HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

OFFICE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDY PROGRAMS

CONVECTION

Department: Processes and Equipment

Class: CC06
Huỳnh Xuân Mai - 2053205
Nguyễn Minh Tú – 2052304
Quách Hoàng Như Thảo - 2052713

22 March 2023
 OUTLINE

1. OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................ 3
2. CONTENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE EXPERIMENT ................................ 3
2.1. Contents ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Requirements ................................................................................................................... 3
2.3. Raw result ........................................................................................................................ 4
3. THEORY ................................................................................................................................ 4
3.1. Heat balance equation ..................................................................................................... 5
3.2. Overall heat transfer coefficient ..................................................................................... 7
3.3. Convection coefficient (thermal transmittance coefficient) of cold stream in the pipe
(αN or αtr) ..................................................................................................................................... 7
3.4. Thermal transmittance coefficient of condensed steam ................................................ 8
4. EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................... 9
4.1. Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 9
4.2. Method ........................................................................................................................... 10
5. EXPERIMENT RESULT .................................................................................................. 12
5.1. Calculation from raw result .......................................................................................... 12
5.2. Determine the physical properties................................................................................ 12
5.3. Heat calulation, determine the heat loss ...................................................................... 13
5.4. Heat tranfsfer coeficient calculation ............................................................................ 14
6. CHART ................................................................................................................................. 15
7. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... 17
8. APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................... 22
9. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 24

2
1. OBJECTIVES
1) Help students reinforce their theoretical knowledge about convection.
2) Help students get used to the structure, operation principle of the equipment and
experimental method of convection.
3) Study the thermal transmittance coefficient of the fluid stream without phase changing
and the fluid stream with phase changing through condensation laminar flow regime in
two cases: natural convectional forced convection.
4) Compare the theoretical thermal transmittance and heat transfer coefficient with the
practical thermal transmittance and the heat transfer coefficient.
5) Establish the heat balance in the convection process.
2. CONTENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE EXPERIMENT
2.1. Contents

In this experiment, some quantities need to be measured:

1) In and out temperature of the cold stream (water inside the pipe)
2) Temperature of the pipe outer wall (the wall where stream is condensed) at the position
where the cold stream flows in and out.
3) Temperature, volume of condensed water flowing out and time to measure that
volume.
4) Volume of water flowing in the vertical pipe and time to measure the volume.
5) Saturated vapor pressure condensed in the experimental chamber.
2.2. Requirements
1) Students must have a thorough understanding of the theory and understand the
structure operation principle of the equipment as well as the experimental method
before operating.
2) The experiment must be performed by at least 4 people to operate the equipment and
measure the required quantities.
3) If there is a reasons the experiment cannot be performed completely, at least the
experiment must be carried out with the position of the overflow plate at
0;1⁄2 ; 1; 1 1⁄2.

4) The experiment must be performed in a stable heat transferring condition.

3
2.3. Raw result

Table 1: Experiment result

No Parameters Overflow plate position (in)

1 1 3
0 /4 /2 /4 1 11/4 11/2
1 t1 (oC) 32 32 33 32 32 31 31
2 t2 (oC) 102 98 98 104 98 97 95
3 t3 (oC) 83 66 62 57 46 43 36
4 t4 (oC) 107 86 83 98 69 63 52
5 Temperature T1 (oF) 221 240 240 240 289 234 239
6 Temperature T2 (oF) 110 110 110 110 110 110 110
7 Temperature T3 (oF) 209 210 210 210 210 209 209
8 Pressure P1 (PSI) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 Pressure P2 (PSI) 11 11 10,5 9,5 11 10 11
10 Pressure P3 (PSI) 10 7 9,5 5,5 5 9 8,5
11 Amount of condensed
water (ml) 20 34 33 30 20 41 18
12 Time to measure the
condensed water amount
(s) 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
13 Condensed water
temperature t’C ( C)
o 31,8 91 96,2 60,2 68 69 32
14 Amount of water flowing
inside the tube (ml) 220 420 510 590 955 1000 780
15 Time to measure the
amount of water flowing
inside the tube (s) 40 40 40 40 20 18 15

3. THEORY

The heat transfer between the saturated vapor condensed on the outer wall of the vertical pipe
and the cold water stream inside the pipe is a heat transfer which is specified by two processes:
convection in the case of phase changing (saturated vapor condensed on the wall of the vertical
pipe) and convection in the fluid stream without phase changing (the cold water stream inside
the pipe). The heat resistance of the pipe wall can be neglected.

The condensation of the stream in the experimental equipment is considered as the

condensation with laminar flow.

The cold water stream inside the vertical pipe (shortened as cold stream) is operated with two
regimes: natural moving and forced moving.

4
The convection diagram is shown on picture 1

δv ,δC : the thickness of the pipe wall and the thickness of the
condensed water ,m.

dtr, dng: the pipe inner and outer diameter ,m.

Ftr, Fng: the inner and outer surface area of the vertical pipe with
height H.

ts, : saturated vapor temperature, oC.

tN: average temperature of water inside the pipe, oC.

tVtr, tVng : average temperature of the inner and outer pipe wall,
o
C.

αC = αng: thermal transmittance coefficient of the condensed

stream (outside fluid), W/m2K.
Picture 1: Convection
αN= αtr: thermal transmittance coefficient of the cold water (inside mechanism diagram
fluid), W/m2 K.

q: heat flux transferring through the wall, W/m 2K.

3.1. Heat balance equation

The heat the cold stream receives:

Q1= GNCPN(t3 - t1), W (1)

The heat released when the stream condensed:

Q2= GC [r + CPC(tS – 𝑡C)], W (2)

In the case of stable heat transferring and without heat loss, we have the heat balance equation:

Q=Q1=Q2= GNCPN(t3 - t1)= GC [r + C PC(tS – 𝑡C)], W (3)

Where:

GN , GC: Mass flow rate of the water stream inside the pipe and the condensed water
stream, kg/s.

t1 ,t3 : beginning and final temperature of the water stream inside the pipe, oC.

5
 tS: temperature of saturated vapor condensed in the experimental pressure, oC.

𝑡C: average temperature of the condensed water, oC.

tS−t′C o
𝑡 C= , C. (4)
2

t’C: temperature of the condensed water flowing out (in reality, t’ C is the sub cool
temperature of the condensed water).

CPN: Heat capacity of the water flowing inside the pipe, determine the average
temperature of water, J/kg.K.

t1+t3 o
𝑡 N= , C. (5)
2

CPC: Heat capacity of the water condensed at temperature 𝑡C, J/kg.K.

r: condensation latent heat of the saturated vapor at the temperature t S, J/kg.

The heat balance can also be demonstrated with the convection equation in the stable condition
without heat loss:

Q’=Q’1+Q’2

Where:

Q’1 = qtrFtr = αtr(tVtr - 𝑡𝑁 )Ftr, W

Q’1
→ αtr = , W/m2K (6)
(tVtr − 𝑡𝑁 )Ftr

Q’2 = qngFng = αng(ts - 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔)Fng, W

𝑄′2
→ αng = , W/m2 K (7)
(𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 )𝐹𝑛𝑔

Theoretically:

Q’1 = Q’2 = Q1 = Q2 = Q

From two formulas (6) and (7), it is possible to determine the practical thermal transmittance
coefficient of the cold stream inside the pipe (αtr) and the thermal transmittance coefficient of
the saturated vapor condensed on the outer wall of the pipe (α ng).

In case the thermal resistance of the wall is negligible (copper pipe has high thermal
conductivity: λV = 1272 W/mK and the wall is thin), we have:
𝑡2+𝑡4
𝑡̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑡𝑟 ≈ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 = , oC (8)
2

6
𝑡̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑡𝑟 , ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔: Average temperature at the inner and outer wall of the pipe, oC.

t2, t4 : outer wall temperature at the inlet (lower) and outlet (upper) of the pipe, oC.

3.2. Overall heat transfer coefficient

𝑄
𝐾= , W/m2K (9)
𝐹𝑡𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔

Q: heat calculated as in formula (1).

(𝑡𝑆 −𝑡3)−(𝑡𝑆 −𝑡1 )
∆𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 = (𝑡 −𝑡 ) ,K (10)
ln(𝑡𝑆 −𝑡3 )
𝑆 1

3.3. Convection coefficient (thermal transmittance coefficient) of cold stream in the

pipe (αN or αtr)

Thermal transmittance coefficient αN (or αtr) is determined basing on the kind of heat
transferring (natural convection or forced convection) and the flow regime of the fluid: laminar
flow, turbulent flow or transition. The fluid being natural or forced convection can be
𝐺𝑟
distinguished basing on the ratio 2.5 .
𝑅𝑒

Forced convection Mixture of 2 Natural convection

convectional stream
Here:
𝑤𝑑𝑡𝑟 4𝐺𝑁
𝑅𝑒 = = (11)
𝜈 𝜋𝑑𝑡𝑟 𝜌𝜈

With:

w: stream velocity, m/s.

ν: fluid viscosity, m2/s.

ρ: fluid density, kg/m3.

a) Natural convection

Thermal transmittance coefficient αN (or αtr) in the natural convection case is determined from
Nusselt number (Nu):

𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 𝑑𝑡𝑟 𝐻 1 0.75

𝑁𝑢 = {1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [−16 ( ) ]} (12)
32 𝐻 𝑑𝑡𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟

Where:

7
 𝛼𝑁 𝑑𝑡𝑟 𝛼𝑡𝑟 𝑑𝑡𝑟
𝑁𝑢 = = (12a)
𝜆 𝜆

3
𝛽𝑔𝑑𝑡𝑟 ∆𝑡
𝐺𝑟 = (12b)
𝛾2

∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑉𝑡𝑟 − ̅̅̅
𝑡𝑁
𝜈
𝑃𝑟 = (in the table)
𝑎

𝑡1+𝑡3 o
Physical properties of water are determined at the average temperature: ̅̅̅
𝑡𝑁 = , C.
2

b) Forced convection
𝑑𝑡𝑟
• In the laminar flow regime (Re < 2,300) with 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 > 10
𝐻

𝑑𝑡𝑟 1/3 𝜇 0.14

𝑁𝑢 = 1.86 (𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 ) ( ) (13)
𝐻 𝜇𝑉𝑡𝑟

𝑡1+𝑡3 o
Physical properties are determined at the average temperature ̅̅̅
𝑡𝑁 = , C. Only μVtr is
2
determined at the average temperature of the inner wall t Vtr.
𝐻
• In the transition (2,300 < Re < 10,000) with 0.7 < Pr < 120 and > 50
𝑑

𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑃𝑟 1/3 (14)

If the effect of the lifting force with the flow is neglected we can apply Mikhaev’s formula to
calculate Nu*:
𝑁𝑢∗
𝑀= 𝑃𝑟
0.14 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒) (15)
𝑃𝑟0.43 (𝑃𝑟 )
𝑉𝑡𝑟

The practical experimental value of M is in followed table 2.

Table 2

Re.10-3 2.2 2.3 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

M 2.2 3.6 4.9 7.5 10 12.2 16.5 20 24 27 30 33

3.4. Thermal transmittance coefficient of condensed steam

The thermal transmittance coefficient in the case of condensing pure saturated steam is
determined basing on the flow regime of the condensed liquid stream.

With all the cases of laminar flow of condensed compounds, the thermal transmittance
coefficient when pure steam is condensed on the pipe surface is determined with Nusselt
theoretical formula (establishing by calculus):

8
 0.25
𝑔𝑟𝑠𝜌𝐶2 𝜆3𝐶
𝛼𝐶 = 0.943 ( ) (16)
𝜇𝐶 𝐻∆𝑡 𝑚

Here:
𝑡2+𝑡4
∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑆 . ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 = (𝑡𝑆 − ), K
2

𝑡𝑆 +𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑛𝑔 o
Physical properties are determined at the average temperature: 𝑡𝑚 = , C. Only rS is
2
determined at the temperature tS for saturated steam.

Formula (16) can be converted into similar standard equation:

0.25
3
𝛼𝐶 𝐻 𝑔𝐻 𝜈𝐶 𝑟𝑆
𝑁𝑢𝐶 = = 0.943 [ 2 . . ]
𝜆𝐶 𝜈𝐶 𝜆𝐶 𝐶𝑃𝐶 (𝑡𝑆 − ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 )
𝜌𝐶 𝐶𝑃𝐶 𝑚

= 0.943(𝐺𝑎𝐶 . 𝑃𝑟𝐶 . 𝐾)0.25 0.25

𝑚 = 0.943 (𝐾0 )𝑚 (17)

Here:
𝑟𝑆
𝐾= is the similar standard number of Kutatelagze.
𝐶𝑃𝐶 (𝑡𝑆 −𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑛𝑔 )

In the case when condensed water laminar flow does not depend on the velocity (does not
depend on Re), the thermal transmittance coefficient of the condensed steam laminar flow can
be determined from Nu number by the following practical formula:
0.25 0.25
𝜇𝑆 𝜇𝑆
𝑁𝑢𝐶∗ = 0.42(𝐺𝑎. 𝑃𝑟. 𝐾 )0.28
𝑆 ( ) = 0.42(𝐾0 )0.28
𝑆 ( ) (18)
𝜇𝑉𝑛𝑔 𝜇𝑉𝑛𝑔

Different from formula (16), in this formula, physical properties are determined at temperature
tS. Only PrVng is determined at the average temperature of the outer wall
𝑡2+𝑡4 o
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 = , C.
2

4. EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT

4.1. Equipment

In the equipment, the heat transfer process happens on the vertical copper pipe with the
measurements as followed:

9
Height: H = 60.96 cm = 0.61 m

Outer diameter: dng = 15.8 mm = 0.0158 m

Inner diameter: dtr = 13.8 mm = 0.0138 m

Pipe wall thickness: δ = 1 mm = 0.001 m

Thermal conductivity of the copper pipe: λV = 1272 W/mK

4.2. Method
a) Preparation
• Experiment apparatus and condition

1) Graduated cylinder

2) Water flow meter

3) Thermometer.

4) Timer.

• Preparation for cold water inlet

1) Close valves V1, V4, S1 and open valves V2, V5.

2) Adjust runoff plate as experiment required.

3) Open valve V1 and adjust water level stably in runoff pot.

• Preparation for water vapor

1) Close valves: S1, S3, S5, V3, V6 and V8.

2) Open valve S4 emit in excess of condensed water.

3) Open valve V7.

4) Put water in tank at ¾ of the tank’s height open the tank’s top. Open valve V8 to supply
water for boiler and close valve V8 when water level in boiler reaches 2/3 the height of
graduated tube.

5) Close valve V7.

6) Supply electricity for R1 until pressure in boiler is about 13 PSI.

7) Supply electricity for R2 to heat water vapor (if R 2 exists).

b) Method
1) Adjust cold water flow as experiment required.

2) When boiler’s pressure reaches 15 PSI, open totally valve V7 and slowly open valve
V6 and adjust for vapor tank with residual pressure at about 1.2 PSI. Valve V6 must open to

10
have enough condensed vapor on surface of conductive tube and pressure in experimental space
equals to atmosphere pressure.

3) When conduction is stable, calculate following quantities at the same time:

• Condensed water amount in a specific and its temperature.

• Water flow in tube in a specific time.

• Temperature t1, t2, t3, t4(timer).

• Vapor tank pressure (manometer P1).

• Vapor temperature in vapor tank (thermometer T2) .

• Water temperature in vapor tank (thermometer T1).

• Vapor pressure calculated by manometer P2.

• Vapor temperature in condense vessel by thermometer T3.

c) Stop to switch experiment

1) After measuring, stop supplying electricity for vapor tank, close valves V6, V7, open
valve S5 to release vapor. Add water into tank. Open valve V8 to supply water for vapor tank
and then close V8, S5.

2) Close valve V1, open S4 to release all hot water and then close S4.

3) Switch runoff plate positions as experiment required and repeat steps as previous
experiment.

4) Experiments is run with following runoff plate positions:

• At “0”: natural convection

• At ¼; ½; ¾; 1; 1 ¼ and 1 ½ (inch): forced convection.

d) End experiment
Steps to end experiment:

1) Turn off electricity supply for vapor tank

2) Turn of timer

3) Close water supply valve

4) Close and open valves like before doing experiment

11
 5. EXPERIMENT RESULT
5.1.Calculation from raw result
Table 3: Calculation from raw result
Parameters Overflow plate position (in)
1 1 3
0 /4 /2 /4 1 11/4 11/2
t1 (oC) 32 33 32 32 32 31 31
t2 (oC) 102 98 98 104 98 97 95
t3 (oC) 83 66 62 57 46 43 36
t4 (oC) 107 86 83 98 69 63 52
t’C (oC) 31,8 91 96,2 60,2 68 69 32
Ps (bar) 1,759 1,759 1,759 1,759 1,759 1,759 1,759
ts (oC) 115,0 115,0 115,0 115,0 115,0 115,0 115,0
𝑡 +𝑡
𝑡𝑁 = 1 3 . oC
̅̅̅ 57,5 49 46,5 44,5 39 37 33,5
2
𝑡 +𝑡
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 = 2 4 . oC
̅̅̅̅̅̅ 104,5 92 90,5 101 83,5 80 73,5
2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑡̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑡𝑟 ≈ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑡 o
𝑉𝑛𝑔 ( C) 104,5 92 90,5 101 83,5 80 73,5
𝑡𝑠 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔
𝑡𝑚 = . oC 109,75 103,5 102,75 108 99,25 97,5 94,25
2
𝑡𝑠+ 𝑡′𝐶
𝑡̅𝐶 = . oC 73,4 103 105,6 87,6 91,5 92 73,5
2
∆𝑡 = 𝑡̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑡𝑟 − 𝑡 ̅̅̅
𝑁. K 47 43 44 56,5 44,5 43 40
3
GC x 10 (kg/s) 0,5 0,85 0,825 0,75 0,5 1,025 0,45
GN x 103(kg/s) 5,5 10,5 12,75 14,75 47,75 55,56 52

5.2.Determine the physical properties

Table 4: Determine the physical properties

Overflow plate position

Physical properties
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

CPN (J/kgK)
4184 4183 4182 4182 4181 4181 4180
λx 102 (W/mK)
64,06 62,06 61,47 60,99 59,7 59,23 58,4
ρ (kg/m3) 984,5 988,13 989,19 990,05 992,39 993,25 994,75
Water ν (m2/s) x 106
flowing 0,507 0,576 0,6 0,612 0,66 0,67 0,7
inside β (1/K) x 104
the tube 4,945 4,426 4,273 4,151 3,815 3,693 3,479
Pr
3,12 3,69 3,84 3,96 4,28 4,39 4,6
 (N.s/m2) x 106

499,01 568,85 589,39 605,82 651,01 667,44 696,19

Vtr x 106 (N.s/m2)
273 277 263 257 262 261 255

12
 λC x 102
(W/mK)
71,273 70,585 70,503 71,08 70,12 69,93 69,57
ρC (kg/m3)
962,21 964,87 965,193 962,95 966,69 967,43 968,82
νC x 106 (m2/s)
0,239 0,273 0,277 0,249 0,295 0,305 0,322
C x 10 6

(N.s/m2)
226,03 260,08 264,16 235,56 283,23 292,76 310,47
CPC (J/kgK)
Condensed
4227 4222 4221 4226 4219 4217 4214
water
λs x 102 (W/mK)
959.97 959.97 959.97 959.97 959.97 959.97 959.97
PrS
1,16 1,16 1,16 1,16 1,16 1,16 1,16
PrVng
1,55 2,01 2,07 1,68 2,33 2,46 2,7
ρS (kg/m3)
946,97 946,97 946,97 946,97 946,97 946,97 946,97
CPS (J/kgK)
4233 4233 4233 4233 4233 4233 4233
Saturated RS (kJ/kg)
vapor
2221 2221 2221 2221 2221 2221 2221

5.3.Heat calulation, determine the heat loss

Table 5: Heat calculation, determine the heat loss

Overflow plate position

0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

Q1 (W) 1173.61 1493.33 1652.94 1542.1125 2794.99 2787.33 1086.8

Q2 (W) 89.03 44.95 34.56 88.51 50.68 101.69 79.69
ΔQ (W) -1084.58 -1448.38 -1618.4 -1453.60 -2744.31 -2685.64 -1007.10
ΔQ (%) 92.41 96.98 97.90 94.2 98.18 96.35 92.66

13
 5.4.Heat tranfsfer coeficient calculation
Table 6: Heat transfer coefficient calculation
Overflow plate position
Quantities Formula
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
𝜈
Pr 𝑃𝑟 = 3.12 3.69 3.84 3.96 4.28 4.39 4.6
𝑎

PrVtr 1.55 2.01 2.07 1.68 2.33 2.46 2.7

Re (11) 1017.56 1704.14 1996.84 2246.98 6764.58 7674.22 6882.73

Heat
transfer Gr (12b) 2332906 1480964 1365300 1614112 1015217 904445 729896
of the
water (12),
NuN 8.89 8.28 8.19 8.61 7.81 7.64 7.32
flowing (13)
inside
the (αN)TT
tube or (12),
(αTR) TT, (13) 412.84 399.95 396.15 393.06 384.74 381.72 376.37
W/m2K

(αN)tn or
(αTR)tn , (6) 944.69 1313.86 1421.23 1032.59 2376.20 2452.35 1027.90
W/m2K

(αC)TT,
Heat (16) 1413.26 1115.05 1092.54 1299.54 1004.95 969.16 912.33
W/m2K
transfer
of (αC)tn,
conden (7) 280.18 64.58 46.61 208.90 53.17 96.01 63.46
W/m2K
sed
vapor
(NuC)tt (17) 1209.56 963.63 945.28 1115.25 874.25 845.40 799.95

Q = Q1,
(1) 1173.61 1493.33 1652.94 1542.11 2794.99 2787.33 1086.8
W

ΔTLOG ,
(10) 53.51 64.51 67.31 69.75 75.78 77.85 81.47
Overall K
heat
transfer KTT,
(19) 319.51 294.37 290.73 301.78 278.23 273.85 266.45
W/m2K

KTN,
(9) 829.77 875.72 928.99 836.38 1395.28 1354.61 504.65
W/m2K

14
 K’TT,
(20) 319.43 294.30 290.67 301.71 278.17 273.80 266.39
W/m2K

K’TT
(21) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
/KTT

6. CHART
6.1. Graph show the correlation of NuN = f (Re)

NuN = f (Re)
10
9
8
7
6
NuN

5 y = -0.0002x + 8.7899
4 R² = 0.7942
3
2
1
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Re

6.2. Graph show the correlation of Ktt = f (Re).

Ktt=f(Re)
330

320
y = -0.0055x + 311.57
310 R² = 0.7797
300
Ktt

290

280

270

260
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Re

15
6.3. Graph show the correlation of (αN) TT, (αN)TN and Re.

αN = f(Re)
3000

2500
y = 0.1503x + 902.53
2000 R² = 0.4646

1500

1000 y = -0.0038x + 407.55

R² = 0.8043
500

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

aNtt aNtn Linear (aNtt) Linear (aNtn)

6.4. Graph show the correlation of (αC) TT, (αC) TN and Re.

αc = f(Re)
1600
1400 y = -0.0511x + 1321.9
1200 R² = 0.6697
1000
800
600
y = -0.0157x + 179.44
400 R² = 0.2481
200
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Re

aCtt aCtn Linear (aCtt) Linear (aCtn)

16
 6.5. Graph show the correlation of KTT, KTN and Re.

K = f(Re)
1600
1400
y = 0.0434x + 785.31
1200 R² = 0.1612
1000
800
600 y = -0.0055x + 311.57
400 R² = 0.7797
200
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Ktt Ktn Linear (Ktt) Linear (Ktn)

7. DISCUSSION
7.1. . Explain the reason why when the experiment occurs when the runoff plate is at “0”
but the water still runs in the tube.
“0, ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ¼,1 ½” level is the distance by inch of water level in the runoff pot relative
to the highest point in the coolant trap in the heat exchanger tank.
Before the experiment, if the runoff plate is located at the "0" position and the water level is
adequate for the runoff pot, the water will not flow in the pipe and out of the tank because the
water level in the tank is at its highest in the tube => Δ P = 0 => water can not be drained due
to no pressure differential.
When operating at the "0" position, the water in tube will flow out because we vapor to heat
the cold stream, the movement of the fluid will occur when there is a difference between the
density of different temperature areas.
7.2. Discussion on the level of loss heat.

Overflow plate position

0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

ΔQ (W) -1084.58 -1448.38 -1618.4 -1453.60 -2744.31 -2685.64 -1007.10

ΔQ (%) 92.41 96.98 97.90 94.2 98.18 96.35 92.66

When runoff plate is at "0", ”1/4”, "1", "1 1/4" the loss temperature is corresponding to ΔQ <0.
This is impossible because we do not use the resistor to create overheated vapor. However, the
heat energy released when the vapor condensed is smaller than the one that the cold water
received. The wrong number may be due:

17
 • Proceed measuring pressure, temperature, unloading pressure when the system is
unstable.
• When measuring the unbalance unit, the measuring time is quite long, in that time the
values of the temperature and pressure have changes. We choose the wrong
measurement point which lead to the error.
• The volume of condensed water is not continuous so measurement has errors.
• Incorrect value due to the experiment system, temperature and pressure measuring
equipment.
7.3.Discuss and explain the effects of the location of the runoff plate on αtr, αng and K.

Overflow plate position

Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

(αN)TT or
(αTR) TT, W/m2K 412.84 399.95 396.15 393.06 384.74 381.72 376.37

(αN)tn or (αTR)tn,
W/m2K 944.69 1313.86 1421.23 1032.59 2376.20 2452.35 1027.90

(αC)TT, W/m2K 1413.26 1115.05 1092.54 1299.54 1004.95 969.16 912.33

(αC)tn, W/m 2K 280.18 64.58 46.61 208.90 53.17 96.01 63.46
KTT, W/m2K 319.51 294.37 290.73 301.78 278.23 273.85 266.45
KTN, W/m2K 829.77 875.72 928.99 836.38 1395.28 1354.61 504.65

a) In theory:

When the runoff plate’s position is higher, (N)TT will also increase because:
• The higher the runoff plate, the bigger the pressure difference→ the higher the flow rate
of the cold stream → the higher the velocity of the cold stream → Re will increase.
• The higher the runoff plate, the lower the heat transfer efficiency → the average
temperature of the cold stream will decrease → Pr and  will increase.

→ Nu increases (formula (13))  (N)TT increases.

The results in practice are quite reasonable to theory. However, at position “1/2”, “3/4”, “1 ½”
have wrong number beacause the reason which have already explained.

As the higher the runoff plate position, (N)TN generally will increase because: except for the
first position (natural convection), the heat that cold stream receives at the remaining position
(force convection) increases, t = t Vtr − t N increases (due to the decrease of heat transfer
efficiency), so according to formula (6)  The change of tr depends on the increase of Q and

18
t = t Vtr − t N . In experiment result, (N )TN changes without a specific rule: increase and
decrease unexpectedly. Due to the parallel operate and measure activities, especially the vapor
used to heat saturated vapor, there will be partial condense which affects the results.

b) The fluctuation of (C)TN depends on Q2 and (ts - tvng ) as the following equation :

Q' 2
 ng = , W/m2 .K
(t S − tVng ) Fng
As the experiment results, (αC)TN increases but it is not steady. This can be comprehended
through the fluctuation of the 2 units above along with the errors.

c) In theory, the higher the runoff plate, the higher Ktt will be due to the consequences of
fluctuation between (N)tt and (C)tt, represent through the equation

1 ( N ) tt  ( C ) tt
K tt = = , W/m2 .K
1 1 ( N ) tt + ( C ) tt
+
( N ) tt ( C ) tt
To KTN :
Q
K= , W/m2 .K
Ftr t log
In general, it is hard to comment and explain in a correct way about the effect of position of
the runoff plate because the vapor pressure entering the experiment P 3 at different plate location
and the degree of open of valve V 6 to let the vapor into the tank is also different. Besides, there
are still many minor errors when operating the experiment.

7.4. Comparison and explanation of the correlation between the mathematical value and the
experimental value of the temperature supply coefficients of water inside tube, outside
tube and the overall thermal coefficient
• Thermal coefficient inside tube:
According to graph 7.3: All of values of (αN) TN> (αN) TT, the remain: (αN) TN< (αN) TT
• Thermal coefficient outside tube:
According to graph 7.4: the first value of (αN) TN< (αN)TT , the remains of (αC )TN > (αC)TT
• Overall thermal coefficient:
According to graph 7.5: All of values of KTN > Ktt
Explain:
Overflow plate position
Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
KTT, W/m2K 319.51 294.37 290.73 301.78 278.23 273.85 266.45
KTN, W/m2K 829.77 875.72 928.99 836.38 1395.28 1354.61 504.65

19
All values of thermal coefficient inside tube, outside tube, temperature supply coefficient of
condensed water outside tube and heat transfer coefficient K must be bigger than practice
corresponding value. We assume in heat exchanging process all heat loss is ignored. However,
in the process of experiment, there will always have heat loss at different stages depending on
the system and our manipulation.
The experimental values are bigger than calculated because of error in experiment process.
𝜹
7.5. Discussion about the effect of thermal resistance on tube shell ( 𝒗)
𝝀𝒗
1
K tt =
1 1
+
We have ( N )tt ( C )tt when ignoring thermal resistance on tube shell.

1
K tt ' =
1 1 V
+ +
( N )tt ( C )tt V when considering the thermal resistance on tube shell.

Depending on the results we have: K’TT< KTT which mean the thermal resistance on tube
shell will increase the overall transmittance coefficient.
We can notice that this ratio is approximately equal to 1. In general, the change is not
considerable depending on the position of the runoff plate and the highest position of the cold
stream tube. The effect of shell thermal resistance is not much. Therefore, we can ignore the
effect of shell thermal resistance in calculation.
7.6.Discuss about the reliability of the results, estimate the error and suggest the reason for
error.
a) The reliability of the result.
The reliability of the result is low. It is because of the requirement of the experiment which
only measure when the heat transmission process is stable. However, in reality, we can only
realize this mode relatively depend on the stable amount of condensed water outlet which result
in low precision in operation. Moreover, the vapor supply is saturated vapor so a small amount
of condensed liquid is unavoidable. Choosing the wrong measurement point will affect the
whole experiment.
b) Error estimation.
Based on graph 7.3, graph 7.4, graph 7.5 we can see the change of (αN)TT and(αN)TN ; KTN
and KTT has the same kind. Only (αC)TT and (αC)TN have unique trend

20
Coefficient errors of the experiment compared to the mathematical values.
Overflow plate position
Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
(αN)TT or
(αTR)TT, 412.84 399.95 396.15 393.06 384.74 381.72 376.37
W/m2K
(αN)tn or
(αTR)tn, 944.69 1313.86 1421.23 1032.59 2376.20 2452.35 1027.90
W/m2K
Error (%) 128.8271 228.5061 258.7606 162.7054 517.6119 542.4473 173.1089

Overflow plate position

Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
(αC)TT,
1413.26 1115.05 1092.54 1299.54 1004.95 969.16 912.33
W/m2K
(αC)tn,
280.18 64.58 46.61 208.90 53.17 96.01 63.46
W/m2K
Error (%) 80.17491 94.20833 95.73379 83.92508 94.70919 90.09348 93.04418

Overflow plate position

Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
KTT, W/m2K 319.51 294.37 290.73 301.78 278.23 273.85 266.45
KTN, W/m2K 829.77 875.72 928.99 836.38 1395.28 1354.61 504.65
Error (%) 159.7008 197.4896 219.537 177.1489 401.4844 394.654 89.39764

There is a huge error between mathematical and practice => the reliability of the experiment is
low.
c) The reasons for errors
• The system does not operate stably.
• The present values on the indicators are often unstable so the readings are only average
values. Therefore, it does not have the highest degree of accuracy. .
• We can not read at the same time the 4 values on the meter (due to the adjustment to
the value of the meter), these values change very quickly, due to the time interval
measurement. Unstable temperature stabilization leads to error in computational
efficiency (t3 - t1) in the Q1 calculation..
• Determining the water level by measuring tube and the stopping watch also causes the
error. Wrong in the reading of measurement of the value on the flask as well as write
down the time on the indicator.
• (N)TT is calculated in assumption that condensed water flowing through the
membrane, condensed on the surface of the tube shell, but in reality these conditions
are not satisfied so it will lead to error.
• Error in operation.
• Error in calculation and searching…

21
8. APPENDIX:
8.1. Calculation for table 3:
Convert the unit of temperature, pressure, flow rate of water:
5 o
(t F − 32)
t C= 9
o

1PSI = 0,069bar
1at = 0,981bar
From the abundance pressure measured from the manometer P3, indicate ts from table 57/ page
46/ Lookup table Mechanical process – Heat transfer – Mass transfer.
𝑉
Volume flow rate: 𝐺𝑉 =
𝑡

• V: volume of water measured (m3)

• t: measurement time (s)

𝑉
Mass flow rate: G = Gv . = . 
𝑡

8.2.Calculation for table 4

The physical parameters involved in the calculation process are:

Physical parameters of water flowing in tube: C PN, , , , , Pr, , Vtr

t1 + t 3
tN =
These parameters are determined at average temperature of flowing water in tube 2
t  t Vng
(table 3). Except for Vtr which is indicated at Vtr .
Look up at table 1.249, p310, [1].
Physical parameters of condensed water at experiment pressure: CPC, C, C, C, C, C PS, S,
S, PrS, Prvtr

t S + t Vng
tm =
Parameters have “c” are determined at average temperature: 2 (table 3).
Parameters have “s” are determined at tS.
Parameters have “vng” are determined at tVng.
Look up at table 1.249, p310, [1].
Physical parameters of saturated vapor at experiment pressure:
rS is determined at t S.
Look up at table 1.251, p314, [1].

22
8.3.Calculation for table 5
• Heat capacity Q1 is calculated by formula (1)

• Heat capacity Q2 is calculated by formula (2)

• Heat loss is calculated by: Q = Q2 - Q1

∆𝑄
• Heat loss ratio: Q(%) = 𝑥100%
𝑄1

8.4.Calculation for table 6

a) Determine the temperature coefficient of the water inside in the pipe.
In case of natural convection runoff plate at “0”), Nu and N (tr) are calculated by formula
(12).

In case of force convection (runoff plate at “0, ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ¼,1 ½”) Nu and N (tr) are
calculated by formula (13) or (14) depends on each specific mode.

The values of N (tr) calculated in 2 cases above are called calculated temperature coefficient
(N)TT or (tr)TT. The values of N (tr) are calculated by formula (6) are called practice
temperature coefficient (N)TN or (tr) TN.
b) Determine the temperature coefficient of condensed water.

In case the condensed water flowing through the membrane, temperature coefficient C is
calculated by formula (16) or from Nu in formula (17). C or Nu calculated by formula (16)
and (17) is called mathematical (C)TT, (Nu)TT.

Practice temperature coefficient (C)TN of condensed water is calculated by formula (7).

8.5. Calculation general heat transfer coefficient
• General transmission coefficient is calculated follow this equation:
1 (𝛼 ) .(𝛼𝐶)𝑡𝑡
𝐾𝑡𝑡 = 1 1 = (𝛼 𝑁) 𝑡𝑡 , W/m2K (19)
+ 𝑁 𝑡𝑡 +(𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡
(𝛼𝑁)𝑡𝑡 (𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡

Where:
Ktt: the calculated heat transfer coefficient (calculate follow (𝛼𝑁 )𝑡𝑡 . (𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡 , ignored effect of
δ
thermal resistance on tube shell ( v ))
λv

• Experimental heat transfer coefficient K TN is calculated follow equation (9), where

Q=Q1
• Calculating heat transfer coefficient have effect of thermal resistance on tube shell
δ
( v)
λv

23
 1
𝐾′𝑡𝑡 = 1 1 δ , W/m2K (20)
+ +( v )
(𝛼𝑁 )𝑡𝑡 (𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡 λv

• Calculating comparision between K tt and K’tt:

𝐾𝑡𝑡 1 δ
= δv , ( v) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 (21)
𝐾′𝑡𝑡 1+(λ )𝐾𝑡𝑡 λv
v

9. REFERENCES
[1]. Group of writers, “Process and Mechanic of Technological Chemicals handbook –vol.1”,
Ha Noi Technology publisher, 1999, 626 pages.
[2]. Pham Van Bon –Vu Ba Minh – Hoang Minh Nam, “Process and Mechanic of
Technological Chemicals –vol.10 Exercies and examples”, HCM City BKU, 468 pages.

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