VIRTUAL POINCARÉ POLYNOMIAL

fer realalgebraic variety c 2 u

BM
generalization
of x
additive YEX BH se Xxi
multiplicative BH
BLAH
if u 1 sikh p x

invariant under isomorphismes

FACTORIZATION THEOREM
I WEAK

the blowing
An example of binationalmorphism up
o Blok X morphism f regular
E
I down
o national called blaming
One can compose blowings up the in resolution of singularities
q r o
Xm Xa X
Then
go on is still a briationalmorphian

One can blowing and their inverse

compose up
or XY ois k
I l
q
d ison
KF of XS X X o
Is d Is
to X
 X
Then go g o
Ëo q o q o
q ooz Xp

is no longer a but still a binational map

morphism

The WE all like that

says they
are

THEOREM Wlodarczyk 2003

Let X and Y be algebraic varieties au k with chou l 0

Let l Y be a binational map and UE X voie

Zariski dense subsets such that Q V U is an isomorphism
V

Then l can be factored as

X
Xp IIs Xp X
where each oi is a blowing a blowing doux along
up
a non singular center

Remark le strong factorization conjecture is still open

only blowing up
bbuings.com

4 X

Zariski smooth surfaces

stray factorization
History
fa
with blowing up along points
Hironaha dated the strong factorization conjecture Isao

Miyake andOda stated the WFC 1978

II GROTHENDIECK RING OF VARIETIES

The varieties is the free abelian

Definition Gothendieck
group of
group generated by isomorphism classes
of real algebraic varieties

subject to the relation

closed subvenidy
y X it if Sex is a

The Grothendieck is the relation

ning defined adding
X xD XI 43
Notation K Run
Remarks
Similar algebraic varieties
fer
au
definition

any field h Kodak

Similar definition sets KIA
of semi algebraic
Ko plays the role of an universal additive and

multiplicative invariant
and multiplicative the
ife
e is an invariantinaringA additive
induces a morphism
ring
e Ko A
Examples
xD K Vou s 2
or
pb K A En

If h finiteis

Kodak Z
X X le
THEOREM l Quarez 2001
t SA s Z is an isomorphism
µ

Proof It AESA Then A ces cellular decomposition

So A Ca bg additivity

c 4 dh by invariance
443 by multiplicativity
So AI is determined C ID
completely
by
Moreover
C
I o I

HD Ho l Ca

2 f411 I
so
l l Il 1

As a consequence XD
B

difficult to
Remark
In general Kodak is
understand
 Some facts

Kolar is not a domain Poona zoo 2

the class the affine line is a diviser

of zero
Borisov 2015
ÂÎ D 0

VIRTUAL POINCARÉ POLYNOMIAL

The definition shares some
similarities with
y

Definition Set X envoie le nansingulai and caquet

The Poincaré polynomial of X is
b x dim Hill E ni c IN D

i 1h Betti number

Fou instance
b se 2 a b pt
b Sm 2 un sent n tu bfpn

To define B we extend b to
any variety
using additivity
For instance The line R
d
BCR BCP s a b bla
1 tu 1
U

Independant of the compactification

X j sikh
A

BK BK.co s s s'il 2points ses

s S point

b sa b point
U

Independent the resolution

of
inclus
Y union
of two

b 4 2B S1 s point 2 a 1

Note that ses six

whereas
Xl XX
B is not a topological invariant
 THEOREM McCrory Pansinshi 2003
extension
There exists a
unique
B Kolkvar s 2 a

the Poincaré polynomial

of

Remark evaluate I then recaux

If we a we

Indeed additive multiplicative

peu il is

PAIEN KI
if X is compact mensingular

bg definition

Corollary Let c Run Then

degscxt d.in

Remark much better than

mensingular then
Proof if X is compact

Hd X Et 0 where D dim X
 so the result is tune
Fa X general compactify X I
n'a Alexanduffcompactification instance So
fa
sex BEI I
it suffices to deal with X compact

Fa X compact use resolution

of singularities
T Î X
Ul
with
IE Xi
Ul
E D

Then B BK D BCD
s E s

s LII s s D

d'un E c d
compact non singular
dim De d
the result holds induction
by
en
dimension

Remark the proof implies that the leading coefficient of is

the number connected components
equal to of of a désingularisation
of a

compactification
FX
T
 Towards the proof the theorem the profuses
of
the weak factorization theorem
attelgical result n'a Poincaré
duality

Proposition Let c R Var compact mensingulai

and C EX compact mensingula Consider the blowing up

1T
X
Bly
J J
E s C

Then
KI BE bk b c

Proof consider the long exact sequence in relative

homology

Hi I E Hi E Hi I Hi là E

ft d Px IA dit
Ai X c Hi C Hill Hill c

isomorphismes because surjective

by
I Poincaré duality.ae
E E X C E
Idea
 Hdi x Ibs Hic
À T

Hd4F SHIKI
duality

Hence

Hi I E Hi E Hill Hi CI E

2ft d Ma ff17 Htt

Ai X c Hi C Hill Hill c
induces an exact
sequence

Hi Hi Hill Hi 0

by diagram chasing As a
consequence

dim Hill dim Hi dim Hi clim Hi

so that
b b bla b I
D
sketch the the theorem
Now we can prof of
The general idea is
A induction on dimension
define by
if X non singular compactify X I
 in man singular I I n'a resolution
of singularities
a

and set
stx skill
the
of the
on choice
proue independence

using weak
résolution theorem
factorization

général X X RegX u SingX use

the preceding.by additivity

sketch
of Proof
Let X c RVar le mensingular

Compactify X I
A priori I is singular inside In X Resolve the
singularities
X I

so that we can assume _E compact mensingular

Take another nansingulae compactification X Î

we want to prove s s ixl sCxt.s x
 Then
nl binational

l is a composition
of blowing up and bbuings doun.byWA
It suffices to prouethe result in the case
ofone blowingup
X E

It is tune
by
est_
the lemma
D
Some examples computation
of
s cylinder B Rx 5 ulna

t
B one 1 B cylinder BIS
se
flâne ce

umbrella
whitney
W J
i
 î
seu sfr PCRXP s
l
V
Le Pisa parabola
However BCP u compachfy in an ellipse
so
plus u

More generally
fa quadratic polynomials
psq Cao
PROPOS ON
qq.gg Ëf ËIgj c Rtm rxp.gs ya
t t
Then qu up 9 umaecp.cl aminpq
B
and 1
scare n lui 1
f psq
na UP 1
f psq

Proof Assume
pcq Then

celag
Ë lai sixaitz
ui
m
ti
Êipays

have
If as 0 we
2
a lingala isomorphism

Q Ifnfu.to
pp RPM
nsm up va tpidpn IN ning with
où 1µs Ê m ti
 e UPM
so that s D nu a

condition
4 0 no on v
If either 0 on 0
nez a

me
continue
the until a 0 the
process
up
remaining equation being

j'pH
yj.co
with no
condition
on vs op
p UP
s Que n u
up

Finally
ti
t9 up
Hauff Ë Ca.nu
t
UP 9 9 UP

The L is similar
case
of

sprain eau
9 t
i
ÎÊÎ
j pu
i
q
UP 9 a

a 9 ul l t
sp q
Finally f psq 9
pm

sda B eau
9
4ff q
1
 UPM n

z u9 up 1

D
Remark Let a c R a be a quadratic polynomial
y

Then it is clear that the value

of bla 1 completely

determines and
p q
show the value
Similarly one can
of bla 1 completely

p and q
determines

the virtual Poincaré polynomiales a complete invariant

quadratic varieties
fa

II FURTHER RESULTS

X real algebraic variety a cX Ibn Lh X a is well defined

to a semialgebraic
homeomorphism
in particular X Lh X a makes
up
sense

THEOREM
Bl Lh a is well defined
Idea of proof
resolve the singularities
of X
compute BCLHCX.at theresolution
after
in a
normal
crossing
sitution one can
pare
that the kil is

well defined under Nash diffeomorphism

actually s à invariant under Nash diffeomorphism

D
what the
fa B
is notion invariance
good of

THE O RE M
X and Y real algebraic varieties
Y regular morphism
f X
homeomorphism with symmetric graph then
If f is a au

B se

_Arc symmetric sets Kudghaisse8

look the connected components of real algebraic varieties
irreducible algebraicset

Cx 2Lx I x 1 la 2 o
j
m
au symmetriesset
 Îîmeta
set

DEFINITION
X e 1RES PIR semi algebraic

analytic 8 C I il P
f fa any
au
X is arc symmetric
then
ouf 8f40 EX oco.DE X
X is in the boolean category generated
me
say X EAS
if
symmetric sets
by au

Remark Another to Xe AS
fa any
analytic au
way say
P octo ex there exists Ex such that
8 C t.it
of
TCO c E X
Again another Iss s c.co such that
T 0 1 ils D EX

Example Whitneyumbrella

Then XD C AS
eu
butnot Reg
 Indeed let 8 CLD PIRI analytic such
that ff10 E X D By analytic continuation 8 can
meets
number
D in a finite
of points otherwise Im 8 ED

Remarks
similarly La semi algebraic sets a algebraic ones one can

arc symmetric closure A setAESA

define
of a semi algebraic
décomposition in irreducible components
AS maps via the graph
B AS
fa category

THEOREM
is isomorphism
A K AS s 2 a an

geometry
Remark Larsen Lentz question in algebraic
what about
X D in to Vae can we
saz
If
X and I
isomorphic then 47
If X and Y are piecewise
X
what about the converse
 Yes for curves Liu Sebag
Yes for some surfaces lin Sebag
No in general Borisov 2015

THEOREM yet and y be au symmetric sets

then thereexist stratifications X Xi and
If s p
such that Xi AS category
4 7
in

Idea of proof
induction dimension
By
on

ta simplicity assume X and Y are nousingulai algelai

varieties Choose
mensingulai compactification

X I Y J
I I have the number
ski se and same

connected
of components

Consider CEI and DE I connected components

of the same
dimension

results Milkathin and Nash

By of
there is theorem
a strong factorization
in the Nash category
semi algebraic au symmetric
analytic
I au setting
é
caposition of
composition of tu
bearings up
bearings up c D

As a consequence J G E C d'un 6 colère

J D ED dimDo cdimD
with Co Do EAS and
C C I D D
T
arc symmetric
Conclusion n'a the induction
p

Corollary gromov question in real geometry

A B C c AS with A
c

B
Assume CA CB Then A and B
are piecewise AS homeomorphic