4.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

4.1 Experimental Study

Waterflow test through cracks for M20
4.1.1 Test Set-up
The samples of the water flow test are of cylindrical shape. Its height is 150 mm, and
its diameter is 100 mm. The objective of the test is study of the concrete to decreasing the
water flow through an induced artificial crack. Each water flow sample is broken into
almost two equal parts, then these parts are put together again. The assembled sample
represents a crack in the concrete of 150 mm depth, and width of 30 mm. 10 samples were
prepared. For each percentage two samples were tested. The amount of SAP used in this
study 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 1% and 2% by weight of Portland cement. The effect of increasing
the amount of SAP mixed in the concrete mix is also the focus of this study. These samples
were tested after 28 days curing. The first sample tested was the one with 0% of SAP. This
sample is used as a control sample. Fig. shows the drawing of a typical water flow sample.
This procedure is standardized to make sure all samples were subjected to similar
conditions. Special set-up was used to produce the water flow samples. A silicone rubber
seal attached to a side grooves plate assembled into the sample.

Figure. 4.1 Water flow through crack in sample

The assembled sample was held together using two stainless-steel hose clamps. The
water flow sample is placed back in its mould, and then placed in a steel hose clamp. The
Sample is then placed in the testing chamber in such way that the water has no path to flow
but to flow though the concrete sample and in particular through the concrete crack. Water

1
pressure is applied at the top side of the water flow sample. The samples were subjected to
falling head water pressure. Test set up for the water flow test shown in fig 6.

Figure. 4.2 Set-up for water flow test

The rate of water flowing through the concrete is 15 ml/min and it is set by using IV pipe.
The smaller the amount of water flowing through the concrete sample the better water
tightness capability, and the better sealing capability of concrete mixed with SAP. The
water discharge can be determined by below equation.
𝑉
𝑄𝑆𝐴𝑃 =
𝑡
Where;
QSAP = Water flow rate through the concrete sample in ml/min
V = Volume of water flowing through the sample in millilitre
t = Time measured in minutes.

4.1.2 Results
This study focused on the effect of the SAP on the concrete in terms of strength and
in terms of sealing capability. Several SAP percentages were used to study the effect of the
increase of SAP on the targeted concrete property. The water flow though the concrete
samples were subjected to falling head water pressure. The broken concrete sample is put
together in the same mould, then placed under falling head water pressure.
The falling head test is conducted in a very similar way. The water pressure started at
135 cm of water pressure at all the time. The flow of the water is measured in terms of
water
2
flow discharge in millilitre per minute, where the volume of water is measured per unit
time. The first sample tested was the plain concrete sample. The water flow was almost at a
constant rate range from 125 ml to 148 ml per 15min. The tendency is that the flow rate
increases with time but at a very small rate. Within the time constraint of this test, the
increase in the flow rate of the plain sample was not significant. Fig. 7 shows the flow rate
of the three SAP concrete samples of 0.10 %, 0.20%, 1% and 2% by weight of Portland
concrete. The plain concrete sample has a very large water flow value and almost constant
to be included in this figure. The other four samples showed significant changes in flow
rates. The flow rate decreases with time. This applies for all of the SAP samples, but the
one with high percentage showed faster decrease in water flow rate with time. For other
cases where the concrete sealing property is needed, higher percentage of SAP could be
used.

Figure. 4.3 Self-sealed sample

3
  Water flowing test for NA SAP:
Table 4.1 Water flowing test of 0% SAP
NA SAP
Time (mins) Sample 1 (ml) Sample 2 (ml) Average (ml)
0 0 0 0
15 140 156 148
30 115 151 133
45 102 148 125
60 140 140 140
75 143 141 142
90 138 138 138
105 141 137 139
120 144 141 142.5

NA SAP
Sample 1 (ml)Sample 2 (ml)
Average (ml)

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
Flow

20
0

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

Time (mins)

Figure. 4.4 Graph of water flowing test of 0% SAP concrete

Result Analysis:
The provided table represents the results of a water flow test conducted on concrete
without the addition of Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) (0% SAP). The purpose of this
test is to assess the flow or permeability characteristics of the concrete. Here is a summary
of the data:

4
  The test was conducted over a period of 120 minutes, with measurements taken at
specific time intervals.
 At the beginning of the test (0 minutes), both Sample 1 and Sample 2 had a volume
of 0 ml, indicating that no water flow was observed at that time.
 As time progressed, the volume of water flowing through the concrete increased. At
15 minutes, Sample 1 had a flow volume of 140 ml, while Sample 2 had a flow
volume of 156 ml.
 Subsequent measurements taken at 30-minute intervals showed fluctuations in the
flow volumes for both samples. The volumes ranged from 115 ml to 151 ml for
Sample 1 and from 137 ml to 156 ml for Sample 2.
 The average flow volumes at each time interval were calculated by taking the
average of the measurements for Sample 1 and Sample 2. The average flow
volumes ranged from 125 ml to 142.5 ml over the duration of the test.
This data suggests that without the addition of SAP (0% SAP), the concrete exhibited a
varying degree of water flow or permeability over time.

 Water flowing test for 0.1% SAP:

Table 4.2 Water flowing test of 0.1% SAP

0.1% SAP
Time (mins) Sample 1 (ml) Sample 2 (ml) Average (ml)
0 0 0 0
15 110 168 139
30 144 135 139.5
45 142 120 131
60 141 115 128
75 135 132 133.5
90 103 122 112.5
105 99 117 108
120 85 115 100

5
 0.1% SAP
Sample 1 (ml)Sample 2 (ml)
Average (ml)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
Flow

20
0

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105120
Time (mins)
Figure. 4.5 Graph of water flowing test of 0.1% SAP concrete

Result Analysis:
 At the start of the test (0 minutes), both Sample 1 and Sample 2 had a volume of 0
ml, indicating no water flow initially.
 As the test progressed, the volume of water flowing through the concrete with
0.1% SAP increased. At 15 minutes, Sample 1 had a flow volume of 110 ml, while
Sample 2 had a flow volume of 168 ml.
 Subsequent measurements taken at 30-minute intervals showed some variations in
the flow volumes for both samples. The flow volumes ranged from 85 ml to 144
ml for Sample 1 and from 115 ml to 168 ml for Sample 2.
 The average flow volumes at each time interval were calculated by taking the
average of the measurements for Sample 1 and Sample 2. The average flow
volumes ranged from 100 ml to 139.5 ml over the duration of the test.
From the data, the addition of 0.1% SAP to the concrete appears to have influenced the
water flow characteristics compared to the previous scenario with 0% SAP. Here are some
observations:
 Generally, the average flow volumes for the samples with 0.1% SAP (ranging
from 100 ml to 139.5 ml) are lower compared to the samples without SAP
(ranging from 125 ml to 142.5 ml).

6
  The presence of 0.1% SAP seems to contribute to a more consistent and
controlled water flow, as indicated by the relatively smaller fluctuations in flow
volumes compared to the 0% SAP scenario.
 As the test progressed, the flow volumes decreased gradually for both Sample 1
and Sample 2, suggesting a potential decrease in the permeability or flow rate
of water through the concrete with the addition of SAP.

 Water flowing test for 0.2% SAP

Table 4.3 Water flowing test of 0.2% SAP
0.2% SAP
Time (mins) Sample 1 (ml) Sample 2 (ml) Average (ml)
0 0 0 0
15 132 140 136
30 117 131 124
45 125 128 126.5
60 115 122 118.5
75 101 115 108
90 99 102 100.5
105 100 99 99.5
120 104 96 100

0.2% SAP
Sample 1 (ml)Sample 2 (ml) Average (ml)

160
140
120
100
80
60
Flow

40
20
0

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105120

Time (mins)
Figure. 4.6 Graph of water flowing test of 0.2% SAP concrete

7
Result Analysis:
 At the beginning of the test (0 minutes), both Sample 1 and Sample 2 had a volume
of 0 ml, indicating no water flow initially.
 As the test progressed, the volume of water flowing through the concrete with
0.2% SAP increased. At 15 minutes, Sample 1 had a flow volume of 132 ml, while
Sample 2 had a flow volume of 140 ml.
 Subsequent measurements taken at 30-minute intervals showed variations in the
flow volumes for both samples. The flow volumes ranged from 96 ml to 132 ml
for Sample 1 and from 99 ml to 140 ml for Sample 2.
 The average flow volumes at each time interval were calculated by taking the
average of the measurements for Sample 1 and Sample 2. The average flow
volumes ranged from 99.5 ml to 136 ml over the duration of the test.
 Here are some observations and analysis based on the data:
 The addition of 0.2% SAP to the concrete appears to have influenced the water
flow characteristics compared to the scenarios with 0% and 0.1% SAP. The
average flow volumes for the 0.2% SAP scenario are within the range observed for
the 0.1% SAP scenario, but generally lower than those of the 0% SAP scenario.
 The presence of 0.2% SAP seems to contribute to a reduction in the water flow rate
compared to the scenarios without SAP. The flow volumes gradually decrease over
time, indicating a potential decrease in permeability or flow rate of water through
the concrete with the addition of 0.2% SAP.
 The variations in flow volumes between Sample 1 and Sample 2 suggest some
variability in the water flow characteristics within the tested samples. This
variability could be due to factors such as sample heterogeneity or measurement
inconsistencies.

 Water flowing test for 1% SAP

Table 4.4 Water flowing test of 1% SAP
1% SAP
Time (mins) Sample 1 (ml) Sample 2 (ml) Average (ml)
0 0 0 0
15 120 122 121
30 108 115 111.5

8
 45 119 113 116
60 117 111 114
75 115 95 105
90 110 85 97.5
105 104 87 95.5
120 98 82 90

1% SAP

Sample 1 (ml) Sample 2 (ml) Average (ml)

140

120

100
Flow

80

60

40

20

0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

Time (mins)

Figure. 4.7 Graph of water flowing test of 1% SAP concrete

Result Analysis:
 At the start of the test (0 minutes), both Sample 1 and Sample 2 had a volume of 0
ml, indicating no water flow initially.
 As the test progressed, the volume of water flowing through the concrete with 1%
SAP increased. At 15 minutes, Sample 1 had a flow volume of 120 ml, while
Sample 2 had a flow volume of 122 ml.
 Subsequent measurements taken at 30-minute intervals showed variations in the
flow volumes for both samples. The flow volumes ranged from 82 ml to 120 ml for
Sample 1 and from 85 ml to 122 ml for Sample 2.

9
  The average flow volumes at each time interval were calculated by taking the
average of the measurements for Sample 1 and Sample 2. The average flow
volumes ranged from 90 ml to 121 ml over the duration of the test.
Here are some observations and analysis based on the data:
 The addition of 1% SAP to the concrete appears to have influenced the water flow
characteristics compared to the scenarios with 0% SAP, 0.1% SAP, and 0.2% SAP.
The average flow volumes for the 1% SAP scenario are generally lower than those
observed in the previous scenarios.
 The presence of 1% SAP contributes to a reduction in the water flow rate compared
to the scenarios without SAP and lower SAP percentages. The flow volumes
gradually decrease over time, indicating a potential decrease in permeability or
flow rate of water through the concrete with the addition of 1% SAP.
 The variations in flow volumes between Sample 1 and Sample 2 suggest some
variability in the water flow characteristics within the tested samples. This
variability could be due to factors such as sample heterogeneity or measurement
inconsistencies.

 Water flowing test for 2% SAP

Table 4.5 Water flowing test of 2% SAP
2% SAP
Time (mins) Sample 1 (ml) Sample 2 (ml) Average (ml)
0 0 0 0
15 112 116 114
30 101 93 97
45 99 85 92
60 95 87 91
75 89 84 87
90 85 55 70
105 82 85 84
120 84 89 87

10
 2% SAP
Sample 1 (ml) Sample 2 (ml) Average (ml)

140

120

100
Flow

80

60

40

20
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105120
0
Time (mins)
Figure. 4.8 Graph of water flowing test of 2% SAP concrete

Result Analysis:
 At the beginning of the test (0 minutes), both Sample 1 and Sample 2 had a volume
of 0 ml, indicating no water flow initially.
 As the test progressed, the volume of water flowing through the concrete with 2%
SAP increased. At 15 minutes, Sample 1 had a flow volume of 112 ml, while
Sample 2 had a flow volume of 116 ml.
 Subsequent measurements taken at 30-minute intervals showed variations in the
flow volumes for both samples. The flow volumes ranged from 55 ml to 112 ml for
Sample 1 and from 85 ml to 116 ml for Sample 2.
 The average flow volumes at each time interval were calculated by taking the
average of the measurements for Sample 1 and Sample 2. The average flow
volumes ranged from 70 ml to 114 ml over the duration of the test.
Here are some observations and analysis based on the data:
 The addition of 2% SAP to the concrete appears to have influenced the water flow
characteristics compared to the scenarios with lower SAP percentages (0%, 0.1%,
and 0.2%). The average flow volumes for the 2% SAP scenario are generally lower
than those observed in the previous scenarios.
 The presence of 2% SAP contributes to a reduction in the water flow rate compared
to the scenarios without SAP and lower SAP percentages. The flow volumes

11
 gradually decrease over time, indicating a potential decrease in permeability or
flow rate of water through the concrete with the addition of 2% SAP.
 There is noticeable variability in the flow volumes between Sample 1 and Sample
2, indicating some inconsistency in the water flow characteristics within the tested
samples. This variability could be due to factors such as sample heterogeneity or
measurement inconsistencies.

 Overall results of water flowing test M20:

Table 4.6 Water flowing test overall results
Time 2 % SAP 1 % SAP 0.2 % SAP 0.1 % SAP NA SAP
(mins) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
0 0 0 0 0 0
15 114 121 136 139 148
30 97 111.5 124 139.5 133
45 92 116 126.5 131 125
60 91 114 118.5 128 140
75 86.5 105 108 133.5 142
90 70 97.5 100.5 112.5 138
105 83.5 95.5 99.5 108 139
120 86.5 90 100 100 142.5

WATER FLOWING TEST

2 % SAP (ml) 1 % SAP (ml) 0.2 % SAP (ml) 0.1 % SAP (ml) NA SAP (ml)

160

140

120

100
FLOW

80

60

40

20

0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

TIME (MINS)

Figure. 4.9 Graph of water flowing test of concrete

12
Critical Observations:
 Comparison of SAP Concentrations: As the concentration of SAP increases from
0% to 2%, there is a noticeable trend of decreasing water flow volumes. This
suggests that the addition of SAP to the concrete leads to a reduction in water
permeability.
 Effect of Time: Generally, as the test progresses, the water flow volumes tend to
decrease for all SAP concentrations. This indicates that over time, the concrete
becomes less permeable to water, potentially due to the hydration and setting
processes.
 Variability between SAP Concentrations: There is variation in water flow volumes
among the different SAP concentrations. The 2% SAP concentration consistently
shows the lowest flow volumes, indicating a higher level of water resistance
compared to the other concentrations.
 Comparison to Control (0% SAP): When comparing the flow volumes of different
SAP concentrations to the control scenario without SAP (0% SAP), it can be
observed that the presence of SAP generally leads to lower water flow volumes.
This suggests that SAP has an impact on reducing the permeability of the concrete.
 Variability within SAP Concentrations: There is some variability in the water flow
volumes within each SAP concentration, as seen in the different measurements for
Sample 1 and Sample 2. This variability could be attributed to factors such as
sample heterogeneity or measurement inconsistencies.
These observations highlight the relationship between SAP concentration and water
flow in concrete, demonstrating that higher SAP concentrations tend to result in reduced
water permeability.

 Waterflow test through cracks for M25

The main objective of the experiment is to identify the self-sealing capacity and effect on
compressive strength of concrete and cement mortar with use of different percentage of
hydrogel super absorbent polymer.

Different percentage of SAP were used in the experiment to measure the impact of sealing
ability and compressive strength. From the result we can observe that the flow rate of the
sample with SAP is remain steady for some time and then decrease with respect to time.
This phenomenon is observed in most of the samples. The decrease in flow rate is mainly
13
due to

14
swollen particles of the hydrogel super absorbent polymer.

The experiment is performed on two type of crack width 1.5mm and 2mm. In the crack
width of 1.5mm the hydrogel SAP is more effective as compare to 2.5mm crack width.
However, it is also because of the larger crack width.

Table below shows the percentage of flow reduce in 1.5mm and 2mm crack width with
subjected to different dosage of hydrogel SAP.

Table 4.7 Comparison of flow rate

Percentage of flow reduced

Dosage of SAP (%) 1.5mm crack width 2mm crack width
5 70 39
4 65 27
2 38 21
1.2 49 16.5
0.8 29 12.31

For the control sample of 0%SAP the flow rate in both 1.5 & 2 mm is much similar. There
is no much change or difference of flow reduction.

From the result we can said that the use 5% SAP has a significant effect on the sealing of
cracks in both the type of crack width as compare to others percentage of SAP. Use of high
dosage of SAP in the concrete increase the sealing and healing capacity but at a same time
it will reduce the compressive strength in concrete.

 Water flowing test Result for 1.5mm thick crack

Table 4.8 Result of use of 0% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes) Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average
10 320 328 324 324
20 314 325 321 320
30 318 320 324 320
40 325 313 330 322

15
 50 320 318 327 321
60 310 320 328 319
70 330 323 337 330
80 315 335 341 330
90 325 336 336 332
100 325 328 339 330
110 333 324 340 332
120 340 330 334 334
130 330 337 328 331
140 323 333 323 326
150 317 324 327 322
160 323 315 318 318
170 320 318 323 320
180 313 323 330 322

0 % SAP
345
340
335
330
325
320
315
310
Flow in

305
300
295
290

102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.10 Graph of water flow of 0 % SAP

16
Result Analysis:

 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varied among the samples at each time interval. However, there
is a trend of relatively consistent flow volumes across the samples throughout the
test duration.
 The average flow of water across all samples ranged from approximately 318 ml to
334 ml.
 There is no significant upward or downward trend in the flow of water over time.
The flow volumes generally fluctuated within a relatively narrow range throughout
the test.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 were consistent, with
minimal differences between them.
 The average flow of water across all samples remained relatively stable,
suggesting a consistent water permeability or flow rate in the concrete without the
addition of SAP.

Based on this analysis, the absence of SAP (0% SAP) did not appear to have a
significant influence on the water flow characteristics in the concrete samples. The flow
volumes remained relatively consistent and stable over time, indicating a consistent water
permeability without the addition of SAP.

Table 4.9 Result of use of 5% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 310 295 303 302

20 307 297 295 299
30 301 290 287 259
40 285 283 281 283
50 280 278 273 277

17
 60 261 265 260 262
70 253 253 257 254
80 235 240 245 240
90 217 224 237 226
100 201 213 230 214
110 180 200 213 197
120 160 187 201 182
130 133 170 187 163
140 119 150 170 146
150 105 133 152 130
160 93 118 136 115
170 87 105 120 104
180 80 95 103 92

5 % SAP
350

300

250

200
Flow in

150

100

50

0
102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.11 Graph of water flow of 5 % SAP

18
Result Analysis:

 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 302 ml at 10 minutes to 92 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 5% SAP.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the addition of 5% SAP.

Table 4.10 Result of use of 4% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 280 305 287

290
20 275 297 280 284
30 260 292 292 281
40 250 285 285 273
50 247 287 287 273
60 235 275 275 261
70 233 258 258 249
80 227 245 245 239
90 220 231 231 227
100 213 220 220 217
110 205 198 198 200

19
 120 202 180 180 187
130 190 170 170 176
140 175 158 158 163
150 160 145 145 150
160 135 131 131 132
170 130 110 110 116
180 117 98 98 104

4 % SAP
350

300

250

200
Flow in

150

100

50

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.12 Graph of water flow of 4 % SAP

Result Analysis:

 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 290 ml at 10 minutes to 104 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 4% SAP.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.

20
  The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the addition of 4% SAP.

Table 4.11 Result of use of 2% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 260 240 235 245

20 260 231 231 240

30 250 227 237 238

40 235 220 230 228

50 240 217 224 227

60 230 225 216 223

70 217 219 212 216

80 220 213 205 212

90 215 205 192 204

100 197 203 185 195

110 195 190 181 188

120 189 187 175 183

130 180 180 173 177

140 193 180 160 177

150 173 176 161 170

160 180 170 155 168

170 153 171 150 158

180 145 163 148 152

21
 2 % SAP
300

250

200

150
Flow in

100

50

102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.13 Graph of water flow of 2 % SAP

Result Analysis:

 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 245 ml at 10 minutes to 152 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 2% SAP.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the addition of 2% SAP.

22
 Table 4.12 Result of use of 1.2% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)

Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 300 305 300 301

20 280 295 310 295

30 295 295 290 293

40 290 284 285 286

50 305 293 275 291

60 280 285 280 281

70 273 280 205 252

80 278 274 260 270

90 260 271 253 261

100 253 266 247 255

110 240 257 240 245

120 224 250 232 235

130 220 235 225 226

140 205 230 271 235

150 190 220 203 204

160 184 205 190 193

170 170 190 170 176

180 143 170 155 156

23
 1.2 % SAP
350

300

250

200
Flow in

150

100

50

0
102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.14 Graph of water flow of 1.2 % SAP

Result Analysis:

 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 301 ml at 10 minutes to 156 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 1.2% SAP.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the addition of 1.2%
SAP.

24
 Table 4.13 Result of use of 0.8% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)

Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 340 355 330 341

20 315 350 341 335

30 320 355 335 336

40 302 347 321 323

50 310 339 317 322

60 305 343 309 319

70 290 335 315 313

80 285 320 310 305

90 285 317 303 301

100 277 308 295 293

110 270 300 287 285

120 263 293 280 278

130 257 287 273 272

140 255 280 271 268

150 244 265 265 258

160 245 261 263 256

170 241 255 257 251

180 235 251 247 244

25
 0.8 % SAP
400

350

300

250
Flow in

200

150

100

50
102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.15 Graph of water flow of 0.8 % SAP

Result Analysis:
 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 341 ml at 10 minutes to 244 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 0.8% SAP.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the addition of 0.8%
SAP.

26
  Result for 2mm thick crack

Table 4.14 Result of use of 0% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 410 394 417 407

20 407 400 413 406

30 409 407 414 410

40 413 395 417 408

50 410 403 410 407

60 417 397 404 406

70 404 407 411 407

80 409 410 407 408

90 418 398 413 409

100 401 410 408 406

110 406 404 410 406

120 397 397 409 401

130 410 391 413 404

140 413 393 410 405

150 417 395 408 406

160 410 399 414 407

170 413 407 417 412

180 405 403 413 407

27
 0 % SAP
425
420
415
410
405
Flow in

400
395
390
385
380
375

102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.16 Graph of water flow of 0 % SAP

Result Analysis:
 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally ranges from approximately
401 ml to 412 ml over the test duration.
 There is no significant increasing or decreasing trend in the flow of water over
time. The flow volumes fluctuate within a relatively narrow range throughout the
test.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples remains relatively stable over time,
suggesting a consistent water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with a 2 mm
crack width and without the addition of SAP.

Table 4.15 Result of use of 5% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 407 400 403 403

28
 20 399 390 387 392
30 394 383 379 385
40 388 376 371 378
50 381 369 361 370
60 371 361 351 361
70 362 353 345 353
80 353 348 334 345
90 345 340 321 335
100 336 334 313 327
110 327 329 304 320
120 317 321 289 309
130 303 300 280 294
140 291 287 269 282
150 294 280 259 277
160 281 271 249 267
170 274 259 240 257
180 260 245 230 245

5 % SAP
425
400
375
350
325
Flow in

300
275
250
225
200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.17 Graph of water flow of 5 % SAP

29
Result Analysis:
 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 403 ml at 10 minutes to 245 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 5% SAP and a 2
mm crack width.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the presence of 5% SAP
and a 2 mm crack width.

Table 4.16 Result of use of 4% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 398 403 400 400

20 396 405 398 399
30 390 400 391 393
40 387 391 387 388
50 380 386 381 382
60 373 380 378 377
70 363 376 371 370
80 354 370 364 362
90 350 361 357 356
100 347 353 349 349
110 340 350 345 345
120 331 346 336 337

30
 130 324 341 330 331
140 317 336 331 328
150 309 331 323 321
160 300 321 313 311
170 287 310 305 300
180 280 300 295 291

4 % SAP
425

400

375

350

325
Flow in

300

275

250

225

200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.18 Graph of water flow of 4 % SAP

Result Analysis
 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 400 ml at 10 minutes to 291 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 4% SAP and a 2
mm crack width.

31
  The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the presence of 4% SAP
and a 2 mm crack width.

Table 4.17 Result of use of 2% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)
Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 406 400 410 405

20 408 394 407 403

30 404 397 410 403

40 400 391 404 398

50 394 383 396 391

60 387 380 393 386

70 380 374 386 380

80 373 368 380 373

90 365 360 371 365

100 360 353 363 358

110 354 346 358 352

120 347 341 354 347

130 340 338 347 341

140 335 333 340 336

150 331 327 333 330

160 330 319 327 325

170 327 320 324 323

180 321 314 320 318

32
 2 % SAP
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
Flow in

250

225
200

102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.19 Graph of water flow of 2 % SAP

Result Analysis:
 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 405 ml at 10 minutes to 318 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 2% SAP and a 2
mm crack width.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the presence of 2% SAP
and a 2 mm crack width.

33
 Table 4.18 Result of use of 1.2% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)

Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 408 413 417 412

20 407 415 416 412

30 410 414 411 411

40 406 411 407 408

50 400 413 403 405

60 404 408 396 402

70 394 407 392 397

80 391 403 389 394

90 386 400 383 389

100 377 394 377 382

110 379 388 373 380

120 374 383 367 374

130 369 376 364 369

140 363 372 358 364

150 357 368 351 358

160 354 363 349 355

170 348 357 346 317

180 344 348 341 344

34
 1.2 % SAP
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
Flow in

250

225
200

102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.20 Graph of water flow of 1.2 % SAP

Result Analysis:
 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 412 ml at 10 minutes to 344 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 1.2% SAP and a
2 mm crack width.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the presence of 1.2%
SAP and a 2 mm crack width.

35
 Table 4.19 Result of use of 0.8% SAP

Flow of water (ml)

Time (minutes)

Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Average

10 415 408 398 407

20 420 410 405 411

30 413 406 408 409

40 407 409 403 406

50 401 411 398 403

60 404 407 395 402

70 403 403 393 399

80 395 405 394 398

90 392 398 386 392

100 390 393 384 389

110 393 386 381 386

120 391 387 376 384

130 384 381 374 379

140 381 376 371 376

150 375 374 372 373

160 373 366 365 368

170 371 361 363 365

180 366 357 361 361

36
 0.8 % SAP
425
400
375
350
325
300
275
Flow in

250

225
200

102030405060708090 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Time in min

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average

Figure 4.21 Graph of water flow of 0.8 % SAP

Result Analysis:
 The measurements were taken at various time intervals ranging from 10 to 180
minutes, and the flow of water through the samples was recorded.
 The flow of water varies among the samples at each time interval, showing some
variations in flow volumes over time.
 The average flow of water across all samples generally decreases over time from
approximately 407 ml at 10 minutes to 361 ml at 180 minutes.
 There is a decreasing trend in the flow of water over time, indicating a reduction in
water permeability or flow rate in the concrete with the addition of 0.8% SAP and a
2 mm crack width.
 The flow volumes for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3 show some variation
between them, indicating potential heterogeneity or other influencing factors.
 The average flow of water across all samples consistently decreases over time,
suggesting an overall reduction in water permeability with the presence of 0.8%
SAP and a 2 mm crack width.

Summary:
With different SAP concentrations and crack widths, the following trends can be observed:

37
  Effect of SAP Concentration:
 The presence of SAP generally leads to a reduction in water flow compared to the
0% SAP scenario.
 Higher SAP concentrations tend to result in lower water flow volumes, indicating a
decrease in water permeability or flow rate in the concrete.
 The reduction in water flow becomes more pronounced with higher SAP
concentrations.

 Effect of Crack Width:

 The presence of a 2 mm crack width generally leads to a decrease in water flow

compared to scenarios 1.5 mm crack and without cracks.

 With the presence of a crack, the water flow volumes tend to decrease over time,
indicating a reduction in water permeability or flow rate in the concrete.

Overall, the addition of SAP and the presence of cracks have a significant impact on the
water flow characteristics in concrete. The use of SAP generally reduces water
permeability and flow rate, indicating potential benefits for water-tightness and durability
of concrete structures.

38