Chi Square

STATISTICAL METHOD
The Chi-Square Test
June 1, 2024
THE CHI-SQUARE TEST
This is a test of difference between the observed

and expected frequencies. It is considered a
unique test due to its three functions:
1. Test of goodness-of-fit
2. Test of homogeneity
3. Test of independence
2
THE CHI-SQUARE TEST OF GOODNESS-OF-FIT
This is a test of difference between the observed

frequencies and expected frequencies.
3
EXAMPLE
A certain machine is supposed to mix peanuts,

hazelnuts, cashews, and pecans in the ratio of
4:3:2:1. A can containing 500 of these mixed nuts
was found out to have 270 peanuts, 110 hazelnuts,
80 cashews, and 40 pecans. At 0.05 level of
significance, test the hypothesis that the machine
is mixing the nuts at the ratio of 4:3:2:1.
4
SOLVING BY STEPWISE METHOD
I. Problem : Is the machine mixing the nuts at

the ratio of 4:3:2:1?
5
II. Hypotheses:
H0 : The machine is mixing the nuts at the ratio

of 4:3:2:1.
H1 : The machine is not mixing the nuts at the

ratio of 4:3:2:1.
6
III. Level of significance:
= 0.05
df = h-1
= 4-1
=3
X2.05 = 7.815
7
8
IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of goodness-of-fit

Computation:
Nuts Ratio Observed Expected

Peanuts 4 270 200
Hazelnuts 3 110 150
Cashew 2 80 100
Pecans 1 40 50
Total 10 500 500
9
10
= 24.5 + 10.667 + 4 + 2
= 41.167
11
V. Decision Rule : If the chi-square computed

value is greater than or beyond the chi-square
tabular value, reject H0.
12
VI. Conclusion: The chi-square computed value of

41.167 is greater than the chi-square tabular
value of 7.815 at 0.05 level of significance with 3
degrees of freedom, so the research hypothesis is
accepted which means that the machine is not
mixing the nuts in the ratio of 4:3:2:1. It implies
that the machine is not in good order because it
does not anymore mix the nuts as expected.
13
EXERCISE
Teachers want to know which night each week

their students are doing most of their homework.
Most teachers think that students do homework
equally throughout the week. Suppose a random
sample of 56 students were asked on which night
of the week they did the most homework. The
results were distributed as in the table.
14
EXERCISE
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of
Students 11 8 10 7 10 5 5
15
I. Problem : Is there a significant difference

between the observed and expected night of the
week they did the most homework?
16
II. Hypotheses:
H0 : There is no significant difference between the

observed and expected night of the week they
did the most homework.
H1 : There is a significant difference between the

observed and expected night of the week they
did the most homework.
17

= 0.05
df = h-1
= 7-1
=6
X2.05 = 12.592
18
19
Computation:
Day Ratio Observed Expected
Sunday 1 11 8
Monday 1 8 8
Tuesday 1 10 8
Wednesday 1 7 8
Thursday 1 10 8
Friday 1 5 8
Saturday 1 5 8
Total 7 56 56
20
21
= 1.125 + 0 + 0.50 + 0.125 + 0.50 + 1.125 + 1.125

X2= 4.50
22
IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of goodness-of-fit

23

4.50 is less than the chi-square tabular value of
12.592 at 0.05 level of significance with 6 degrees
of freedom, so the null hypothesis is accepted
which means that there is no significant
difference between the observed and expected
night of the week they did the most homework.
There is not enough evidence to support that
students do not do the majority of their homework
equally throughout the week.
24
THE CHI-SQUARE TEST OF
INDEPENDENCE
This test is used to look into whether measures

taken on two criterion variables are either
independent or associated with one in a given
population using such variables as level of
education and income, performance in class and
IQ, etc.
25
EXAMPLE
Ninety individuals, male and female were given a

test in psychomotor skills and their scores were
classified as high and low. Using the chi-square or
X2 test of independence at 0.05 level of
significance, the table is shown as follows:
High Low Total

Sex
O E O E
Male 18 28 46
Female 32 12 44
Total 50 40 90
26
I. Problem : Is there a significant relationship

between the sex and scores in psychomotor skill?
27
II. Hypotheses:
H0 : There is no significant relationship between

the sex and scores in psychomotor skill.
H1 : There is a significant relationship between
the sex and scores in psychomotor skill.
28

= 0.05
df = (c-1) (r-1)
= (2-1) (2-1)
= (1) (1)
=1
X2.05 = 3.841
29
30
IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of independence
31
Computation:
High Low Total

Sex
O E O E
Male 18 25.56 28 46
Female 32 12 44
Total 50 40 90
For expected values, multiply the column total

to the row total and divide the product by the
grand total.
32
50 x 46 = 25.56
90
33
Sex High Low Total

O E O E
Male 18 25.56 28 20.44 46
Female 32 24.44 12 19.56 44
Total 50 40 90
34
35

36

10.30 is greater than the chi-square tabular value
of 3.841 at 0.05 level of significance with one
degree of freedom, so the research hypothesis is
accepted which means that a significant
relationship exists between sex and score in
psychomotor skill. It implies that female’s high
scores are better in psychomotor skills than the
male counterpart.
37
EXERCISE
There were 600 people who saw a movie in

Bitoy Cinema last week. The movie genres are
action, comedy, family, and horror. The owner
wants to know if the purchase of snacks of
movie goers depends on the type of movie
genre they are going to watch. Using the chi-
square or X2 test of independence at 0.05 level
of significance, the table is shown as follows:
38
EXERCISE
Movie With Snacks No Snacks

Total
Genre
O E O E
Action 50 75 125
Comedy 125 175 300
Family 90 30 120
Horror 45 10 55
Total 310 290 600
39
I. Problem : Is there a significant relationship

between the movie genre and purchase of snacks
of the movie goers?
40
II. Hypotheses:

the movie genre and purchase of snacks of the
movie goers.
H1 : There is a significant relationship between the
movie genre and purchase of snacks of the movie
goers.
41
II. Hypotheses:

the movie genre and purchase of snacks of the
movie goers.
H1 : There is a significant relationship between the
movie genre and purchase of snacks of the movie
goers.
42

= 0.05
df = (c-1) (r-1)
= (2-1) (4-1)
= (1) (3)
=3
X2.05 = 7.815
43
44
IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of independence
45
Computation:
Movie With Snacks No Snacks Total

Genre O E O E
Action 50 64.58 75 60.42 125
Comedy 125 155 175 145 300
Family 90 62 30 58 120
Horror 45 28.42 10 26.58 55
Total 310 290 600
46
47
48

49

65.01 is greater than the chi-square tabular value
of 7.815 at 0.05 level of significance with three
degrees of freedom, so the research hypothesis is
accepted which means that there is significant
relationship between the movie genre and
purchase of snacks of the movie goers. More
movie goers buy snack when they watch family
oriented and horror movies.
50
HOMOGENEITY
This test is concerned with two or more samples,

with only one criterion variable. This test is used
to determine if to or more populations are
homogenous. Its formula is:
X2 = N (ad – bc) 2
klmn
53
HOMOGENEITY
Where:
X2 = chi-square test
N = grand total
klmn = the product of the rows and column
54
EXAMPLE
To illustrate this, we can evaluate the attitude of a

sample of Lakas and Laban parties on the issue of
peace and order in Mindanao. To carry out such
study, a separate random sample of members of
each party is drawn from the nationwide
population of Lakas and Laban parties and each
individual in both samples responds to the scale.
Scores are then classified into “Favorable” or
“Unfavorable” categories. The following
frequencies are obtained:
55
EXAMPLE
Political Response Total

Party Favorable Unfavorable
Lakas 65 (a) 35 (b) 100 (k)
Laban 50 (c) 50 (d) 100 (l)
Total 115 (m) 85 (n) 200 (N)
56
I. Problem : Is there a significant difference

between the attitudes of the two political parties
on the issue of peace and order in Mindanao?
57
II. Hypotheses:
H0 : There is no significant difference between the

attitudes of the two political parties on the issue of
peace and order in Mindanao.
H1 : There is a significant difference between the
attitudes of the two political parties on the issue of
peace and order in Mindanao.
58

= 0.05
df = (c-1) (r-1)
= (2-1) (2-1)
= (1) (1)
=1
X2.05 = 3.841
59
60
IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of homogeneity
61
Computation:
Political Response Total

Party Favorable Unfavorable
Lakas 65 (a) 35 (b) 100 (k)
Laban 50 (c) 50 (d) 100 (l)
Total 115 (m) 85 (n) 200 (N)
X2 = N (ad – bc) 2
klmn
62
Computation:
X2 = 200 ((65)(50) – (35)(50)) 2
(100)(100)(115)(85)
= 200 (3,250 – 1,750) 2
97,750,000
= 200 (1,500) 2
97,750,000
63
Computation:
= 200 (2,250,000)
97,750,000
= 450,000,000
97,750,000
X2 = 4.604
64

65
VI. Conclusion: Since the chi-square computed

value of 4.604 is greater than the chi-square
tabular value of 3.481 at 0.05 level of significance
with one degree of freedom, the research
hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is
significant difference between the attitudes of the
two political parties on the issue of peace and
order in Mindanao. It implies that the Lakas group
has favorable attitude while those of the Laban
group has unfavorable attitude on the said issue.
66
EXAMPLE
To illustrate this, we can evaluate the attitude of a

sample of Lakas and Laban parties on the issue of
peace and order in Mindanao. To carry out such
study, a separate random sample of members of
each party is drawn from the nationwide
population of Lakas and Laban parties and each
individual in both samples responds to the scale.
Scores are then classified into “Favorable” or
“Unfavorable” categories. The following
frequencies are obtained:
67
THANK YOU!!!
June 1, 2024

Chi Square

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Chi Square

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STATISTICAL METHOD

The Chi-Square Test

This is a test of difference between the observed

This is a test of difference between the observed

A certain machine is supposed to mix peanuts,

I. Problem : Is the machine mixing the nuts at

H0 : The machine is mixing the nuts at the ratio

H1 : The machine is not mixing the nuts at the

III. Level of significance:

IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of goodness-of-fit

Nuts Ratio Observed Expected

V. Decision Rule : If the chi-square computed

VI. Conclusion: The chi-square computed value of

Teachers want to know which night each week

Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

I. Problem : Is there a significant difference

H0 : There is no significant difference between the

H1 : There is a significant difference between the

III. Level of significance:

= 1.125 + 0 + 0.50 + 0.125 + 0.50 + 1.125 + 1.125

IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of goodness-of-fit

V. Decision Rule : If the chi-square computed

VI. Conclusion: The chi-square computed value of

This test is used to look into whether measures

Ninety individuals, male and female were given a

High Low Total

I. Problem : Is there a significant relationship

H0 : There is no significant relationship between

III. Level of significance:

IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of independence

High Low Total

For expected values, multiply the column total

Sex High Low Total

V. Decision Rule : If the chi-square computed

VI. Conclusion: The chi-square computed value of

There were 600 people who saw a movie in

Movie With Snacks No Snacks

I. Problem : Is there a significant relationship

H0 : There is no significant relationship between

H0 : There is no significant relationship between

III. Level of significance:

IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of independence

Movie With Snacks No Snacks Total

V. Decision Rule : If the chi-square computed

VI. Conclusion: The chi-square computed value of

This test is concerned with two or more samples,

To illustrate this, we can evaluate the attitude of a

Political Response Total

I. Problem : Is there a significant difference

H0 : There is no significant difference between the

III. Level of significance:

IV. Statistics: chi-square test, test of homogeneity

Political Response Total

X2 = 200 ((65)(50) – (35)(50)) 2

= 200 (3,250 – 1,750) 2

V. Decision Rule : If the chi-square computed

VI. Conclusion: Since the chi-square computed

To illustrate this, we can evaluate the attitude of a

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