1.

**Reasons for liquid flooding in the compressors:**

Liquid flooding in compressors can occur due to refrigerant overcharge, improper refrigerant
piping design, or faulty expansion valves.

2. **How many types of compressors used in HVAC system:**

There are mainly two types of compressors used in HVAC systems: positive displacement
compressors (like reciprocating and rotary compressors) and dynamic compressors (like
centrifugal compressors).

3. **How the loading and unloading take place in the compressor:**

Loading and unloading in a compressor typically occur through mechanical means such as
adjustable inlet vanes or by varying the speed of the compressor motor.

4. **Types of expansion valves and what is their function:**

Types of expansion valves include thermostatic expansion valves (TXVs) and electronic
expansion valves (EEVs), which regulate refrigerant flow into the evaporator to maintain
proper superheat and control the refrigerant flow rate.

5. **What are the safety controls used in the HVAC systems like electrical and
Mechanicals:**

Safety controls in HVAC systems include electrical components like overload relays and
pressure switches, as well as mechanical components like high-pressure switches and
temperature sensors to prevent system failures and ensure safe operation.

6. **What is the difference between transducer and thermistor also explain its
functions:**

A transducer converts one form of energy into another, like converting pressure into an
electrical signal, while a thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance changes with
temperature, commonly used for temperature sensing in HVAC systems.
 7. **How the condenser fan automatic functions work in chiller:**

Condenser fan automatic functions in chillers are typically controlled by pressure switches
or temperature sensors to adjust fan speed based on system requirements to maintain proper
condensing pressure and temperature.

8. **What is humidity and how to control humidity in the room:**

Humidity refers to the amount of moisture in the air. It can be controlled in a room using
humidifiers or dehumidifiers to achieve a comfortable and healthy indoor environment.

9. **What is the difference between VFD and soft starter:**

VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) controls the speed of an AC motor by varying the frequency
of the electrical power supplied to it, while a soft starter gradually increases voltage during
motor startup to reduce mechanical stress.

10. **Describe the PLC, DDC, HMI and its function:**

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is a digital computer used for automation of

electromechanical processes, DDC (Direct Digital Control) is a control system that uses digital
signals for HVAC equipment, and HMI (Human-Machine Interface) provides a graphical
interface for users to interact with the control system.

11. **What is the difference between analog and digital signals:**

Analog signals are continuous and can have an infinite number of values within a range,
while digital signals are discrete and have specific values represented by binary digits (0 and
1).

12. **What is superheat how to calculate it:**

Superheat is the temperature of a vapor refrigerant above its boiling point temperature at a
given pressure. It can be calculated by measuring the temperature of the refrigerant vapor
and comparing it to the saturation temperature at the same pressure.
 13. **What is subcooling how to calculate:**

Subcooling is the temperature of a liquid refrigerant below its condensing temperature at a

given pressure. It can be calculated by measuring the temperature of the refrigerant liquid
and comparing it to the saturation temperature at the same pressure.

14. **How to test motor winding with megger and what is the good value for it:**

Motor winding can be tested with a megohmmeter (megger) to measure insulation

resistance, and a good value typically depends on the motor’s specifications but is usually in
the range of hundreds of megohms.

15. **What is the reason for grounding in compressor winding and steps to take for
avoiding future breakdown:**

Grounding in compressor winding is necessary to protect against electrical faults and

ensure safety. Steps to avoid future breakdowns include regular inspection, proper
installation, and maintenance of grounding systems.

16. **Describe VAV, CAV, VRF damper and where it’s used:**

VAV (Variable Air Volume), CAV (Constant Air Volume), and VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow)
dampers control airflow in HVAC systems and are used in different applications based on
specific requirements for air distribution and temperature control.

17. **What is the safety control used in AHU:**

Safety controls used in AHUs (Air Handling Units) include air pressure switches,
temperature sensors, and airflow sensors to monitor and regulate air quality and system
operation.

18. **How many types of acuter valve used in FCU and AHU, explain the working
system:**
 Acuter valves in FCUs (Fan Coil Units) and AHUs control refrigerant flow and include
thermostatic expansion valves (TXVs) and electronic expansion valves (EEVs) to regulate
refrigerant flow into the evaporator coil.

19. **Explain the type of temp. Sensor (NTC & PTC) mostly used in the system and how to
check sensor is ok or not:**

NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) and PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient)

thermistors are commonly used temperature sensors in HVAC systems. To check if a sensor is
okay, measure its resistance at a known temperature and compare it to the manufacturer’s
specifications.

20. **What is the difference between flow switch and differential pressure switch:**

Flow switches detect the flow of a fluid in a pipe, while differential pressure switches
monitor pressure differences between two points in a system.

21. **What is interlocking in electrical control why it’s important to do:**

Interlocking in electrical control ensures sequential operation and prevents unsafe

conditions by only allowing certain operations to occur under specific conditions or in a
particular sequence.

22. **What is the saturation point of refrigerant:**

The saturation point of refrigerant is the point at which it exists as both a liquid and vapor
phase at equilibrium under a given temperature and pressure.

23. **How much superheat and sub cooling to be maintain for smooth function of HVACs
system:**

Superheat and subcooling levels vary depending on the HVAC system’s design and
operating conditions, but typically superheat is maintained between 5-20°F and subcooling
between 5-15°F for smooth system operation.
 24. **What is called surging in the centrifugal chiller, why it takes place, how to avoid it:**

Surging in a centrifugal chiller occurs when the compressor experiences unstable flow
conditions, often due to changes in load or refrigerant flow. It can be avoided by properly
sizing equipment, maintaining stable operating conditions, and using surge control devices.

25. **What is PH value of water, what are the effects of less or more PH value of water in
the system:**

The pH value of water indicates its acidity or alkalinity. Effects of low pH include corrosion
and scaling, while high pH can lead to mineral deposits and reduced heat transfer efficiency in
the system.

26. **Types of chiller cooler shell and its function:**

Chiller cooler shells can be shell-and-tube or plate-and-frame types, and their function is to
exchange heat between

27. **Why the water makeup tank used in the HVACs system. Explain Types of makeup
tanks:**

Water makeup tanks are used in HVAC systems to replenish water lost through evaporation,
leaks, or blowdown. Types include pressurized and atmospheric makeup tanks.

28. **What is the meaning of override function in the HVAC safety control system:**

The override function in HVAC safety control systems allows manual intervention to bypass
certain safety features temporarily for troubleshooting or maintenance purposes.

29. **Why the cooler shell heater coil is given:**

Cooler shell heater coils are provided to prevent condensation or freezing on the chiller’s
shell surfaces by maintaining them above the dew point temperature.
 30. **Why crankcase heater is used in the compressor:**

Crankcase heaters are used in compressors to keep the refrigerant oil warm and prevent it
from thickening or solidifying during off cycles.

31. **What are the reasons for mechanical seal get damage in water pumps:**

Mechanical seal damage in water pumps can result from improper installation, abrasive
contaminants in the fluid, or excessive pump vibration.

32. **Why the thermostatic expansion valve have equalizer line, explain the function:**

The equalizer line on a thermostatic expansion valve balances pressure between the valve’s
inlet and outlet to ensure proper operation under varying conditions.

33. **How you will check electronic expansion valve, how it works, how much volts its
work:**

Electronic expansion valves can be checked using diagnostic tools to monitor valve position,
superheat, and system performance. They typically operate on low-voltage control signals.

34. **What the change over time between stars to delta:**

The changeover time between star and delta connections in motors depends on the
motor’s design and control system but is typically a few seconds to transition between the
two configurations.

35. **What are the names of parts inside the reciprocating compressor:**

Parts inside a reciprocating compressor include piston, cylinder, crankshaft, connecting rod,
suction and discharge valves, and motor.

36. **Why the liquid sensor is used in chiller:**

Liquid sensors in chillers detect the presence of liquid refrigerant in the compressor to
prevent damage due to liquid slugging.
 37. **If the AHU is not getting on that time outdoor unit will work or not:**

If the AHU is not turning on, the outdoor unit may still operate depending on the system
design and control settings.

38. **What are the safety precautions we have to take when working on hot work:**

Safety precautions for hot work include wearing appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE), ensuring adequate ventilation, and following established safety procedures
to prevent fires and burns.

39. **What are the safeties we have to take when working on confined space area:**

Safety precautions for working in confined spaces include proper training, monitoring for
hazardous gases, using ventilation equipment, and having rescue procedures in place.

40. **What are the safeties we have to take when working at height:**

Safety precautions for working at height include wearing fall protection equipment, using
secure scaffolding or ladders, and following safe work practices to prevent falls and injuries.

41. **What are the safeties we have to take when working on electrical works:**

Safety precautions for electrical work include de-energizing equipment, using insulated
tools, wearing appropriate PPE, and following lockout/tagout procedures to prevent electric
shock and arc flash hazards.

These are the complete answers to all 41 questions you provided.