INSTITUTE OF

ACCOUNTANCY
ARUSHA

NATURE OF ASSIGNMENT : INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

PROGRAM : BIT III

FULL NAME : DOMINICK MARTIN TOGOLAI

REGISTRATION NUMBER : BIT/0019/2021

MODULE NAME : SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES

IN COMPUTING

MODULE CODE : ITU 08103

FACILITATOR : Ngata (Mr. Matatizo)

SUBMISSION DATE : 05 FEBRUARY 2024

 Question One

 Community

Is a social group with a common territorial base; they share common interests, values, goals
and have a sense of belonging to the group. It is a group of people with a common
characteristic or interest living together within a larger society (Robert Stebbins, 1987).

 Types of community

i. Geographic Community:

Individuals living in close proximity or in the same location form a geographic

community

Example: Residents of a specific neighborhood, such as the people living in a suburb

or a rural village (Smith 2008).

ii. Cultural Community:

Community formed by a group of people who share the same culture. It define a
group of people who share a common cultural background, like a community of
individuals who follow a particular religion or share the same ethnicity.

Example: such as those based on ethnicity or religion, play a crucial role in shaping
individuals' identities (Jones 2015).

iii. Interest-Based Community:

It is a community formed by online forums or clubs focused on specific hobbies

where that particular group can discuss their passion, and share tips

Example: a photography club or a gaming community (Robert Stebbins, 1987) iv.

Professional Community:

It is community, which is formed by members of a specific industry or occupation,

like a community of software developers or healthcare professionals.

Example: within the healthcare sector, professional communities facilitate knowledge

exchange and collaboration (Johnson 2017).

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 v. Virtual Community:

A virtual community is a group of people who interact and communicate with each
other primarily through digital means, such as the internet or online platforms.
Members of virtual communities connect and engage without being physically
present in the same location.

Example: Social media groups or online forums where people connect, share
information, and engage in discussions without being limited by physical proximity
(Anderson 2020).

vi. Intentional Community:

Refers to a group of people who choose to live together and share a common set of
values, goals, or principles.

Example: Communes or housing cooperatives where individuals choose to live

together based on shared principles or values, such as environmental sustainability
(Taylor 2019).

Question Two

 Values

Are enduring beliefs or principles that individuals consider important and use to guide
their attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making (Johnson 2018).These fundamental
convictions shape a person's ethical framework and contribute to the formation of their
character and identity. Values can encompass a wide range of concepts, including
honesty, integrity, compassion, justice, and cultural or personal beliefs.

 Types of Values

a) Personal Values:

These individual beliefs and principles guide personal behavior and decision-making

Examples include honesty, integrity, and self-discipline. (Smith 2016).

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 b) Cultural Values:

These are Values shared by a specific culture or community, influencing social norms
and behaviors

Examples include respect for elders, hospitality, and collectivism (Garcia 2017). c)

Ethical Values:

Refers to the principles that govern moral conduct and define what is considered right
or wrong

Examples include fairness, justice, and altruism (Johnson 2018).

d) Professional Values:

Refers to Values relevant to specific professions or industries, guiding ethical

practices and behaviors within a professional context.

Examples include integrity in business or patient-centered care in healthcare (Smith

2020).

e) Social Values:

These values contribute to the well-being of society as a whole.

Examples include equality, environmental sustainability, and civic responsibility

(Garcia 2018).

f) Spiritual Values:

Guiding principles related to an individual's spiritual or religious beliefs.

Examples include compassion, humility, and faith (Brown 2017).

g) Family Values:

Family values are the core principles that shape familial relationships and dynamics,
often including concepts such as loyalty, communication, and mutual support (Taylor
2019).

 Furthermore, Understanding and prioritizing values can vary among individuals and
cultures, influencing how people perceive and interact with the world around them.

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 Question Three

 Law

Refers to a system of rules, regulations, and principles established by a governing

authority to regulate behavior within a society. These rules are designed to maintain
order, resolve disputes, and protect the rights and interests of individuals (Johnson 2018).

 Types of Laws

o There are numerous types of laws that cover various aspects of human behavior, below
are among of them.

A. Criminal Law:

Is a law, which deals with offenses against the state or public, defining and penalizing
actions such as theft, murder, or fraud.

Example: "Acts of theft are subject to criminal prosecution, involving penalties such

as imprisonment or fines" (Smith 2015).

B. Civil Law:

Defined as a law that govern disputes between individuals or entities, aiming to

provide remedies rather than punishment.

Example: "In cases of contract disputes, civil law allows for compensation rather
than criminal penalties" (Jones 2017).

C. Constitutional Law:

Refers to a law that pertains to the principles outlined in a national constitution,

defining the powers and structure of government.

Example: "Constitutional law ensures the protection of citizens' fundamental rights,

as stated in the Bill of Rights" (Johnson 2018).

D. Administrative Law:

Refers to the law that involves regulations and decisions made by government
agencies, ensuring they act within their delegated authority.

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 Example: "Administrative law oversees the procedures followed by agencies like the
Environmental Protection Agency in implementing environmental regulations"
(Brown 2020).

E. International Law:

It is law that governs relations between sovereign states and international

organizations, addressing issues such as treaties and diplomacy.

Example: "The United Nations Charter is a foundational document in international

law, outlining principles for maintaining global peace and security" (Taylor 2018).

o Above explained types of Laws are general and few ones in essence there are many
types of laws.

Question Four

 Purpose and Functions of Laws in Tanzania I.

Maintenance of Order and Stability:

 Purpose: The law in Tanzania designed to maintain public order and stability.

 Function: It provides a legal framework to regulate behavior, prevent crimes, and

ensure peaceful coexistence within the society (Mbuguni, 1974)

II. Protection of Individual Rights and Freedoms:

 Purpose: Tanzanian law seeks to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of
individuals.

 Function: It establishes legal mechanisms to safeguard citizens from violations of

their rights, ensuring fairness and equality.

Example in Tanzania there is laws that promote human rights and freedom such right
to live, right to education, right to liberty and security of person and many more
which is discussed in framework known as National Human Rights Action
Plan(NHRAP) as written by (ohchr, 2013).

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III. Justice and Fairness:

 Purpose: The legal system in Tanzania aims to achieve justice and fairness in its
application.

 Function: It provides avenues for the fair resolution of disputes, both civil and
criminal, and ensures that legal processes adhere to principles of justice.

Example in Tanzania there are laws that promote justice and fairness to Tanzania
individuals example the rights like right to prisoners, right to people with disabilities
and many more can create a sense of justice and fairness among Tanzanians as written
by (ohchr, 2013)

IV. Regulation of Social and Economic Activities:

 Purpose: Tanzanian law regulates various social and economic activities.

 Function: It provides guidelines for commerce, employment, property rights, and

other interactions, contributing to social and economic order.

Example in Tanzania there are laws and rights that promote social and economic
activities example the right to work, right to education and right to own property
creates and regulates the social and economic activities as written by (ohchr, 2013)
(Brown, 2017).

V. Preservation of Cultural Heritage:

 Purpose: Tanzanian law may include provisions to preserve and protect cultural
heritage.

 Function: It recognizes the significance of cultural identity, heritage, and

traditions, promoting their preservation.

Example, The Antiquities Act of Tanzania, enacted in 1964 (amended in 1979 and
1985), is the basic legislation for the management, protection, and preservation of
movable and immovable tangible cultural heritage resources (Mbuguni, 1974).

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VI. Environmental Conservation:

 Purpose: Environmental laws address conservation and sustainable development

as in Tanzania there are environmental laws and institutions that help to provide
insight in environmental conservation example The Environmental Management
Act,20 2004 and the National Environment Policy

 Function: They regulate activities to protect the environment, natural resources,

and promote sustainable practices (Pallangyo, 2007).

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 References
Brown, C., 2017. Exploring Spiritual Values: A Journey of Faith. New York : Academic Press.

Johnson, M., 2018. Understanding Values: Comprehensive Exploration. Paris : Unesco Press.

Mbuguni, L. A., 1974. The Cultural Policy of the United Republic of Tanzania. Paris: Unesco
Press.

ohchr, 2013. United Republic of Tanzania National Human Rights Action Plan. Issue available at
https://www.ohchr.org>IssueDoc , p. 147.

Pallangyo, D. M., 2007. Enviromental Law in Tanzania: How Far Have we Gone?. Law,
Environment and Development Journal, 3/1(available at http://www.lead-journal.org/content /
07026.pdf), p. p. 26.

Robert Stebbins, 1987. Sociology: The Study of Society. New York: Harper and Row.

Smith, A., 2008. Living Together: Understanding Neighborhoods. New York : Academic Press.