The Rise of National1sm in Europe 23

Visualising Nation

Nations began Ideas like Liberty Allegories were Marianne

to be portrayed Justice and Republic erected at Coins and stamps Germania
too carried their
represented portrayed German
as female figures too were personified squares to mark Repubiic of
called allegory as female figures national unity images France
nation

Balkans

Present day

Romania Albania Macedonia Serbia Montenegro

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Bulgaria Greece Crotia Slovenia

Nationalism and Imperialism: Balkan Issue

Balkans became It was inhabited One by one different Countries ike Russia.
the source of
It later became European Germany, England.
by Slavs and nationalities
an area of powers further
nationalist tension was under declared their Austria Hungary.
in Europe after conflict among complicated the extended their contro
the control of independence its nationalities situation
1871 Ottoman Empire through struggles over Balkan area

It was too ldeas of It later became Each state developed They were struggling
a region of nationalism one of the jealousy and hoped to prove their trade
geographical and swept over entire causes of First to expand at the cost and military might
ethnic variations Balkan region World War of others Over others

NCERT ZONE
-Write in Brief attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded
underground societies named Young Italy' in
1. Write a note on:
Marseilles and 'Young Europe' in Berne, whose
(a) Giuseppe Mazzini members were like-minded young men from
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour Poland, France, Italy and the German States. He
believed that God had intended nations to be the
(c) the Greek war of independence
natural units of mankind. He opposed monarchy
(d) Frankfurt parliament and supported the vision of democratic republic.
(e) the role of women in nationalist struggles
Ans. (a) Giuseppe Mazziniwas an Italian revolutionary, (b) Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia
who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was a Piedmont state, who led the movement to unify
member of the secret society of the Carbonari. the regions of Italy. He was neither arevolutionary
In 1831, at the age of 24. he was sent toexile for nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and

s. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make
the administrative system more efficient in the
territories ruled by him?
Ans. Napoleon introduced the follow ing changes to make
ihe administrative systenm more efficient in the
teritones ruled by him.
u) In 1804, he introduceda new civil code known
as the Napoleonic Code which did away with all
privileges based on birth.
() He cstablished equality before law.
(iüi) He secured the right to property.
(i) He simplified administrative divisions, abolished
the feudal system and freed
peasants from
serfdom and manorial dues.
(v) In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
Transport and communication systems were
improved.
Thus. though he destroyed democracy for coming into
power, in administration he did introduce effective
revolutionary principles.
-Discuss
1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of
the liberals. What were the political, social and
economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Ans. The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various
national movements pioneered by educated middle
classes parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed
and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in
countries like France, food shortages and widespread
unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings in
other parts of Europe, such as Germany, Italy, Poland
and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Men and women
of the liberal middle classes came together to voice
their demands for the creation of nation-states based
on parliamentary principles.
The political, social and economic ideas supported
by the liberals were as follows.
(a) Politically, it stood for freedom of individual,
equality before law, government by consent,
national unification, nation-state with a written
constitution and parliamentary administration.
(b) Socially, they wanted to get ridof society of its
class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom
and bonded labour had to be abolished.
(c) Economically, they demanded freedom of
markets' right to property and abolition of state
Imposed restrictions on themovements of goods
and capital.
2. Choose three examples to show the contribution
of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Ans. Three examples to show the contribution of culture to
the growth of nationalism in Europe are as follows.
The Rise of National1s1n inEurope 25
(u) Romanticisnm was aEuropcan cultural movement
aimed atdeveloping national unity by creating a
sense of shared heritage and common history. The
Romantic artists'emphasison emotions, intuition
and mystical feelings gave shape and expression
to nationalist sentiments. The strength of art in
promotingnationalism is well exemplifhed in
the role played by Europcan pocts and artists
in mobilising public opinionto support the
Greeks in their struggle to establish their national
identity.
(b) Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to
popularising the spirit of nationalism and patriotic
fervour in Europe. Collecting and recording the
different forms of folk culture was important
for building a national consciousness. Being
apart of the lives of the common people, folk
culture enabled nationalists to carry the message
of nationalism to a large and diverse audience.
The Polish composer Karol Kurpinskicelebrated
and popularised the Polish nationalist struggle
through his operas and music, turning folk dances
like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist
symbols.
(c) Languages also played adistinctive role in
developing nationalist feelings in Europe. An
example of this is how during Russian occupation.
the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol
of struggle against Russian dominance. During
this period, Polish language was forced out of
schools and Russian language was imposed
everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed
rebellion against Russian rule in l1831, many
members of the clergy in Poland began using
language as a weapon of national resistance.
They did so by refusing to preach in Russian
and by using Polish for Church gatherings and
religious instruction. The emphasis on the use of
vernacular language, the language of the masses,
helped to spread the message of national unity.
3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how
nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Ans. The development of the Geman and Italian nation
states in the nineteenth century occurred in the
following ways.
(a) Political fragmentation: Till the middle of the
nineteenth century, the present-day nations of
Germany and Italy were fragmented into separate
regions and kingdoms ruled by different princely
houses.
(b) Revolutionary uprisings: Nineteenth-century
Europe was characterised by both popular
uprisings of the masses and revolutions led
 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 27

COMMON INSTRUCTIONS
Assertion and Reasoning Questions
la) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the corect explanation of Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) Is true but Reason (R) is false
d Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Multiple Choice 6. Zollevrein started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a:
(a) Trade Union (b) Customs Union
Questions 1Mark
(c) Labour Union (d) Farmer's Union
1. Which one of the following is not true about the Ans. (b)
unification of Italy? 7. What do the saints, angels and Christ symbolise
(a) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy in the Utopian vision?
wasdivided into four states, of which only one,
(a) Equality among people
Tuscany was ruled by an Italian princely house. (b) Fraternity among nations
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini had formed a secret society
(c) Freedom of nations
called Young Italy. (d) Resentment against nations
(c) Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement
to unify the regions of Italy was neither a Ans. (b)
revolutionary nor a democrat. 8. Whowere the Junkers'?
) In 1861 Victor Emmanuel IIwas proclaimed king (a) Soldiers (b) Large landowners
of united Italy. (c) Aristocracy (d) Weavers
Ans. (a) Ans. (b)
2. ldentify the correct statement. 9. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent
(a) In visual representations, Germania wears a nation?
crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands (a) Treaty of Constantinople, 1832
for heroism. (b) Treaty of Vienna, 1815
(b) Giuseppe Garibaldi played very significant role (c) Treaty of Versailles, 1871
in the unification of Italy. (d) None of these
(c) Gender equality is associated with the term Ans. (a)
'ldeology 10. Statement I: The first clear expression of
(d) The 1830s were years of greateconomic prosperity nationalism came with the French Revolution in
in Europe.
1789.
Ans. (a)
Statement II: The Civil Code of 1804 is usually
3. Choose the correctly matched pair.
(a) Lord Byron - Spanish poet knownas the Napoleonic Code.
(a) Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect
(b) Johann Gottfried Herder - French Philosopher (b) Statement (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct
(c) Friedrich Bismarck- King of Belgium (c) Both (i) and (i) are incorrect
(d) Otto von Bismarck -Unification of Germany.
Ans. (d) (d) Both (i) and (ii) are correct
4. Who among the following formed the seeret society Ans. (d)
called Young Italy'? |Delhi 2012] 11. Statement I: The term suffrage is associated with
(a) Otto von Bismarck (b) Giuseppe Mazzini thhe right to vote.
(c) Metternich (d) Gottfried Herder Statement II: After 1848, nationalism in Europe
Ans. (b) moved away from its association with democracy
5. Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to and revolution.
measure: Statement Ill: In 1861 Victor Emmanuel I was
(a) cloth (b) thread proclaimed king of united Italy.
(c) land (d) height Statement IV: Giuseppe Mazziniwas associated
Ans. (a) with Spain.
 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 31
0 The first clear expression of nationalism came educated m1ddle-class that encouraged national unty
with the French Revolution' in 1789*". Examine and abol1tion of aristocratic privileges.
the statement.
JAI India 2017)
41. How did the growth of industrialisation change
Or
the social and politicalequation of Europe.
Describe any five steps taken by the French Or
Revolutionaries to ereate a sense of collective
identity among the French people. What led tothe emergence of new middle class in
|CBSE 2018, All India 2015] Europe?
Or Ans. Industrialisation began in Europe during the 19
century and brought with it growth of towns and cities
Describe the three steps taken by the French inhabited by strong commercial class which produced
revolutionaries to create a sense of collective goods for domestic markets.
jdentity amongst the French people. |Delhi 2017] Along with it aclass of people emerged called the new
Ans. The feeling of clear-cut expression of nationalism or working class. It included professionals. businessmen
collective identity came to France with the French and industrialists.
Revolution in 1789. Political and constitutional Though they were small in number. educated, liberal
changes led to the transfer of sovereignty from minded and believed in national unification. They
monarchy to a body of French citizens. Various strongly condemned aristocratic set up in the society.
measures and practices were introduced by French It was because of these ideals they gained popularity
revolutionaries which proclaimed that a nation is and emerged as a new social class. They stood for
made by its people and only they can shape up its equality and freedom and stressed the formation of
destiny. Concept of a community, which is united constitution giving preference to representative form of
under one flag and enjoying equal rights, came into government rather then established autocratic regimes.
being. Following were the three steps taken by French 42. *Equality before law did not necessarily stand for
revolutionaries to create a feeling of collective identity universal suffrage in Europe." Discuss.
among the French people.
(a) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le Ans. The new middle class in Europe advocated the concept
citoyen (the citizen) emphasised this notion. of liberalisn emphasising the concept of freedom and
(b) The tricolor, new French flag, was replaced by
equality for all. But at the same time, this was not
the royal standard. visible in the political experiment around Europe. The
(c) Uniform laws were formulated for all its citizens right to vote was exclusively with the propertied class.
that too only men. Women even with property rights
under a centralised administrative system. were excluded from right to vote. The Jacobins who
(d) The body of active citizens elected the Estates stood for revolution for equality were also biased on
General and it was renamed National Assembly. this issue. They too granted right to vote to all adult
(e) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and male population only. Napoleon who stood to end
martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation.
privileges too reduced women to the margin of the
40, Discuss the lives of the aristocrats and the new society with no political rights. For long did these
middle class in 19th century France. women and non-propertied male struggled to win
Ans. The landed aristocracy dominated all social and political rights for themselves.
political spheres. They were united by a common 43. Mention any two economic obstacles that the
lifestyle. Huge estates and large town-houses were liberal-nationalists wanted to overcome. In what
owned by them. French was the language they way did the Zollverein customs union of 1834 try
preferred in the high society and diplomatic circles.
to overcome these shortcomings?
Marriages connected the aristocratic families. Though
they formed a small group, they dominated with Ans. During the early nineteenth century. Europe was
power. closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Two
economic obstacles that the liberal-nationalists wanted
In the western and some parts of Central Europe, to overCome were:
commercial classes began to emerge because of setting
(a) Restricted movement of goods and capital.
up of industries and beginning of trade. This class (b) Existence of countless small principalities and
caused the emergence of new social groups like the different currencies, weights and measures.
middle class and the working class.The middle class These barriers created obstacles to economic exchange
included industrialists, businessmen and professionals. and growth of the new commercial classes. To sort
They were less in number. It was the liberal and

.. Whch of the following revolutions is called as the
iNi epression of 'Nationalism' ICBSE 20201
(a) French Revolution
(A) Russan Revolution
) Glonous Revoluion
The Revolution of the iberals
1 Whh one ot the tollowing was not included in the
Nanolaonmc Code' of IS04) |CBSE 2021(C))
(e) Prvlege based on birth
À) Abolished the fedual sVstem
c) Right O property
() Equal1ty before law
13. Which of the following is not apart of the United
Kingdon of Great Britain" CBSE 2021(C))
(a) England (b) Poland
(c) Scotland (d) Ireland sA Short Answer
Type Questions
14. Who among the following was proclaimed as the
*Geman Emperor in I871? |CBSE 2021(C)| 32. What was the reaction to the Napoleonic Code?
(a) William 1 (b) Otto von Bismarck
(c) Kaiser William (d) Count Cavour
16, Assertion (A): ldeas of national unity in early
nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the
ideology of liberalism.
Reason (R): The term liberalism' derives from the
Latin root liber. meaning free.
l6. Assertion(A): Zollverein was formed at the initiative
of Austria and joined by very few of the German
States.
Reason (R): The aim of the zollverein is to bind the
Germans economically into a nation.
Very Short Answer
s TVpe Questions 2Marks
17. What do vou mean by nationalism?
18. Duke Mettermich was the Chancellor of whichcountry?
19. What decisions were taken at the Congress of Vienna?
20. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent
nation?
21. Why 1830s were the years of great economic hardship
in Europe?
22. What was the allegory of France called?
23. ldeas of national unity in early 19th century Europe
were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Who
fav oured the ideologv of liberalism?
24. What was Napoleonic Code?
25. Name the prov inces under the Habsburg Empire.
26. What did the new social group comprise of that came
into being in the 19th century comprised of?
The Riseof Nationalism in Europe 33
27. What ideas gained popularity among the educated
liberal middle class?
28. What was the status of women under the Napoleonic
Code?
29. What did liberalism stand for the cconomic sphere?
Or
Interpret the conccpt of iberalism' in the ficld of
economic sphere during the ninetecnth century in
Europe. |Delhi 2019)
30. What was the strong demandof the emerging middle
class in Europe during the 19th century?
|Foreign 2016|
31. What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?
3 Marks
Or
How did the local people in the areas conquered by
Napoleon react to French rule? Explain.
33. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in
spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe.
34. Explain the role of language in developing the
nationalist sentiments in Europe.
35. "Italy had along history of political fragmentation":
Support the statement by giving any three points.
36. Explain liberalism in political and economic fields
prevailing in Europe in the 19th century.
Or
Explain the concept of liberalism? What did it
politically emphasise during 19th century Europe.
37. When and why was the zollverein formed?
38. How did the Treaty ofVienna (1815)come into being?
39. Explain any three beliefs of the conservation that
emerged after 1815.
Or
Enumerate any three features of conservative regimes
set up in Europe following the defeat of Napoleon in
1815.
40. Explain any three reasons for the nationalist upsurge
in the 19th century Europe.
41. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiment during 18th century?
Explain.
42. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings
were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th
centuries.