Stockholm Conference on Human Environment 1972

Commission (PBB) – Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland

Brundtland Report 1987

Report on environment and development

“Our Common Future”

Continued development
Economic growth &
Environmental conservation
 Continued Development Concept

Development that meets current needs without

compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs
(Sustainable development )

Concept in the development of a country

Unsustainable and sustainable approaches
to resource use

Recognise Need for

Sustainable Management

Discovery Evaluate
Resources/
Uses
Death of
System
Monitor Develop/Refine
Decline Exploitation and Management
Review System

Implement
Over harvest
System
Unsustainable Development Sustainable Development
Pattern Pattern
Sustainable Management
Approach
2. Identify issues, Collect baseline info, Coastal status

• Urban development, sediments/ land-based

pollution
• Oil pollution/ ballast water
• Invasion of introduced species
• Fisheries exploitation
• Mangrove loss
• Coral reefs damaged
• Tourism activity impacts
Urban development
Land-based (urbanization,
forest felling)
Urban development
Land-based (agriculture)
eroded material enter rivers & offshore
as sediment plumes
Runoff brings nutrient, agricultural waste,
sewage, industrial pollutants
Ship-based
Straits of Malacca - Busiest shipping lane in world
Oil tanker, 3x > Suez, 5x > Panama
 350
900
300
Average Daily Traffic

850
(Vessels/Day)

250
800

200
750
//
150

100

50

0 //
82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 2018
90 2019
91 2020
92 2021
93

Year
Average daily shipping traffic through the Straits of Malacca
Pollution by oil & chemical spill and ballast
water discharge
Introduction of foreign species
• A single fish family, Cichlidae; which
include Tilapia mossambica & Etroplus
suratensis, although freshwater in origin in
native Africa survive & adapted well in
brackish env, affecting local ecosystem

Tilapia mossambica Etroplus suratensis

 Fisheries activites

• Overexploitation
• Intrusion of foreign vessel
• Use of destructive fishing gear
• Uncontrolled fishing activity
Biodiversity loss in mangroves

• Human settlement / encroachment 42%

• Commercial logging 34%
• Wood cutting & drainage schemes 30%
• Hunting activities 27%
Habitat loss

• Development projects
• Agricultural expansion
• Unsustainable forestation methods
• Conversion to aquaculture ponds
• Domestic & industrial pollution
 Damage to coral reefs

Human Impacts
• Sedimentation and reclamation
• Industrial, agriculture & domestic wastes
• Coral mining for construction
• Poisons & chemical to catch ornamental fish
 Damage to coral reefs

Natural disturbance
• Crown of thorns starfish Acanthaster plancii
• Storms
• Salinity change
 Damage to coral reefs
• Dynamite Fishing
 Damage to coral reefs

• Exposure to high temperature

• Climate change and associated
global warming
• Coral
bleaching
Tourism industry
• Tourism & recreational activities, eg
boating, SCUBA, snorkelling, collection of
corals for souviners & aquarium
 14
12
Tourist Arrivals (million)
12
11

10
10

98

0 // //
85 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2017
00 2018
01 2019
02

Year

The number of tourist arrivals in Malaysia

3. Formulate management goals and objectives

➢ Stress on importance of sustainable use

➢ Impact of exploitation on resources values

of habitats, biological diversity &
endangered species

➢ Awareness on functions of ecological

systems & impact of demand on resources
4. Development of strategic planning
Q’s ?

WHICH

WHAT

WHO

HOW
Which resources are seriously degraded?;
What are the economic consequences?;
What actions are needed to correct this situation?
What are the causes of the degradation?;
What type of developments and activities need to be
controlled?;
What are the economic effects of the controls?;
What actions are recommended?
Who are the principal users of resources?;
How many jobs are at stake?;
How much income and foreign exchange earnings are
involved?;
What further losses are expected?
What critical habitats and species need protection?;
What is the best approach, regulation or protected areas?

What are the existing government programmes for coastal

resources conservation at national and local levels?;
How effective are they?;
What are the shortfalls?;
What changes in governance are recommended?
5. Implement planned actions through projects

1992 CONFERENCE ON
ENVIRONMENT & DEVELOPMENT
Earth Summit

Adopted by 178 nations

 Rio Earth Summit held in 1992

Agenda 21 - implementation of
sustainable development
through partnership
between countries
(40 chapters)

Chapter 17 - lays down the obligation to conserve &

sustainably use the marine environment
& its resources
1. Preamble
2. International Cooperation
3. Combating Poverty
4. Changing Consumption Patterns
5. Demographics & Sustainably
6. Protecting Human Health
7. Human Settlements
8. Integrating environment
& development decisions
9. Protecting the atmosphere
10. Planning & management of land
11. Combating deforestation
12. Desertification & drought
13. Sustainable mountain development
14. Sustainable agriculture
15. Conservation biodiversity
16. Management of biotechnology
17. Protection of oceans
18. Management of the use of water
19. Management of toxic Chemicals
20. Management of hazardous wastes
21. Management of solid waste
22. Management radioactive waste
23. Strengthening major groups
24. Global action for women
25. Children & youth in sust. dev
26. Indigenous people
27. NGO partners
28. Local authorities in support
of Agenda 21
29. Strengthening trade unions
30. The role of business industry
31. Scientific technology
32. The role of farmers
33. Financial resource mechanisms
34. Transfer technology
35. Science for sustainable development
36. Promoting education & training
37. International cooperation
38. International Institutions
39. International mechanisms
40. Information for decision-making
 Sustainable
Integrated Fisheries &
Coastal Zone Aquaculture
Management Technologies

Action plan : Strengthen

Improve Legal &
Research & steps needed to
Regulatory
Database achieve project goals Framework
Collection and objectives

Monitoring &
Restoration Increase
Area Awareness
 Integrated
Coastal Zone
Management

Action plan :
steps needed to
achieve project goals
and objectives
Integrated coastal zone
management (ICZM)
Effective conservation depends on ICZM
Involvement of all sectors + stakeholders

Federal and state government should

coordinate development plans to minimize
negative impacts
Integrated coastal zone
management (ICZM)
Integrated cooperation between all
parties

Access for individuals, NGO and public

to relevant information and
opportunities
 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
Dynamic and Iterative Process
Initiated, Designed and Implemented by
the Government to:
• Resolve conflicts among different uses of
coastal resources,
• Promote Sustainable Development and
Uses of the Coastal Zone Resources.
Balance the Benefits from:
• Economic development and human uses of CZ
with
• Protecting, preserving and restoring CZ
 ICZM Means
• Integration of Objectives and Strategies

• Integration of various Sectors and Administration

Policies

• Integration of Terrestrial and Marine components

 Economic Sectors Involved
• Fisheries, Aquaculture and Agriculture
• Mineral & Oil Extraction, Petrochemicals &
Refineries, Power Generation & Industry
• Shipping, Ports, Tourism

Constrains and Obstacles

• Conflicts among stakeholders
• Lack of legislations/uncertainty on jurisdiction
• Financial constrains
• Political influences
 Benefits of
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
 Benefits of
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
ICZM PROGRAMME
 Integrated
Coastal Zone
Management

Action plan :
Improve
Research & steps needed to
Database achieve project goals
Collection and objectives
Improvement of research &
database collection
• Lack of integrated research result in repetition
• Scientific information for management needed
• Research on diversity of marine resources
• Research on species with economic and
ecological values
Improvement of research &
database collection
•International & regional research collaboration
encouraged
 Integrated
Coastal Zone
Management

Action plan :
Improve
Research & steps needed to
Database achieve project goals
Collection and objectives

Monitoring &
Restoration
Area
Monitoring & restoration area
• Importance of marine protected areas as a
storage of Bio-D, breeding area, sanctuary for
migratory birds, a place for education & research
• Should be known and understood by all
Monitoring & restoration area
• Establish more marine protected areas
• Assessment conducted to improve
management approach
 Sustainable
Integrated Fisheries &
Coastal Zone Aquaculture
Management Technologies

Action plan :
Improve
Research & steps needed to
Database achieve project goals
Collection and objectives

Monitoring &
Restoration
Sustainable fisheries &
aquaculture technologies
• Safe fishing techniques
• Prohibition of usage of destructive equipment,
bombs & chemicals
• Modernize fishing technology to increase total catch
• Minimize catch of trash fish
• Achieve sustainable exploitation
Sustainable fisheries &
aquaculture technologies
• Sustainable approach to aquaculture
• Course and training on aquaculture program
• Evaluate long term market demand and profit
 Sustainable
Integrated Fisheries &
Coastal Zone Aquaculture
Management Technologies

Improve Action plan : Strengthen

steps needed to Legal &
Research & Regulatory
Database achieve project goals Framework
Collection and objectives

Monitoring &
Restoration
Strengthen legal & regulatory
framework
• Strong legislation and enforcement in order
to protect effectively
• Participation of locals in monitoring
• Financial & technical support from govt.
 Sustainable
Integrated Fisheries &
Coastal Zone Aquaculture
Management Technologies

Action plan : Strengthen

Improve Legal &
Research & steps needed to
Regulatory
Database achieve project goals Framework
Collection and objectives

Monitoring & Increase

Restoration Awareness
Increase awareness on
importance of ecosystem
• Knowledge about resource & their threats
• Increase effort to educate society on
importance of ecosystem through proper
conservation
• Media & schools to play role