Docsity Exposure and Dose Calculation Units and Quantities Lecture Slides

Exposure and Dose Calculation-
Units and Quantities-Lecture Slides

Radiation Quantities and Units
Bharat Ratna Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University
28 pag.
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Lecture 4
EXPOSURE AND DOSE

CALCULATIONS
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Exposure
 Exposure: X= Q / m
where Q is the sum of the electrical charges on
all the ions of one sign produced in air when all
the electrons (negatrons and positrons), liberated
by photons in a volume element of air whose
mass is m, are completely stopped in air
 Exposure rate = X/ t
 Units of exposure
 SI unit: Exposure unit (X-unit), 1 X-unit = 1 C/kg air
 Old unit: Roentgen (R), 1 R = 1 esu / cm3 of dry air
 1 R = 2.58x10-4 C/kg
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Inter-conversion of exposure units
Conversion of X-unit
1C 1 ip 18 ip s 15 ip s
1 X  Unit   19
 6.24 10  6.24 10
1 kg 1.602 10 C kg g
ips 4.8 1010 esu 1.293 103 g air esu
6.24 1015
  3
 3874 3
g 1 ip 1 cm air cm air
1 X  Unit  3874 R
1C 1 ip 34 eV 1.602 1019 J 1 Gy
1 X  Unit   19
  
1 kg 1.602 10 C 1 ip 1 eV 1 J/kg
 34 Gy
1 X  Unit  3874 R  34 Gy
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Inter-conversion of exposure units
Conversion of Roentgen (R) cont’d
1 esu 1 cm3 air 1 ip 12 i.p s
1R    1.61  10
1 cm3 air 1.293 10-3g air 4.8 1010 esu g air
i.ps 1.602 1019 C 103 g C
1 R  1.611012    2.58 104
g air 1 ip 1 kg kg air
 2.58 104 X  Units
i.ps 34 eV 13 eV
1 R  1.611012
  5.48 10 
g air 1 ip g air
1.602 1012 erg 1 rad
   0.877 rad
1eV 100 erg
1 R  2.58 104 X  Units  0.877 rad
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Conversion table
R rad X-unit Gy
R 1
rad 1
X-unit 1
Gy 1
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Gamma Ray Exposure Rate
 Energy deposition rate per unit mass of air
f  I  E   a  
air
I = gamma ray intensity (s/cm2.sec)

f = abundance or yield of gamma per disintegration
E = gamma ray energy (MeV)
(a/)air = mass absorption coefficient of air at E
(cm2/g)
air
 photons   trans   MeV    a   cm   MeV 
2
f   I  2   E        g  sec 
 trans   cm .s   photon 
    g   
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 Charge production rate per unit mass of air
from the energy deposited in air (exposure rate)
air
 a   MeV 106eV 1 ip 1.602 1019C 103g 
f  I  E        

   g  s 1 MeV 34 eV 1 ip 1 kg 
air
or 
12    C 
X  4.712 10 f  E  I  a   kg s 
    
air
or    μC
X  0.01696 f  E  I   a   kg h 
    
For the whole spectrum of energy
air
    C 
X  4.712 1012  fi  Ei  I i   a   kg s 
  i  
air
   μC
X  0.01696 fi  Ei  I i   a   kg h 
i   i  
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In conventional units
air
   MeV 106 eV 1 ip 4.8 1010 esu 1.293 10-3 g 
f  I  E   a       
    g  s 1 MeV 34 eV
3
1 ip 1 cm 
 Exposure rate
air

8  a  R 
X  1.825 10 f  E  I    s
    
 Exposure rate for all energies
air
  a   mR 
X  0.0659 f i  Ei  I i     h 
i   i
 Intensity can be replaced by flux
air
    mR 
X  0.0659 fi  Ei  i   a   h 
i   i
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Exposure over time T
Total exposure over time T
T  
X   X dt  X T
0
 In SI units
air
12  a  C
X  4.712 10 f  E  I T     kg 
    
Here T is in seconds
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Exposure over time T cont’d
 In older units
air
 a 
8
X  1.825 10 f  E  I  T   R 
  
Here time is in seconds
 =IT is called photon fluence
 = ITE= E is called photon energy fluence
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For exposure
rate of 1 mR/h,
gamma ray flux
() as a
function of
gamma rays
energy (E)
air
 a   mR 
0.0659 fi  Ei  i     1  h 
i   i
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Assignment
 For an exposure of 1 C/kg-hr, plot gamma ray

flux () as a function of energy (E)
E (MeV) f.I (s/cm2-s)
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Exposure Rate cont’d
Problem
 What beam intensity of 2 MeV gamma rays is
required to give an exposure rate of 1 mR/h (Exp
9.6, Lamarsh)
air
 
X  0.0659 fi  Ei  i   a 
i   i
 a  
air
X = 1 mR/h, E = 2 MeV, = ?,
f=1
=?
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Absorbed Dose
 Absorbed dose, D = ED / m
where ED is the energy imparted by ionizing
radiation to the matter in a volume element, m
is the mass of the matter in that volume element
 Absorbed dose rate = ED/ t
 SI unit: gray (Gy)
1 Gy = 1 joule/ kg = 1 J/kg
 Old unit: rad (radiation absorbed dose)
1 rad = 100 ergs/ gm
 1 rad = 0.01 Gy
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Dose from Gamma Rays
External Dose Rate
 Gamma ray absorption rate in a tissue
tiss
   MeV 
 f i  I i  Ei   a   g  sec 
i   i  
tiss
 a   MeV 1.602×10-13 J 103g Gy 

i i i i   
f  I  E   × × × 
 i  g×s 1 MeV 1 kg J kg 
 Dose rate tiss

  a   Gy 
D 1.602 10 10
i fi  Ii  Ei      s 
 
 i
tiss
    μGy 
D  0.5767 f i  I i  Ei   a   h 
i   i  
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Dose rate in older
(conventional) units
tiss
   a   MeV 1.602 10-6 erg 1 rad 
D   f i  I i  Ei       
i 
 i  g  s 1 MeV 100 erg/g 
 Dose rate
tiss
     rad 
D 1.602 108  f i  I i  Ei   a   
i   i  s 
or
tiss
   a   m rad 
D  0.0576 f i  I i  Ei     
i   i  h 
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Dose rate cont’d
Problem
Consider a gamma ray beam of quantum energy
0.3 MeV. If the photon flux is 1000 quanta/cm2-s,
and the air temperature is 20oC, what is the
exposure rate at a point in this beam and what is
the absorbed dose rate for soft tissue at this point?
[Example 6.4, Cember)
E = 0.3 MeV,  = 1000 s/cm2-s,
(a/)air = 0.0288 cm2/g, (a/)tiss = 0.0312 cm2/g
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Solution
air
 a   C 
 Exposure rate X  4.712 1012 f  E       kg  s 

   
X  4.712 1012 1 0.3 1000  0.0288
 4 1011 C kg  s 
tiss
  a   Gy 
 Dose rate D 1.602 10 10
f   E     s 
    

D 1.602 1010 11000  0.3  0.0312
 1.5 109 Gy s 
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Exposure to Dose Conversion
In SI units  
tis
 Gy 
 1.602 1010 f  I  E   a 
D
     s 

X   
air
 C 
4.712 1012 f  E  I   a   kg s 
    
or
tis tis
 a   μGy   a 

    
D
 34  air  h  or D  34    Gy 
 a  C / kg 

X  a  μC X air
    kg h    
     
or
 
D f X or D  f  X
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f as a function of
energy (SI units)
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Exposure to Dose Conversion cont’d
Older (conventional) units
tis
   rad 
 1.602 108 f  I  E   a 
D
     s 

X   
air
R 
1.825 108 f  E  I   a   s 
  
or tis
 a 

   rad
D
 0.87  air
 
 a   R 

X
  
 
or
 
D f X or D  f  X
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f as a function of energy (older units)
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Dose rate cont’d
Problem
The flux near a 50 kV x-ray machine is 2.4x106
x-rays/cm2-sec. What is the dose equivalent
rate in bone, muscle, and fat to an operator
standing nearby? [Example 9.7, Lamarsh]
EX = 0.05 MeV, X = 2.4x106 xs/cm2-s

From figure at 0.05 MeV energy
fbone = 3.3, fmuscle = 0.93, ffat = 0.90
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 For E = 0.05 MeV, flux corresponding to 1 mR/h
as seen from figure is 8x103 xs/cm2s
 The exposure rate at the operator is
(2.4x105)/(8x103) = 30 [mR/h]
D f X
Dbone  3.3  30  99 mR h
Dmuscle  0.93  30  28  mR h
D fat  0.9  30  27  mR h
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Intensity and Flux
 For monodirectional beam of gamma rays, the

term intensity (I) of gamma rays is used
 Intensity (I) can be replaced with flux () for non
directional gamma rays
 In the following sections, flux () will be used
instead of Intensity (I)
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Summary
Conversions
R rad X-unit Gy
R 1
rad 1
X-unit 1
Gy 1
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Summary cont’d
Exposure rate
 In conventional units
air
  a  R 
X  1.825 10  fi  Ei  I i   
8
 s 
i   i
 In SI units
air
  a   C 
X  4.712 10 12
i fi  Ei  Ii      kg s 
 i  
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Summary cont’d
Dose rate
 In conventional units
tiss
  a   rad 
D 1.602 10  fi  I i  Ei   
8
 s 
i   i
 In SI units
tiss
  a   Gy 
D 1.602 10 10
i fi  Ii  Ei      s 
 
 i
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Exposure and Dose Calculation-

Units and Quantities-Lecture Slides

Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/exposure-and-dose-calculation-units-and-quantities-lecture-slides/83980/

EXPOSURE AND DOSE

I = gamma ray intensity (s/cm2.sec)

 =IT is called photon fluence

 = ITE= E is called photon energy fluence

 For an exposure of 1 C/kg-hr, plot gamma ray

 a   MeV 1.602×10-13 J 103g Gy 

 Dose rate tiss

EX = 0.05 MeV, X = 2.4x106 xs/cm2-s

 For monodirectional beam of gamma rays, the

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