Namma Kalvi 12th Tamil Unit 1 Surya Guide

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®
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
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Salai Kumaran illam, Mobile : 94431-58484,
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E-mail: suryaguides@yahoo.com
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Surya Publications
(A Unit of Shyamala group)
OUR BANK DETAILS

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19
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,yf;fzk; jkpHha; vGJnthk; 32
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ciueil bgUkiHf;fhyk; 45
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ciueil jkpHu; FLk;g Kiw 88
bra;a[s; tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk; 102
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,yf;fzk; bghUs; kaf;fk; 124
thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws;* 138
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ciueil gs;spf;Tl=;fs; 153
bra;a[s; ,jpy; btw;wp bgw* 170

ehd;F fy;tp bra;a[s; ,ilaPL 179
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Jizg;ghlk; ghJfhg;gha; xU gazk; 194
,yf;fzk; gh ,aw;wg; gHfyhk; 200
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bra;a[s; ftpijfs; 267
fiy/ bra;a[s; rpyg;gjpfhuk;* 270
MW mHfpay;/ mf;nlhgu;
g[Jikfs; bra;a[s; bka;g;ghl;oay; 279
Jizg;ghlk; eofu; jpyfk; 286
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bra;a[s; mjprakyu; 326

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r=;ffhyf; fy;btl;Lk;
Jizg;ghlk; vd; epidt[fSk; 341
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bra;a[s; Kfk; 370

vl;L kdpjk;/ ork;gu;
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bra;a[s; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil* 381
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,yf;fzk; FwpaPL 393
muR tpdhj;jhs; ? khu;r; 2020 404
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1
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jpwk;tpae;J ghLk; tpjk;.
rpte;j Nupad; khiyapy; kiyKfl;oy; kiwa[k; nghJ thdk; vDk; fhL g{f;fhlha;f;
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2
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jpwk; tpae;J ghLfpwhu;.
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rha; gFjp tpk;K gFjp
g; re;jp fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
g; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy m bgabur;r tpFjp
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tpa gFjp ,U gFjp
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brk;ik + gupjp brk; + gupjp
3
2. thdbky;yhk; cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ thbdky;yhk;

thdk; + vy;yhk; ,ay;ng (k; + v = bk)
3. cd;iday;yhy; ,<I tHp at;t[k; vd;w tpjpg;go cd;id+a;+my;yhy;
cd;id + my;yhy; cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ cd;iday;yhy;
,ay;ng vd;w tpjpg;go/ (a;+m=a)
4. bre;jkpnH <W nghjy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ ik bfl;L brk; + jkpnH
brk;ik + jkpnH Kd;dpd;w bka; jpupjy; vd;w bre;jkpnH
tpjpg;go/ (k; jpupe;J e; njhd;wp)
1 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `bghjpif~ vd;gJ ve;j kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;>
m) Fw;why kiy M) tpe;jpa kiy
,) ,ka kiy <) rhkpkiy [tpil: m) Fw;why kiy]
2.
rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; ve;E}iy bkhHpbgau;j;jikf;fhfr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUjpidg; bgw;whu;>
m) epyt[g;g{ M) xspg;gwit
,) mf;fpdprhl;rp <) NupaepHy; [tpil: ,) mf;fpdprhl;rp]
3. `rha;g;ghd;~ vd;gjd; rupahd gFgj gpupg;g[ Kiw

m) rha;g;g[ + Md; M) rha; + g; + Md;
,) rha; + g; + g; + md; <) rha; + g; + g; + Md; [tpil: <) rha; + g; + g; + Md;]
4. ftp+u; rpw;gpapd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w E}y;

m) xU fpuhkj;jpd; fij M) xU fpuhknk mGjJ
,) xU fpuhkj;J ejp <) xU g[spakuj;jpd; fij [tpil: ,) xU fpuhkj;J ejp]
5. `bre;jkpH;~ ? vt; g[zu;r;rp tpjpfspd; mog;gilapy; rupahfg; g[zUk;>

m) <W nghjy;/ ,dkpfy;
M) <W nghjy;/ Kd;dpd;w bka; jpupjy;
,) <W nghjy;/ jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;
<) <W nghjy; [tpil: M) <W nghjy;/ Kd;dpd;w bka; jpupjy;]
6. `tpau;it bts;sk;~ ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
M) ctikahFbgau; M) fUtpahF bgau;
,) cUtfk; <) ctikj;bjhif [tpil: ,) cUtfk;]
7. ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vGjpa E}y;>

M) Nupa fhe;jp M) Nupa ghu;it
,) xspg;g{ <) Nupa epHy; [tpil: <) Nupa epHy;]
4
8. fUj;J 1 : ghz]oaupd; r=;fj;jpy; bfhYtpUe;jts; jkpH;j;jha;.
fUj;J 2 : tpk;Kfpd;w njhs;fs; bre;epwj;Jg; g{f;fhlhdJ.
m) fUj;J 1 rup M) fUj;J 2 rup
,) ,uz]Lk; fUj;Jk; jtW <) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW [tpil: <) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW]
9. `,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; ghlypd; Mrpupau;
m) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; M) bgUe;njtdhu;
,) jkpHz;zy; <) K. tujuhrdhu; [tpil: m) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;]
10. ghz;oaupd; r=;fj;jpy; bfhYtpUe;jts;
1
m) nfhg;bgUe;njtp M) ntz;khs;;
,) jkpHd;id <) xsitahu; [tpil: ,) jkpHd;id]
11. .............. Kjyhd ts;sy;fis <d;W je;jts; jkpHd;id.
,ay;
m) rilag;g ts;sy; M) rPjf;fhjp
,) ghup <) beL=;fps;sp [tpil: ,) ghup]
12. `vk;kUikr; bre;jkpnH! cd;id ay;yhy;

Vw;wJiz ntWz;nlh~ ? vd;W ghoatu;
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; <) jpU. tp. f [tpil: ,) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;]
13. `,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ghtif

m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) vz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
[tpil: <) vz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;]
14. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) brk;gupjp ? 1. cUtfk;
ii) Kj;JKj;jha; ? 2. tpidbar;rk;
iii) rpte;J ? 3. mLf;Fj;bjhlu;

iv) tpau;itbts;sk; ? 4. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 4 3 2 1 M) 3412
,) 2 1 4 3 <) 3214 [tpil: m) 4 3 2 1]
15. brk;gupjp ? ,r;brhy;Yf;Fupa g[zu;r;rp tpjpiaf; fz;lwpf.

m) <W nghjy; M) ,dkpfy;
,) MjpePly; <) Kd;epd;w bka;jpupjy; [tpil: m) <W nghjy;]
16. `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd brhy;iyf;
fz;lwpf.
m) cd;iday;yhy; M) thdbky;yhk;
,) bre;jkpnH <) brk;gupjp [tpil: M) thdbky;yhk;]
5
17.
`,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; ftpij rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; vf;ftpijj; bjhFg;gpy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ>
m) R{upa epHy; M) xU fpuhkj;J ejp
,) xspg;gwit <) epyt[g;g{ [tpil: <) epyt[g;g{]
18. rpw;gpapd; gd;Kf=;fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; TWf.

m) ftp+u; M) Xtpau;
,) nguhrpupau; <) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu; [tpil: <) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;]
19. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa gy;fiyf;fHfk;
1
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) jkpH; <) fhkuhru; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
20. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vj;jid Kiw rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;>

,ay;
m) @d;W M) ,uz;L
,) ehd;F <) xd;W [tpil: M) ,uz;L]
21. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpapd; .............. ,Uf;fpwhu;.

m) jiytuhf M) brayhsuhf
,) bghUshsuhf <) cWg;gpduhf [tpil: <) cWg;gpduhf]
FWtpdh
1. bjhHpyhsu;fspd; iffs; vjidg; nghyr; rpte;Js;sjhff; ftp+u; rpw;gp TWfpwhu;>
khiyapy; kiwa[k; fjputdpd; fjpbuhsp nghy bjhHpyhsupd; iffs; rpte;Js;sjhff;
TWfpwhu;.
2. jkpH;bkhHpapd; gHikeyk; vit>
jkpH;bkhHp ghz]oau;fspd; mitapny jd;dpfuw;w brk;bkhHpaha; Ml;rp bra;jJ.
ghup nghd;w ts;sy;fs; gyiu jkpH; kz]zpw;Fj; je;j gHik eyk; bfhz]l bkhHp.
3. ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fspd; Mir vd;d>
jkpH; gy g[jpa cs;slf;f=;fshy; jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;"

gH+;rpwg;igj; jf;f itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz]Lk;~
vd;gnj ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fspd; Mir MFk;.
4. ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vGjpa ftpij E}y;fis vGJf.
xspg;gwit/ ru;g;gahfk;/ Nupa epHy;/ xU fpuhkj;J ejp/ g{$;a=;fspd; r=;fpyp.
5. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; gd;Kf=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ftp+u;/ nguhrpupau;/ bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;/ ,jHhrpupau;.
6. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vGjpa ciueil E}y;fs; ahit>
,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;/ kiyahsf; ftpij/ miya[k; RtLk;.
7. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; ftpijfs; vk;bkhHpfspy; bkhHp bgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd>
M=;fpyk;/ fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk;/ kuhj;jp/ ,e;jp.
6
8. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vj;jid Kiw rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUijg; bgw;Ws;shu;>
rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUijg; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; ,UKiw bgw;Ws;shu; .
bkhHpbgau;g;g[f;fhft[k;/ `xU fpuhkj;J ejp~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}ypw;fhft[k; rhfpj;jpa
mfhbjkp tpUijg; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; bgw;Ws;shu;.
rpWtpdh
1. Fspu; bghjpifj; bjd;jkpnH- rPwp th vdr; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; TWtJ ahJ> Vd; rPwp
tu ntz]Lk; vdr; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; TWfpwhu;>
1
cs;sj;jpy; bgh=;fptUk; czu;t[fis czu;r;rpkpF ftpijahf vGj Kj;jkpnH cjtp
bra;fpd;wJ.
ghz]oa kd;du;fs; mikj;j r=;fj;jpny/ jd;dpfuw;w brk;bkhHpaha; ,Ue;J Ml;rpr;
,ay;
bra;jJ.
ghup nghd;w ts;sy;fs; gyiu ,j;jkpH; kz]zpw;Fj; je;jJ.
md;wpUe;j jkpHu; eyKk; jkpH;ehl;Lg; bghJik eyKk; kPz]Lk; gpwg;gjw;F eP Fapy;
nghyf; Ttp tu ntz]Lk;.
,d;W jkpHu;fisr; NH;e;jpUf;Fk; moikj;jdKk;/ mwpahika[k; mfd;wpl mtu;fs;
rpiwg;gl;oUf;Fk;/ Tl;oid cilj;jpl ePa[k; rp=;fk; nghyr; rPwp g[wg;gl;L tu ntz]Lk;.
2. ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : ghyRg;gpukzpak;.
rpwg;g[g; bgau; : rpw;gp (vGj;Jfisr; brJf;Ftjhy; rpw;gp vdg; gl;lhu;).
bgw;nwhu; : rp. bghd;Drhkp ? fz;oak;khs;.
Cu; : Mj;Jg;bghs;shr;rp/ nfhit.
gzp : ghujpahu; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytu; .
rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpapd; braw;FG cWg;gpdu;.
tpUJ : ``xU fpuhkj;J ejp~~ vDk; ftpij E}Yf;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ.
gilg;g[fs; : xspg;gwit/ ru;g;gahfk;/ Nupa epHy;/ g{$;a=;fspd; r=;fpyp/

xU fpuhkj;J ejp
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 3
jkpH;bkhHpg; ghlj;jpy; bkhHp thH;j;Jg; ghly; ,lk;bgWtjd; nehf;fk; Fwpj;j

fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;Jf; fye;Jiuahly; epfH;j;Jf.
mUz; : tzf;fk; kjd;. vdf;F xU tpsf;fk; njit.
kjd; : cdf;nf re;njfkh- mg;go vd;d>
mUz; : bghJthf jkpH; g[j;jfj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhz;lhy; ,iw thH;j;J/ bkhHp
thH;j;J/ ehl;L thH;j;J vd;w tupirg;go mika[k;. Mdhy; ,e;j Mz;L
bkhHp thH;j;ij Kd; itj;Js;shu;fns mJjhd;.
kjd; : mJ khw;wk; ,y;iy. xJf;fg;gLtJk; ,y;iy.
7
mUz; : new;W nghy; ,d;W ,y;iy vd;fpwPu;fsh>

kjd; :
mjhtJ/ xU braiyj; bjhl=;Ftjw;F Kd; tpUg;g bja;t=;fis
tz=;fptpl;Lj; bjhl=;FtJjhd; tHf;fk;.
mUz; : jw;nghJ g[j;jf=;fspy; mg;go ,y;iyna.
kjd; : tz=;FtJ ntW/ ,lk; bgwtpy;iy vd;gJ ntW. ,J bkhHpg;g[j;jfk;.
vdnt/ bkhHpiaj; bja;tkhf cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mUz; : bkhHp bja;tj;ij vt;thW tz=;fyhk;>
kjd; : bkhHp bja;tj;ijg; gy g[ytu;fs; gythW nghw;wpa[s;sdu;. ghujpjhrd;
jkpiH vd;Dapu; vd;ngd; fz;Ou; ? vd;ghu;.
1 mUz; :
mg;ngh/ bkhHpg;ghl=;fspy; bkhHpf; flt[(is)s; thH;j;ij itg;gJ
rupjhdh>
,ay;
kjd; : epr;rakhf/ bkhHp tsk;/ bkhHp rpwf;f/ bkhHp bja;tj;ij tz=;f ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhy; bkhHp thH;j;jpid ,lk; bgwr; bra;tJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.
mUz; : ed;wp kjd;.
kjd; : ed;wp mUz;/ kPz;Lk; re;jpg;nghk;.

1
,ay;
ciueil cyfk;
jkpH;bkhHpapd; eil mHfpay;
? jp.R. eluhrd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,yf;fpaj;ija[k; bkhHpiaa[k; xUnrug; ngRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;

m) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif M) jz]oay=;fhuk;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ed;D}y; [tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
2. fUj;J 1 : ,ay;g[ tHf;fpy;/ bjhluikg;g[ vd;gJ vGtha;/ gadpiy vd;W tUtnj kug[.
fUj;J 2 : bjhluikg;g[/ r=;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwH;e;J tUfpwJ.
,) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup <) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW [tpil: ,) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup]
3. bghUj;Jf.
m) jkpH; mHfpay; ? 1. guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;
M) epyt[g;g{ ? 2. jp. R. eluhrd;
,) fpil ? 3. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
<) ca;a[k; tHp ? 4. fp. uh$ehuhazd;
8
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1]
FWtpdh
1. eil mHfpay; gw;wpj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
mHfpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jsk; mikj;Jj; jUtJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
èilbgw;wpaYk;~ (fpstpahf;fk;/ 26) vd;Wk; èiletpd;bwhGFk;~ (bra; 135)
vd;Wk; rpy brhw;bwhlu;fisj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; ifahz]oUf;fpwJ.
ftpijapd; ,a=;fhw;wy;jhd; eil vd;fpwJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
bkhHpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU typikkpf;f Mw;wy; ftpijf;fhf/ ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhfj;
jd;id btspg;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tnj eil vdg;gLk;.
1
,ay;
2. ``glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; ngf~~ ? ,r; r=;ff; ftpijapd; mofspy; Xir eakpf;f brhw;fisa[k;
mtw;wpw;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fisa[k; vLj;J vGJf.
Xir eakpf;fr; brhw;fs; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fs;
glhmk;/ <j;j glhmk;/ bflhm/ flhm bra;a[spir msbgilfs;
bflhm ey;ypirf; <j;j bgabur;rk;
flhm ahidf; ey;ypir gz;g[j;bjhif
3. tpoay;/ tdg;g[ ? ,U brhw;fisa[k; xU=;fpizj;Jj; bjhlu; mikf;f.

tpoay; ? fhiy neuk;. tdg;g[ ? mHF.
g{j;Jf; FY=;Fk; g{f;fspd; kzj;jpYk; gwitfspd; xypfspYk; tpoaypd; btspr;rkhf
cjpf;Fk; fjputdpd; njhw;wk; ,aw;ifapd; tdg;ig vLj;Jiuf;Fk;.
rpWtpdh
1. r=;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz]ghFk; ? tpsf;Ff.

ve;jj; bjhd;ikahd bkhHpa[k; rkpf;i+apypUe;Jk;/ ,irapypUe;Jk; jhd;
njhd;WfpwJ.
r=;fg;ghly;fspy; Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiytotk; bfhs;fpd;wd.
,jidna me;jg; gDtypd; ? ghlypd; xypg;gpd;dy; vd;fpnwhk;. ,e;j xypf;nfhy=;fs;
czu;r;rpfisf; fhl;Lk; tpjkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
v.fh:
fle;jL jhid @tpU=;To
cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;g[ bfhsw;fupnj"
Ke;E}W Cu;j;nj jz;gwk;g[ ed;dhL"
Ke;E}W CUk; guprpyu; bgw;wdu;"
,g;ghlypy; td;ikahd czu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lfpw tpjj;jpy;/ f/ j/ l/ w Kjypa ty;ypd
bka;fs;/ gpw bky;ypd/ ,ilapd bka;fisf; fhl;oYk; mjpfk; tUtijf; fhzyhk;. 9
capu; xypfs; Fwpg;ghf beoy; xypfspd; tUifa[k;/ rpy xypfSk; rpy brhw;fSk;
jpUk;gtuy; jd;ik bgw;wpUg;gJk;/ ,tw;nwhL nru;e;J epfH;j;jg;bgWk; brhy;
tpisahl;LfSk; r=;fg;ghly;fspy; xypf;nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz]ghf
tps=;fpaij czu;j;Jk;.
rhd;W :
`glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; ngf~
? ,t;tupfs; xypf;nfhyj;jpd; gz;ig czu;j;JfpwJ.
beLtpdh
1 1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpay; TWfis vLj;Jf;fhl;o tpsf;Ff.
,ay;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
eilapay;
xypf;nfhy=;fs;
brhw;g[yk;
bjhifepiy
bjhlupay; nghf;Ffs;
ftpij kWjiyj;bjhlu;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpapay; TWfspy; xypf;nfhy=;fSk;/
brhw;fspd; g[yKk;/ bjhlupay; nghf;FfSk; Kf;fpakhdit. mtw;iwg; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
eilapay;:
bkhHpapd; jdpr;rpwg;ghd TWfSk;/ mtw;iwf; ifahSfpd;w tifikfSk;
ftpijapd; ce;J rf;jpahf mikfpd;wd. bkhHpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU typikkpf;f Mw;wy;

ftpijf;fhf/ ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhfj; jd;id btspg;gLj;jpf; bfhs;fpwJ. ftpijapd;
,a=;fhw;wy; jhd; eil vd;gu;.
xypf;nfhy=;fs;:
bjhd;ikahd bkhHpfs; aht[k; rkpf;i+apypUe;Jk;/ ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd;
bjhl=;FfpwJ. Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiytotk; bfhs;fpd;wd. ,ijna/
me;jg; gDtypd; ? ghlypd; xypg;gpd;;dy; vd;fpnwhk;.
rhd;W: †fle;jL jhid @tpU=;To
cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;g[ bfhsw;fupnj"‡
brhw;g[yk; :
brhy;tsk; vd;gJ xUbghUs; Fwpj;j gy brhy;/ gy bghUs; Fwpj;j xU
brhy;/ gyJiw/ gyR{Hy;/ gy g[idt[fSf;Fk; cupajha; tUjYk;/ czu;t[k;/ bjspt[k;
10
bfhz;ljha; tUjYk;/ vdg; gythW brHpg;ghd jsj;jpy; brhw;fs; tpisr;ry;
fz;oUg;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
rhd;W: Ky;iyf;fypapy;/ fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fs; cs;sd.
bjhifepiy :
r=;f ,yf;fpa bkhHpapd; milahskhf cs;s xU gz;g[ ,J. ,jidj;
bjhifepiy vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpa vr;rtpay; ngRfpwJ. bjhifbkhHp vd;gJ
brwpthf;fg;gl;l xU totikg;g[.
rhd;W: itFW tpoay;/ ftpDW tdg;g[/ jPePu; vd;gd.
bjhlupay; nghf;Ffs; :
xypf;nfhyKk;/ brhw;g[yKk; brhw;bwhlu; epiya[k; ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg;
gz;gLj;jpg; nghfpd;wd vd;why;/ ghj;jp fl;o tug;g[au;j;Jk; gzpfisj; bjhlupay;
1
,ay;
totk; bra;fpd;wJ.
ftpij kWjiyj;bjhlu; :
bjhluikg;g[ vd;gJ vGtha; + brag;gLbghUs;/ my;yJ gpwtw;Wld; Toa
mikg;g[ + gadpiy vd;W tUtJ kug[. ,J r=;fg;ghly;fspy; gytw;wpy; gpwH;e;J
tUfpwJ.
rhd;W: ngbuapd; KWtyhu;/ ek;gp beL+;brHpaDila rht[r;rl=;F ghly;:
Kot[iu :
eil mHfpaiyf; fl;likg;gjw;Fr; r=;f ,yf;fpank Kjd;ik Mjhukhf
cs;sJ. r@f ? gz;ghl;Lj;jsj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gz;g[fisa[k; nghf;Ffisa[k;
brhe;j kug[fshff; bfhz;Ls;sJ. vdnt/ ftpijiaf; fl;likf;Fk; mHfpay; TWfs;
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspy; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf mwpayhk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. vGj;ija[k;/ brhy;iya[k; nghd;nw bra;a[is Xu; cs;sikg;ghff; TWk; E}y;

m) ed;D}y; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif <) jz]oay=;fhuk; [tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
2. fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fisf; fhl;Lk; E}y;

m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) Ky;iyf;fyp
,) g[wehD}W <) gjpw;Wg;gj;J [tpil: M) Ky;iyf;fyp]
3. ghlypd; jsj;ijg; ghj;jpfl;o tug;g[au;j;Jk; gzpiar; bra;tJ
m) bjhlupay; totk; M) xypf;nfhyk;
,) brhw;bwhlu; epiy <) brhw;g[yk; [tpil: m) bjhlupay; totk;]
4. fUj;J 1 : brhy;ypy;jhd; czu;t[k; bghUSk; bghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.

fUj;J 2 : jkpH; mHfpaiyf; fl;likg;gjw;Fr; r=;f ,yf;fpank Kjd;ik Mjhuk;.
,) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW <) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup [tpil: <) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup]
11
5. fUj;J 1 :
Ky;iyf;fypapy; vUJfspd; gy ,d=;fisf; fhl;Lk; brhw;fs; epuk;gpf;
fplf;fpd;wd.
fUj;J 2 : brhy;tsk; xU gz;ghl;od; milahskhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ.
m) fUj;J 1 jtW M) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW
,) fUj;J ,uz]Lk; rup <) fUj;J 1 jtW/ 2 rup [tpil: ,) fUj;J ,uz]Lk; rup]
6. fUj;J : bjhd;ikahd bkhHp rkpf;i+apypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk; jhd; bjhl=;FfpwJ.
tpsf;fk; : bkhHpj;njhd;w mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ xypna. xypia btt;ntW tot=;fspy;
cr;rupf;Fk; nghJ bkhHpj; njhd;WfpwJ.
m) fUj;J rup tpsf;fk; jtW
1 M) fUj;Jk; tpsf;fKk; rup
,) fUj;J jtW tpsf;fKk; jtW
,ay;
<) fUj;J jtW tpsf;fk; rup [tpil: M) fUj;Jk; tpsf;fKk; rup]
7. bghUj;jkhdijf; fz;lwpf.
Ie;J m) ghtif ?
M) t+;rp
btz]gh eilj;nj ?
,) gdpePu;
bjhif bkhHp ?
<) fhku; tdg;g[
bjhlupay; nghf;F ?
[tpil: ,) gdpePu; ? bjhif bkhHp]
8. bghUj;jkhdijf; fz;lwpf.
m) flhm ahidf; fypkhd; ngf ? Ky;iyf;fyp
M) g[zupd; g[zuhJ bghUns ? bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ,td;je;ij je;ij ? ew;wpiz
<) ahKk; ghupa[k; csnk ? g[wehD}W
[tpil: <) ahKk; ghupa[k; csnk ? g[wehD}W]
9. bghUe;jhjijj; nju;f.
m) fd;dp tpoay; ? bjhif bkhHp
M) bgha;gL brhy; ? kwpj;jhf;fk;

,) r=;fg;ghly;fs; ? kWjiyj; bjhlu;
<) fp.uh$ehuhazd; ? fpil
[tpil: M) bgha;gL brhy; ? kwpj;jhf;fk;]
10. `jkpH;bkhHpapd; eil mHfpay;~ vd;Dk; fl;Liuapd; Mrpupau;

m) jp.R. eluhrd; M) xsit eluhrd;
,) rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; <) jkpHz;zy; [tpil: m) jp.R. eluhrd;]
11. ,GbkDk; bkhHpahy; tpGkpaJ gaf;Fk; tifapd; ,yf;fpa=;fs; gilf;fg;gl;l E}y;

m) jkpH; M) M=;fpyk;
,) bjY=;F <) tlbkhHp [tpil: m) jkpH;]
12
12. kyUk; kzKk; nghy ftpija[ld; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUg;gJ
m) jkpHu;fspd; mHFzu;t[
M) jiytd; jiytpapd; md;g[zu;t[
,) ts;sypd; ts;sd;ika[zu;t[
<) gf;ju;fspd; bja;t czu;t[ [tpil: m) jkpHu;fspd; mHFzu;t][
13. mwpag;gl;l tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; bjhlf;fkhfj; njhw;wk; jUtJ

m) g[uhzk; M) r=;f ,yf;fpak;
,) fy;btl;L <) ehzak; [tpil: M) r=;f ,yf;fpak;]
1
14. mHF vd;gJ ................ bra;jp.
m) kdpjupd; M) nguz;lj;jpd;
,) ,aw;ifapd; <) flt[supd; [tpil: M) nguz;lj;jpd;]
,ay;
15. mHfpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jsk; mikj;Jj; jUtJ
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) r=;f ,yf;fpak;
,) g[uhzk; <) kdpjelj;ij [tpil: m) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
16. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; `................~ gw;wpj; jkpH; ,yf;fpa kugpy; mGj;jkhd fUj;J cz;L.
m) eak; M) gad;
,) epiy <) <LghL [tpil: M) gad;]
17. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nehf;fk; my;yJ mwptpay; rhu;e;j fUj;Jepiyfs; fiy cUthf;fj;jpd;

nghnj ruptu ,ize;jpUf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W TWk; E}y;
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) ed;D}y;
,) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; [tpil: m) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
18. r=;f ,yf;fpak; ghlw;bghUs;fshf totikj;Js;sit

i) mfj;jpizr; rhu;e;j bra;jpfs; ii) g[wj;jpizr; rhu;e;j bra;jpfs;
m) i - rup M) ii - jtW
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) i - rup " ii - jtW [tpil: ,) ,uz;Lk; rup]

19. mfd; Ie;jpizfisg; ngRtJ
m) ed;D}y; M) jz;oay=;fhuk;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy
[tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
20. gh tiffs; Mrpupak; Kjw;bfhz;L

m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Xd;W <) ,uz;L [tpil: M) ehd;F]
21. `me;epy kU=;fpd; mwKjyhfpa

Kk;Kjw; bghUl;Fk; cupa vd;g~
? vd;W ghtiffnshL mwtpay; fUj;Jf;fis ,izj;Jr; brhy;tJ
m) r=;f ,yf;fpak; M) gupghly;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) mfj;jpak; [tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
13
22. ghl;L my;yJ ftpijapd; eilapay; TWfspy; Kf;fpakhdit

i) xypf;nfhy=;fs; ii) brhw;fspd; g[yk; iii) bjhlupay; nghf;Ffs;
m) i, ii - rup M) ii, iii - rup
,) @d;Wk; rup <) ,uz;L kl;Lk; jtW [tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup]
23. ftpijapd; eil vd;gJ
m) ,a=;fhw;wy;jhd; M) mHFjhd;
,) ghu;itjhd; <) ,ay;g[jhd; [tpil: m) ,a=;fhw;wy;jhd;]
24. èilbgw;wpaYk;~ vd;gJ bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ................ tUk; brhw;bwhlu;.

m) fpstpahf;fj;jpy; M) bkhHpahf;fj;jpy;
1 ,) vGj;J mjpfhuj;jpy; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m) fpstpahf;fj;jpy;]
25. `Mrpupa eilj;nj t+;rp" Vid
,ay;
btz;gh eilj;nj fyp~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;

m) fypj;bjhif M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) gupghly; <) Fwt+;rp [tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
26. `fle;jL jhid @tpU=;To~ vd;W bjhl=;Fk; ghlyofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;

m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W
,) fypj;bjhif <) gupghly; [tpil: M) g[wehD}W]
27. `glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypirf;

flhm ahidf; fypkhd; ngf~ vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W
,) fypj;bjhif <) gupghly; [tpil: M) g[wehD}W]
28. `g[zupd; g[zuhJ bghUns" bghUs;tapd;

gpupapd; g[zuhJ g[zu;nt-~ vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) ew;wpiz
,) mfehD}W <) fypj;bjhif [tpil: M) ew;wpiz]
29. Èe;ij je;ijf;F ,td;je;ij je;ij~ vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y;

m) g[wehD}W M) ew;wpiz
,) mfehD}W <) fypj;bjhif [tpil: m) g[wehD}W]
30. ................ fypapy;/ fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fisf; fhl;Lfpw brhw;fs; epuk;gpf; fplf;fpd;wd.

m) Fwp+;rpf; M) Ky;iyf;
,) kUjf; <) ghiyf; [tpil: M) Ky;iyf;]
31.
`fpil~ vd;Dk; FWehtypy; MLfspd; milahs=;fisg; gy bgau;fisr; brhy;yp
miHg;gtu;
m) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
,) b$afhe;jd; <) b$ankhfd; [tpil: M) fp. uh$ehuhazd;]
32. bjhifepiy/ bjhifbkhHp gw;wpg; ngRk; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,ay;

m) vr;rtpay; M) ,ilapay;
,) ctikapay; <) vGj;jpay; [tpil: m) vr;rtpay;]
14
33. èPu;gL gR=;fyk;~ vd;Dk; mofSf;Fupa E}y;
m) g[wehD}W M) mfehD}W
,) ew;wpiz <) gupghly; [tpil: ,) ew;wpiz]
34. ek;gp beL+;brHpaDila rht[r; rl=;F/ ru;r;irf;F cs;shdJ gw;wpg; ghly; ghoatu;
m) ngbuapd; KWtyhu; M) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu;
,) eupbtqcj;jiyahu; <) nfht{u;fpHhu; [tpil: m) ngbuapd; KWtyhu;]
35. `,Lf bthd;nwh/ RLfbthd;nwh/
gLtHpg; gLf/ ,g;g[fH; bta;nahd; jiyna~
vd;w g[wehD}W mofspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kd;du;
m) mwpt[ilek;gp
,) br=;Fl;Ltd;;
M) ek;gp beL+;brHpad;
<) fps;sptstd; [tpil: M) ek;gp beL+;brHpad;] 1
,ay;
36. `bjhoa[ila njhs; kze;jdd;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; Mrpupau;
m) ngbuapd; KWtyhu; M) bghd;Koahu;
,) nfht{u;fpHhu; <) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu;
[tpil: m) ngbuapd; KWtyhu;]
37. ngbuapd; KWtyhupd; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s gz;g[fs;
m) 16 M) 18
,) 15 <) 14 [tpil: M) 18]
38. jkpH; mHfpaiyf; fl;likg;gjw;Fr; ................ Kjd;ik Mjhuk;.
m) r=;f ,yf;fpank M) r=;fk; kUtpa ,yf;fpank
,) ePjp ,yf;fpank <) fhg;gpank [tpil: m) r=;f ,yf;fpank]
39. ................ fiyiaj; jkpGf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;fspy; jp. R. eluhrd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;.
m) jpiuf; M) jpwdha;t[f;
,) bkhHpbgau;g;g[f; <) ngr;Rf; [tpil: M) jpwdha;t[f];
40. jp.R. eluhrd; ................ Mfg; gzpg[upe;jhu;.
m) khtl;l Ml;rpau; M) nguhrpupau;;
,) tHf;Fiu+u; <) kUj;Jtu; [tpil: M) nguhrpupau;];

FWtpdh
1. ,yf;fpak; vtw;iwj; jdf;Fupa mHfpay;; rhjdkhf khw;w ntz]oa[s;sJ>
kdpj ehf;Ffspd; <uk;gl;Lf; fplf;Fk; bkhHpahdJ/ ngRgtd;/ nfl;gtd; MfpnahUila
jdpg;gl;l NHy;fs; ngRk; nghJk;/ nfl;Fk; nghJk; jdpr;NHy;fisj; jdf;Fupa mHfpay;
rhjdkhf khw;w ntz]Lk;.
2. bkhHpapd; ,ay;g[ tHf;Ffisf; fiyapay; tHf;Ffshf khw;Wgit vit>
ctkk;/ cUtfk;/ vr;rk;/ Fwpg;g[/ cs;Siw/ ,iwr;rp Kjypait bkhHpapd; ,ay;g[
tHf;Ffisf; fiyapay; tHf;Ffshf khw;WgitahFk;.
3. jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gad;fshff; fl;Liuahrpupau; TWtd ahit>
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; my;yJ ntW Vnjh Xu; cau;e;j Fwpf;nfhis czu;j;Jtdthf
jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gad;fs; ,Uf;f ntz]Lk;.
15
4. `fiy KGik~ gw;wpj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>

`fiy KGik~ vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd nehf;fk; my;yJ mwptpay; rhu;e;j
fUj;Jepiyfs;/ fiy cUthf;fj;jpd; nghnj ruptu ,ize;jpUf;f ntz]Lk; vd;W
bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
5. jkpH; mHfpaypd; beLk;gug;g[fbsd Mrpupau; vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
r@f gz]ghl;L kugpw;nfw;gnt/ fiy gilg;ig/ mHfpay; bewpia/ gz]ghl;od;
,yr;rpidahfr; rpj;jupg;gjw;Fj; jkpH;kug[ Kd;te;jpUf;fpwJ" Kd; bkhHpe;jpUf;fpwJ.
,Jnt jkpH; mHfpaypd; beLk;gug;g[ MFk;.
6. ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg; gz]gLj;jpg; nghfpd;wdit vit>
1 7.
xypf;nfhyk;/ brhw;g[yk;/ brhw;bwhlu; epiy.
gz;ila ftp+u;fSf;F ,ay;ghf ,Ue;j czu;t[ vJ>
,ay;
ftpg;bghUis mikf;fpd;w tpjj;jpy; czu;r;rpfisg; gha;r;Rk; tpjj;jpy; jP=;ftpfisr;

brtpahug; gUfr;bra;J fw;nghu; ,jak; fdpa[k; tz;zk; gilf;Fk; mHtpay; czu;t[/
gz;ilf; ftp+u;fSf;F ,ay;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
8. ,yf;fpaj;jdk; my;yJ ftpijj;jdk; vd;gJ ahJ>
,yf;fpak; vd;w bkhHprhu;fiy/ bkhHpapd; jdpj;Jtkhd gz;g[fis ,ad;w kl;Lk;
jdf;Fupajhf;fpf; bfhs;fpwJ.
,yf;fpaj;jpw;F xU rpwg;g[j;jd;ikiaj; je;JtpLfpwJ. ,j;jifa jd;ikjhd;
ftpj;jdk; my;yJ ,yf;fpaj;jdk; vd;W ngrg;gLfpwJ.
9. bkhHpapd; tHf;Ffisf; fiyapay; tHf;Ffshf khw;Wgit vit>
ctkk;/ cUtfk;/ vr;rk;/ Fwpg;g[/ cs;Siw/ ,iwr;rp.
10. `yl;rpag;~ bghUs;fnshL ,uz;lw ,izj;JtpLtJ vJ>
mfd; Ie;jpizfisg; ngRfpw bjhy;fhg;gpak; g[zu;jy;/ gpupjy; Kjyhd mfd;
Ie;jpizfis ,d;gk;/ bghUs;/ mwk; Mfpa mwtpay; `yl;rpag;~ bghUs;fnshL
,uz;lw ,izj;JtpLfpwJ.
11. bkhHp; vtw;wpypUe;J bjhl=;FfpwJ>
ve;jbthU bjhd;ikahd bkhHpa[k; rkpf;i+apypUe;Jk;/ ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; bjhl=;FfpwJ.
12. xypg;gpd;dy; vd;gJ ahJ>

bkhHprhu;e;j ftpija[k; ,irnahLk; ,irf;fUtpnahLk;jhd; gpwf;fpwJ.
Xira[k; bghUSk; ,ize;J fiytotk; bfhs;fpd;wd.
,jidna me;jg; gDtypd; ghlypd; xypg;gpd;dy; vd;fpnwhk;.
13. brhy;ypy; g[ije;J fplg;gd ahit>
brhy;ypy;jhd; czu;t[k; bghUSk; bghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.
fiya[k; gz;ghLk; tuyhWk; murpaYk; bghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.
14. jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; fhzg;gLk; brhy;tsj;jpw;fhd rhd;Wfisj; jUf.
Ky;iyf; fypapy;/ fhisfspy; gy ,d=;fisf; fhl;Lfpw brhw;fs; epuk;gpf;
fplf;fpd;wd.
fp. uh$ehuhazd; `fpil~ vd;Dk; FWehtypy; MLfspy; milahs=;fisg; gy
bgau;fs; brhy;yp miHf;fpwhu;.
16
15. brhy;tsk; vd;gJ ahJ>
brhy;tsk; vd;gJ jdpr;brhw;fsha; epiwe;J miktija[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
xd;wpw;F nkw;gl;l brhw;fs; ftt[f;if befpHhky; Ka=;fpf; fplg;gija[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
16. bjhlupapy; totk; bra;a[k; gzpfs; ahit>
xypf;nfhyKk; brhw;g[yKk; brhw;bwhlu; epiya[k; ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg;
gz;gLj;jpg; nghfpd;wd vd;why;/ ghj;jpfl;o tug;g[au;j;Jk; gzpfisj; bjhlupay;
totk; bra;fpd;wJ.
17. jp. R. eluhrd; jkpH;g; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa gy;fiyf;fHf=;fisf; TWf.
kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fHfk;.
nghye;J ehl;od; thu;rh gy;fiyf;fHfk;.
jpUbey;ntyp kndhd;kzPak; Re;judhu; gy;fiyf;fHfk;.
1
,ay;
18. jp.R. eluhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
ftpijbaDk; bkhHp/ jpwdha;t[f;fiy/ jkpH; mHfpay;/ jkpHpd; gz;ghl;L btspfs;.
19. jkpHpy; rpy bjhif bkhHpfis vGJf.
fd;dp tpoay;/ / fhku; tdg;g[/ eiff;Tl;lk; / rpd;dPu;/beLePu;/ jPePu;/ gdpePu;.
rpWtpdh
1. jp.R. eluhrd; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : jp.R. eluhrd;
rpwg;g[ : jpwdha;t[f; fiyiaj; jkpGf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;.
gjtp : kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ nghye;J ehl;od; thu;rh
gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ jpUbey;ntyp kndhd;kzPak; Re;judhu;
gy;fiyf;fHfk; Mfpatw;wpy; jkpH;g; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpg[upe;jhu;.
gilg;g[fs; : ftpijbaDk; bkhHp/ jkpH; mHfpay;/ jkpH; gz;ghl;L btspfs;/
jpwdha;t[f;fiy.
2. r=;fg;ghly;fs; gytw;Ws; mike;Js;s kWjiyj; bjhlupay; nghf;Ff;Fr; rhd;W je;J

tpsf;Ff.
jkpH; bkhHpapy; ciueil tHf;F/ ngr;R tHf;F cs;spl;l ,ay;g[ tHf;fpy;
bjhluikg;g[ vd;gJ vGtha; + brag;gLbghUs; my;yJ gpwtw;Wld; Toa mikg;g[ +
gadpiy vd;W tUtnj kug[. Mdhy; r=;fg;ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; ,e;epiy khwp tUfpwJ.
,jidf; ftpij kWjiyj; bjhlu; vd;gu;.
rpwg;ghf Koa[k; ghly;fspd; ,Wjpapy;jhd; ,e;jj; bjhlupay; gpwH;t[epiy bgupJk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfg; ngbuapd; KWtyhu;/ ek;gp beL+;brHpaDila
rht[r; rl=;fpy; Kuz]ghlhd fUj;J cUthfpa[s;sij/
,Lf bthd;nwh/ RLfbthd;nwh"
gLtHpg; gLf/ ,g;g[fH; bta;nahd; jiyna- (g[wk; : 239)
vd;w ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ,Wjp mo Xu; vspikahd bjhlupay;
gpwH;nthL mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
17
`bjhoa[ila njhs; kze;jdd;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ,g;ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; g[ytu;/

beL+;brHpaDila cliyg; g[ijj;jhy; g[ij " Rl;lhy; RL vd;W mYj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhu;.
,J r=;fg; ghlypd; kWjiyj; bjhlupay; nghf;Ff;Fj; jFe;j rhd;whFk;.
1. ftp+u; ghujpjhrdpd; mHfpd; rpupg;g[ ? Fd;wk; ? xspa[k; Fd;Wk; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s

eilr;rpwg;gpidj; bjhFj;J ciuahf tH=;Ff.
xspa[k; Fd;Wk;
1
mUtpfs; ituj;bjh=;fy;
mlu;bfhog; gr;irg;gl;nl-
FUtpfs; j=;ff; fl;o
,ay;
Fspu;kyu; kzpapd; Fg;ig

vUjpd;nky; gha[k; nt=;if
epyt[nky; vGe;j kpd;dy;
rUbfyhk; xspnru; j=;fj;
jfLfs; ghulh eP ? ghujpjhrd;
,aw;if tUzidiag; ghujpjhrd; brk;ikg; gLj;Jtjpy; ty;ytu;.
,g;ghlypy;/ thDa[u;e;j kiyapd; mHif jdf;nf cupj;jhd eilapy; cUtfg;
gLj;Jfpwhu;.
kiyapdpd;W tpGk; btz;ikahd mUtpfs; kiyahfpag; bgz;zpd; fhjpy;
mzpe;jpUf;Fk; ituj;jhyhd bjh=;fyhf cs;sJ.
kiyapy; mlu;j;jpahfg; glu;e;jpUf;Fk; gRikahd bfhofs; mg;bgz; cLj;jpapUf;Fk;
gr;irg; gl;lhilahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kiyapy; fhzg;gLk; FUtpfs; Nupa xspapd; fhuzkhff; j=;ff; fl;ofshff;
fhzg;gLd;wd.
g{j;jpUf;Fk; g{f;fs; etkzpfs; Mff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.
vUjpd; nky; gha[k; nt=;iff; fhl;rpfs;/ Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

epytpd;nky; XLfpd;w kpd;dypd; tupfs; tpGe;J fplf;Fk; rUFfs; xspapd;
gpufhrj;jhy; j=;fj;jfLfshff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.
2.
jkpHpd; brhy;tsj;ij btspg;gLj;Jk;goahf ahid ' kyu; Fwpj;j gy brhw;fis
mfuhjpapy; fz;L gl;oaypLf.
ntHk;/ fspW/ fsgk;/ khj=;fk;/ ifk;kh/ ck;gu;/ fup/ Jk;gp/ Mid/ fsgk;/
ahid
faKdp/ ifk;kiy/ F+;ruk;/ ty;tpy=;F/ J=;fy;/ thuzk;/ flfk;/ Joao.
mUk;g[/ nghJ/ eis/ KfpH;/ g[&;gk;/ eWtp/ brk;kyu;/ bghJk;gu;/ myu;/ kfue;jk;/
kyu;
bghk;ky;/ tPjp.

18
,ay;
bra;a[s;
1 jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;
(jz;oay=;fhu ciu nkw;nfhs; ghly;)
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ``kpd;ndu; jdpahHp bt=;fjpbuhd;W VidaJ
1
,ay;
jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;-~~ ?,t;tofspy; gapd;W te;Js;s bjhileak;
m) monkhid/ movJif M) rPu;nkhid/ rPu;vJif
,) movJif/ rPu;nkhid <) rPu;vJif/ monkhid
[tpil: ,) movJif/ rPu;nkhid]
rpWtpdh
1. `V=;bfhypePu; +hyj;J ,Usfw;Wk;~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; :
,g;ghly; mofs; jz]oay=;fhu ciu nkw;nfhs; ghlyhf ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;; :
jkpiHa[k; ? fjputida[k; xg;gpLjy;.
tpsf;fk; :
kf;fshy; nghw;wg;gl;L/ cau;e;j kiyfSf;F ,ilna bghjpifapy; gpwe;J/ rhd;nwhuhy;
bjhHg;gl;L/ kf;fspd; mwpahik vd;Dk; ,Uisg; nghf;FtJ jkpH;.
mJnghy flyhy; NHg;gl;l ,e;epyt[yfpd; g[w,Uisg; nghf;FtJ fjputd;.

mf,Uisg; nghf;FtJ jkpH; ? g[w,Uisg; nghf;FtJ fjputd;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
bt=;fjpu; gz]g[j;bjhif
cau;e;njhu; tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
,yhj ,ilf;Fiw
19
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
cau;e;njhu; = cau; + j;(e;) + j; + Xu; te;J = th(t) + j;(e;) + j; + c

cau; gFjp th (t) gFjp (`t~ vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;)
j; re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) j; re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;)
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Xu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp
Mu; vd;gjd; <w;wabyGj;jhd `M~
1
`X~ Mfj; jpupa[k; (ed;. 353)
tps=;fp = tps=;F + , ,Ue;jha; = ,U + j; (e;) + j; + Ma;
,ay;
tps=;F gFjp ,U gFjp

, tpidbar;r tpFjp j; (e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;)
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Ma; Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. M=;ftw;Ws; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka; tpl;nlhLk;~ M=;f;+mtw;Ws;
M=;F + mtw;Ws; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ M=;ftw;Ws;
,ay;ng~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ (f; + m = f)
2. jdpahHp ,<I tHp at;t[k; vd;w tpjpg;go jdp+a;+MHp
jdp + MHp cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng jdpahHp
vd;w tpjpg;go/ (a;+M=ah)
3. bt=;fjpu; <Wnghjy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ ik bfl;L btk; + fjpu;
btk;ik + fjpu; Kd;dpd;w bka; jpupjy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ bt=;fjpu;
(k; jpupe;J =; njhd;wp)
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. mzpapyf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; TWk; ,yf;fz E}y;
m) Kj;JtPupak; M) tPunrhHpak;
,) khwdy=;fhuk; <) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; [tpil: ,) khwdy=;fhuk;]
2. fPH;f;fhz]gtw;Ws; `tpidahyiza[k; bgau;~ vJ>
m) cau;e;njhu; M) te;jhd;
,) elg;ghd; <) cau;e;J [tpil: m) cau;e;njhu;]
20
3. `<Wnghjy;~/ `Kd;dpd;w bka;jpupjy;~ vr;brhy;Yf;Fupa g[zu;r;rp tpjp>
m) fU=;Fapy; M) bt=;fjpu;
,) beLe;nju; <) KJkuk; [tpil: M) bt=;fjpu;]
4. `tps=;fp~ ? ,r;brhy;ypd; rupahd gFgjcWg;gpyf;fz gpupg;g[

m) tps + =; + , M) tps=;F + f; + ,
,) tp + s=;F + , <) tps=;F + , [tpil: <) tps=;F + ,]
5. fUj;J 1 : kf;fspd; mwpahikia mfw;WtJ jkpH;bkhHpahFk;.

fUj;J 2 : g[w ,Uisg; nghf;f fjputd; cjt[k;.
m) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup M) fUj;J 1 rup 2 jtW

,) fUj;J 1 jtW 2 rup <) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; jtW
[tpil: m) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup]
1
,ay;
6. fUj;J 1 : `bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;~ mzpapyf;fzj;ij kl;Lnk TWk; E}y;.
fUj;J 2 : `Ftyahde;jk;~ vd;Dk; E}y; KGikahd ,yf;fz E}y;.
m) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup M) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; jtW
,) fUj;J 1 jtW/ 2 rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
[tpil: M) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; jtW]
7. rupahdijj; nju;f.
m) tPunrhHpak; ? ehty;
M) Kj;J tPupak; ? rpWfij
,) Ftyahde;jk; ? mzpapyf;fzk;
<) khwdy=;fhuk; ? bghUspyf;fzk;
[tpil : ,) Ftyahde;jk; ? mzpapyf;fzk;]
m) te;J ? bgabur;rk;
M) cau;e;njhu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
,) ,yhj ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
<) bt=;fjpu; ? tpidj;bjhif

[tpil: M) cau;e;njhu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;]
9. bghUe;jhjijf; nju;f.
m) jkpH;bkhHp ? bghjpif kiy
M) bjhy;fhg;gpak; ? ,yf;fpa E}y;
,) jz]oay=;fhuk; ? jz]o
<) fhtpaju;rk; ? tlbkhHp ,yf;fzk;
[tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpak; ? ,yf;fpa E}y;]
10. bghUj;Jf.
m) bt=;fjpu; ? 1. ,ilf;Fiw
M) ,yhj ? 2. tpidbar;rk;
,) te;J ? 3. tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
<) cau;e;njhu; ? 4. gz]g[j;bjhif
21
m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2
,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 [tpil: ,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3]
11. jkpH; njhd;wpa kiy
m) FlF M) bghjpif
,) ,kakiy <) tpe;jpakiy [tpil: M) bghjpif]
12. `jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;-~ ghlg;gFjpay; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ghly;

m) jz;oay=;fhu ciu nkw;nfhs; ghly;
M) ,iwadhu;fstpay; ciu nkw;nfhs; ghly;
1
,) ek;gpafg;bghUs; ciu nkw;nfhs; ghly;
<) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy ciu nkw;nfhs; ghly;
[tpil: m) jz;oay=;fhu ciu nkw;nfhs; ghly;]
,ay;
13. ,Uisg; nghf;Fk; ,uz;L

m) fjputd;/ epyt[ M) fjputd;/ jkpH;
,) mwpt[/ jkpH; <) mwpt[/ +hdk; [tpil: M) fjputd;/ jkpH;]
14. jz;oay=;fhuk; ................ ,yf;fzj;ijf; TWk; E}y;.
m) vGj;J M) brhy;
,) bghUs;; <) mzp [tpil: <) mzp]
15.
`X=;fypil te;J~ vd;W bjhl=;Fk; ghly; jz;oay=;fhuj;jpd; ................ gFjpapy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
m) bghUszpapay; M) bghJtpay;
,) brhy;yzpapay; <) xHpgpay; [tpil: m) bghUszpapay;]
16. fhtpaju;rk; vd;gJ
m) tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}y; M) g[uhz E}y;
,) tuyhw;W E}y; <) kiyahs ,yf;fpa E}y;
[tpil: m) tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}y;]
17. fhtpaju;rk; vd;Dk; tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}iyj; jGtp vGjg;gl;l E}y;
m) jz;oay=;fhuk; M) khwdy=;fhuk;
,) tPunrhHpak; <) Kj;JtPupak; [tpil: m) jz;oay=;fhuk;]
18. jz;oay=;fhuj;jpd; Mrpupau;
m) jz;o M) Iaupdhju;
,) rkzKdptu; <) gtze;jp [tpil: m) jz;o]
19. jz;o ................ Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhu;ejtu;.
m) fp.gp. 11 M) fp.gp. 12
,) fp.gp. 13 <) fp.gp. 14 [tpil: M) fp.gp. 12]
20. jz;oay=;fhuk; ................ bgUk; gpupt[fis cilaJ.
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: M) @d;W]
22
FWtpdh
1. jz]oay=;fhuk; ? E}w;Fwpg;g[ jUf.
Mrpupau; : jz;o
fhyk; : 12Mk; E}w;whz;L
jGty; E}y; : fhtpaju;rk; vd;Dk; tlbkhHp ,yf;fz E}iy jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ.
@d;W gpupt[fs; : bghJtpay;/ bghUszpapay;/ brhy;yzpapay;.
2. mzpapyf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; TWk; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ahit>
1
jz]oay=;fhuk;/ khwdy=;fhuk;/ Ftyahde;jk;.
3. mzpapyf;fzj;njhL gpw ,yf;fzj;ija[k; TWk; E}y;fs; ahit>
,ay;
mzp ,yf;fzj;njhL gpw ,yf;fzj;ija[k; TWk; E}y; bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ tPunrhHpak;/
,yf;fz tpsf;fk;/ bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;/ Kj;J tPupak; MFk;.
4. jz;oay=;fhuj;jpd; @d;W bgUk; gpupt[fs; ahit>
bghJtpay;/ bghUszpapay;/ brhy;yzpapay;.
5. xg;g[tik ,y;yhjJkhf ,Ug;gJ jkpnH ? tpsf;Ff.
bghjpif kiyapy; njhd;wp/ rhd;nwhuhy; bjhHg;gl;L/ kf;fspd; mwpahik vd;Dk;
mf ,Uisg; nghf;FtnjhL xg;g[tik ,y;yhjJkhf ,Ug;gJ jkpnH MFk;.
6. g[w ,Uisg; nghf;FtJ vJ>
kf;fshy; nghw;wg;gl;L/ cau;e;j kiyfSf;F ,ilna njhd;wp/ flyhy; R{Hg;gl;l
cyfj;jpd; g[w ,Uis nghf;FtJ fjputdhFk;.
rpWtpdh
1. jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpHpd; rpwg;g[f; Fwpj;Jj; jz]oay=;fhu ciu nkw;nfhs; ghly; czu;j;Jk;
bra;jp ahJ>
,t;t[yfpy; thGk; kf;fs; midtuhYk; nghw;wg;gl;L cau;e;j kiyfSf;F ,ilna

njhd;wp/ vg;nghJk; xypj;Jf; bfhz]oUf;Fk; flyhy; NHg;gl;l cyfj;jpd; g[w ,Uis
nghf;FtJ fjputd;.
Fspu;r;rpg; bghUe;jpa bghjpa kiyapy; njhd;wp/ rhd;nwhu;fshy; bjhHg;gl;L/
kf;fspd; mwpahik vd;Dk; mf ,Uisg; nghf;FtJk; vjndhLk; xg;gpl;Lf; Tw
KoahjJkhdJ jkpH;bkhHp.
g[w ,Uisg; nghf;Fk; fjputidg;nghy mf ,Uisg; nghf;Fk; jkpH;bkhHpf;F epfu;
vk;bkhHpa[k; ,y;iy vd;W jz]oay=;fhu ciu nkw;nfhs; ghly; czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
2. bghUs; ntw;Wikazpiar; rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
bra;a[spy; ,UntW bghUs;fSf;fpilna xw;Wikiaf; Twpag; gpd; ntWgLj;jpf;
fhl;LtJ bghUs; ntw;Wik mzp vdg;gLk;.
23
rhd;W :
``X=;fypil te;J cau;e;njhu; bjhHtps=;fp
V=;bfhypePu; +hyj;(J) ,Usfw;Wk; ? M=;ftw;Ws;
kpd;ndu; jdpahHp bt=;fjpbuhd;(W) VidaJ
jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;-~~
tpsf;fk; :
jkpGf;Fk;/ fjputDf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s gad; rhu;e;j xw;Wikia Kjypy; Twp mtw;Ws;
jkpH; jd;ndupyhjJ vd;w jd;ikiag; gpd;du; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjhy; ,J bghUs;
1
ntw;Wikazp Mapw;W. ,J ntw;Wik mzpapd; xU gpupthFk;.

,ay;
1. ntw;Wik mzp gapd;W tUk; ,U ghly;fis tpsf;fj;Jld; vGjp tUf.

ghly; : 1
``m=;fz; tpRk;gpd; mfdpyhg; ghwpf;Fk;
jp=;fSk; rhd;nwhUk; xg;gu;kd; ? jp=;fs;
kWthw;Wk; rhd;nwhu; mBjhw;whu; bjUkUj;J
bja;tu; xU khRwpd;.~~ ? ehyoahu;
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
,UbghUl;fSf;F ,ilna xg;g[ikiaf; Twp mtw;Ws; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W
ntWgLj;jpf;; TWtJ ntw;Wik mzp MFk;.
tpsf;fk;:
jp=;fs; nja[k;/ rhd;nwhd; njahu; (kdepiy khwhu;) vd;gnjahFk;.
ghly; : 2
``jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL~~ Fwl;gh
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
,UbghUl;fSf;F ,ilna xg;g[ikiaf; Twp mtw;Ws; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W
ntWgLj;jpf;; TWtJ ntw;Wik mzp MFk;.
tpsf;fk;:
jPapdhy; cz;lhd g[z; cs; MwptpLk;.
ehtpdhy; cz;lhd g[z; cs;sj;jpy; Mwhj tLthf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. `jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; brhw;nghupy; g=;nfw;gjw;fhd Ie;J epkpl ciu
cUthf;Ff.
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;-
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l jkpH; gHika[k;/ bgUika[k; bfhz;lJ.
,yf;fz/ ,yf;fpa=;fs;/ rpWfhg;gpak;/ bgU=;fhg;gpak;/ bjhif/ ghl;L/ Mw;Wgil vd
vz;zpyl=;fh E}y;fs; cUthfp jkpHpd; rpwg;ig cynf bjhGk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
24
Kjy;/ ,il/ filr;r=;fk; bfhz;lJ. jd;dpfupy;yh jdbkhHpahf tps=;fpaJ.
jdpj;J ,a=;Fk; Mw;wy; bfhz;lJ/ gpwbkhHp cjtp ,y;yhky;/ ,lu;g;ghLfs; ,y;yhky;
,a=;Fk; Mw;wy; bfhz;lJ.
jpUe;jpa gz;g[k; rPu;j;j ehfupfKk; bfhz;l vd; jkpHpd; cjtpapy;yhky; bjY=;F/
fd;dlk;/ kiyahsk; ,a=;f KoahJ. ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;Dk; @d;W bgUk;
gpupt[fisf; bfhz;L jdf;F epfu; ,y;yhj bkhHpaha; tps=;FfpwJ.
ed;wp- tzf;fk;-

1
,ay; 1 jk;gp bey;iyag;gUf;F
,ay;
Jizg;ghlk; ? ghujpahu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. ghujpapd; fojk; thapyhf eP=;fs; mwpe;Jbfhz]l bkhHpg;gw;W/ r@fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw
tptupf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
bkhHpg;gw;W
r@fg;gw;W
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:

èPLJapy; ePf;fg; ghote;j epyh~ vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; ghujp/ kz;zpy; ntqd;wpa
bts;isaiu jd; ghly; jpwj;jhy; ntu; mWf;fr; bra;jtu;. me;j ghujp/ jk;gp
bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa fojj;jpd; thapyhf mwpag;gLk; bkhHpg;gw;W/ r@fg;gw;W
gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
bkhHpg;gw;W:
ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH;bkhHp nghy ,dpjhd bkhHp vJt[kpy;iy vd;W
Twpa ghujp/ R. bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa fojj;jpYk; mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
bey;iyag;guplk; mtu; TWk; nghJ/ èP gpwbkhHpfis mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;/ jkpiH
tsu;g;gij flikahff; bfhs;s ntz]Lk; vd;W TWfpd;whu;.
jkpH;ehl;oy; tPjpfs; njhWk; jkpH;g;gs;spf;Tl=;fs; bgUf ntz]Lk;. me;jg;
gs;spfspy; vy;yhk; g[jpa g[jpa fiyfs; gapw;rp bgw;W tsu ntz]Lk;. tlehl;L
bkhHpfs; vy;yhk; mile;Js;s tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;j;j gpd;ghtJ ehk; ek; jha;bkhHpahk;
jkpH;bkhHpapd; kPJ gw;Wf;bfhs;s Kay ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu; ghujp.
25
r@fg;gw;W:
r@fj;jpd; mtykhf ,Uf;fpd;w Mz] bgz] ntWghL Kw;wpYkhf mHpa ntz]Lk;.
Mz] cau;e;jtd; bgz] moik vd;w epiy r@f mtykhFk;. me;epiy khwnt MQk;
bgz]Qk; XUapupd; ,uz]L jiyfs;" mtw;wpy; xd;wpbyhd;W jhH;tpy;iy vd;fpwhu;.
bgz]iz tPl;ow;Fs; milj;jtd; jd; fz]iz ,He;j FUld; nghyg; gupjtpg;ghd;
vd;Wk; Twp/ MQk; bgz]Qk; rkk; vd;w r@f ePjpia typa[Wj;Jfpd;whu;.
r@fk; tsu;r;rp mila bjhHpy; bgUfntz]Lk;/ tpahghuk; rpwf;f ntz]
Lk;/ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; tsu ntz]Lk; vd;fpwhu;. r@f khw;wk; fhz r=;fPjk;/ rpw;gk;/
,ae;jpuk;/ g{kp/ thdk;/ ,aw;ifr; rhu;e;j E}y;fs; Mapuk; Mapukhfj; jha;bkhHpapy;
1
cUthfpl ntz]Lk;. mjidf; fw;W ek; jkpH;r;r@fk; khw;wk; bgw midtUk;
vz]zpl ntz]Lk;. mjw;Fupa rf;jpia midtUk; bgw;wplt[k; ntz]Lbkd;W ghujpahu;
R. bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa fojk; @yk; jd; cs;sf; fUj;ij btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
,ay;
Kot[iu :
ghujpapd; vz;z=;fs; tz;z=;fshFk; tifapy; mtUila fojj;jpy; cs;sgo/
xt;bthUtUk; bkhHpg;gw;W/ r@fg;gw;W cilatuhf thHntz;Lk; vd;gij fojk;
thapyhf mwpa KofpwJ.
2. ``brhy;nyhtpa=;fs;~~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}y; c=;fs; gs;sp Mrpupauhy; vGjg;gl;L c=;fs;
gs;spapy; btspaplg;gLfpwJ. mt;btspaPl;L tpHhtpw;fhd epfH;r;rp epuiy cUthf;fp/
ed;wpa[iu vGJf.
brhy;nyhtpa=;fs;
ftpij E}y; btspaPl;L tpHh
,lk; : muR nkdpiyg;gs;sp/ tpGg;g[uk;.
ehs; : 19.06.2019/ g[jd;fpHik.
neuk; : gpw;gfy; 3 kzp
jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J : khztu;fs;
tuntw;g[iu : jpU. r. bre;jpy;Fkhu;/ jiyikahrpupau;.

E}y; mwpKf ciu : jp.g. gpiwNld; mtu;fs; (vGj;jhsu;)
E}y; btspapl;L thH;j;Jiu : jpUkpF. t. rutzd] mtu;fs;/
(khtl;lf; fy;tp mYtyu;/ tpGg;g[uk;)
Kjy; gpujpiag; bgw;Wf;bfhs;gtu; : jpUkpF. jh. mz]zhkiy mtu;fs;/
(bjhHpyjpgu; kw;Wk; r@f Mu;tyu;)
Vw;g[iu : jpU. ftp+u;. j. jkpHurd; mtu;fs;/
KJfiyj; jkpHhrpupau;.
ed;wpa[iu : jpU. ,uh. nfrtd;/
cjtpj; jiyikahrpupau;.
njrpa fPjk;
26
ed;wpa[iu
midtUf;Fk; md;ghd tzf;fk;.
ehk; epfH;r;rpapd; ,Wjp epiyf;F te;jpUf;fpnwhk;. ,g;bghGJ ed;wp TWk; neuk;.
,e;E}y; btspaPl;L tpHhtpw;F tUif je;J thH;j;jpa rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu; khtl;lf;
fy;tp mYtyu; mtu;fSf;F gs;spapd; rhu;ghf ed;wp.
,e;E}iy mwpKfk; bra;j vGj;jhsu; gpiwNld; mtu;fSf;F ed;wpfs; nfho.
Kjy; gpujp bgw;W thH;j;Jiu tH=;fpa bjhHpyjpgu; Iah mz;zhkiy mtu;fSf;F
ed;wp.
tpHh eilbgw cWJizahf ,Ue;j jiyikahrpupau; kw;Wk; MrpupaUf;F ed;wp.
tpHh rpwg;ghf eilbgWtjw;F xj;JiHg;g[ je;j md;g[ khztu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk;
mYtyf cjtpahsu;fSf;Fk;/ xsp xyp mikj;Jj; je;jtu;fSf;Fk; ed;wpfs; gy.
1
,ay;
,Wjpahf/ ed;wp Twpa vdf;F/ vdf;F ehnd ed;wp Twp tpilbgWfpnwd;.
ed;wp - tzf;fk; -
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jkpH;ehl;oy; tPjp njhWk; ,Uf;f ntz]oaJ vJ vdg; ghujpahu; tpUk;g[fpwhu;
m) Myak; M) bjhHpw;rhiy
,) gs;spf;Tlk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,) gs;spf;Tlk;]
2. ghujpahu; bey;iyag;gUf;F vGjpa foj=;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jtu;
m) ,sirkzp M) uh.m. gj;kehgd;
,) fp. uh$ehuhazd; <) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;
[tpil: M) uh.m. gj;kehgd;]
3. fUj;J 1 : MQk; bgz]Qk; XUapupd; ,uz]L jiyfs; vd;whu; ghujp.

fUj;J 2 : guyp. R. bey;iyag;gu; ghujpapd; ghg;ghg; ghl;ilg; gjpg;gpj;jtu;.

m) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; jtW M) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; rup
,) fUj;J 1 jtW/ 2 rup <) fUj;J 1 rup/ 2 jtW
[tpil: m) ,uz]L fUj;Jk; jtW]
m) KuRg;ghl;L ? Fe;jpnfrtu;
M) bey;iyj; bjd;wy; ? t.c.rpjk;gudhu;
,) ghujp foj=;fs; ? uh.m. gj;kehgd;
<) tk;rkzp jPgpif ? guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;
[tpil: ,) ghujp foj=;fs; ? uh.m. gj;kehgd;]
27
5.
rupahdijj; nju;f.
m) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju; ? ghujp foj=;fs;
M) ,sirkzp ? Nupnahjak;
,) fz]zd;ghl;L ? uh.m. gj;kehgd;
<) t.c. rpjk;gudhupd; thH;f;if tuyhW ? guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;
[tpil: <) t.c. rpjk;gudhupd; thH;f;if tuyhW ? guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;]
6. bghUe;jhjijj; nju;f.
m) ,sir kzp ? tk;rkzp jPgpif E}ypd; kWkjpg;g[
M) tk;rkzp jPgpif ? ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;
1 ,) guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;
<) ghujp thH;j;J
?
?
Mrpupau;
guyp R. bey;iyag;gu;
,ay;
[tpil: ,) guyp R. bey;iyag;gu; ? Mrpupau;]
7. ghujp bey;iyag;gUf;Ff; fojk; vGjpa ,lk;/ ehs;

m) g[Jr;nrup/ 19 $îy 1915
M) bey;iy/ 14 $îy 1914
,) flY}u;/ 18 Mf!;l; 1914
<) fhiuf;fhy;/ 19 $îy 1915 [tpil: m) g[Jr;nrup/ 19 $îy 1915]
8. bey;iyag;giu ahu; fhj;jpl ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; ghujp>

m) rptd; M) KUfd;
,) guhrf;jp <) Ju;f;if [tpil: ,) guhrf;jp]
9.
bey;iyag;gu; vjidf; flikahff; bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;W ghujp Twpdhu;>
m) bgw;nwhiuf; fhg;gij M) tpLjiyf;Fg; nghuhLtij
,) jkpH; tsu;g;gij <) r@f ,Hpit fistij
[tpil: ,) jkpH; tsu;g;gij]
10. `jk;gp?cs;snk cyfk;~ vd;W ahu; ahUf;Ff; TwpaJ>

m) mwp+u; mz;zh/ fiy+Uf;F
M) ghujp/ guyp R. bey;iyag;gUf;F

,) K.t./ ,is+u;fSf;F
<) jpU.tp.f./ jkpHu;fSf;F [tpil: M) ghujp/ guyp R. bey;iyag;gUf;F]
11. `cdf;Fr; rpwFfs; njhd;Wf. gwe;J ngh~ ? vd;gjpy; `cdf;F~ vd;gJ ahiu vijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ>
m) jkpiH M) guyp R. bey;iyag;giu
,) Fapiy <) ,is+u;fis [tpil: M) guyp R. bey;iyag;giu]
12. `bgz;izj; jhH;ik bra;njhd; fz;izf; Fj;jpf; bfhz;lhd; vd;bwGJ~ vd;W fojk;
vGjpatu;
m) guyp R. bey;iyag;gu; M) ghujpahu;
,) thzpjhrd; <) ghujpjhrd; [tpil: M) ghujpahu;]
28
13. guyp R. bey;iyag;giug; ghujp ................ vd;W Tt[ vd;fpwhu;.
m) thH;f thH;f M) bjhHpy;fs; bjhHpy;fs;
,) kdpju;fs; kdpju;fs; <) bty;f bty;f [tpil: M) bjhHpy;fs; bjhHpy;fs;]
14. XUapupd; ,uz;L jiyfs; vd;gd

m) MQk; bgz;Qk; M) mwpt[k; mHFk;
,) thH;t[k; jhH;t[k; <) gpwg;g[k; ,wg;g[k; [tpil: m) MQk; bgz;Qk;]
15. jkpH;g; gs;spf; Tl=;fspy; ................ vy;yhk; gapw;rpg; bgw;W tsu ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;
ghujp.
1
m) etPd fiyfs; M) tpisahl;L
,) ghuk;gupa fiyfs; <) mwptpay; fy;tp [tpil: m) etPd fiyfs;]
16. tk;rkzp jPgpif vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; ................ btspapl;l Mz;L ................
,ay;
m) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;r[pju;/ 1879
M) Kj;J rhkp jPl;r[pju;/ 1879
,) ,sirkzp/ 2008
<) rPdp tpRtehjd;/ 2004 [tpil: m) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;r[pju;/ 1879]
17. tk;rkzp jPgpif vd;Dk; E}y; ahiug; gw;wpaJ>

m) nrhH kd;du;fspd; guk;giu tuyhW
M) vl;ilag[uk; kd;du;fspd; guk;giu tuyhW
,) M=;fpy Ml;rpahsupd; mlf;FKiwfisf; TWtJ
<) ghujpapd; thH;fif tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ
[tpil: M) vl;ilag[uk; kd;du;fspd; guk;giu tuyhW]
18. tk;rkzp jPgpif E}ypd; gjpg;igj; jpUj;jp btspapl Mir bfhz;L 16.8.1919,y; Ml;rp
bra;j bt=;fnlRu vl;lg;gUf;Ff; fojk; vGjpatu; ................
m) ghujpahu; M) rPdp. tpRtehjd;
,) ,sirkzp <) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
19. tk;rkzp jPgpif E}ypd; @ytotk; kWgjpg;ghf btspapl;ltu; ................ Mz;L ................

m) ftpnfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;/ 1879
M) ghujpahu;/ 1919
,) ,sirkzp/ 2008
<) rPdp. tpRtehjd;/ 1921 [tpil: ,) ,sirkzp/ 2008]
20.
ghujp jdJ gjpide;J tajpy; vl;lag[uk; murUf;F vGjpa ftpijf; fojj;jpy;
ntz;lg;gLk; bra;jp
m) M=;fpy muir mfw;w ntz;o
M) ghujp fy;tp fw;f cjtp ntz;o
,) jd; ez;gd; fy;tp fw;f cjtp ntz;o
<) vl;lag;g[uj;jpy; ftpau=;fk; elj;j trjp ntz;o
[tpil: M) ghujp fy;tp fw;f cjtp ntz;o]
29
21. ghujpapd; filrpf; fojk; ahUf;F vKjg;gl;lJ>

m) vl;lag[uk; murUf;F M) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gUf;F
,) Fj;jpnfrtUf;F <) rPdp. tpRtehjDf;F [tpil: ,) Fj;jpnfrtUf;F]
22. Nupnahjak;/ fu;knahfp Mfpa ,jH;fspy; Jizahrpuahf ,Ue;jtu;

m) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu; M) fz;zjhrd;
,) ghujpjhrd; <) rPdp. tpRtehjd; [tpil: m) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;]
23. ghujp elj;jpa ,jH;fspy; Jizahrpupahuhf ,Ue;jtu;
m) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu; M) fz;zjhrd;
1
,) ,sir kzp <) ,sir Re;juk; [tpil: m) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;]
24. ghujpapd; ghly;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jtu; (fz;zd; ghl;L/ ghg;gh ghl;L cs;spl;lit)

m) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu; M) rPdp. tpRtehjd;
,ay;
,) ,sir kzp <) ,sir Re;juk; [tpil: m) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;]
25. bey;iyj;bjd;wy;/ ghujp thH;j;J/ ca;a[k; tHp Mfpa ftpij E}y;fis vGjpatu;
m) rPdp. tpRtehjd; M) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;
,) ,sir kzp <) ,sir Re;juk; [tpil: M) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;]
26. t. c. rpjk;gudhupd; thH;f;if tuyhw;iw vGjpatu;

m) rPdp. tpRtehjd; M) ,sir kzp
,) ,sir Re;juk; <) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;
[tpil: <) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;]
27. nyhnfhgfhup/ njrgf;jd; Mfpa ,jH;fspy; Jizahrpupauhft[k; gpwF Mrpupauhft[k;

gzpahw;wpatu;
m) rPdp. tpRtehjd; M) ,sir kzp
,) ,sir Re;juk; <) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;
[tpil: <) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;]
30
1. ghujpapd; thH;tpidf; fhyf;nfhlhf cUthf;Ff.
1882 ghujpahu; gpwg;g[
,ay;
1897 bry;yk;khSld; jpUkzk;
1904 Rnjr kpj;jpud; ? cjtp Mrpupau;
1907 ,e;jpah thu ,jH; Mrpupau;
1912 fPijia jkpHpy; bkhHpg; bgau;j;jy;
1918 g[Jitapy; rpiwthrk;

1919 fhe;jpiar; re;jpj;jy;
1921 ghujpahu; ,wg;g[

2. fhyj;ij btd;w kfhftpahd ghujpf;Ff; fw;gidf; fojk; xd;wpid vGJf.
J}j;Jf;Fo/
18 $îy 2020.
ghl;Lf;bfhUg; g[ytd; ghujpna- KWf;fpa kPira[k;/ Kiwj;j ghu;ita[k;/
Kz;lhRf; fl;Lf;Fk; brhe;jf;fhund- bre;jkpHpd; vGr;rpna- ckf;F tzf;fk;-
cdJ bghd; vGj;Jfshy; jkpH; md;idf;F ituf;fpuPlk; Nl;o kfpH;e;jha;.
Mdhy;/ filrp tiu rhjhuz jiyg;ghifapid eP mzpe;jpUe;jha; vd
vj;jidg; ngUf;Fj; bjupa[k;.
ghjfk; bra;gtiuf; fz;lhy; eP ga=;bfhs;syhfhJ ghg;gh/ nkhjp kpjpj;JtpL
ghg;gh/ mtu; Kfj;jpy; ckpH;e;JtpL ghg;gh vd;W ghodhna ghujp. ,d;iwa ghypay;
td;bfhLikia Kd;dnu rhodha; ghujp.
31
gpr;ir th=;fp cz;Qk; thH;f;ifg; bgw;Wtpl;l nghjpYk; mr;rkpy;iy

mr;rkpy;iy vd;W Rje;jpuj;jpd; nkd;ikia kf;fspd; kdjpy; bfhonaw;wp itj;jtd; eP.
jkpHpy; Xu; vGj;Jjhd; Ma;j vGj;J. Mdhy; kw;w 246 vGj;Jfisa[k; Ma[jkhf;fp
bts;isaid tpul;l tpLjiyf; ftpfisg; gho nt=;ifbad tpul;oatd; eP.
``J}=;ifapny th=;Ffpw @r;R ? mJ
RHpkhwp nghdhYk; nghr;R~~
mjw;F vd; cs;sbkDk; bgU=;nfhtpypy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; cd;ndhL xUehs; xnu

nkilapy; ftpghl ehd; tpUk;g[fpd;nwd;.
1 ,g;gof;F/
jkpH;ghujp.
,ay;

,ay; 1 jkpHha; vGJnthk;

,yf;fzk;
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 17
1. gpiHahd bjhliuf; fz]lwpf.

m) fhisfisg; g{l;o taiy cGjdu;.
M) kiykPJ Vwpf; fy;btl;Lfisf; fz]lwpe;jdu;.
,) fhisapy; g{j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ.
<) bew;gapu;fs; kiHePupy; @H;fpd.
[tpil: ,) fhisapy; g{j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ.]
2. ngr;Rj;jkpHpy; mike;j bjhliuj; nju;f.

m) mtUf;F ey;yJ bfl;lJ ey;yhj; bjupa[k;.
M) g[j;jff; fz]fhl;rp eilbgWfpwJ.
,) twl;rp vy;yh ,l=;fisa[k; ghjpj;Js;sJ.
<) kapy;fs; tpwypaiug; nghy; MLfpd;wd.
[tpil: m) mtUf;F ey;yJ bfl;lJ ey;yhj; bjupa[k;.]
3. Koe;jhy; juyhk;/ Koj;jhy; juyhk;

? ,t;tpU brhw;bwhlu;fs; czu;jJ; k; bghUis mwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;ft[k; .
Koe;jhy; juyhk; :
Koe;jhy; ? bfhLf;Fk; vz;zk; (,ad;why;)
xU bghUisf; bfhLf;f Koe;jhy; bfhLf;fyhk; vd;w bghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.
32 cd;dplk; cs;s bghUisf; bfhz]L ViHfSf;F cjt Koe;jhy; juyhk;.
Koj;jhy; juyhk; :
Koj;jhy; ? bray; Koe;j gpd;
jug;gl;Ls;s ntiyia Koj;J tpl;nld; vd;why; juyhk; vd;w bghUisj; jUfpd;wJ.
tPl;od; jpwt[nfhiy ntiyfis Koj;jhy; juyhk;.
4. jkpHpy; gpiHapd;wp vGJtjw;F nkw;bfhs;s ntz]oa Kaw;rpfs; ahit >
vGj;jpidj; bjspthf cr;rupf;fg; gHf ntz]Lk;. e/ z/ d ' y/ s ' H/ w/ u xypg;g[
ntWghL bjupe;J xypf;f ntz]Lk;.
jkpHpy; ,t;btGj;Jfs; tUk; Kiwiaa[k;/ mit Vw;gLj;Jk; bghUs; khw;wj;ija[k;
mwpe;J bfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;.
vGJk; nghJ bjhlf;fj;jpy; rpy fhyk; tha;tpl;nlh my;yJ kdj;Jf;Fs;
cr;rupj;jgonah vGjpg;gHFtJ ey;yJ.
1
,ay;
ntfkhf vGj Kay;tJ gpiHf;F tHpnfhYk;/ vdnt epjhdkhf vGJtJ ey;yJ.
bf/ nf/ bfh/ nfh nghd;w bfhk;g[ila Fwpy; beoy; ntWghl;oidg; g[upe;J vGj
ntz;Lk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ntw;Wikg; g[zu;r;rpapy; yfuj;ijj; bjhlu;e;J ty;ypdk; tupd; yfuk; vt;thW jpupa[k;
m) ,ay;ghfg; g[zUk; M) yfuk; lfukhFk;
,) yfuk; dfukhFk; <) yfuk; wfukhFk; [tpil: <) yfuk; wfukhFk;]
2. ntw;Wikg; g[zu;r;rpapy; sfuj;ijj; bjhlu;e;J bky;ypdk; tupd; sfuk; vt;thW jpupa[k;

m) sfuk; yfukhFk; M) sfuk; dfukhFk;
,) sfuk; lfukhFk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
[tpil: <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy]
3. vGJk;nghJ tUk; gpiHfis ................ tifahff; bfhs;syhk;.

m) 3 M) 4
,) 5 <) 6 [tpil: M) 4]
4. capbuGj;Jfs;
m) 10 M) 12
,) 30 <) 18 [tpil: M) 12]
5. capbuGj;Jfspd; tif
m) 2 M) 4
,) 12 <) 18 [tpil: m) 2]
6. bka;baGj;Jfs;
m) 3 M) 18
,) 12 <) 30 [tpil: M) 18]
33
7. bka;baGj;Jfspd; tif
m) 3 M) 12
,) 18 <) 30 [tpil: m) 3]
8. capu; bka;baGj;Jfs;
m) 18 M) 126
,) 216 <) 247 [tpil: ,) 216]
9. capu; bka;f;Fwpy;
m) 90 M) 126
1
,) 247 <) 216 [tpil: m) 90]
10. capu; bka; beoy;

m) 90 M) 126
,ay;
,) 247 <) 216 [tpil: M) 126]
11. jkpH; vGj;Jfs; bkhj;jk;;

m) 90 M) 246
,) 216 <) 247 [tpil: <) 247]
12. e/ z/ d/ w/ u/ y/s/H ? ,t;btl;L vGj;Jfspy; brhy;ypd; bjhlf;fkhf tUk; vGj;J

m) u M) y
,) e <) w [tpil: ,) e]
13. ................ brhy;ypd; bjhlf;fkhf bka;baGj;Jfs; tUtjpy;iy.

m) tlbkhHpapy; M) jkpHpy;
,) M=;fpyj;jpy; <) ,e;jpapy; [tpil: M) jkpHpy;]
14. f;hPlk;/ g;upah ? vd;git ................ bkhHpr; brhw;fs;.

m) tl M) mug[
,) jkpH; <) bjY=;F [tpil: m) tl]
15. jkpH;r; brhy; ................ bka;nahL KoahJ.

m) ty;ypd M) bky;ypd
,) ,ilapd <) capu; [tpil: m) ty;ypd]
16. l;/ w; vd;Dk; bka;fSf;Fg; gpwF mt;btGj;J tupirfSk; ................ vd;Dk; tupirna
tUk;.
m) f/ r/ g M) d/ z/ e
,) u/ w <) g. k. a [tpil: m) f/ r/ g]
17. rupahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwpf.

i) ty;ypd bka;fs; <bwhw;wha; thuh.
ii) l;/ w; vd;Dk; bka;fis mLj;J bka;fs; tUtjpy;iy.
iii) f;/ r;/ j;/ g;/ Mfpatw;wpd;gpd; mtw;wpd; mt;btGj;J tupirfns tUk;.
m) i, ii - rup M) ii, iii - rup
34 ,) i, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; rup [tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup]
18. brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tuhj vGj;Jfs;
m) l/ w M) j/ e
,) g/ k <) f/ r [tpil: m) l/ w]
19. Ma;j vGj;J brhy;ypd; ................ tUk;.

m) Kjypy; M) ,ilapy;
,) filrpapy; <) <w;wpy; [tpil: ,) filrpapy;]
20. bky;ypd vGj;Jfspy; brhy;ypd; bjhlf;fkhf tuhjit

m) =/ + M) =/ k
1
,) z/ d <) e/ k [tpil: ,) z/ d]
21. ................ vd;Dk; vGj;JfSf;Fg; gpd; tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W'fs; tpFjp'ty;ypdj;jpy;

bjhl=;Fk; brhw;fs; tUk;nghJ ,ay;gha; epw;Fk;.
,ay;
m) a;/ u;/ y;/ H;/ s; M) w;/ l;
,) =/ +/ z/ u/ k <) f;/ r;/ l;/ j;/ g; [tpil: m) a;/ u;/ y;/ H;/ s;]
22. ................ xw;Wfs; kl;Lnk <buhw;wha; tUk;.

i) a ii) u iii) H
m) @d;Wk; rup M) @d;Wk; jtW
,) i, iii - rup <) i, ii - rup [tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup]
23. jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;J tuhj xw;Wfs; vit>

m) f/ r M) u/ H
,) j/ g <) f/ g [tpil: M) u/ H]
24. yfuj;ijj; bjhlu;e;J bky;ypdk;tupd; yfuk; ................ jpuptJz;L.

m) dfukha;j; M) zfukha;j;
,) lfukha;j; <) kfukha;j; [tpil: m) dfukha;j];
25. sfuj;ijj; bjhlu;e;J ty;ypdk;tupd; sfuk; ................ jpuptJz;L.


,) lfukha;j; <) wfukha;j; [tpil: ,) lfukha;j];
26. sfuj;ijj; bjhlu;e;J bky;ypdk;tupd; sfuk; ................ jpuptJz;L.

,) lfukha;j; <) wfukha;j; [tpil: M) zfukha;j];
27. rupahdtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.

i) ,af;Feu; ii) ,af;Fdu; iii) cWg;gpdu; iv) tPl;odu;
m) i - rup M) ii, iii - rup
,) iv - rup <) ii - kl;Lk; jtW [tpil: <) ii - kl;Lk; jtW]
35
FWtpdh
1. vGJk;nghJ Vw;gLk; gpiHfis vt;thW tifg;gLj;jyhk;>
vGj;Jg; gpiH.
brhw;bghUl;gpiH.
brhw;bwhlu;g; gpiH.
bghJthd gpiHfs; rpy vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
2. vGj;Jg; gpiHf;F Kjd;ikahd fhuzk; ahJ>
1 vy;yh ,l=;fspYk; ngr;Rj;jkpiH vGj KoahJ.

ngRtijg; nghynt vGj vz;Qtnj vGj;Jg;gpiHf;F Kjd;ikahd fhuzk;
vdyhk;.
,ay;
3. xU bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; vd;W jkpH;eilf; ifnaL vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>

mog;gil mwpt[.
vGj;J/ brhy;.
bghUs;.
thf;fpa mikg;g[.
4. brhy;ypy; Ma;j vGj;jpd; epiy Fwpj;bjGJf.
Ma;j vGj;J brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; kl;Lnk tUk;.
jdpr;brhy;yhapd; @btGj;jhft[k;/ jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;Jk; tUk;.
rhd;W: mBJ/ vBF/ fBR.
5. jdpf;FwpiyaLj;J ufuk; tupd; vt;thW vGj ntz;Lk;>
jdpf;FwpiyaLj;J ufuk; tupd; mjidj; jkpH; ,ay;g[f;nfw;gj; jpUj;jp vGj ntz;Lk;.
rhd;W: epu;thfk; ? epUthfk;" fu;kk; ? fUkk;.

1. ka=;bfhyp vGj;Jfs; (z/ e/ d/ y/ H/ s/ u/ w) mike;j brhw;fisj; jpul;o/ bghUs;

ntWghL mwpe;J tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf.
khztr; bry;t=;fns/
,d;W c=;fSf;F ka=;bfhyp vGj;Jfs; mike;j brhw;fisa[k;/ mjd; bghUs;
ntWghl;oida[k; fw;gpf;fg; nghfpnwd;.
uhK : zfu/ dfu ntWghLfis tpsf;F=;fs; Iah.
mz;zk; ? nky;tha;
md;dk; ? czt[ ' nrhW
l ? gf;fj;jpy; tUk;/ z ? ,ij lz;zfuk; vd;W miHg;gJz;L.
md;dj;jpy;/ w ? gf;fj;jpy; tUk; d ? ,ij wd;dfuk; vd;W miHg;gJz;L.
36
nrhK : Iah ,jd; gad;ghLfs; gw;wpf; TW=;fs; Iah.
,jd; gad;ghLfs; : l ? z t[k;/ w ? gf;fj;jpy; d t[k; tUk; vdg;g[upe;jhy;
vGj;Jg;gpiHfs; kpff; Fiwa[k;.
kd;wk; ? mit
kz;lgk; ? kf;fs; TLkplk;
Fd;W ? rpwpa kiy
Fz;L ? cUz;il (totk;)
,it nghd;W ntWghL fz;L gpiHfisf; fisayhk;.
uhK
: ,d;DbkhU tpsf;fk; njit. y?H ntWghLfs; gw;wpa[k; tpsf;fk; njit
Iah. 1
y?H ntWghL
,ay;
fiy ? El;gk; ' mwpt[ fiH ? @=;fpy;
kiy ? Fd;W kiH ? thd;kiH
jiy ? cly; cWg;g[ jiH ? tsu; ' ,iy
tpiy ? kjpg;g[ tpiH ? tpUg;gk;
,t;thwhd ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fisg; ngRtJ kw;Wk; vGJtjd; @yk;
gpiH jtpu;f;fyhk;.
uhK : kpf;f ed;wp Iah/ bjspthfg; g[upe;J bfhz;nld; Iah.
u?s ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fSf;F v.fh. jhU=;fs; Iah.
u ? w ntWghL
kuk; ? jhtuk; kwk; ? tPuk;
muk; ? fUtp mwk; ? jUkk;
,t;thwhd ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fisg; ngRtJ kw;Wk; vGJtjd; @yk;
gpiH jtpu;f;fyhk;.
nrhK : Iah/ filrpahf yfu/ Hfu ntWghl;ila[k; TW=;fs; Iah.

y s ntWghL
fiy ? mwpt[ ' El;gk;
fis ? gapupd; eLnt tsu;tJ ' Mil fisjy;
nfhy; ? Fr;rp nfhs; ? brt;tha; (nfhs;)
tyk; ? tyg;g[wk; tsk; ? brHpg;g[
t;thwhd ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fisg; ngRtJ kw;Wk; vGJtjd; @yk;
,
gpiH jtpu;f;fyhk; khztu;fns.
khztu;fns kw;bwhU tFg;gpy; re;jpf;fyhk;.
37
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 19
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
tHf;F xd;wpy; rhl;rp mspf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fj; jkJ khztu;fSld;
te;jpUe;jhu; jkpHwp+u; xUtu;. mf;fhy M=;fpnya ePjpgjpfSf;F
bkhHpbgau;j;Jr; brhy;y mjpfhupfs; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. jkpHwp+u;/ rhl;rpaj;ij
M=;fpyj;jpnyna brhy;y Muk;gpf;f/ FWfpa kdk; bfhz]l ePjpgjp mij MWKf ehtyu;
Vw;Wf;bfhs;s kdk; xg;ghky; jkpHpy; Twr; brhy;yp cj;jutpl;lhu;. mtu; 1822 ? 1879
1 clnd `m+;+hd;W vy;yp vH ehdhHpg; nghjpd;tha; MHptuk; gidj;nj fhnyw;Wf;

fhnyhl;lg; g[f;FHp~ vd;W Jt=;fpdhu;. bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu; jpzwpg; nghdhu;. nfhgKw;w
ePjpgjp M=;fpyj;jpy; ngrf; Twp cj;jutpl mtu; kWj;Jj; jkpHpnyna Twpdhu;. mtuJ
,ay;
khztu; kw;wtu;fSf;Fg; g[upa[k;go tpsf;fpdhu;. `Nupad; njhd;Wtjw;F ehd;F ehHpif

Kd;du;f; flw;fiu Xuk; fhw;W th=;fr; rpWeilf;Fg; g[wg;gl;lnghJ~ vd;gJ mtu;
Twpajw;Fg; bghUs;. ,j;jifa bkhHpj;jpwd; iftug;bgw;wtu;jhd; MWKf ehtyu;.
`trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsu;~ vdg; g[fHg;gLk; MWKf ehtyu; ahH;g;ghzk;
ey;Y}upy; gpwe;jtu;. jkpH;/ tlbkhHp/ M=;fpyk; vDk; Kk;bkhHpg; g[yik bgw;wtu;.
jkpH;E}y; gjpg;g[/ ciueil Mf;fk;/ ghlrhiy epWt[jy;/ mr;Rf;Tlk; epWt[jy;/ fz]ld
E}y;fs; gilj;jy;/ irt rkar; brhw;bghHpt[ vdg; gd;Kf MSik bgw;wtu;.
jpUf;Fws; gupnkyHfu; ciu/ Nlhkzp epfz]L/ ed;D}y;?r=;fu ekr;rpthau;
tpUj;jpa[iu vd;W gy E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhu;. ,yf;fz E}y;fs;/ g{kp rh!;jpuk; Kjyhd
ghl E}y;fs; mtuhy; Mf;fg;gl;ld/ g[uhz E}y;fis trdkhf vGjp mjid midtUk;
gof;Fk; vspa totkhf khw;wpdhu;. jkJ ,y;yj;jpy; mr;Rf;Tlk; epWtpg; gy E}y;fis
mr;rpl;lhu;. jpUthtLJiw Mjpdk; ,tUf;F èhtyu;~ gl;lk; tH=;fpaJ. bgu;rpty;
ghjpupahu; tptpypaj;ijj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;f;ft[k; ,tu; cjtpdhu;.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. `vy;yp~ vd;gjd; bghUs; vd;d>
2. xU ehHpif vd;gJ vt;tst[ neuk;>
3. MHp/ fhy;; bghUs; jUf.

4. MWKf ehtyu; vt;thW g[fHg;gl;lhu;> mtu; mwpe;jpUe;j bkhHpfs; ahit>
5. bgw;wtu; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
6. tptpypaj;ijj; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; ahu;>
7. MWKf ehtyupd; ,aw;bgau; vd;d> èhtyu;~ vd;w gl;lj;ij ahu; tH=;fpdhu;>
8. `te;jpUe;jhu;~ ,U bghUs;gLk;go thf;fpak; mikf;f.
tpilfs;:
1. Nupad;.
2. 24 epkplk;.
3. MHp ? nkhjpuk;/ fly;.
fhy; ? cly;cWg;g[/ fhw;W.
38
4. `trdeil ifte;j ts;syhu;~ vdg; g[fHg;gl;lhu;. jkpH;/ tlbkhHp/ M=;fpyk; vd;Dk;
Kk;bkhHpg; g[yik bgw;wtu;.
5. bgw;wtu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;.
6. bgu;rpty; ghjpupahu;.
7. ,aw;bgau; ? MWKfk;.
ehtyu; gl;lk; ? jpUthtLJiw MjPdk; tH=;fpajhFk;.
8. te;jpUe;jhu; : cly; eyk; rupapy;yhj vd; je;ijiaf; fhz vd; khkh ePz]l ehs;
fHpj;J te;jhu;.
te;J ,Ue;jhu; : bghJf;Tl;lk; fhz gy iky; J}uk; ele;j Fkud; fhy; typahy;
jkpHhf;fk; jUf
te;J ,Ue;jhu;.
1
,ay;
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere. (Chinese Proverb).
fw;wy; vy;yh ,l=;fspYk; mjd; cupikahsiug; gpd;gw;Wk; xU fUt{ykhFk;.
2. A new language is a new life. (Persian Proverb).
g[jpa bkhHp g[jpa thH;f;if.
3. If you want people to understand you, speak their language. (African Proverb).
gpwu; cd;idg; g[upe;J bfhs;s ntz]Lkhapd; mtu; bkhHpapy; ngR.
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom. (Roger Bacon).
bkhHpfspd; mwpt[ +hdj;jpd; tHpj;jlk;.
5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world. (Willgenstin).
vd; bkhHpapd; vy;iy vd; cyfj;jpd; vy;iy.
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
Kr;r=;f=; Tl;o
KJg[ytu; jikf; Tl;o

mr;r=;fj; Js;ns
msg;gupa bghUs;Tl;o
brhw;r=;f khfr;
RitkpFe;j ftpTl;o
mw;g[j=;f bsy;yhk;
mikj;j bgUkhl;o- ? fz]zjhrd;
jpuz]l fUj;J :
Kr;r=;;fk; mikj;J/ KJbgUk; g[ytu;fisf; Tl;o/ msg;gupa brhw;bghUshy;
RitkpF ftpij ,aw;wp/ mw;g[jk; bra;j jkpH; @jhl;ona- vdg; ghoa fz;zjhrdpd;
ghlypy; fhzg;gLk; ea=;fs;.
bjhilaw;w ghf;fs;" eilaw;Wg; nghFk;.
bjhil
nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ msbgil.
39
KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhidahFk;.

nkhid
fhl;Lf;F ahid" ghl;Lf;F nkhid
Kr;r=;f=; mr;r=;fj; brhw;r=;f mw;g[j=;f
rhd;W
KJg[ytu; msg;gupa RitkpFe;j mikj;j
,uz]lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJifahFk;.

vJif
kJiuf;F itif" bra;a[Sf;F vJif
Kr;r=;f=; brhw;r=;f
rhd;W
1 mr;r=;fj; mw;g[j=;f
filrp vGj;njh Xirnah xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[ MFk;.

,ay;
,iag[
bgUkhl;o ftpTl;o bghUs;Tl;o jikf;Tl;o
mzpaw;w ghf;fs;" gpzpa[s;s tzpij

mzp jkpH; bkhHpf;F bgUik nru;f;Fk; tifapy; ,g;ghlypy; cau;t[ etpw;rp
mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
re;jk; jkpGf;Fr; brhe;jk;

re;jk;
,dpa XirfnshLk; ahg;g[ fl;LfnshLk; ghLtJ.
eh czUk; Rit MW" kdk; czUk; Rit vl;L

Rit
bgUkpjr; Rit gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
Kot[iu:
fw;whUf;Fk;/ fy;yhUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[ ,iae;njhl/
fw;gid fhl;rpaspf;f/ re;jk; jhskpl/ Rit cz;lhfp/ eh Vf;fKw/ mzpnahL mHFbgWk;
tifapy; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpiag; goj;J Ie;J tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ff.
bkhHp vd;gJ kf;fs; gilj;Jf; fhf;Fk; mupabjhU fiy. bkhHpna kf;fspd;

mwpit tsu;j;J cau;j;Jk; mupa fUtpahft[k; cs;sJ. bgw;w jhapd; Kjy; ntl;if jd;
FHe;ija[ld; ngRjy;. mts; Kjypy; mila[k; bgupa kfpH;r;rp/ FHe;ijapd; ngr;irf;
nfl;gnj MFk;. FHe;ijapd; kdtsu;r;rpnahL bjhlu;g[ilaJ bkhHp tsu;r;rpna MFk;.
kdk; vd;gJ bgUk;ghYk; bkhHpahy; tsu;e;J mike;jJ. kdj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F Vw;gnt
ngRnthupd; bkhHpa[k; tsu;r;rp bgw;W epw;Fk; kf;fs; midtUk; bkhHpf;F Mrpupauhft[k;
cs;sdu;" khztuhft[k; cs;sdu;. bkhHpia tsu;g;gtUk; kf;fns" bkhHpahy;
tsu;gtUk; kf;fns.
? bkhHp tuyhW (K. tujuhrdhu;)
40
tpdhf;fs; :
1. kf;fs; gilj;Jf; fhj;JtUk; mupa fiy vJ> mJ Mw;Wk; bray; ahJ>
2. jhapd; Kjy; tpUg;gk; vd;d>
3. bkhHp tsu;r;rp vjndhL bjhlu;g[ilaJ>
4. bkhHpia tsu;g;gtUk;/ bkhHpahy; tsu;gtUk; ahu;>
5. bkhHp tsu;r;rp vjidg; bghWj;jJ>
ctikj; bjhlu;fisr; brhw;bwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vGJf.

jhkiu ,iy ePu; nghy/ fpzw;Wj; jtis nghy/ vypa[k; g{ida[k; nghy/ mr;rhzp
1.
,y;yhj nju; nghy/ cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy.
jhkiu ,iy ePu; nghy ? gl;Lk; glhkYk;/ <LghLk; ,y;yhkYk; ,Uj;jy;.
1
,ay;
,t;t[yf Mirfspd;kPJ jhkiu ,iy ePu; nghy gw;W ,y;yhky; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
2. fpzw;Wj; jtis nghy ? btsp cyfk; bjupahj epiy.
,d;Dk; rpy fpuhk=;fspy; kf;fs; fpzw;Wj; jtis nghy thH;fpd;wdu;.
3. vypa[k; g{ida[k; nghy ? vjpupfshf.
uFt[k; utpa[k; vypa[k; g{ida[k; nghyr; rz]ilapl;Lf; bfhz]ldu;.
4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj nju; nghy ? rupahd tHpfhl;o.
FLk;gj; jiytd; ,y;yhj tPL mr;rhzp ,y;yhj nju; nghy cs;sJ.
5. cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy ? btspg;gilahf/ bjspthf.
jkpHhrpupau; fw;gpj;j g[zu;r;rp ,yf;fzk; v=;fSf;F cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghyj;
bjsptha; tps=;fpaJ.
xU gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
jha;bkhHptHpf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;g[fs;.

vz]zj;ij btspapLtjw;Fk;/ rpe;jidahw;wy; bgUFtjw;Fk; jha;bkhHpna Jiz
epw;Fk; ? ,jid typa[Wj;jp gpd;tUk; Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz]L fl;Liu vGJf.

ha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; njit ? jha;bkhHpr; rpe;jid ? mwp+u;fspd; ghu;it ? fw;Fk;
j
jpwd; ? gad; ? ,d;iwa epiy.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; njit
jha;bkhHpr; rpe;jid
mwp+u;fspd; ghu;it
fw;Fk; jpwd;
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; gad;
,d;iwa epiy
Kot[iu
41
Kd;Diu :
jha;bkhHp vd;gJ xU jiyKiwapypUe;J ,d;bdhU jiyKiwf;F vLj;Jr;
bry;Yk; bkhHpna jha;bkhHp vd;gu;. rpyu; rpWtajpy; Kjd;Kjyhf fw;Fk; bkhHp
vd;fpd;wdu;. mJty;y
``jha;bkhHp vd;gJ fz] nghd;wJ
gpwbkhHp fz]zho nghd;wJ~~
jha;bkhHp tHpf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;g[fs; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz]nghk;.
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; njit :

1 jk; vz;zj;ija[k;/ rpe;jidiaa[k; tsu;f;f bgUe;Jizahf ,Uf;Fk;
bkhHpf;fy;tpna jha;bkhHpf; fy;tp. kdpj milahs=;fs; mtdJ jha;bkhHp
,ay;
tHpahfj;jhd; fw;gpf;f Koa[k;.
jha;bkhHpr; rpe;jid :
jha;bkhHp vd;why; jhahu; g[fl;oa bkhHp. jhapd; clypy; ,Ue;Jjhd; ek; cly;
njhd;wpaJ. mts; Cl;oa mKjj;jpypUe;Jjhd; ek; cly; tsu;e;jJ. mts; brhd;d
thu;j;ijapypUe;Jjhd; mwpt[ cz;lhapw;W. ehk; vj;jid bkhHp fw;W mwpt[w;whYk;
kPz;Lk; ek;Kila jha;bkhHpapy; bkhHpbgau;j;jhy; jhd; bghUs; ruptu tps=;Fk;.
mwp+u;fspd; ghu;it :
cyfpy; thH;e;j gy mwp+u;fs; jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ijf;
TwpapUf;fpd;whu;fs;. rhfpj; \%ird; jiyikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lf; FG 1938?Mk;
Mz;L jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpia typa[Wj;JfpwJ. o.v!]. nfhj;jhup FG/ 1964?,y;
njrpaf;fy;tpf; bfhs;ifapy; jha;bkhHp fy;tpia typa[Wj;jpaJ.
fw;Fk; jpwd; :
fw;Fk; jpwd; mjpfupg;gJ jha;bkhHp @ykhfj;jhd;. jha;bkhHp tHpahff;
fw;Fk;nghJ rpe;jid Mw;wy; mjpfupf;Fk;.
`jha;bkhHp capUf;F epfu;

jha;bkhHp fw;fj; jtwpatu;fs;
Rthrpf;fr; bjupahj kdpju;fs;~
jha;bkhHpiag; nghw;wp tPH;e;j ehLk; ,y;iy. jha;bkhHpiag; g[wf;fzpj;J
thH;e;j ehLk; ,y;iy.
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpapd; gad; :
jha;bkhHp tHpahff; fw;Fk; NHy; Vw;gl;lhy; kpfr; rpwe;j mwp+u;fshf/
nkijfshf mf;FHe;ijfs; tsUk;. FHe;ijfs; jha;bkhHp tHpahff; fy;tpf; fw;why;
jukhd fy;tpiag; bgWthu;fs;.
,d;iwa epiy :
,d;W jha;bkhHp tHpapy; fy;tpr; fw;gijf; bfsutf; Fiwr;ryhft[k;/
nftykhft[k; epidf;fpd;wdu;. jha;bkhHpapy; fy;tpf; fw;wtu;fisj; juk;
42
Fiwe;jtu;fshfg; ghu;g;gJ r@fj;jpy; epytp tUk; mty=;fSs; xd;whFk;. jha;bkhHpapy;
fy;tpf; fw;nghUf;F muRg; gzpfspy; Kd;Dupik tH=;Fjy; ntz]Lk;.
Kot[iu :
bkhHp vd;gJ xU jfty; bjhlu;g[r; rhjdk; kl;Lkd;W. xU gz]ghl;od;/ xU
,dj;jpd; milahsk; vd;gij ahtUk; czu;e;jhny jha;bkhHpia mHptpypUe;J
fhf;fyhk;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 21
vz]z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
fz;zhy; fz;ltw;iwf; ifahy;

1
,ay;
fiytotkhf;fp
fhz;gtu; fz;fSf;Ff;
fhl;rp jUk; tpUe;jhf;fp
fhy=;fs; fle;jhYk; fz;fis
tpl;L mfyh Xtpakhf;fp
fy;iyr; rpiyahf;Fk; rpw;gpna-
fhy=;fhykha; epw;gha; vd;Wk;-
me;jhjpj; bjhluhy; ftpj;Jtkhf;Ff.

FHe;ijiaf; bfh+;Rk; jhapd; Fuy;
jhapd; Fuypy; capupd; xyp
capupd; xypna jhapd; mutizg;g[
mutizf;Fk; mtisna mfj;jpy; vz]Qnthnk-
Fwpg;g[fspy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; jkpHwp+u;fisf; fz]Lgpog;nghk;.
v.fh. ftp+u;" <w;wpU brhy;yhy; mzpfyd; bra;ayhk; ? ftpkzp.

1. jkpHwp+u; " KjypU vGj;Jfshy; kiwf;fyhk;. tpil : kiwkiy mofs;
2. jha;bkhHp " <w;wpU vGj;Jfs; btspr;rk; jUk;. tpil : jkpH; xsp
3. rpWfij Mrpupau; " Kjy; ghjp etPdk; tpil : g[Jikg;gpj;jd;
4. Kd;bdGj;J murd; " gpd;bdGj;J jkpH; khjk; tpil : nfhij
(jkpH; xsp/ mk;ig/ nfhij/ mnrhfkpj;jpud;/ g[Jikg;gpj;jd;/ Nlhkzp/ b$afhe;jd;/
kiwkiy mofs;)
43
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
fPH;f;fhQk; bray;ghLfisr; rup'jtW vdg; gpupj;J/ rupbadpy; fhuzKk; jtW vdpy;
khw;Wtjw;Fupar; braiya[k; Fwpg;gpLf.
bray;ghL rup ? fhuzk; jtW ? khw;wk;
v.fh. bghUs;fis rup/ bghUs;fisj; njlhJ
vLj;j ,lj;jpy; vLf;f Koa[k;. neuk;
itj;jy; tPzhjy; jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.
1 bghJtplj;jpy; vr;rpy;
Jg;g[jy;
jtW/ Jg;g[jw;F cupa ,lj;jpy;
Jg;gyhk;. neha; gut[tij ehk;
jLf;fyhk;.
,ay;
tFg;gpy; fhfpj=;fisf; jtW/ Fg;igf;Tilapy;

fpHpj;Jg; nghLjy; nghLjy;. tFg;giwiar;
Rj;jkhf itg;gJ ek; flik.
,Uf;if/ nkirfspy; jtW/ ,Uf;if/ nkir
fpWf;Fjy; njhw;wk; tPzhfptpLk;
gs;spapd; brhj;jpidg;
ghJfhg;gJ ekJ flik.
gog;nghk;; ? gad;gLj;Jnthk; (E}yfk;)
Subscription cWg;gpdu; fl;lzk;

Fiction g[idt[
Biography thH;f;if tuyhW
Archive fhg;gfk;
Bibliography E}y; epuy;
Manuscript ifbaGj;Jg; gpujp

44

Namma Kalvi 12th Tamil Unit 1 Surya Guide

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,sikj;jkpnH

2021?22 jpUj;jg;gl;l g[jpa gjpg;g[

rp. $hz; @ khlrhkp/ M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil. nf.Mu;. k+;Rsh

OUR BANK DETAILS

Account Name : Surya Publications Account Name : Surya Publications

Account Name : Sri Ganga Publications

,dpa thH;j;JfSld; gjpg;gfj;jhu; . . .

mwpt[ilahu; vy;yhk; cilau;

mwpthu;e;j Mrpupau;fns- khztu;fns-

tp+;+hdk; tpuptila[k; neuj;jpy; cld; bka;+hdKk; njit vd

Nu;ah ,sikj; jkpnH

 3000 j;jpw;F nkw;gl;l TLjy; tpdhf;fs; ? mzpfs; ? jpiz ? Jiwfs;

eh=;fs; jUtjpy; kfpH;r;rp milfpnwhk;.

fdpfs; fha;j;J FY=;Ffpd;wd

bra;a[s; ,jpy; btw;wp bgw* 170

bra;a[s; g[wehD}W* 185

vz; bghUz;ik ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk;

ehfupfk;/ bra;a[s; bja;tkzpkhiy* 224

bra;a[s; mjprakyu; 326

,yf;fzk; bjhd;kk; 345

bra;a[s; Kfk; 370

jd;ndu; ,yhj jkpH;

VWil ,depiu ntWg[yk; gug;gpg;

vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs; cUt[fz;L vs;shik ntz;Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;fF

vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy fld;mwpe;J fhyk; fUjp ,ld;mwpe;J

ey;ypdj;jpd; C=;Fk; Jizapy;iy" jPapdj;jpd; ths;nghy; giftiu m+;rw;f" m+;Rf

tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk; gHfpa bry;tKk; gz;g[k; bfLf;Fk;

capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;

bra;a[s; ,se;jkpnH- rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;

caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;

1  mf;fhl;rpia ftp+u; jd; fw;gidapy; thdk; g{f;fs; epiwe;J g{f;fhlha;

2. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspd; fUj;JfspYs;s ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

ed;D}y; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;

bka;rpypu;f;FkhW gho th vd;fpwhu; rpw;gp

brk;gupjp/ bre;jkpH;/ bre;epwk; gz]g[j;bjhiffs;

rha;g;ghd; = rha; + g; + g; + Md; tpk;Kfpd;w = tpk;K + fpd;W + m

caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;

tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

2. thdbky;yhk; cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ thbdky;yhk;

3. `rha;g;ghd;~ vd;gjd; rupahd gFgj gpupg;g[ Kiw

4. ftp+u; rpw;gpapd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w E}y;

5. `bre;jkpH;~ ? vt; g[zu;r;rp tpjpfspd; mog;gilapy; rupahfg; g[zUk;>

7. ftp+u; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vGjpa E}y;>

11. .............. Kjyhd ts;sy;fis <d;W je;jts; jkpHd;id.

12. `vk;kUikr; bre;jkpnH! cd;id ay;yhy;

13. `,se;jkpnH~ vd;Dk; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ghtif

14. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;

15. brk;gupjp ? ,r;brhy;Yf;Fupa g[zu;r;rp tpjpiaf; fz;lwpf.

18. rpw;gpapd; gd;Kf=;fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; TWf.

19. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; jkpH;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpa gy;fiyf;fHfk;

20. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; vj;jid Kiw rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;>

21. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpapd; .............. ,Uf;fpwhu;.

 jkpH; gy g[jpa cs;slf;f=;fshy; jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;"

caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 3

jkpH;bkhHpg; ghlj;jpy; bkhHp thH;j;Jg; ghly; ,lk;bgWtjd; nehf;fk; Fwpj;j

mUz; : new;W nghy; ,d;W ,y;iy vd;fpwPu;fsh>

1. ,yf;fpaj;ija[k; bkhHpiaa[k; xUnrug; ngRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;

1 mf;fhl;rpia ftp+u; jd; fw;gidapy; thdk; g{f;fs; epiwe;J g{f;fhlha;

jkpH; gy g[jpa cs;slf;f=;fshy; jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;"

<) fUj;J jtW tpsf;fk; rup [tpil: M) fUj;Jk; tpsf;fKk; rup]

11. ,GbkDk; bkhHpahy; tpGkpaJ gaf;Fk; tifapd; ,yf;fpa=;fs; gilf;fg;gl;l E}y;

17. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nehf;fk; my;yJ mwptpay; rhu;e;j fUj;Jepiyfs; fiy cUthf;fj;jpd;

21. `me;epy kU=;fpd; mwKjyhfpa

27. `glhmk; <j;j bflhm ey;ypirf;

28. `g[zupd; g[zuhJ bghUns" bghUs;tapd;

1. ftp+u; ghujpjhrdpd; mHfpd; rpupg;g[ ? Fd;wk; ? xspa[k; Fd;Wk; ghlypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s

vUjpd; nky; gha[k; nt=;iff; fhl;rpfs;/ Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

[tpil: ,) guyp R. bey;iyag;gu; ? Mrpupau;]

,) ,sir kzp <) ,sir Re;juk; [tpil: m) guyp R. bey;iyag;;gu;]

27. nyhnfhgfhup/ njrgf;jd; Mfpa ,jH;fspy; Jizahrpupauhft[k; gpwF Mrpupauhft[k;