pyrosnbdion porn cane wd Tem bps tants in i, ho x1) 9 Ceo ety growing pas thay ig ace ssn ii teil pee ‘hionemedation Fa Grama can be tela mei bineto at ons te pth aie ing bay we ema ‘eb lied concotated te adge Frenne dh eet nto donate ese se th Neds 5) Bate end en suns nC dng ign 6 bt pee commer dtr! rang chine io peal hn iter met ot ome codon ane nn 08) Pts when a beige at et Dig ed abe te Thon nt et ged mina ak vel a gt cn cnn tf Pap he gg suceeded nn «Depunt of Earay ste ot asa Oh, re ta onetetns of39 pb weecothan Spp, lbw grate tnd, by Sones tt) Seal a eo mage ‘istiaton wl be stendaton pin fo evig nas, sah "Cand om cosuned e poate ethe Cet mines a bom econ ih» the mtr = peta ion ps rf Mp au rca ses ‘viet pct act yor the Become cet he ome pc ned be inary the const a ‘iil wean ht corbin gece al edo tne Te pr hig niga or ngewe st a wich al sini eto ay med yng bina neo oa ‘rong mie we dwt hone desig eth EL Abe oe tne en ies lt pea ‘Sago ir be ep aon tpt at pipet ans, tc wold pret fe ncn fay Once te ps ct ‘hei 180 ” Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) eo [BIOREMEDIATION Supplement esr pectin te as ies ei emcee om bom ep th ented ean we qin ach ctor ote, pe rt ite cg bbs se Teer ae [Hee wish psy in cal te nga hf red edd be aps ovetononwbon peal we Pere wn at oi py gtd no ip 00) Pony a sti pl aca {uy nus (105 Me eagerness dd pte tec Sat "Te Gen more ia hw of inp pts oot a comand by he ps ben ste 03) Tenor note ope eae ot Seem aT highs se hos uch jo ones oe hom and conned (8), fa dt oe se Teac rdio f CV Call) Sol above ng ed eacethe a of chon ise and wee 1. Conetosions -subent, pestis, herbie, may canals and mine waters Moh 0 dca oft hoe > ‘otter peed tet has en acs eat fo eng hogan enc iron, Comper png {tes suerte uenmeat forage of otaninat wdconsinced weds arcs aig ge of wane cog ese ‘Ga ha hoi cide dgremet becnen mens degen pte bmn a of ieagnetson the abn a ocd mien asc eset besa se ropa human he il a tn dette nes dp he et he ses (105°), eign he mint sng ae {sone by he US. EPA then esting pot ncaa sang dina Mask flowing te Fo aed el (10 Eight rate wm eed ae abnor allowed santas fe the ngs opis cf Pane Wan Sead AE ‘ebony fl slog es st tte ag andthe ht ‘Ofcom, tenn epee mt etic weet at aon esl ce he ep hy et a thx or ih opi anes dena dec nate heriao npains For el men kc ig aor “Sis or meninges Agana nto ng mie cons sy prong gdp by boing ect no dg ogndae nos Thm, here many el ‘plan lmao besemonsel ube psec ed “Another wr thor comune =the lef wt Many te, pnd eat ede dna prac suite pow Some wl tnt te men, rcpt hom hic ae ad hen eo gu ep ns 2 ‘how thst ining the podcinn f hecmpnd in he io hes degen The th ber any igen 38 “neta, eon The tho uno at wo ‘noite ten ocomier ss sete un mle othe nes oe Tale Stable Treatment for ate Contaminated ith Organic, Nitrogen, o Orgaic Catan ae stent indy he conan icmp aie cpm thei cheiclpcs iodee he nti a rent he ra n,n of he nt ay Segre compra ay asec the si anneal ttn hx an i nd «us sotentu hacen ‘iio ogc de ‘Sethe dear sandals evn? se proces ka a dep abtae dows eed gil? img ‘Macaig goed a? Ca be de fl? Ce geno compoud bendy ae? ‘sete dean sas eva At oe pcs hae a dep abs dd i? ‘gu ‘Cosh oat eae eas ying xe {Siena rhino i wr al mi orca a i ‘St dea sands nah age pres ce ose contains own ns pin? tems he uo Tie ed he se of tne te spor the cf he ‘oreo sty cng ep aes uj donde beet tx payer meet cot {ences hn then ens How en plo mi epee in conse Sg ts eat ce wl ined eed Reve Cl MF os eve ade hs sand egret lst fe prng” onan) + ome ra oh te hry tt uring i pal of edge mono ca thon tea “hog toy eto desonsne he ped fens ons ne a ihren. bes wen ot ingle 1 hee, pcs nl eens Docent tes cnt oe it bce of teers de of he ‘Stn inh ge men sgl eden sea be s ode antl sc des sr ncato en bee in aa nt Kirk-Othmer Eneyelopelia of Chemical Technology (th Eton) 3 [BIOREMEDIATION Supplement afin te dein of he edge spon Forctamlehopoe 13. scnuned erncde sin sien stags fideo (pt Rs eatin) 8

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