CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GEOMATIC LABORATORY
Course Code DAC 21403
Practical Title UKUR TERABAS (TRAVERSE SURVERY)
Section 6
Group No. 3
Practical Date 20/12/2023
Group Members
1. Mohamad Amirul Danial Bin Noorzamani
AA220432

2. Mohammad Hakimi Bin Zainal Abidin

AA221386

3. Muhammad Seri Hidayat Bin Azlan

AA221176

4. Nur Adriana Nabila Binti Mohd Hairul Azekey

AA221488

5. Nur Afiqah Binti Md Harfizi

AA221659

Lecturer / Tutor / Puan Siti Nooraiin Binti Mohd Razali

Instructor
Received Date and Stamp Examiner Comments:
 ASSESSMENT RUBRIC FOR GEOMATIC ENGINEERING PRACTICAL/FIELDWORK
DAC 21403: GEOMATIC ENGINEERING

PLO 5 Modern Tool Usage

LOD 5 Practical Skills
DA DK 6 Practical Engineering Knowledge

Dublin Problem Assessment Level

Sub 1 2 3 4 TSCR
Attribute Knowledge Solving SCR WT
Attribute Weak Fair Good Excellent (%)
(DK) (DP)
- DP1, DP4 Student(s) gathered
information from a variety of
quality electronic and print
Student(s) gathered
Information Student(s) gathered Student(s) gathered sources, including appropriate
information from a
Seeking / information that lacked information from a licensed databases. Sources are
variety of relevant 2
Selecting and relevance, quality, depth limited range of relevant, balanced and include
sources - print and
Evaluating and balance. sources and displayed critical readings relating to the
electronic.
minimal effort in thesis or problem. Primary
selecting quality sources were included (if
resources. appropriate).
DK6 DP4, DP7 Practices using the
Practices using the an appropriate Sufficiently practices using the
Practicing Fails to practice using 5
equipment a little, equipment ,mastery equipment that will be used.
the equipment. mastery not attained not attained
DK6 DP4, DP7 Student(s) collects
Student(s) collects
inappropriate or Student(s) collects appropriate
most fieldwork tools
inadequate fieldwork Student(s) collects field books, forms, surveys
and takes proper
tools. Takes proper some fieldwork tools and/or checklists. Student(s) 5
survey data, fill
survey data, fill and takes few survey creatively takes proper survey
Modern Conducting data, fill forms, and forms, labels the
insufficient forms, no data, fill sufficient forms and
Tool Fieldwork labels the sketch draw a simple sketch. sketch. labels the sketch properly.
Usage - DP3 Student(s) developed
(25%)
appropriate structure for
communicating product,
Student(s) work is not
Student(s) logically incorporating variety of quality
logically or effectively 3
organized the sources. Information is
Data structured. Student(s) could have product and made logically and creatively
Processing and put greater effort into good connections organized with smooth
Analysis organizing the product. among ideas. transitions.
DK6 DP3 Student(s) effectively and
creatively used appropriate
Student(s) showed little Student(s) communication tools to
Student(s) need to
evidence of thoughtful effectively convey their conclusions and
work on presenting 4
fieldwork. Product does communicated the demonstrated thorough,
more effectively.
not effectively results of fieldwork effective survey techniques.
Final Output communicate research Product displays creativity and
(Results) findings. originality.
DK6 DP1, Student(s) need to use Student(s) Student(s) documented all
Documentation was very
DP3, greater care in documented sources sources, including visuals,
Documentation/ poorly organized and 6
DP4, documenting sources. with some care, sounds, and animations.
Report DP7 sources were not cited. Documentation was Sources are cited, Sources are properly cited,
 poorly constructed or both in-text/in- both in-text/in-product and on
absent and very few product and on Works-Cited/Works-Consulted
citations noted. Works-Cited/Works- pages/slides. Documentation is
Consulted error-free.
pages/slides. Few
errors noted.
TOTAL SCORE: /100
Note: SCR = SCORE, WT= WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

Contents in the Report Must Have:

Introduction, Theory, Procedure, Data Processing and Analysis (Including the calculation), Results and Discussion, Conclusion and
Recommendations and References
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No. 1
Department of Civil Engineering Edition
Checking No.
Traversing Survery Effective date Jun 2012
Revised date Oct 2023
1.0 Introduction
The construction points depend on the plan design. The horizontal control survey is to
make sure that each point is available to set up the particular structure. Survey control is
also useful to translate the exact points from plant to ground.
The activity outcomes:
(i) Student able to perform horizontal control survey using the appropriate
equipment with standard method and procedure.
(ii) Students are able to identify the relations of theoretical knowledge and practical
application in construction works.

2.0 Aim
Applying knowledge to actual situations of performing boundary control and
identifying the data set and marks of horizontal control survey.

3.0 Theory

The rear station, the occupied station, and the forward station are the three stations in
traverse studies that can be regarded as immediate. When a person completes the traverse and
the azimuth of the point is known, the station is said to be in the rear. Angle-measuring
equipment is set up at the station known as "occupied." The forward station is the party's
immediate destination and the station after it in the sequence. The traverse is used to measure
the distances, vertical angles, and horizontal angles.

By sighting the instrument on the rear station and rotating it clockwise to the forward
station, horizontal angles can be computed using instrument readings obtained at the occupied
station. The instrument is always held horizontally when measuring horizontal angles. observed
at the point where the station markers designating the front and back stations are least visible.
Azimuths are calculated with respect to horizontal angles.

By comparing the instrument readings at the occupied station to the instrument's height
on the station marker (often a range pole) at the forward station, vertical angles can be computed.
when a traverse's successive stations are separated by more than a predetermined amount of
distance. For that particular traverse leg, the vertical angle needs to be measured reciprocally
(from both ends of 1,000 meters). This reciprocal measurement process is used to remove errors.
because of the reflection and curvature. The difference in station distance is computed using
vertical angles.

There are three methods for measuring the distance between the occupied station and the
forward station: electronic devices, horizontal taping, and trig-traverse procedures. The
distance is used along with the height of the horizontal and vertical angles to determine
coordinates and angles.
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No. 2
Department of Civil Engineering Edition
Checking No.
Traversing Survery Effective date Jun 2012
Revised date Oct 2023

4.0 Equipment
4.1 Total Station (1 set)

4.2 Prism

4.3 Tripod (2 sets)

4.4 Hammer

4.5 Picket & nail

4.6 Prism Compass & Certified Plan

 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No. 3
Department of Civil
Edition
Engineering
Checking No.
Traversing Survery Effective date Jun 2012
Revised date Oct 2023

5.0 Procedures
5.1 Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance survey party will usually carry lightweight instruments that are not
precise. Determine by compass the direction and angles.

5.2 Information Gathering

The report you turn in for the reconnaissance field party must be as complete as possible;
it provides the major data that makes the selection of the most feasible traverse.

5.3 Point Setup / Datum establishment

5.3.1 The traverse should have 4 points of marks (station) at least and each distance
not less 30 meters.
5.3.2 The station must fix into the ground neatly, securely and easy to find.
5.3.3 The first bearing to be datum of starting traverse work can be setup by
compass or through the certified plan (PA).

5.4 Observation
5.4.1 By refer to diagram, setup the Total Station at station 2 and prism at station 1
and 3.

5.4.2 Set a bearing 2 to 1 in left circle angle (HR) and record the horizontal distance
(HD). Target the Total Station to station 3, record the observed bearing and
distance between 2 to 3 in field book.
5.4.3 Transit the Total Station into right circle angle and set the bearing station 2 to
1 and record into field book. Repeat the steps for station 2 to 3 observation.
5.4.4 Next, transfer the Total Station to station 3 and prism to station 2 and 4.
5.4.5 Set a bearing 3 to 2 in left circle angle (HR) and record the horizontal distance
(HD) to counter check the distance.
5.4.6 Target the Total Station to station 4, record the observed bearing and distance
from station 3 to 4 in field book.
5.4.7 Transit the Total Station into right circle angle and set the bearing station 3 to
2 and record into field book. Repeat the steps for station 3 to 4 observation.
5.4.8 Repeat the steps iv – vii directions until the close/loop traverse was in station
1 again.
5.5 Close Traverse
Determine the misclosure of bearing station 1 to 2.

5.6 Booking
Observation data record should follow the regulations of field book standard.

5.7 Data Processing

5.7.1 After completing the observation and bearing adjustment, the data need to
calculate into Latitude & Departure form.
5.7.2 Calculate the Latitude & Departure value to find the closing error, ∆L and ∆D.
5.7.3 Calculate the traverse accuracy through linear misclosure.
5.7.4 Perform either Bowditch or Transit rule to adjust the error.
5.7.5 Coordinates for each station have to calculate accordingly.
5.7.6 Find the areas measurement from the computed coordinates.

5.8 Plotting the survey

The traverse survey may be plotted as follows:
5.8.1 Grid. A rectangular co-ordinate grid is drawn up and are plotted and checked
by scaling for any plotting errors.
5.8.2 Traverse network. The traverse lines are then drawn between the plotted
stations. Their lengths are scaled and checked against their known dimensions.
5.8.3 Detail. Detail is then plotted by means of offsets from the network of traverse
lines exactly as in loop traverse. In addition, points may be located by means
of scaled bearings and distances from survey stations, their plotted positions
being checked by scaled dimensions to other points and being compared with
the actual measurements taken in the field between these points.
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No. 5
Department of Civil Engineering
Edition
Checking No.
Traversing Survery Effective date Jun 2012
Revised date Oct 2023

6.0 Data Processing and Analysis

Stn Bearing Dr Bearing Ke Sudut Jarak Tupang Suhu Jarak

Pen. Kiri Pen. Kanan Purata Muktamad Pugak Muktamad
22 20 00 2 1 26.990 26.990

1 22 20 00 202 20 00 250 47 11 2 250 47 41 3 26.990 26.990

2 C1 = 29.75 26.990
3 250 47 14 70 47 08

2 70 47 11 250 47 11 22 40 24 3 22 41 24 4 26.990 26.990

3 C2 = 59.50 26.990
4 22 40 22 202 40 25

3 202 40 24 22 40 24 70 33 13 4 70 34 42 1 26.860 26.860

4 C3 = 89.25 26.860
1 70 32 58 250 33 28

4 250 33 13 70 33 13 202 18 01 1 202 20 00 2 26.990 26.990

1 C4 = 119
2 202 18 01 22 18 01
 Latit Dipat Pembetulan Dua Kali Dua kali Koordinat
Stn Bering Jarak
Latit x Dipat x
(+) (-) (+) (-) Latit Dipat Latit Dipat U/S T/B
Dipat Latit
1 100 100
2 202 20 00 26.990 24.965 10.256 -24.962 -10.255 -24.962 -10.255 255.985 255.985 75.038 89.745
(-0.003) (-0.001)
3 250 47 41 26.990 8.878 25.488 -8.875 -25.487 -58.800 -46.000 1498.812 408.296 66.162 64.225
(-0.003) (-0.001) (-0.001) (-0.003)
4 22 41 24 26.990 24.901 10.411 24.904 10.412 -42.772 -61.078 -445.342 -1521.087 91.066 74.667
(+0.003) (+0.001)
1 70 34 42 26.860 8.931 25.332 8.934 25.333 -8.934 -25.333 -226.325 -226.325 100 100
(+0.003) (+0.001)
+0.001 +0.003
Σ= 33.832 33.843 35.743 35.744
107.83
𝜟 L = 0.011 𝜟 D = 0.001 1083.130 -1083.130
Purata
2A=1083.130m2
A = 541.565 m2
I. PURATA = ( P. KIRI (±180°) + P. KANAN) /2
= ( 250°47'14'' + 180°00'00'' ) + ( 70°47'08'' ) / 2
= 250° 47 '11''

II. Seliseh

Bearing patut dibaca = 22°20'00''

Bearing dibaca = 22°18'01''
Seliseh = 22°20'00'' - 22°18'01''
= 00°01'59''
Pembetulan = 0°01'59''/4
= 29.75

III. Latid dan Dipat

Formula Latit = J cos ( sudut bearing )
= 26.990 cos ( 202°20'00'' )
= -24.965
Formula Dipat = J sin ( sudut bearing )
= 26.990 sin ( 202°20'00'' )
= -10.256

ΔL untuk latit ialah 33.843 -33.832 = 0.011

ΔD untuk dipat ialah 35.744- 35.743 = 0.001
IV. Tikaian Lurus = Ö{ (DL)² + (DD)²}.
Jumlah Jarak

= Ö{ (0.011)² + (0.001)²}.
107.83
= 0.000102433
= 1/0.000102433
= 1 : 9762.50

V. Pembetulan Kaedah Bowditch

Pembetulan Latit 1-2 = Jarak 1-2 X ∆L

Jumlah Jarak
= 26.990 X 0.011
107.83
= 0.003

Pembetulan Dipat 1-2 = Jarak 1-2 X ∆D

Jumlah Jarak
= 26.990 X 0.001
107.83
= 0.001
VI. Dua Kali
( Latit Dipat )
= -24.962 + ( - 24.962 ) + ( - 8.876 )
= - 58.800
VII. Dua Kali
(Latit x Dipat )
= - 21.962 X – 10.255
= 255.985
( Dipat X Latit )
= - 46.000X – 8.876
= 408.296
VIII. Koordinat
( U/S )
= 100 – 24.962
= 75.038

Koordinat
( T/B )
= 100 – 10.255
= 89.745

IX. Area

= ∑ Dua kali ( Latit x Dipat ) + ∑ Dua kali ( Dipat x Latit )

= ( 1083.130 + 1083.10 ) / 2
=1083.13

2A = 1083.13 m2
A = 541.565 m2
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No. 10
Department of Civil Engineering Edition
Checking No.
Traversing Survery Effective date Jun 2012
Revised date Oct 2023

7.0 Discussions

1. Traverse surveying for engineering purposes can be divided into two parts, the
preparation of plan area and construction project. Discuss three (3) functions of survey
traverse in preparation of plan area.

Establishing a control point is one of the purposes of the survey traverse in the plan area
preparation process. Traverse surveying creates a network of control points across the
region of interest. Because these control points serve as reference markers with specified
coordinates, they are crucial for ensuing surveying and mapping operations.

Other than that, in order to obtain the spatial data needed to produce precise topographic
maps of the surveyed region, traverse surveys are necessary. Surveyors can provide a
thorough picture of the landscape, including man-made objects like buildings, roads, and
utilities, as well as natural features like hills, rivers, and woods, by taking measurements
along the traverse lines. Planning, designing, and analysing projects all depend on this
information.

Last but not least, traverse surveying is frequently used to identify and define the borders
of the area that is being studied. Determining property lines and legal limits is aided by
precise measurement of lengths and angles along the traverse lines. This role is especially
significant for land development projects since legal and regulatory compliance depends
on having accurate information of property boundaries.

2. Discuss three (3) common mistakes in traverse work.

Measurement errors are one of three typical errors in traverse work. Numerous things,
such as inaccurate readings, poor levelling, and miscalibrated instruments, might cause
these inaccuracies. Inaccurate traverse line measurements of angles and distances can
have a big effect on the survey's overall accuracy. To reduce these inaccuracies,
surveyors must frequently calibrate their devices, employ appropriate procedures, and
double-check their measurements.

Furthermore, traverse surveys are intended to create a complete loop, with the starting
and finishing points of the traverse preferably matching. When the calculated closing
point and the actual starting point differ, closure errors happen. These mistakes can result
from computation errors, flaws in angle or distance measurements, or cumulative
measurement errors.

Lastly, issues with data entry and calculation might also result in errors in traversal
works. It may be difficult to verify and replicate survey results if pertinent data such as
equipment configurations, field notes, and ambient conditions is not recorded. Errors can
also be caused by poor field procedures, such as poor field organization or insufficient
control point creation.
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No. 11
Department of Civil Engineering Edition
Checking No.
Traversing Survery Effective date Jun 2012
Revised date Oct 2023

8.0 Conclusions

In engineering work, traverse is used as a control survey to locate topographic detail for the
preparation of plans to lay out engineering works and for the processing and ordering the
earthwork and other engineering quantities.

Since our group collected all the pertinent data and information that aided in our
understanding of the location of our site, we can conclude that our fieldwork was successful
after three time repeating this lab. we managed to complete our traverse survey even after
doing three repetitions due to the straight line not reaching the target range. Every group
member was allowed to collaborate with the others while taking turns participating in all
survey tasks. We learned how to conduct crossing surveys using total stations and various
computations during crossing lessons. The crossing survey encountered a number of issues.
It was challenging because we couldn't get the enthusiasm bubble to enter the black circle.
Then there is the human factor, which implies that because there are multiple observers, the
measurements are not consistent.

Other than that, parallax errors could also occur. To improve this field work, it is
essential to adhere to the procedures precisely and provide the equipment with the right
methods, since improper installation could result in inaccurate findings. For a more precise
reading, we should read the angle that the number of stations gives us from left to right.
Additionally, we need to confirm that the zero angle serves as the starting point. There are
still some things that could be done better. We must choose a suitable site before installing
our station. This is because it is simple to prepare survey equipment for crossings. We must
become proficient in interpreting readings from total stations. After completing fieldwork,
we learned how to use a total station to perform a trajectory survey, and we completed the
assignment with a very low reading error.
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No. 12
Department of Civil Engineering Edition
Checking No.
Traversing Survery Effective date Jun 2012
Revised date Oct 2023

9.0 Appendix
 Centre For Diploma Studies Sheet No. 13
Department of Civil Engineering Edition
Checking No.
Traversing Survery Effective date Jun 2012
Revised date Oct 2023

10.0 References

1. Antara, 2020. Satelit Baru Sistem Satelit Navigasi BeiDou Cina Masuk Orbit, diambil dari
http://tekno.tempo.coChua, Y. P. (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan. 3rd ed. Malaysia, McGraw
Hill Sdn Bhd.

2. Jerez, G. O., & Alves, D. B. M. (2019). Generation and performance analysis of gps and
glonass virtual data for positioning under different ionospheric conditions. Boletim de
Ciencias Geodesicas, 25. doi:10.1590/s1982-21702019000200007

3. Lu, W., Ma, G., Wan, Q., Li, J., Wang, X., Fu, W., & Maruyama, T. (2021). Virtual
reference station-based computerized ionospheric tomography. GPS Solutions, 25.
doi:10.1007/s10291-020-01039-1

4. Mubarak, O. M. (2020). The Effect of Carrier Phase on GPS Multipath Tracking Error.
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 10, 6237–6241.
doi:10.48084/etasr.3578

5. LAPORAN TERABAS. (2021). Retrieved December 19, 2021, from Scribd website:
https://www.scribd.com/document/336300676/LAPORAN-TERABAS

6. Shrestha, R. (2020, August 17). A FIELD REPORT ON TRAVERSING BY RABI SH

RESTHA. Retrieved January 9, 2022, from ResearchGate website:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343689934_A_FIELD_REPORT_ON_
TRAVERSING_BY_RABI_SHRESTHA
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