Vaibhavi Bille Final

BBA PROGRAM SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR
A
PROJECT REPORT ON
“A STUDY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS AND

CHALLENGES FACED BY CASHEW INDUSTRIES”
WITH REFERENCE TO
“NARAYAN CASHEW INDUSTRIES, CHANDGAD”

SUBMITTED TO
“SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR”

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SUBMITTED BY
MISS. VAIBHAVI VINOD BILLE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR. PUSHKAR HARSHE

(BCS, MCA, GDCA, DCT, MBA)
THROUGH THE PRINCIPAL OF
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR

2022-2023

DECLARATION
I, the undersigned hereby declare that this project entitled

“A STUDY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS AND
CHALLENGES FACED BY CASHEW INDUSTRIES"
with reference to “NARAYAN CASHEW INDUSTRIES” is
genuine and original work done by me under the guidance of Mr.
PUSHKAR HARSHE. The matter presented in this project is not
copied from any sources and I understand that any such copying is
liable to be punished, in any way the university authorities deem
fit.
This work is humbly submitted to SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY,
KOLHAPUR for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION.
Place: KOLHAPUR
Date:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “A STUDY OF

PRODUCTION PROCESS AND CHALLENGES FACED BY
CASHEW INDUSTRIES”
With special reference to “NARAYAN CASHEW INDUSTRIES”
is submitted by MISS. VAIBHAVI VINOD BILLE for partial fulfillment
of his work for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION[B.B.A.] to SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY,
KOLHAPUR under my supervision and guidance.
The findings and suggestions are based on the data collected
by her during the survey. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the
matter presented by the candidate is genuine and has not been copied from
any source. Also, this report has not been submitted earlier for the award of
any degree or diploma of SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY or any other
university.
Place: Kolhapur
Date:
Mr. PUSHKAR HARSHE Dr. REVATI.R. PATIL Dr. R.R. KUMBHAR
[PROJECT GUIDE] [BBA CO-ORDINATOR] [PRINCIPAL]

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere and

heartfelt gratitude towards
Mr. NARAYAN KANEKAR the chairman of
“NARAYAN CASHEW INDUSTRIES”
for permitting me to execute this project in his esteemed firm and
aiding its facilitation.
Also, it gives me pleasure to thank my guide Mr. PUSHKAR
HARSHE, who took the responsibility of guiding me, being
supportive, and assisting in the completion of this project.
I would also like to credit those who have not been mentioned but
have contributed to this project with their assistance.
Place: Kolhapur
Date:

INDEX
Sr. no. Title Page no.
1. Introduction to Study 1
2. Introduction to organization 8
3. Theoretical background 15
4. Data Analysis and Interpretation 33
5. Findings and observation 58
6. Conclusion and Suggestions 93
7. Bibliography 97
8. Appendix 100

CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION TO STUDY
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 1|Page

1.1 Introduction to study

The Cashew industry is a predominantly agro-
based, export-oriented traditional industry, which provides a
livelihood for lakhs of people. The uncertainty of the future of
the cashew industry is very high as many cashew industries
have started and closed their business because of their poor
management plans and financial performance.
I tried to analyze the issues and challenges in the
cashew industries in Konkan, Kolhapur, and Sindhudurg
districts by taking the survey. I have also tried to understand
the overall condition and production process of the cashew
industry in NARAYAN CASHEW INDUSTRIES,
CHANDGAD, and highlighted feasible solutions to the
existing situations.

1.2 Abstract
The Cashew industry is agro-based. Due to the
presence of low technology in the processing of Cashew nut
categories the industry is under the traditional industry. The study
tries to analyze the issues and challenges faced by the cashew
industry along with which the production process of the cashew
industry is also covered in this research study. The study by
making possible suggestions for issues and challenges that exist in
the cashew sector.
1.3 Objectives
1. To study various factors affecting the production process of
cashew.
2. To observe the factors affecting problems in the cashew
industry.
3. To study the import policy of cashew nuts.
4. To study various technical and tactical factors affecting cashew
production.
5. To study subjectively other factors affecting the cashew industry
production problems.
6. To taste the hypothesis projected in the project.
7. To taste the correlation between various variables.

1.4 Purpose of the study

To study the production process in the cashew industry and
challenges faced by cashew industry to suggest some solutions to cashew
owners.
1.5 Hypothesis of the Study
Hypothesis no.1
H0: The factors of Low capital, Uncertainty in the market, Unavailability
of labor, Shortage of raw materials, and fraud are significantly not affecting
the production process in cashew industries.
of labor, Shortage of raw materials, and fraud are significantly affecting the
production process in cashew industries.
Hypothesis no.2
H0: The factors of Uncertainty in price, Unfriendly government policies,
High-cost labor,Competition, Electricity, and Natural calamity are
significantly not affecting the production process in cashew industries.
H1: The factors of Uncertainty in price, Unfriendly government policies
High cost of labor, Competition, Electricity, and Natural calamity
significantly affect the production process in cashew industries.

1.6 Research methodology

Qualitative research: Researchers have adopted a qualitative type of
research method.
To achieve the objective of studying cashew industry data has been
collected. The research methodology carried out for this study can be of
two types.
A)Primary data – Primary data is collected through the following
methods.
Direct personal investigation under the personal interview method
Direct meetings with employees and filling out questionnaire method.
The survey is taken by cashew owners.
B) Secondary data – The sources used for the collection of secondary data
in this project are:
a) Reference books b) internet
1.7 Scope of the Study

Geographical scope- The geographical scope of this study covers one
industry situated in Chandgad called NARAYAN CASHEW
INDUSTRIES. The survey is taken by cashew owners in the Konkan area,
Kolhapur, and Sindhudurg District.
Conceptual Scope-The conceptual scope of this study is to understand the
problems faced by cashew industries and to know the production process of
cashew industries.
Analytical Scope- The analytical study is done by visiting the NARAYAN
CASHEW INDUSTRIES by taking interviews with owners. All the

information is collected by using Google Forms. Later all the data has been
interpreted.
Limitations of study- The researcher has taken limited sample space.
The researcher has taken 35 responses from cashew owners.
1.8 Significance of the Study.

1] The study helps to identify challenges faced by cashew industries.
2] The study helps to know the production process of cashews.
3] The study helps to get solutions to problems faced by owners.
1.9 Limitations of the Study

1] The current action research study is limited to the survey taken in a
limited area.
2] Selection of theories may vary from company to company and situation
to situation.
3] The primary data collected may be biased.
1.10 Chapter Scheme

Chapter I – Introduction to the Study
Introduction, Abstract, Objectives of the Study, Purpose of the Study,
Hypothesis of the Study, research methodology, Scope of the Study,
Significance of the Study, Limitations of the Study, Chapter Scheme.
Chapter II – Introduction to the Organization

Introduction, History, Company profile, Promoter’s background, Features
of the institution, Objectives of the firm, Organizational chart.

Chapter III –Theoretical Background

Introduction of cashews, History of cashew nuts, cashew products, Cashew
kernels, Cashew nutshell liquid, Botanical characteristics of cashews,
Quality standards in raw cashews, Post harvesting and production process
in cashew industries.
Chapter IV- Data Analysis and Interpretation

In this chapter, the data of the cashew owners is taken as an example
considered for the project which includes:
Lower-level analysis of data, Marginal level analysis of data.
Chapter V – Findings and Observation

The chapter includes the findings and observations made by the researcher
during the execution of the project.
Chapter VI- Conclusion and Suggestions

This chapter includes the suggestions to be given by the researcher during
the execution of the project.

CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO
ORGANIZATION

2.1 NARAYAN CHASHEW

INDUSTRIES, CHANDGAD
Narayan Cashew Industries in Chandgad, Kolhapur is known to
satisfactorily cater to the demands of its customer base. It stands located
at ChandgadHindagav Road, Kolhapur, Laxmi
Nagar, Chandgad-416509. It has earned stamps like Jd Verified, and Jd
Pay substantiating the credentials of the business. The business strives to
make for a positive experience through its offerings.
Narayan cashew industries registered in 2010, India Narayan
Cashew Industries has gained immense expertise in supplying & trading
Cashew kernel, cashew nut, etc. The supplier company is located in
Kolhapur, Maharashtra, and is one of the leading sellers of listed
products.
Customer centricity is at the core of Narayan Cashew Industries in
Chandgad, Kolhapur and it is this belief that has led the business to
build long-term relationships. Ensuring a positive customer experience
and making available goods and/or services that are of top-notch quality
is given prime importance. It is one of the players in Processed Cashew
Nut, Cashew Nutshell, Roasted Nuts, Cashew Nuts, and Raw Cashew
nuts t to name a few.

India’s leading B2B marketplace, Jd Mart ensures engaging in

business activities is a seamless process for small and medium
enterprises as well as large businesses. In a wake to enable these
businesses to reach their audience, this portal lets them showcase their
offerings in terms of the products and/or services through a digital
catalog. This business has a wide range of product offerings, and the
product/cacatalogncludes Cashew Shells, Cashew Nut Kernels
Processed Cashew Nuts, High-Quality Raw Cashews Roasted Cashew
Nuts etc.
Narayan cashews are well-known to customers because of their
best-quality kernels. It has a clean atmosphere and place for the
production of cashews.
2.2 Company Profile

1. Name of the unit : NARAYAN CASHEW
INDUSTRIES
2. Name of the Proprietor : Mr. Narayan Gurunath
Kanekar
3. Address : Hindgoan Road, Laxmi Nagar,
Tal- Chandgad, Kolhapur
4. Nature of business : Cashew Processing unit
5. Year of Establishment : 12th Jan 2010
6. Installed Capacity : Daily 800kg to 1 ton.
7. No. of Working days : 270-275 days
8. No. of working hours : 8:30 am to 5:30 pm.
9. Company category : Company Limited by shares.
10. Company Subcategory : Non-government company
11. Class of Company : Private
12. No of workers : 70-80
VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 11 | P a g e

2.3 Promoters Background

The proprietor Mr. Narayan GurunathKanekar age 36 years a cashew
entrepreneur by occupations with excellent business records and is
considered the most successful businessman in the area. After completing
his education, he joined the cashew business and gained valuable
experience in the aspects.
Considering the huge potential in the field of cashew, the
proprietor of the firm decided to start this business. He provided many
opportunities for employment mostly to the women in rural areas. He
started his business with small capital and very less production limit. Later,
with the huge experience and knowledge he is successfully running his
huge industry.
Further, the proprietor of the firm has socio-economic contacts
which are very important for the marketing of finished cashew products;
ultimately, he is attached to all the farmers for raw cashews.
2.4 Features of the Institution

Narayan Cashews is running smoothly and earning good profits
throughout his honest and quality business maintaining honors and
goodwill. The following are the permanent features of this industrial unit.
1] Location-
Narayan cashews are located in Chandgad where the cashews
are cultivated in large quantities. So, the raw material is easily available.

2] plot-
Availability of plots for storage of raw materials, final product,
and huge machinery is needed. The plot of cashew industries is very huge
and has a good climate and ventilation.
3] Raw material-
The raw material is easily available locally. So, the charges for
transportation get reduced.
4]Employees-
Almost all employees are female which is the main significant
feature of this unit.
5] Facilities-
The firm has provided all employees with P.F. payment for 15
days. Traveling allowance, Diwali bonus, and efficiency incentives
facilities.
2.5 Objectives of the firm-

1] To create good employment opportunities in rural areas and
make women economically independent.
2]To maintain the quality of cashew kernels.
3]maximum use of new technology.
4]To provide good service to customers.

2.6 Organizational Chart

Owner
Manager
Supervisor
Workers
Helpers
Suppliers
2.7 Main market area of NCI

In India, there are so many market areas for cashew kernel
sales. The main areas of NARAYAN CASHEWS are Chandgad,
Sawantwadi, Goa, Karnataka, Mangalore, Indore, Pune, Mumbai,
Kolhapur, etc. The Narayan Cashews kernels are more demanded
because of their good quality and low prices throughout
Maharashtra.
Distribution chain of Narayan Cashews

CHAPTER-3
THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND

3.1 Introduction of Cashews

India is one of the largest producers of cashew nuts in the world
accounting for more than 30 percent of the world’s production. The coastal
states of India have been cultivating cashew trees for centuries. The
Portuguese introduced Cashew in Goa and then slowly found its way down
the Konkan coast to Malabar and the rest of Kerala.
Approximately 6.5 lakh hectares of land is under cashew
cultivation in India of which 1.5lakh hectares is in
Maharashtra. Maharashtra is highly recognized as the leading producer of
cashew nuts in the country with the Konkan area of thane, Raigad,
Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg, Kolhapur districts largely into the cultivation
of cashew.
Sindhudurg district has the largest area under cashew cultivation as it has
the ideal climate to produce good-quality cashew. Cashew processing units
found in Sindhudurg are more than a hundred years old with the first plant
established in Vengurla in 1920. The tehsils of
Devgad, Dodamarg, Kankavli, Kudal, Malvan, Ajara, Sawantwadi,
Vaibhavwadi, and Vengurla in Sindhudurg district form the all-important
cashew cluster.
The word ‘cashew’ is derived from the Portuguese name for

the nut ‘caju’, which was adopted by them from the native name ‘acuju’.
The cashew is a low, sprawling evergreen tree with a gnarled or twisted
trunk, possessing alternate, simple, leathery, oval glabrous leaves (10-
12.5 cm long, 5-10 cm wide) that are rounded and often notched at the
apex. The wood of the tree exudes yellow gum. The flowers are borne in
clusters on lax terminal panicles at the end of the branches. The fruit
consists of a soft, shiny, pear-shaped, swollen, juicy basal portion or
hypo carp, commonly known as cashew apple. The swollen peduncle
and receptacle is reddish or yellow in color when ripe. The cashew apple
bears at its summit a kidney-shaped, single-seeded nut with a hard, grey-

green pericarp or shell. This true fruit attains its full size before the
enlargement of the receptacle. The shell of the nut contains an acrid juice
or sap that causes severe irritation of the skin resulting in painful blisters.
The seeds are Exalbuminous with the reddish-brown test, two large
white cotyledons, and a small embryo. They are inedible when raw and
must be cooked or roasted to drive off the volatile oil before it is opened
or shelled.
In the field of international development, cashew cultivation has

attracted considerable interest from development agencies, producers,
governments, and advocates of sustainable economic and environmental
development. As a resilient and drought-resistant tree that is adaptable to
poor soil conditions, it offers environmental benefits in the fight to
combat deforestation and soil erosion. employment generated and value
added to emerging economies.

BBA PROGRAM SHIVAI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR
3.2 History of cashew nut

The birthplace of cashew is Brazil. It is interesting to note that
cashew spread through the countries with the aid of elephants that
consumed the cashew fruit along with the nut. As the nut was too hard to
digest, later, the undigested nut was expelled with the droppings, and that
resulted in the spurt of cashew plants throughout these countries.
Subsequently, the tree spread through several countries in Africa, Asia,
Latin, and the West Indies. The Portuguese traders thus introduced the
cashew tree into India and Africa to prevent soil erosion. Cashew is now
widely cultivated for its kernel, fruit, cashew nutshell liquid, and other
products. However, it is mostly found in coastal regions of South Africa,
Madagascar, Tanzania, and South Asia, from Sri Lanka to the Philippines.
Cashew was introduced in other parts of the world since the 16 th
century mainly with the intention of afforestation and soil conservation
from its humble beginning as a crop intended to check soil erosion, the
cashew has come out as a major foreign exchange earner in many countries.
The cashew tree though in existence for a long time was identified as a
useful plant only in the early twentieth century. The earlier reports about
cashew are from Brazil, French, Portuguese, and Dutch observed The \vat
(1558) French Naturalist, who visited Brazil during the period of French
settlement, first described the plant as being in the northeast. He saw some
local people harvesting the cashew fruits and squeezing juice from them
into a jar and this was the turning point.
3.3 Cashew products

Three main cashew products are traded on the international market: raw
nut kernels, and nutshell liquid (CNSL). A fourth product, the cashew
apple is generally processed and consumed locally. The raw cashew nut is
the main commercial product of the cashew tree, though yields of the
cashew apple are eight to ten times the weight of the raw nuts. Raw nuts
are either exported or processed prior to export. Processing of raw nuts
releases the by-product CNSL which has industrial and medicinal
applications. The skin of the nut is high in tannins and can be recovered
and used in the tanning of hides. The fruit of the cashew tree that surrounds
the kernel can be made into a juice with a high vitamin C content and
fermented to give a high-proof spirit.
3.4 Cashew kernels

It is estimated that 60 percent of cashew kernels are
consumed in the form of snacks while the remaining 40 percent are
included in confectionery. The cashew competes in the same market as
other edible nuts including almonds, hazels, walnuts, pecans, macadamias,
pistachios, and peanuts. There has recently been a considerable rise in
demand for edible nuts by consumers interested in the quality and health
aspects of food. The breakfast cereal, health food, salads, and baked goods
markets are all expanding markets for cashew nuts.

3.5 Cashew nutshell liquid

Cashew nut processing allows for the development of an
important by-product, which can increase its added value. The liquid inside
the shell (CNSL) represents 15 percent of the gross weight and has some
attractive possible medicinal and industrial issues CNSL is one of the few
natural resins that are highly heat resistant and is used in braking systems
and in paint manufacture. It contains a compound known as Anacardium,
which is used to treat dermatological disorders.
3.6 Botanical characteristics of cashew

The cashew tree, Anacardiumoccidentale L., belongs to the
Anacardiaceae family of plants. The tree is native to Brazil but has spread
to other parts of tropical South and Central America, Mexico, and the West
Indies. The cashew tree is a tropical evergreen, resistant to drought,
unexacting as to soil (although it prefers, sandy soil), which grows up to 12
meters high and has a symmetrical spread of up to approximately 25
meters. It has leathery deep oval leaves. Reddish flowers grow in clusters
and the pear-shaped fruits, referred to as cashew apples, are red or
yellowish in color. At the end of each fruit is a kidney-shaped ovary, the
nut, with a hard double shell. Between the shell and nut is black caustic oil,
which is difficult to remove and can be used in varnishes and plastics.
Optimum conditions include an annual rainfall of at least 889 mm (35
inches) and not more than 3 048 mm (120 inches).

3.7 Quality Standards in raw cashew

nuts
Quality standards for raw cashew nuts must be
formed irrespective of whether procurement is from domestic or foreign
sources. The following points have to be considered to maintain the quality
of raw nuts.
1. Floaters should be as minimum as possible. Sufficiently develop and
with full ripeness or maturity.
2. Free from living insects or mites whatever their stage of development
and visible damage by insects, mites, or parasites.
3. specified moisture content. To maintain the quality of raw nuts for
successful processing: farmers must be educated on the method and stage
of harvest, the price of nuts has to be fixed on the basis of the size of nuts
and its moisture content, a high degree of cleanliness has to be maintained
in drying yard and storage godown.
4. Raw nuts in warehouses should be monitored at regular intervals for
their quality and they should be provided with ventilation and sufficient
aeration.

3.8 Post-harvesting practice

Cleanliness and raw nut moisture content in the drying
yard and storage godown is of prime importance. Utmost care has to be
taken regarding the cleanliness of these two places to avoid any foreign
matter entry leading to spoilage.During drying, turning of nuts at regular
intervals for uniform drying and moisture content must be determined.
As far as possible, drying on a fine finished floor has to be
avoided as this may increase nut temperature, sufficient enough to burst the
cashew nutshell liquid structure and diffuse it into the kernel leading to
inferior quality in final production. Therefore, nuts should be dried on a
semi-finished rough floor to overcome this problem.
The warehouse for raw nuts has to be given particular care so as to
maintain nuts at safe moisture levels by controlling the environment of the
warehouse. This can be achieved through proper ventilation. The use of
new or fumigated gunny bags is an effective measure against insect
infestation.
Gunny bags with nuts must be stacked to a limited height to avoid
heavy load on the lower bags leading to dampness. There should be free
space between two stacks in a row for sufficient aeration.
The storage life of raw nuts in the godown also depends on the
quality of the nuts and theirr environmental condition during storage.
Fluctuating temperature is deleterious during storage due to condensation of
moisture in the godowns at certain pockets and consequent microbial
growth. Atmospheric relative humidity (RH) plays a key role in the safe
storage of raw nuts as the nuts absorb or desorb moisture to maintain
equilibrium with the atmospheric relative humidity.

3.1.1Cashew Nut Processing

The cashew industries in India employ different unit
operations/methodologies, for processing. Traditionally, the raw nuts are
processed manually by experienced, semi-skilled workers. Since the 1960s,
the processes came to be mechanized for roasting, shelling, and CNSL
extraction. Nevertheless, for the most part, cleaning of raw materials and
kernel grading by sizes have remained a manual operation.
Cashew nut processing is generally done on a home scale and factory
scale in India. In the home scale process, the dried nuts are burnt in an open
fire and hand shelled, in which maximum over-burnt and charred kernels
are recovered, and the valuable cashew nutshell liquid is wasted
completely. The nut is graded into three or more groups and is conditioned
to about 16% moisture by soaking or spraying water, and then the nut is
roasted either by drum, or oil bath or steam roasting methods.

3.1.2 Cashew nuts factory-scale

processing
Raw cashew nut cleaning
Raw cashew nuts carry the foreign matter of sand, stones, dried apples, etc.
by cleaning the raw nuts, the foreign matter is removed to help the high-
quality roasting operation.
Nut soaking
This stage is soaking cashew nuts in water to avoid scorching them
during the roasting operation. And this process of covering the nuts with
water, standing, and draining should be repeated with the same nuts about
three times until a moisture content of 9% is reached.
Nut roasting
It is designed to make the shell brittle, which facilities the extraction of

the kernel when breaking the shell open. And in this process, the nutshell
liquid will also be released. There are several methods of roasting: open
pan roasting, drum roasting, oil bath method, and steam roasting.
The earliest roasting process is open pan roasting, in which the nuts are
heated and stirred constantly in a metal pan over a basic earth fireplace.
Due to the heat and slight charring, the shells become brittle. However, pan
roasting is not followed in organized sectors of the cashew processing
industry.
Drum roasting is developed from the pan method, completed by feeding the
nuts into a rotating drum over a fire at high temperature. The rate of
shelling and the output of whole kernels are very high in this method, but
there is a loss of CNSL that has high export potential.
In oil bath roasting, the nuts get roasted by means of a screw or belt
conveyor in a bath of cashew shell liquid in a tank heated by a furnace
which uses spent cashew nut shells as fuel, and the separated cashew
nutshell liquid released from the nuts is extracted and recovered by
continuous overflow arrangement.
Steam roasting is a kind of improved method adopted in cashew processing.
The nuts are steam cooked in a
specially built steam cooker to make the shell soft and then cut open to get
the kernel. In this process, the cashew nutshell liquid comes out and gets
collected in the cooker, separately removed.

Nut cooling
Once the raw nuts are roasted, they are taken to a separate place and
spread on the floor. There they are kept two or three days so that they are
cooled, and then they are transferred to the next process.
Nut shelling
The purpose of shelling is to produce clean, whole kernels free of cracks. In
India, this operation has always been done manually, which is still relevant
to the small-scale processor, although the mechanical process is an
advisable option in all cases.
1. Manual shelling
In the manual process, the nuts are cracked with a wooden mallet or a
light hammer. Wood ash for covering the shells or gloves is required
because of the residue CNSL during roasting. The skilled and experienced
workers can release the kernels from the shells with no damage or
breakage, with a quality of 90% whole kernels.
2. Mechanical shelling
The semi-mechanized process is using a pair of knives that are shaped
in the contour of half a nut. By means of a foot-operated lever, the knives
cut through the shell all around the nut, leaving the kernel untouched. —
Oltremare shelling machine is a manually chain-fed shelling system that is
also based on two nut-shaped knives. The nuts are pushed between the
knives and cut, separating the shell halves by the knives’ twisting
movement to get the kernels.
— the Cashew system shelling machine is also a chain-fed one, but the nuts
can be placed in the right position automatically, having two knives that cut
the sides of the nut and a pin that is wedged into the stalk end of the nut to
separate the shell halves.

— centrifugalsheller employs the continuous flow. A rotary paddle projects

the shells against the solid casing and the impact cracks open the shell
without breaking the kernel. All sizes of nuts can be processed by this
sheller. However, the nuts should be graded in advance because different
rotary speed is used for various sizes.
Shell and kernel separation

It is done after shelling to separate the shell pieces and kernels. Usually,
blowers and shakers are used to separate the lighter shell pieces, at the same
time, the unshelled nuts are returned to the shelling process. The recovery
of small pieces of kernel sticking to the shell is usually done manually.
Kernel pre-grading
It can be done before or after drying the kernels and may greatly reduce
the final grading work. For largescale processors pre-grading can be done
mechanically, separating mainly the whole from the broken kernels, and
sometimes separating the different size groups of whole kernels.

Kernel drying
The kernel coming from the shelling is covered with a brown cover, known
as testa, and to remove the testa is for blanched kernels and protecting the
kernel from pest and fungus attack, so the kernel needs drying process. The
moisture content is about 6% before drying and 3% after.
Sun drying: the shelled kernels are spread out in thin layers under strong
sunshine to complete drying.
Borma drier: it is the most used one and necessary for medium and large-
scale producers. Its chamber is heated directly by flue gases from a furnace
at the bottom. Cashew shells can be burnt to produce heat. There are mesh-
wire trays in the chamber, and air vents are provided at the top and sides for
the moisture to escape. In order to get uniform drying, the position of the
trays is changed at an interval of 10-30 minutes.
Through-flow drier: to minimize the losses, this drier which totally avoids
the cashew kernel scorching and reduces drying time, is designed.
Kernel Peeling
It is an operation of removing the kernel coat (testa) which is already
loosened by drying.
Manual peeling: it is done by gentle rubbing with fingers, and the parts still
attached to the kernel are removed by the use of a bamboo knife.
Mechanical peeling: this process differs widely, including air-blasting,
suction, a freezing operation, and a system of rubber roller.

Kernel Grading
The common grading standard is based on cashew kernel sizes. The peeled
kernel is usually graded manually, except for a few grading aids. The
grading standards developed in India refer to white whole.
(undamaged) kernels and indicate the number of kernels per lb. of weight.
The largest kernel comes in the grade of W210 (440-460/kg) and the
smallest of the seven grades is W500 (1000-1100/kg). For large operations
looking towards export markets, it is necessary to grade the kernel to an
international level.
Power-driven rotary sieves are one mechanical method, another being two
outwardly rotating rubber rollers aligned at a diverging angle.
Cashew kernel color sorting machine is an advanced equipment with a
special attention to the preservation of brittle and for aim of the highest
purity and quality from products, and this system allows the separation
among scorched and unpeeled kernels without handling the product, thus
avoiding costly breakage.
Kernel
Before the kernels are packed, it is necessary to ensure that their moisture
content rises from 3% up to around 5%. This is to make the kernels less
fragile, thus lessening the risk of breakage during transport. In a humid
climate, the kernels may absorb enough moisture during peeling and
grading, making a further dehumidification process unnecessary

Weighing and Packing

Weighing is done for the purpose of packing, and here the nuts are filled in
containers, bags, and pouches as per the requirement. Once it is done, the
containers are taken to the packing process.
The normal package of export kernels is in air-tight tins of 25 lbs in
weight. The packing needs to be impermeable as cashew kernels are subject
to rancidity and go stale very quickly.
After filling and weighing, the cap should be soldered on in preparation
for the ‘vita pack’ process. This consists of removing all air from the tin
and substituting this with carbon dioxide (CO2). The advantages of packing
cashew kernels in carbon dioxide are twofold. Firstly, carbon dioxide is an
inert gas and will not support life. Any infestation that may have been
present is therefore arrested. Secondly, carbon dioxide is soluble in cashew
oil and goes into solution as soon as the seals are made.
Some processors do not have vacuum pumps and displace the air in the
tin by feeding in carbon dioxide through a small hole in the bottom of a
side of the tin. The carbon dioxide valve is turned off when all the air has
been replaced, the holes in the tin are then sealed, with the hole at the
bottom of the side of the tin being done first, and the one on the top last.

3.1.3 Cashew Oil Production

Cashew oil is an edible cooking oil made from cashew nuts. Extracting
cashew oil is a long process, since most of it is done by hand. Before
making cashew oil, the shells and skins must be first removed. The nuts are
collected from the bottom of the fruit. They can then be roasted or dried in
an oven. This process helps remove some of the volatile shell oil, and it
makes the shells brittle and easy to break open. The skins are then removed
after the shelled nuts are roasted a second time. Cashew oil can then be
extracted from the cashew nuts after the skin is removed. The oil is
obtained by crushing the cashew nuts. This can be done with a hydraulic or
mechanical press.
3.1.4 Cashew Nutshell Liquid—

Byproduct of Cashew Nut Process
Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil is a versatile
byproduct of cashew nut processing. The nut has a shell about 1/8-inch
thickness inside which is a soft honeycomb structure containing a dark
reddish brown viscous liquid. It is called CNSL, which is the pericarp fluid
of the cashew nut. It is often considered as the better and cheaper material
for unsaturated phenols.
CNSL has innumerable applications, including friction linings, paints,
laminating resins, rubber compounding resins, cashew cement,
polyurethane based polymers, surfactants, epoxy resins, foundry chemicals,
and intermediates for the chemical industry. It offers much scope and
varied opportunities for the development for other tailor-made polymers.

3.1.5 Process Used Cashew Nutshell as

Biomass Fuel
When CNSL is removed, the de-oiled shells are abundantly available as
biomass waste. The cashew nutshell has a calorific value of 4252 kcal/kg.
The shell waste generated in cashew processing is utilized as a substitute
for wood fuel by making charcoal with a carbonization process.
1. Carbonization: the carbonization of cashew nutshell is carried out in a
developed small capacity single drum kiln by means of the direct heating
method and indirect heating method to achieve carbonization.
2. Briquetting: the carbonized cashew nutshell is mixed with a binder, and
then it can be made into briquettes either manually or using machines. For
the mechanical briquetting, load the mixture directly into the briquetting
mold/machine to form uniform-sized cashew nutshell briquettes.
3.1.6 Cashew Apple Processing

The cashew apple is a kind of soft fruit, rich in nutrients, and contains so
much vitamin C. It can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into
vinegar, as well as an alcoholic drink. It is also used to make preserves,
chutneys, and jams in India.
In Goa, the cashew apple is mashed, and the juice is extracted and kept
for fermentation for a few days. Fermented juice then undergoes a double
distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. Feni is
about 40%-42% alcohol. The single-distilled version is called urrac, which
is about 15% alcohol.

CHAPTER-4
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION

Data Analysis and Interpretation:

The researcher collected data analysis and
interpreted it with the help of table and diagram as follow:
OBJECTIVE N0.1:To study various factors affecting the
production process of cashew.
Table 1.1: Respondents got knowledge about cashew
industries through following sources.
Got information from Books Training Ancestral Other

Program Business
No of respondents 5 8 14 10
Graph 1.1
16
14
14
12
10
10
8
8
6 5
4
2
0 0
0
Got Books Training Anscestral Other
information Programme
from
Series1 Series2 Series3
Above Table 1.1 and graph 1.1 can be inferred that as many as 40% of respondents got
knowledge about cashew industries and 22.9 % of respondents got knowledge from
the training programs.
1.2: which type of labor or workers are required in your

cashew industry?
Type of labors Skilled Unskilled Both
No of 24 0 11
respondents
Percentage 68.6% 0 31.4%
Graph 1.2
No of respondents
31%
Skilled
Unskilled
0%
69% Both
1.2 Table and graph 1.2 shows that 69% of respondents say that skilled labor is
required in cashew factories. 31% of respondents say that both skilled and unskilled
laborers required in cashew
1.3 Table: Which procedure is followed in quality check?
Quality check Through workers Through

machines
No. of respondents 20 15
percentages 57.1% 42.9%
Graph 1.3
No. of respondents
43% Through workers
57% Through machines
From 1.3 Table and graph 1.3 and above pie chart it can be said
that most of the respondents use machines to check the quality of
cashews. some respondents use quality check method through
workers.
OBJECTIVE NO 2: To observe the factors affecting problems

proble
in the cashew industry.
Table 2.1: respondents facing problems in their

industries.
Facing Yes No Sometimes Total
problems
No of 21 1 12 34
respondents
Graph 2.1
No of respondents
21
12
Yes No Sometimes
Table 2.1 table and graph 2.1 shows that 61% respondents i.e., cashew
owners facing challenges in their cashew industries. This indicates that
most of the cashew owners are suffering from many problems in their
cashew industries.
Table 2.2: which of the following problems cashew

owners are facing?
Name of the problem No of respondents
Low capital 19
Uncertainty in market 20
Unavailability of labors 17
Shortage of raw materials 12
Frauds 9
Uncertainty in price 8
Unfriendly government policies 11
High-cost labors 14
Natural Calamity 12
Electricity 11
Competition 3
Graph 2.2
no of respondants
19 20
17
14
12 11 12 11
9 8
3
Table no 2.2 and graph 2.2 shows that most of the cashew owners facing problems of
“uncertainty in the market, Low capital, unavailability of labor, etc.". All of the Above
factors are affecting cashew industries.
2.3 Table: how many percentages will you give for following
problems?
Percentage 0-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80%
80% 80-100%
Name of problem
Low capital 10 9 11 2 1
Uncertainty in market
4 15 13 2 1
Unavailability of labors
4 15 8 6 1
Storage of raw materials
15 10 4 2
Fraud 14 6 5 3 2
Uncertainty in price 5 10 13 13 4
Unfriendly government
policies
9 8 10 4 1
High-cost labors 10 9 9 3 2
Natural calamity 11 10 11
Electricity 8 8 12 5
Competition 4 12 11 5
Graph 2.3
Chart Title
15 15 15 14
13 1313 12 1211
10911 10 10 9 810 109 9 111011
8 88
6 65 5 5 5
21 4 21 4 1 42 32 4 41 32 4
0-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100%

2.4 Table: Business status during COVID

COVID-19
Rating Excellent Good Average Poor Extremely
poor
No of 1 5 15 11 3
respondents
TABLE 2.4 and graph 2.4 shows that business status during “COVID -19” was
average means not so good not so bad. In 1st lockdown there was season of cashews
in India, so the cashew owners faced loss in their industries.
2.5 Table: Do you face understock problem

Understock yes no Sometimes
problem
No of respondents 20 10 5
Graph 2.5
No of respondents
21%
Yes
49% No
Sometimes
30%
Table 2.5 and graph 2.5 shows that most of the cashew owners around 58% facing
understock of raw material problem and 29.4% respondents facing this problem
sometimes. This is one of the main challenges they are facing.
2.6 Table: Reasons of understock
Reasons of understock No of respondents

Insufficient capital 16
Insufficient storage place 12
Daily production limit 12
other 7
Graph 2.6
No of respondents
19
16
12 12
Unavailability of laboursInsufficient
Insufficient capital
Insufficient storage place
Daily production limit other
2.6 Table and 2.6 graph shows that unavailability of labors and insufficient capital are
the big reasons of understock. Around 60% respondents facing problem of
unavailability of labors problems. Respondents 50%face the problem of insufficient
capital along with it they face understock because of insufficient storage place, daily
production limit, etc.
2.7 Table: Do you face the problem of overstock of final

product?
Face overstock Yes No Sometimes
Graph 2.7
No of respondents
7, 21%
Yes
16, 49% No
Sometimes
10, 30%
2.7 Table and 2.7 graph shows that 49% respondents are facing overstock of final
production problem in their factory…this occurs loss of planning in their industry.
2.8 Table: Reasons of overstock

Reasons of overstock No of respondents
Less demand 18
Other 5
Graph 2.8
No. of respondents
19
17
16
Benin Ghana Tanzania Indonesia
2.8 Table and 2.8 graph shows that the main reason of overstock of final of final
product is “Uncertainty in the market and less demand”. Along with
with--it uncertainty in
price is also one of the reasons for overstock
OBJECTIVE NO 3: To Study the import policy of cashew

nuts.
3.1 Table: Do you import cashews from other countries?
Import cashews Yes No
No of respondents 23 9
Graph 3.1
No of respondents
28%
Yes
No
72%
3.1 Table and 3.1 graph shows that most of the respondents import cashews from other
countries.
3.2 Table: From which countries do you import raw cashews?

Name of the countries No. of respondents
Benin 19
Ghana 16
Tanzania 17
Indonesia 7
Ogbomosho 8
Ivory Coast 11
Mali 2
Boke 1
Guinea Bissau 7
other 10
Graph 3.2
No. of respondents
19
17
16
11
10
8
7 7
2 1
3.2 Table and 3.2 graph shows that most of the cashew industries import cashews from
Benin, Tanzania, Ghana, etc.
3.3 Table: How many percentages of raw material do you

import from the following countries.
0-20% 21- 41- 61-80% 81-100%
40% 60%
Benin 7 8 5 2 3
Tanzania 7 10 4 1 3
Indonesia 9 2 1 2 1
Ghana 8 6 5 1
Ogbomosho 5 5 3 1 1
Ivory Coast 7 3 5 0 0
Mali 5 4 0 0 0
Boke 6 2 0 0 0
Guinea 5 3 2 0 0
Bissau
other 9 1 1 2 2

Graph 3.3
Chart Title
10
9 9
8 8
7 7 7
6 6
5 5 55 5 5 5
4 4
3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 11 00 000 000 00 11 0
0-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100%
3.3 table and 3.3 graph shows that mostly raw cashews are imported from Benin,
Tanzania, Indonesia 21-40%
40% of Benin cashew and Tanzania cashew is imported. 20%
raw material is imported from Ghana, Indonesia, Ogbomosho, Ivory Coast, Bali,
Boke, Gunnai Bissau
3.4 Table: Are you facing problems of fraud w

while
hile importing
cashews from other countries?
Facing the Yes No Sometimes
problem of
fraud
percentages 44% 31% 25%
No of 14 10 8
respondents
Graph 3.4
Chart Title
0%
25%
Facing problem of fraud
44% Yes
No
Sometimes
31%
3.4 Table and 3.4 graph suggests that 44% respondents are facing frauds while
importing cashews.
25% of peoples are facing frauds sometimes. Frauds in quality and quantity of raw
material brings impact on whole industry.
3.5 Table: Rate the quality of imported cashews.

Quality Excellent Good Average Poor Very Total
poor
No of 3 17 9 2 0 31
respondents
Percentages 9.7% 54.8% 29% 6.5% 0 100%
Graph 3.5
54.8
31
17
9
3 9.70% 29% 2 6.50% 0 0 100%
EXCELLENT GOOD AVERAGE POOR VERY POOR TOTAL
No of respondents Percentages
3.5 Table and 3.5 graph shows that 54.8% respondents rated the quality of imported
cashews is good. 29% respondents rated as average. And very few respondents don’t
like the quality of imported cashews.
3.6 Table: From which state, do you import raw material?

Name of state No of respondents Percentages
Maharashtra 29 87.9%
Kerala 10 30.3%
Goa 13 39.4%
Karnataka 10 30.3%
Andhra 1 3%
Pradesh
Odisha 0 0%
Gujarat 2 6.1%
Tamil Nādu 1 3%
Other 2 6.1%
Graph 3.6
35
29
30
25
20
15 13
10 10
10
5 2 2
87.90% 30.30% 39.40% 30.30% 1 3% 0 0% 6.10% 1 3% 6.10%
0
No of respondents Percentages
3.6 Table and 3.6 graph shows that most of the respondents import raw cashews from
Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Karnataka. Very few respondents import cashews from
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nādu and other states.
3.7 Table: “Local cashews or Foreign cashews” which is

better?
Local Foreign Both total
cashews cashews
16 4 12 32
Graph 3.7
Chart Title
38% Local cashews

50% Foreign cashews
Both
12%
3.7 Table and 3.7 graph shows that 50% of respondents agrees that
Local cashews are better that foreign cashews.38% respondents
agrees that both local and foreign cashews are best.
OBJECTIVE NO 4: To study various technical and tactical

problems affecting on production.
4.1 Table: How many percentage of capital is required for

machinery from total capital.
Capital 0- 21
21- 41- 61- 81- Total
required 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
No of 1 9 19 1 2 31
respondents
percentages 3.1% 28.1% 59.4% 3.1% 6.3% 100%
Graph 4.1
Chart Title
19
1 3.10% 28.10% 59.40% 1 3.10% 2 6.30%
0-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100%
No of respondents percentages
4.1 Table and 4.1 graph shows that 41-60%

41 60% capital required for machinery from total
capital. 19 respondents from 31 responses said that 40
40-60%
60% capital required from total
capital. Few respondents said that they required 21
21-40%
40% capital from total capital.
4.2 Table: Do you have high tech machines in your industries.

High tech Yes No Total
machines
percentage 59.4% 40.6% 100%
Graph 4.2
No of respondents
19
13
Yes No
4.2 Table and 4.2 graph shows that 59.4 percentage respondents use high tech
machines in their cashew industries.
4.3 table: Do you have your own cashew impex?

Have cashew Yes No Total
impex
Graph 4.3
No of respondents
39%
Yes
No
61%
4.3 Table and 4.3 graph shows that 61% respondents do not have their cashew impex.
And 39% respondents have their own cashew impex.
4.4 Table: “Cashew impex makes more profit” do you agree?

Impex makes Yes No Maybe Total
more profit
No of 12 7 11 30
respondents
Graph 4.4
No of respondents
37%
40% Yes
No
Maybe
23%
4.4 Table and 4.3 graph suggest that 40% respondents agrees that “Cashew impex
makes profit”.
23% respondents are not sure about it.

4.5 Table: Which production process is more difficult to make

final product?
Production process No of respondents percentages
Boiling 7 25.9%
Cutting 7 25.9%
Moisturizing 3 11.1%
Drying 2 7.4%
Grading 7 25.9%
Peeling 1 3.7%
Packaging 0 0%
Graph 4.5
No of respondents
4%
0%
26% Boiling
26%
Cutting
Moisturizing
7% Drying
26% Greeding
11%
Peeling
Packaging
4.5 Table and 4.5 graph shows that 26% respondents choose that boiling,
cutting and moisturizing process are the most difficult one.
Table 4.6: What is the daily target of cashew production in

your factory?
Production 50- 220- 520- 720- 1 to 1.5 and above
limit 220kg 520kg 720kg 1000kg 1.5
tons
No of 7 11 1 5 4 6
respondents
Graph 4.6
No of respondents
12
10
0
50-220kg 220-520kg 520-720kg 720-1000kg 1 to 1.5 tons 1.5 and above
Table no 4.6 and graph 4.6 shows that daily production of cashews in most of the
industries is around 220-520kg. From these we can conclude that there is problem of
insufficient capital, place in cashew industries.
CHAPTER -5
FINDINGS AND
OBSERVETION

Observations
Observation 1.
a) Considering objective no.1 and from table no. 1.1 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents got knowledge about cashew
production from ancestral business and training programs.
b) Considering objective no.1 and from table no. 1.2 the researcher has
observed that both skilled and unskilled laborers are required in the
cashew industry.
c) Considering objective no.1 and from table no 1.3 the researcher
observed that most of the respondents use machines for quality check.
Very few respondents use labor for quality checks.
Observation 2.
A) Considering objective no. 2 and from the graph, 2.1the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents facing problems/difficulties in
their cashew industries.
B) Considering objective no. 2 and from graph 2.2 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondent’s face problems of Uncertainty
in market, low capital, Uncertainty in price, and Unavailability of
labor.
C) Considering objective no.2 and from graph 2.3 the researcher has
observed that respondents 40-60% face the problem of low capital,21-
40% face the problem of uncertainty in the market,
21-40% face the problem of unavailability of labors, 0-20% facing
the problem of shortage,0-20% face the problem of fraud, high-cost
labors and competition, 40-60% face the problem of uncertainty in the
price, Unfriendly govt. policies, natural calamity, electricity.

D) Considering objective no.2 and from table no 2.4 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondent’s business during “COVID-19”
was average not so good not so bad.
E) Considering objective, no 2 and from graph no. 2.5 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents are facing the problem of
understock in their industry.
F) Considering objective no. 2 and from graph no. 2.6 the researcher has
observed that unavailability of labor and insufficient capital are the
main reasons od understock.
G) Considering objective no. 2 and from graph no.2.7 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents facing the problem of overstock
of final problem.
H) Considering objective no.3 and from graph no.4.13 the researcher has
observed that uncertainty in the market and less demand are the main
reasons of the overstock of the final product.
Observation 3.
a) Considering objective no.3 and from table no 3.1 the researcher has
been observed 72% of respondents Import cashews from other
countries.
b) Considering objective no.3 and from graph 3.2 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents import cashews from Benin,
Ghana, and Tanzania.
c) Considering objective no.3 and from graph 3.3 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents import 20-40% Benin, Ghana
cashews. And 20% import from Tanzania, Indonesia, Ogbomosho,
Ivory Coast, etc.
d) Considering objective, no 3. And from table no 3.4 the researcher has
observed that many respondents face problems of fraud during the
import of raw cashews.

e) Considering objective no.3 and from table no. 3.5 the researcher has
observed that many respondents rated the quality of imported cashew
as good.
f) Considering objective no.3 and from graph no.3.6 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents import raw cashews from
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, and Kerala.
g) Considering objective no.3 and from graph no.3.7 the researcher has
observed that 41-60% capital is required for machinery from total
capital.
h) Considering objective no.3 and from graph no.3.8 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents believe that local cashews are
better than foreign cashews.
Observation 4.
a) Considering objective no.4 and from table no 4.1 the researcher
observed that 41-60% of capital is required for machinery from total
capital in the cashew industry.
b) Considering observation no.4 and from table no 4.2 the researcher
observed that most of the respondents have high-tech machines in
their factory to reduce labor costs.
c) Considering objective no.4 and from table no. 4.3 the researcher has
observed that only a few respondents have their own cashew impex.
d) Considering objective no.4 and from chart no.4.4 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondents are unknown to the “cashew
impex” concept. And very few respondents agree that “cashew impex
makes a profit”.
e) Considering objective no.4 and from chart 4.5 the researcher has
observed that most the of difficult processes to make the final product
in the cashew industry are boiling, cutting, and moisturizing.
f) Considering objective no.2 and from chart 4.6 the researcher has
observed that most of the respondent’s daily target of production is
220-520kg.

Observation 5.
a) Considering objective no.5 and from responses of open-ended questions
the researcher has observed that.
1. Respondents facing other problems like insufficient plot, and not
being paid on time by customers.
2. Most of the respondents are unknown to the government policies and
AMF policies. Some respondents say that there are government
policies like – PMFME, GST incentives by the state government,
policies for starting businesses, etc.
3. There is no insurance for cashew crops.
4. Most of the respondents want to increase their production by
increasing the number of machines and modern technologies.

ANOVA TESTING
ANOVA
Source of P-
Variation SS df MS F value F crit
Between
Groups 2235.02 90 24.83356 34.69942 0 1.262412
Within
Groups 2149.176 3003 0.715676
Total 4384.197 3093
Considering all questionnaire Reliability Test

Cronbach Alpha Using
Anova: Single Factor with Replications
Formula: [ 1- (0.715676-24.83356)]
[Cronbach Alpha 0.971181]
The flow of the questionnaire is highly acceptable flow of
the questionnaire.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
For testing Hypothesis 1
H0: The factors of Low capital, uncertainty the in market, Unavailability
of labor, Shortage of raw materials, and frauds are significantly not
affecting on the production process in cashew industries.
of labor, Shortage of raw materials, and fraud are significantly affecting on
the production process in cashew industries.
Count of the problems faced by the respondents.

Name of the variable No of respondents
Low capital 19
Shortage of raw materials 12 So
Frauds 9 urc
Yes No Sometimes Total e:
Facing
tab
problems
le
21 1 12 34 2.1
No of
respondents ,2.
2
and graph 2.1, 2.2 for low capital
The test used is a paired test is designed to compare the means of the group
or item under the two situations separated scenarios i.e., respondents facing
problems or not and what problems they are facing in their cashew
industries. The data sample is 35 respondents hence researcher used t-test to
test the hypothesis.
Respondents facing problems are tested with table no 2.2

Considering Alpha= 0.05
Hypothesis testing no 1
1. Low capital
Paired t-test results
P value and statistical significance.
The two-tailed P value equals 0.00000229
By conventional criteria, this difference is considered to be satisfactory and
significant.
The mean of respondents facing problems or not with the name of the
problems equals 1.14.
Intermediate values are used in calculations.
The hypothesis test statistic (t)= 5.673
Degrees of freedom (df) =34
Review your data:
Group Facing Low capital
problems
Mean 1.68 O.54
Standard deviation (SD) 0.98 0.5
Standard error of the mean 0.16 0.08
(SEM)
Total population(N) 35 35

Facing
problem Low capital
Mean 1.685714 0.542857
Variance 0.986555 0.255462
Observations 35 35
Pearson Correlation -0.17743
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 5.673566
P(T<=t) one-tail 1.14E-06
t Critical one-tail 1.690924
P(T<=t) two-tail 2.29E-06
t Critical two-tail 2.032245
The two-tailed P value equals

The P value (0.00000229) is significantly lower than the alpha (0.05),
hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for low capital, and Alternate
Hypothesis is accepted.

2.uncertainity in market

Paired t-test result
By conventional criteria, this difference is satisfactory and significant.
problems equals
The hypothesis test statistic (t)=5.2531
Degrees of freedom(df) =34
Group Facing problems Uncertainty in market
Mean 1.68 0.57
Standard error of mean 0.16 0.08
(SEM)
Total population(N) 35 35`

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
Facing Uncertainty
problems in market
Mean 1.685714 0.571429
Variance 0.986555 0.252101
Observations 35 35
Pearson
Correlation -0.337
Hypothesized
Mean Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 5.253144
The two-tailed P values equals.

The P value (0. 00000806) is significantly lower than alpha (0.05),
Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for uncertainty in
market and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

3. Unavailability of labors

significant.
Group Facing problems Unavailability of

labors
Mean 1.68 0.48
(SEM)

Facing Unavailability
problems of labor
Mean 1.685714 0.485714
Variance 0.986555 0.257143
Observations 35 35
Pearson
Correlation 0.020021
Hypothesized
Mean Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 6.418123
The two-tailed P values equal

The P value (0.000000248) is significantly lower than alpha (0.05),
Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for unavailability of
labors and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

4.Shortage of raw material

significant.
problems equals 1.34
Group Facing problems Shortage of raw

material
Mean 1.68 0.34
(SEM)

Shortage
Facing of raw
problems material
Mean 1.685714 0.342857
Variance 0.986555 0.231933
Observations 35 35
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 6.838558

The P value (0.0000000717) is significantly lower than alpha
(0.05), Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected Shortage of
raw material and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

5. Frauds

significant.
Group Facing problems Fraud

Mean 1.68 0.25
(SEM)

Facing
problems Fraud
Mean 1.685714 0.257143
Variance 0.986555 0.196639
Observations 35 35
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 7.071068

(0.05), Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for fraud and
Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

Hypothesis testing no 2
H0: The factors Uncertainty in price, Unfriendly government
policies, High cost labors, competition, Electricity and Natural
calamity are significantly not affecting the process in cashew
industries.
H1: The factors Uncertainty in price, Unfriendly government
policies, High cost labors, competition, Electricity and Natural
calamity are significantly affecting the process in cashew
industries.
Name of variable No of respondents
Unfriendly gov. policies 11
High-cost labors 14
Natural calamity 12
Electricity 11
Competition 3
Yes No Sometimes Total

Facing
problems
No of 21 1 12 34
respondents
Source: table 2.1 ,2.2 and graph 2.1, 2.2 for low capital
The test used is a paired test is designed to compare the means of the group
or item under the two situations separated scenarios i.e., respondents facing
problems or not and what problems they are facing in their cashew

industries. The data sample is 35 respondents hence researcher used t-test to

test the hypothesis.
Respondents facing problems are tested with table no 2.2
1. Uncertainty in Price

significant.
Group Facing problems Uncertainty in price

Mean 1.68 0.54
(SEM)

Facing Uncertainty
problems in price
Mean 1.685714 0.542857
Variance 0.986555 0.255462
Observations 35 35
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 5.924253

Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for Uncertainty in
price and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

2. Unfriendly government policies

significant.
Group Facing problems Unfriendly government

policies
Mean 1.68 0.22
(SEM)

Facing Unfriendly
problems gov.policies
Mean 1.685714 0.228571
Variance 0.986555 0.181513
Observations 35 35
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 7.693684

(0.05), Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for Unfriendly
government policies and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

3. High-Cost Labors

significant.
problems equals 1.4
Group Facing problems High cost labors

Mean 1.68 0.28
(SEM)

High-
Facing cost
problem labors
Mean 1.685714 0.285714
Variance 0.986555 0.210084
Observations 35 35
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 6.941908

(0.05), Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for high- cost
labors and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

4. Competition

significant.
Group Facing problems Competition

Mean 1.68 0.31
(SEM)

Facing
problems Competition
Mean 1.685714 0.314286
Variance 0.986555 0.221849
Observations 35 35
Pearson Correlation 0.02874
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 7.464282

(0.05), Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for competition
and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

5. Electricity

significant.
Group Facing problems Electricity

Mean 1.68 0.34
(SEM)

Facing
problems Electricity
Mean 1.685714 0.342857
Variance 0.986555 0.231933
Observations 35 35
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 6.694225

Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for electricity and
Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

6. Natural Calamity

significant.
Group Facing Natural calamity
problems
Mean 1.68 0.4
(SEM)

Facing Natural
problems calamity
Mean 1.685714 0.4
Variance 0.986555 0.247059
Observations 35 35
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 34
t Stat 6.326853

Hence the NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected for natural calamity
and Alternative Hypothesis is accepted.

Hypothesis testing no. 1
SR.NO VARIABLES P VALUES
1 Low capital 0.00000229
2 Uncertainty in market 0.00000806
3 Unavailability of labor 0.000000248
4 Shortage of raw materials 0.0000000717
5 Fraud 0.0000000363
(Alpha is o.5 for all the variables)

From the above table, It has been observed that the value of all the
variables is significantly less than alpha i.e. (0.5). Hence, NULL
HYPOTHESIS is rejected and ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
is accepted for all the variables.

Hypothesis testing no 2.
SR. NO Variables p Value
1 Uncertainty in 0.000000108
price
2 Unfriendly 0.00000000603
government
policies
3 High-cost labors O. 000000053
4 Competition 0.0000000116
5 Electricity 0.00000011
6 Natural calamity 0.000000325
(Alpha is o.5 for all the variables)

From the above table, It has been observed that the value of all the
variables is significantlyless than alpha i.e. (0.5). Hence, NULL
HYPOTHESIS is rejected and ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS is
accepted for all the variables.

Co-relation between various problems in the cashew

industry.
High-
Low Uncertaint Unavailabl Uncertai Gov. cost Natural Competitio
capital y in market e labors Shortage Fraud n market policies labors calamity Electricity n
Low capital 1
Uncertainty 0.14834
in market 1 1
Unavailabilit
y d labors 0.16383 0.340533 1
0.14001
shortage 7 0.411561 0.214651 1
0.15859 0.08044
Fraud 9 0.193064 0.636425 8 1
Uncertain 0.06445 0.28412 0.37034

price 7 0.425235 0.361183 1 1 1
Unfriendly
government 0.36602 0.23294
policies 5 0.189478 0.297635 -0.12107 1 0.293345 1
0.08346 0.19958 0.65897 0.34005

high cost 4 0.254419 0.55888 8 8 0.612533 7 1
Natural 0.15633 0.37649 0.07473

calamity 0.24995 0.058756 0.188648 1 0.08049 0.151509 3 8 1
0.52615 0.22853 0.56781 0.43912 0.32955

Electricity 5 0.358086 0.6329 3 0.48876 0.388449 1 8 5 1
0.33106 0.53820 0.53376 0.62597 0.23451

0.56065
Competition 5 0.321859 0.49044 -0.00716 9 0.481218 6 2 2 8 1
Interpretation
According to the above table, the researcher has analyzed that there is a
strong co-relation between fraud and high cost labors i.e., 0.658978 and
there is a strong inverse negative relation between the shortage of raw
material and unfriendly government policies i.e., 0.12107.

Co-relation between the import of raw cashews from

other countries.
Tanzani Indonesi Ogbomos Ivory Guinea Othere

Benin a a Ghana ho coast Mali Boke Bissau r
Benin 1
0.88548
Tanzania 5 1
0.64324 0.78119
Indonesia 5 2 1
0.67973 0.71571
Ghana 4 0.7626 4 1
Ogbomos 0.72500 0.79673 0.75577 0.76264

ho 5 4 5 2 1
Ivory 0.37402 0.48487 0.48051 0.43614

Coast 6 9 8 2 0.425708 1
0.33353 0.54824 0.65504 0.47745

Mali 1 7 4 1 0.466028 0.79423 1
0.34413 0.57401 0.33440 0.65025

Boke 6 0.45583 1 7 0.44065 4 0.84073 1
Guinea 0.40705 0.60975 0.67773 0.52355 0.76152 0.94661 0.81928
Bissau 5 9 2 6 0.589244 3 4 5 1
0.10342 0.27486 0.42906 0.16996 0.45551 0.63608 0.41086 0.61413

Other 7 2 3 7 0.203328 4 3 3 9 1
Interpretation
strong relation between Mali and Guinea Bissau i.e., 0.946614.

Co-relation between the import of cashews from other

states.
Andhra Tamil
Maharashtra Kerala Goa Karnataka Pradesh Odisha Gujarat Nādu Other
Maharashtra 1
Kerala 0.194098 1
Goa 0.324055 0.692972 1
Karnataka 0.208859 0.607695 0.536727 1
Andhra
Pradesh 0.226315 0.545174 0.409985 0.512771 1
Odisha 0.147587 0.717919 0.490167 0.60462 0.664458 1
Gujarat 0.197201 0.719042 0.535718 0.669515 0.664405 0.956235 1
Tamil Nādu 0.125555 0.637401 0.493293 0.635306 0.667189 0.877346 0.831585 1
Other 0.072724 0.717919 0.490167 0.60462 0.585356 0.884868 0.880686 0.746119 1
Interpretation
strong relation between Odisha and Gujarat i.e., 0.956235.

CHAPTER-VI
CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTIONS

CONCLUSION:-
The results obtained from the survey questionnaires to the

direct cashew nut processor showed that almost all of them are facing
problems or challenges in their cashew industry. Uncertainty in the market
and insufficient capital are the main problems.
Most Cashew processors import raw materials from other
countries and other states also. The cashews are mostly cultivated in South
Africa. Cashew is a seasonal fruit, so cashew owners must import cashews.
The cashew season in India is between Feb- June. Maharashtra is the best
cashew-producer state in India. Cashew owners face fraud or damaged raw
materials while importing. Most of the cashew industries are in
SawantWadi, Ajara, Chandgad, Vengurla, Goa, Malvan, Kankavli, and
other Konkan areas.
Cashew production takes place in various processes, Like
boiling, peeling, grading, drying, packaging, etc. Most of the cashew
owners are using advanced machines for greater productivity.
The use of advanced machines reduces labors requirement. The
unavailability of laborers is one of the major problems in the cashew
industry. There are no friendly Government policies for cashews.

SUGGESTIONS:
1) It has been observed that the factors of machines and laborers are
affecting Cashew industries Hence, Cashew processors or owners
should participate in a training program while starting a new business.
Cashew owners should increase the use of advanced machines for
higher productivity and to reduce labor costs.
2) It has been observed that the factors of overstock and understock of
raw material and final product are affecting the cashew industry hence
the Cashew processors or an individual who is going to start a new
business, the production of cashews should be maintained or limited
there is greater possibility of losses. The business should be small in
the beginning.
Also, it has been observed that all respondents face problems in their
cashew industry hence, Cashew processors should be aware of market
demands, and market price.
Also, Low capital is one of the most faced problems, it is suggested
that there are many government policies that provide funds to start a new
business it can help to solve this problem.
Cashew owners should be updated about the information on the cashew
market all over the world like demand, price, and various policies.
Also, cashew industrialists should be prepared or aware of pandemics
like COVID-19, They should have their backup plans
3) From observation no. 3, Most of the cashew owners import cashews
from other countries. Sometimes they face fraud while importing.
Hence, the cashew owners should be well known to the party from

whom he is going to import raw materials. The quality of raw

materials should be checked.
Also, From observation no 3. The quality of local cashew is better
than imported cashews. So cashew owners should use local cashews.
4) From observation no. 4, It has been seen that “Cashew Impex” makes
profits. Hence, The cashew owners should start their own “cashew
impex” for more profit. The advertising and marketing of your
product are very important to increase your productivity. He should
use social media and various internet platforms for marketing.
Also, it has been observed that High-tech machines reduce labor.
Hence, the use of advanced machines is one of the best ways to reduce
labor costs or the unavailability of laborers.
5) Cashew owners should be aware of various government policies for
starting their businesses.
Cashew owners can increase productivity by using High tech
machines.
Also, cashew owners can work in shifts for greater productivity in
limited places and machines.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliography:-
Websites:-
https://www.cashews.org/cashew-information/
https://www.shellingmachine.com/application/cashewprocessing-
India.html
https://www.narayan-cashew-industries-chandgad-
narayan.business.site/
Research papers:-
Reema Jenifer D”Silva, (December 2021) “A Case Study of
Cashew Industry in Karnataka , ISSN NO (329-341)”
A Mohod , S Jain , (2010), “Elucidation of unit operations and
energy consumption pattern in small scale cashew nut processing
mills” A powar, ISSN, volume 13, issue 1, p.( 18-23)
Dr. Rathod Motilal,(March 2018) “ Problems and Prospects of
Cashew nut processing industry-A Case Study, ISSN NO.(2250-
1991.)
Books: -
P.L. Saroj, (January2017)"Cashew Improvement, production, and
Processing"

R.C.Gajbhiye, B.V.( march 2011) "PadhiaCashew production and

processing technology".
C. R. Kothari, (1985)”Research methodology: Methods And
Techniques"

APPENDIX

A study of challenges and production in

cashew industries
1. Location
2. What is your age?
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-above
3. What is your gender?
Male
Female
Other
4. Through which sources you got knowledge about cashew industry??
Tick all that apply.
Books
Training programme
Ancestral business
other

Which type of labors or workers required in your

cashew industry?
Mark only one oval.
Skilled
Unskilled
Both
5. Which procedure is followed in quality check?
Mark only one oval.
Through workers
Through machine
6. Are you facing problems/ challenges in your cashew industry?
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
Sometimes
7. Which of the following problems you are facing in your cashew industry?
Low capital
Uncertainty in market (demands)बाजारातीलअन तता (मागणी)
Unavailability of skilled labors कु शलकामगारांचीअनुपल ता

Shortage of raw material क यामालाचीकमतरता

Frauds
Uncertainty in price कमतीतअन तता
Unfriendly government policies सरकारचीधोरणेअनुकूलनाहीत
High-cost labors जातकमतीचेमजूर
Competition धा
Electricity वीज
Natural calamity नैसगकआपी other इतर
9. Are you facing problems instead of above mentioned? Please mention
10. How many percentage will you give for following problems?

11. Are there any government policies for cashew industries? If yes then please mention
12. Is there any insurance for cashew crops?

13. Is government providing any AMF policy for cashew business??
14. What is the daily target of cashew production in your factory?
Mark only one oval.
50-220kg
220-520kg
520-720kg
720-1000kg
1-1.5 tons
1.5 -above
15. Do you want to increase you Production?
Which techniques you are using to increase your production?

16. How was your business status during 'COVID-19'? COVID-19' ?
Mark only one oval.
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
Extremely poor
17. Do you face the problem of understock of raw material or final product?
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
Sometimes
18. What are the reasons of understock of raw material or final product from the following?
Unavailability of labors
ताInsufficient capital
Insufficient storage place
Daily production limit
other
19. If there are other reasons of understock, please mention

20. Do you face the problem of overstock of final product?
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
Sometimes
21. If you are facing problem of overstock of final product, which are the reasons from the following?
Uncertainty in market बाजारातअन तता

Less Demand
Uncertainty in price
Other
22. If there are other reasons of overstock of final product, please mention.
23. Cashew is seasonal fruit, so in remaining months do you import raw cashews from other
countries?

Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
24. From which countries do you import raw cashews from the following?
Benin
Ghana
Tanzania
Indonesia
Ogbomosho
Ivory Coast
Mali
Boke
Guinea Bissau
Other
25. How many percentage of raw cashews you import from following countries?

26. Are you importing raw cashews from other countries instead of above mentioned?
Please mention
27. Are you facing the problems of fraud while importing of raw cashews from foreign countries?
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
Sometimes
Rate the quality of imported raw cashews from foreign countries
Mark only one oval.

Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
Very poor
28. From which states of India from the following , do you import raw material ?
Maharashtra
Kerala
Goa
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Odisha
Gujarat
Tamilnadu
Other
30. How many percentage of raw material do you import from following states?

31. How many percentage required for machinery from total capital?
Mark only one oval.
0-20%
21-40%
41-60%
61-80%
81-100%
32. Do you have high-tech machines in your cashews industry?
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
33. Do you have your own cashew impex?
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
34. "Cashew impex makes more profit "are you agree? "
Mark only one oval.
Yes
No
Maybe
35. 'Local raw cashews or foreign raw cashews' which is better?
Mark only one oval.
Local ◌ानक
Foreign
Both
36. Which production process is more difficult to make final product?
37. Mark only one oval.
Boiling
Cutting
Moisturizing
Drying
Greeding
Peeling

Packaging
38. Do you want to suggest anything to me regarding this project? Please mention below.
This content is neither created nor endorsed by Google.
Forms

Vaibhavi Bille Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Vaibhavi Bille Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Vaibhavi Bille Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BBA PROGRAM SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR

“A STUDY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS AND

“NARAYAN CASHEW INDUSTRIES, CHANDGAD”

“SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR”

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

MISS. VAIBHAVI VINOD BILLE

MR. PUSHKAR HARSHE

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR

I, the undersigned hereby declare that this project entitled

MISS. VAIBHAVI VINOD BILLE

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR

This is to certify that the project report entitled “A STUDY OF

Mr. PUSHKAR HARSHE Dr. REVATI.R. PATIL Dr. R.R. KUMBHAR

[PROJECT GUIDE] [BBA CO-ORDINATOR] [PRINCIPAL]

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR

I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere and

MISS. VAIBHAVI VINOD BILLE

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR

4. Data Analysis and Interpretation 33

5. Findings and observation 58

6. Conclusion and Suggestions 93

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 1|Page

1.1 Introduction to study

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 2|Page

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 3|Page

1.4 Purpose of the study

1.5 Hypothesis of the Study

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 4|Page

1.6 Research methodology

1.7 Scope of the Study

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 5|Page

1.8 Significance of the Study.

1.9 Limitations of the Study

1.10 Chapter Scheme

Chapter II – Introduction to the Organization

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 6|Page

Chapter III –Theoretical Background

Chapter IV- Data Analysis and Interpretation

Lower-level analysis of data, Marginal level analysis of data.

Chapter V – Findings and Observation

Chapter VI- Conclusion and Suggestions

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 7|Page

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 8|Page

2.1 NARAYAN CHASHEW

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 9|Page

India’s leading B2B marketplace, Jd Mart ensures engaging in

2.2 Company Profile

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 11 | P a g e

2.3 Promoters Background

2.4 Features of the Institution

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 12 | P a g e

2.5 Objectives of the firm-

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 13 | P a g e

2.6 Organizational Chart

2.7 Main market area of NCI

Distribution chain of Narayan Cashews

VIVEKANAND COLLEGE, KOLHAPUR 15 | P a g e