Study & Master

Support Pack | Grade 11

CAPS

Physical Sciences
Chemical change

This support pack for the Chemical change strand of the

Physical Sciences Grade 11 CAPS curriculum provides
revision summaries on the topic to help prepare for the
examinations. Learners can work through these individually
at home or these could form the basis of a catch-up class
or online lesson. You have permission to print or
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 Unit 1: Quantitative aspects of chemical
change

Summary
• Relative formula mass or relative molecular mass: the sum of the atomic masses
of all the atoms in the formula or molecule.
• Mole refers to the amount of substance that contains the same number of
elementary units as the number of atoms in 12,0 g of carbon-12.
• Avogadro’s number = 6,02 × 1023 particles.
• 1 mole = relative formula mass in g = 22,4 dm3 for gasses at
STP = 6,02 × 1023 particles.
m
• To calculate mole: n = M
• Concentration is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent
n
(c = V )
• An empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a
compound.
• A molecular formula is the total number of atoms of each element present in a
compound.
• The limiting reactant is the substance that will be used up totally during a
reaction. The limiting reactant determines the amount of product formed.
• Theoretical percentage yield refers to the amount of product formed when the
limiting reactant has reacted completely.
• Actual yield is the amount of product that is in practice obtained from a
chemical reaction.
actual yield
– percentage yield = theoretical yield × 100%
mass of pure product
– percentage purity = mass of impure product × 100%

30 S T U DY & M A S T E R P H Y S I C A L S C I E N C E S S U P P O R T PA C K G R A D E 1 1
 Revision exercises: Unit 1 – Quantitative aspects of
chemical change
1. Give one term for the following descriptions.
a) This formula shows the lowest whole number
ratio of the elements in the compound
b) The reactant that is entirely used up before
any of the other reactants, determining the
maximum yield of the product
c) The amount of product that will be
synthesised in ideal conditions
d) In a chemical reaction, matter can be
changed from one form into another but
the total mass remains constant
e) 273 K and 1,013 3 105 Pa
2. In an experiment, James mixed 50 cm3 of
0,6 mol·dm−3 lead(II) nitrate solution with
an excess of hydrochloric acid. A white
precipitate formed, which he filtered and
dried. He determined the mass of the dry
precipitate to be 5,2 g.
Pb(NO3)2(s) 1 2HCl(aq) PbCl2(s) 1
2HNO3(aq)
a) What is the name of the precipitate that
formed?
b) What is the theoretical yield of precipitate?
c) Calculate the percentage yield.
3. Ammonium nitrate decomposes according to
the equation:
NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) 1 2H2O(g)
A 2,8 g sample of ammonium nitrate is sealed
and then heated in a 1 dm3 (1 litre) flask. The
ammonium nitrate decomposes completely.
a) Calculate the total number of moles of
gaseous products that form.
b) If the temperature in the flask is 344 K,
what is the pressure in the flask in kPa?
4. Lactic acid is a chemical produced in
your muscles during exercise. Ribose is a
component of vitamin B2. When these two
substances are analysed, they are found to
have the same percentage composition: 40,0%
carbon, 6,7% hydrogen and 53,3% oxygen
by mass.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
a) Determine the empirical formula of the
two substances.
b) If 0,1 mol of lactic acid has a mass of 9
g, determine the molecular formula of
lactic acid.
c) If the molecular mass of ribose is
150 g·mol−1, what is the molecular formula
of ribose?
5. The concentration of a solution depends on
the amount present in a solution.
a) Calculate the concentration of a solution
prepared by dissolving 0,085 moles of
KNO3 in water and diluting it to a total
volume of 250 cm3.
b) What is the concentration of a 800 cm3
solution that contains 196 g of H2SO4?
c) How many grams of the solid are needed
to prepare 300 ml of a 1,25 mol·dm−3
Mg(NO3)2 solution?
d) 4 litres of 0,4 mol·dm−3 HNO3 is added to
1 litre of 0,2 mol·dm−3 HNO3. What is the
concentration of the HNO3 mixture?
e) 150 ml of water are added to 250 ml of a
0,6 mol·dm−3 KMnO4 solution. Determine
the final concentration after the dilution.
6. Many samples of chemicals are not pure.
We can define percentage purity as:
mass of pure compound in the impure sample
total mass of impure sample 3 100
Consider the reaction between magnesium
hydroxide powder and a phosphoric acid
solution.
3Mg(OH)2 1 2H3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 1 6H2O
a) Calculate the percentage purity of a
sample of Mg(OH)2 if 2,57 g of the sample
reacts completely with 40,45 cm3 of a
0,64 mol·dm−3 H3PO4 solution.
b) Determine the amount of moles of water
that was formed after completion of the
reaction.
31
 Unit 1: Answers

1. a) Empirical formula Molecular formula subscripts 5 3 3

b) Limiting reactant empirical formula subscripts
c) Theoretical yield Empirical formula: CH2O
d) Principle of conservation of matter Therefore molecular formula: C3H6O3
e) STP (standard temperature and pressure)
150 g·mol−1
c) 30 g·mol−1 5 5
2. a) Lead chloride
Molecular formula subscripts 5 5 3
b) nlead nitrate 5 cV 5 0,6 mol·dm−3 3 0,05 dm3
 empirical formula subscripts
5 0,03 mol
Therefore molecular formula: C5H10O5
nlead chloride 5 nlead nitrate 5 0,03 mol
mlead chloride5 nM 5 0,03 mol 3 278 g·mol−1 n
5. a) c 5 V
5 8,34 g 0,085 mol
actual yield 5 0,25 dm3
c) Percentage yield 5
 theoretical yield 3 100
5,2 g 5 0,34 mol·dm−3
5 8,34 g 3 100 5 62,35% m
b) c 5 MV
m 2,8 g 196 g
3. a) nNH NO 5 M 5 80 g·mol−1 5 0,035 mol 5 98 g·mol−1 3 0,8 dm3
4 3

nN O 5 0,035; nH O 5 0,07 5 2,5 mol·dm−3

2 2
ntotal 5 0,105 mol c) m 5 McV
b) PV 5 nRT 5 148 g·mol−1 3 1,25 mol·dm−3 3 0,3 dm3
nRT 5 55,5 g
⇒P5 V
d) nT 5 n1 1 n2
0,105 mol 3 8,31 J·K−1·mol−1 3 344 K 5 cV1 1 cV2
5 1 3 10−3 m3 5 (0,4 mol·dm−3 3 4 dm3) 1
5 300 157,2 Pa ø 300,16 kPa (0,2 mol·dm−3 3 1 dm3)
5 1,8 mol
4. a) n
c5V
Element g/ m Simplest Empirical 1,8 mol
n5 M 5 5 dm3
100g ratio formula
C 40,0 40,0 3,33 CH2O 5 0,36 mol·dm−3
12,0 5 3,33 3,33 5 1,00
e) ni 5 cV
H 6,7 6,7 6,70
1,0 5 6,70 3,33 5 2,01 5 0,6 mol·dm−3 3 0,25 dm3
O 53,3 53,3 3,33 5 0,15 mol
16,0 5 3,33 3,33 5 1,00 ni 5 nf 5 0,15 mol
n
cKMnO 5 V
4
b) The molar mass of the empirical formula 0,15 mol
5 (0,25 + 0,15) dm3
CH2O: (12 1 2 1 16) g·mol−1 5 30 g·mol−1
The molar mass of the molecular formula: 5 0,375 mol·dm−3
m 9g
M 5 n 5 0,1 mol 5 90 g·mol−1
90 g·mol−1
30 g·mol−1 5 3

32 S T U DY & M A S T E R P H Y S I C A L S C I E N C E S S U P P O R T PA C K G R A D E 1 1
6. a) nH PO 5 cV
3 4
5 0,64 mol·dm−3 3 40,45 3 10−3 dm3
5 0,0259 mol
nMg(OH) that react with 0,0259 mol
2
3
5 0,0259 mol 3 2 5 0,0389 mol
mMg(OH) 5 nM
2
5 0,0389 mol 3 58 g·mol−1 5 2,26 g
% purity 5
mass of pure compound in the impure sample
total mass of impure sample
3 100
2,26 g
5 2,57 g 3 100
5 87,94%
b) nH O 5 3nH PO
2 3 4
5 3 3 0,0259 mol
5 0,078 mol

CHEMICAL CHANGE 33
 Unit 2: Energy and chemical change

Summary
• Enthalpy change is the energy change that occurs when energy is transferred
from or to a system at constant pressure (ΔH = Hproducts – Hreactants)
• Exothermic reactions give out energy (ΔH < 0); endothermic reactions take heat
in (ΔH > 0)
• Bond energy refers to the amount of energy required to break a particular type
of bond in a molecule; the higher the energy, the stronger the bond.
• Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction.
• We show energy changes for a reaction in an energy profile or energy
level diagram.

34 S T U DY & M A S T E R P H Y S I C A L S C I E N C E S S U P P O R T PA C K G R A D E 1 1
 Revision exercises: Unit 2 – Energy and chemical
change

1. Study the simple illustration that shows the
difference between the bond breaking and
bond making of a water molecule.
bond breaking
+ energy
molecule
bond making
separate atoms molecule
a) Is energy absorbed or released to separate
the atoms in a water molecule?
b) When the separate atoms combine to form
a water molecule, is the process exo- or
endothermic?
c) Explain your answer in b).
d) How will the strength of a chemical bond
influence the amount of energy involved in
a bond being broken or formed.
e) Water reacts with calcium:
Ca 1 2H2O Ca(OH)2 1 H2
Are the bonds in the water molecules
being broken or formed?
b) State what the diagram suggests about the
sum of the bond enthalpies (energies) for
the reactant molecules compared with the
product molecules.
c) In terms of K and L, identify the following
for the reaction:
separate atoms i) the value for the activation energy
ii) the value for the overall enthalpy
change.
+ energy
3. Disposable hand warmers are very popular in
countries with very cold winters. They heat
up by means of an exothermic reaction. These
packaged warmers contain iron particles, salt
water, carbon and other chemicals that act as
insulators. When the pouch is removed from
its outer packaging, outside air penetrates the
chemicals inside. Oxygen reacts chemically
with the iron, causing the iron to oxidise and
release heat. The overall reaction occurring
in many disposable hand warmers can be
represented by:
4Fe(s) 1 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) 1 1 652 kJ

2. An equation for the reaction between A and B

to form C is given: A 1 B C.
The curve in the diagram below illustrates the
reaction profile for the reaction.

Enthalpy

A+B L

a) Is the formation of C exothermic or

endothermic?

CHEMICAL CHANGE 35
 a) Complete the potential energy curve for f) Does the enthalpy diagram below
the above reaction on the given set of axes. represent the energy changes during
Indicate the 1 652 kJ value on the graph.
Potential energy photosynthesis or respiration?

products

Ep (kJ)
Progress ΔH

b) What is the general term given to the value

1 652 kJ? reactants
c) Determine the energy released when 1 mol
Fe2O3 is produced.
d) Calculate the mass of Fe that would be
required to release 33,04 kJ of energy. Reaction progress

g) Give the numerical value for ΔH in the

4. Green plants have the remarkable ability to
diagram.
produce glucose from carbon dioxide and
water. The process is called photosynthesis:
6CO2(g) 1 6H2O(ℓ) 1 light energy
C6H12O6(s) 1 6O2(g)
a) Is photosynthesis an exo- or endothermic
process?
b) Explain the answer in a).
c) Name the main source of light energy for
this reaction.
d) Animal and plant cells have the equally
remarkable ability to metabolise glucose
and use the energy released to do
biological work, such as contracting
muscles or thinking. During cellular
respiration glucose is broken down as
shown:
C6H12O6(s) 1 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) 1
6H2O(ℓ) ΔH 5 −2 880 kJ
Calculate the enthalpy change if 6,3 g of
glucose is metabolised.
e) Explain the importance of regular exercise.

36 S T U DY & M A S T E R P H Y S I C A L S C I E N C E S S U P P O R T PA C K G R A D E 1 1
 Unit 2: Answers

1. a) Absorbed 4. a) Endothermic
b) Exothermic b) There is a net absorption of energy during
c) Energy is released when the bonds are the reaction.
formed. c) The sun
m
d) Stronger bonds will release more energy d) nglucose 5 M
when formed and absorb more energy 6,3 g
5 180 g·mol−1
when broken.
e) Broken 5 0,035 mol
1 mol glucose liberates 2 880 kJ
2. a) Exothermic 0,035 mol liberates
b) The sum of the bond enthalpies of 0,035 mol 3 2 880 kJ·mol−1 5 100,8 kJ
the reactants is smaller than the bond e) Exercise uses energy; so more glucose is
enthalpies of the product. broken down by the body. This reduces
c) i) K weight gain and keeps the body and
ii) K – L metabolism healthy.
f) Photosynthesis
3. a) g) 12 880 kJ
Potential energy

–1 652 kJ

Progress

b) Enthalpy change / heat of reaction / heat of

solution
c) When 2 mol of Fe2O3 form, 1 652 kJ are
released.
When 1 mol of Fe2O3 form, 826 kJ are
released.
d) 1 652 kJ of energy is released when 4 mol
of Fe react.
33,04 kJ of energy is released when
33,04 kJ
4 3 1 652 kJ 5 0,08 mol Fe react
mFe 5 nM
5 0,08 mol 3 56 g·mol−1
5 4,48 g

CHEMICAL CHANGE 37
 Unit 3: Types of reactions

Summary
• Brønsted acid is a proton donor. Brønsted base: a proton acceptor.
• An acid forms its conjugate base when it has donated a proton; a base forms its
conjugate acid after it has accepted a proton.
• An ampholyte is a substance that can act as an acid or a base, e.g. water.
• Neutralisation is a reaction between and acid and a base; the products can
include a salt, water and carbon dioxide.
• Indicators are coloured substances that change colour at different pH values.
• The oxidation number signifies the number of charges the atom would have in a
molecule if electrons were transferred completely.
• Electrons are transferred during redox reactions.
• During an oxidation half-reaction, electrons are lost. A reduction half-reaction
refers to a gain of electrons.
• An oxidation half-reaction is loss of electrons. A reduction half-reaction refers
to gain of electrons.
• The reactant that is reduced is the oxidising agent. The reactant that is oxidised
is the reducing agent.
• During oxidation, the oxidation number increases. During reduction, the
oxidation number decreases.

38 S T U DY & M A S T E R P H Y S I C A L S C I E N C E S S U P P O R T PA C K G R A D E 1 1
 Revision exercises: Unit 3 – Types of reactions

1. Give one term for the following descriptions. 3. Gunpowder is a mixture of potassium nitrate,
carbon and sulfur. When these substances
a) Reactions where electrons are transferred
react, large volumes of gas are produced from
from one species to another
a small mass of solid.
b) The oxidation number (or oxidation state)
of an element 2KNO3(s) 1 S(s) 1 3C(s) K2S(s) 1
c) This happens to the oxidation number of N2(g) 1 3CO2(g)
an element during reduction
a) Explain the term oxidation in terms of
d) An ion that is present in a redox reaction
electron transfer.
but does not undergo a change in
b) Explain, in terms of oxidation numbers,
oxidation state
why the above reaction is a redox reaction.
e) Chemical change in which an element
c) Which substance is oxidised?
gains electrons
d) Explain your answer in terms of its change
f) The species that remains when a proton is
in oxidation number.
removed from the acid
e) Which substance is reduced?
g) Colourants that change their colour at
f) Explain your answer in terms of its change
different pH values
in oxidation number.
h) Can act as both an acid and base
g) In the 15th century, potassium nitrate was
i) Reactions in which H+ ions are transferred
obtained from urine. Today this salt can be
from one reactant to the other
manufactured by neutralisation.
j) An acid and base react to form a salt
i) What is the meaning of the term ‘salt’?
and water
ii) Give the names of three pairs of
compounds that could react to form
2. Copper reacts with silver nitrate solution. The
potassium nitrate by neutralisation.
reaction is described as a redox reaction. The
balanced equation and ionic equation for the
4. Work out the net ionic equation for each of
reaction are given below.
the pairs of half-equations.
Balanced equation:
a) The reaction between chlorine gas and
Cu 1 2AgNO3 2Ag 1 Cu(NO3)2 iodide ions
Ionic equation: Cl2 1 2e− 2Cl−
Cu 1 2Ag+ Cu2+ 1 2Ag 2I– I2 1 2e−
a) What is a redox reaction? b) The reaction between copper and dilute
b) Which ion does not undergo any change? nitric acid to give nitrogen monoxide
c) Which substance is oxidised?
Cu Cu2+ 1 2e−
d) Write the reduction half-reaction.
e) Which substance is formed as a result of NO3− 1 4H+ 1 3e− NO 1 2H2O
oxidation? c) The reaction between copper and
f) Two observations are made during the concentrated nitric acid to give nitrogen
reaction. A shiny grey solid forms and the dioxide
solution turns light blue. Which product is
responsible for each observation? Cu Cu2+ 1 2e−
NO3− 1 2H+ 1 e− NO2 1 H2O

CHEMICAL CHANGE 39
 d) The reaction between iron and chlorine gas b) What is the household name for NaOH?
to give iron chloride c) Calculate the number of moles of
hydrochloric acid used in the titration.
Fe Fe3+ 1 3e−
d) Write the balanced equation for the
Cl2 1 2e– 2Cl− reaction.
e) Aluminium bromide, AlBr3, which is made e) How many moles of sodium hydroxide
by passing gaseous bromine over hot were required?
aluminium f) What is the concentration of the sodium
hydroxide?
Al Al3+ 1 3e−
Br2 1 2e− 2Br−
5. Determine the oxidation number of:
a) S in H2SO4
b) P in HPO32 −
c) P in H4P2O7
d) O in H2O2
e) Cr in Cr2O3
f) N in NO2−

6. Give the conjugate base for each of the

following acids.
a) HCl
b) HCO−
c) H2PO3−

7. Give the conjugate acid for each of the

following bases.
a) HSO4−
b) ClO−
c) OH−

8. Complete the following equations by writing

the formulae for the missing acid and base
that could form the given products. Finally
balance the equation.
a) metal hydroxide 1 acid H2O 1 CaCl2
b) metal oxide 1 acid H2O 1 MgSO4
c) _____ 1 _____ H2O 1 CO2 1 KNO3
d) metal oxide 1 acid H2O 1NaNO3

9. 25 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

solution was titrated with a standard solution
of hydrochloric acid of concentration
0,125 mol·dm−3 using phenolphthalein
indicator. It was found that exactly 14,5 cm3
of the standard solution was required to
neutralise the NaOH solution.
a) What is the role of the indicator in this
reaction?

40 S T U DY & M A S T E R P H Y S I C A L S C I E N C E S S U P P O R T PA C K G R A D E 1 1
 Unit 3: Answers

1. a) Redox reaction (reduction–oxidation 4. a) Cl2 1 2I− 2Cl− 1 I2

reaction) b) 3Cu 1 2NO3− 1 8H+ 3Cu2+ 1 2NO 1
b) Zero 4H2O
c) Decreases c) Cu 1 2NO3− 1 4H+ Cu2+ 1 2NO2 1 2H2O
d) Spectator ion d) 2Fe 1 3Cl2 2Fe3+ 1 6Cl−
e) Reduction e) 2Al 1 3Br2 2Al3+ 1 6Br−
f) Conjugate base
g) Acid–base indicator 5. a) 16 d) −1
h) Ampholyte b) 13 e) 13
i) Acid–base reactions c) 15 f) 13
j) Neutralisation
6. a) Cl−
2. a) During a redox reaction electron transfer b) CO2−
takes place between two species that react. c) HPO32 −
b) Nitrate ion (NO3− )
c) Copper (Cu) 7. a) H2SO4
d) Ag+ 1 e− Ag b) HClO
e) Copper ion (Cu2+) or Cu(NO3)2 c) H2O
f) The shiny grey solid is due to the
formation of silver metal. 8. a) Ca(OH)2 1 2HCl 2H2O 1 CaCl2
The blue solution is due to the formation b) MgO 1 H2SO4 H2O 1 MgSO4
of copper ions in solution (Cu2+). c) K2CO3 1 2HNO3 H2O 1 CO2 1 2KNO3
d) Na2O 1 2HNO3 H2O 1 2NaNO3
3. a) Oxidation is the loss of electron(s) by a
substance. 9. a) The indicator was used to determine the
b) Carbon shows an increase in oxidation end point of the titration.
number and sulfur and nitrogen both show b) Caustic soda
a decrease in oxidation number. c) n 5 cV
c) Carbon (C) 5 0,125 mol·dm−3 3 0,0145 dm3
d) Oxidation number increases from 0 14 5 1,8125 3 10−3 mol
(indicates loss of electrons) d) NaOH 1 HCl NaCl 1 H2O
e) Sulfur (S); nitrogen (N) e) 1,8125 3 10−3 mol
n
f) Oxidation number for sulfur decreases f) c 5 V
from 0 −2 ; oxidation number for 1,8125 3 10−3 mol
5 0,025 dm3
nitrogen decreases from 15 0 (these
indicate the gaining of electrons) 5 0,0725 mol·dm−3
g) i) Salt is an ionic compound formed from
a neutralisation reaction between an acid
and a base.
ii) K2CO3 and HNO3; K2O and HNO3;
KOH and HNO3

CHEMICAL CHANGE 41