Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7867

|Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI
Common Name: Ti-13-11-3
UNS Number: R58010
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al, developed by Rem Cru (later
called Crucible Steel) in the mid-1950s, was the
first alloy to stabilize the beta phase of titanium to
room temperature. Thus Ti-13-11-3 for titanium
alloys is analogous to austenitic 18-8 stainless
steel for iron alloys. Its primary use over the last
decade has been for springs.
Ti-13-11-3, also known as B120VCA, is suitable
for operation in the range from —54 to +315 °C (-65
to +600 °F) and higher in certain uses. It possesses
good ductility for ease of fabrication. When aged,
it can be hardened to extremely high strength lev-
els. Its high strength and low density make Ti-13-
11-3 one of the most efficient structural materials
available. It was used for airborne structures that
must sustain temperatures up to 650 °C (1200 °F)
for short periods of time and for lightweight pres-
sure vessels t h a t operate a t t e m p e r a t u r e s from
- 5 4 to +315 °C (-65 to +600 °F) and is also used
as a high-strength fastener material having cold
headability and shear strengths over 825 MPa
(120 ksi).

Chemistry and As a solute-rich beta alloy, Ti-13-11-3 contains
Density relatively large amounts of beta-stabilizer ele-
ments and relatively small amounts of alpha-sta-
bilizer elements. At the nominal composition, Ti-
13V-3A1 base plus 11 percent chromium and low
oxygen content, the alloy is hypoeutectoidal. The
high vanadium content contributes to the stabili-
zation of the beta phase, but it does not contribute
to the titanium-chromium eutectoid relationship.
Density. 4.82 g/cm (0.174 lb/in. )
3 3

Product Forms Although it is used in limited quantities today, metal applications and for springs. Wrought forms
Ti-13-11-3 is still used for some airframe sheet- include billet, bar, plate, sheet, and wire.

Product Ti-13V-llCr-3Al is heat treatable to high
Condition/ strength; is cold rollable; and can be solution
Microstructure treated without distortion because it can be air
cooled. It is highly ductile in the solution-treated
condition and can be severely cold worked without
intermittent annealing. It h a s little directionality
in sheet and strip, low scratch sensitivity, and a
relatively high tolerance for hydrogen. The final
combination of strength and ductility is controlled
over a wide range by selection of heat treating tem-
perature and time.

Applications For several years, Ti-13-11-3 was the only beta
titanium alloy of commercial significance, until
the advent of alloys such as Ti-10-2-3, Ti-15-3, and
Beta C.
Ti-13-11-3 is used for missile applications such
as solid rocket motor cases where extremely high
strengths are required for short periods of time,
and for other structural applications in advanced
manned and unmanned airborne systems. It is
also used for springs for airframe applications,
solid rocket pressure chambers, airframe compo-
nents, welded pressure vessels, fasteners, and
bonded and brazed honeycomb cover sheets.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Specifications

C o m p o s i t i o n , wt%
Specification Designation Description Al C Cr Fe Η Ν Ο V Other

UNSR58010 3 11 13 balTi

Russia

IMP-10 3 11 13 balTi

Spain

UNE 38-729 L-7701 ShStrPltWirBarAnn 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.02 0.05 0.18 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;balTi
UNE 38-729 L-7701 ShStrpPltWirBarHT 25-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.02 0.05 0.18 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;balTi

USA

AMS4917D ShStrPltSHT 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;balTi
AMS4917D ShStrPltSTA 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;balTi
AMS4959B 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.03 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;Y0.005;balTi
AWSA5.16-70 ERTi-13V-llCr- Wir Rod 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.25 0.008 0.03 0.12 12.5-14.5 balTi
3A1
MILF-83142A Comp 12 FrgAnn 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;balTi
MILF-83142A Comp 12 FrgHT 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;balTi
MELT-9046J CodeB-1 ShStrPltSHT 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.15-0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;balTi
(continued)
868 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

71-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Specifications (continued)

Composition, wt%
Specification Designation Description Al C Cr Fe Η Ν Ο V Other

USA (continued)

MILT-9046J CodeB-1 ShStrPltSTA 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.15-0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT 0.4; bal Τι
MILT-9047G Ti-BV-llCr- Bar Bil SHT 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT 0.4; Y 0.005; bal Ή
3A1
MILT-9047G Ti-13V-llCr- Bar Bil STA 2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 OT0.4;Y0.005;balTi
3A1

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Commercial compositions

Composition,%
Specification Designation Description V Other
Al C Cr Fe Η Ν

Japan

Kobe KS13-11-3 Bar Frg SHT 2.5-3.5 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 balTi
Kobe KS13-11-3 Bar Frg STA 2.5-35 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05 0.17 12.5-14.5 balTi

USA

Astro Ti-13V-llCr-3Al BarBilSprg 2.5-3.5 0.05 max 10-12 0.35 max 0.025 0.05 max 0.17 12.5-14.5 balTi
RMI 13V-llCr-3Al
Teledyne Tel-Ti-13V-llCr-
3A1
Timet TIMETAL13-11 IngPltShStrSTA 0.17 12.5-14.5 balTi
2.5-3.5 0.05 10-12 0.35 0.025 0.05
-3

Phases and Structures

Strengthening of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al occurs from Beta Transus. At nominal alloying concentra-

the precipitation of T i C r 2 and α in solute-lean β tions and commercial-grade oxygen contents of
regions (β'). As might be expected, long periods at 0.15 wt% 0 , Ti-13V-llCr-3Al h a s a β transus of
2

solution treatment temperatures result i n unde- about 700 °C (1300 °F). For lower oxygen concen-
sirable grain growth and the associated break- trations (0.05 wt%), the β transus is lowered to
down of favorable nucleation sites for strengthen- about 650 °C (1220 °F).
ing precipitates.
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Phase diagram with variable chro- Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Phase diagram with variable alu-
mium content minum content

800 800 Nominal a l u m i n u m c o n t e n t

Nominal c h r o m i u m c o n t e n t
1400 t B e t a t r a n s u s with highejq
750- 750 oxygen^ontent
Beta t r a n s u s with h i g h e n
oxygen content
9 700- 1300 u.
9 700r H1300 u.

2 ω 8
3
3 β + TiCr 2 1200 Εί -I1200 1
5 650- a>
ο. 0)
ω Ε α
ο. ω Ε
Ε 41100 ·- ι ffl

β 600- -moo h

α + β + TiCr
550- 2

-Hooo H1000

500
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Chromium content, wt% Aluminum content, wt%
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R . J . Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R . J . Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC-HB 02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972 MCIC-HB 02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

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Transformation Normal air cooling from above t h e β t r a n s u s re- tastable. However, because the decomposition of
Products tains a room-temperature β structure t h a t is me- metastable β is so sluggish in this solute-rich β al-
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/869

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view Click here to view

loy, decomposition of β below about 315 °C (600 °F) can enhance the formation of intragranular α and
is essentially nonexistent for practical purposes. reduce the extent of grain boundary a. Like other
Deformation can accelerate the decomposition of β, solute-rich β alloys, athermal ω does not form in Ti-
however (see the TTT diagram). 13V-llCr-3Al during quenching. Conditions for
As a solute-rich β alloy, Ti-13V-llCr-3Al is also the formation of isothermal ω have not been de-
more susceptible to t h e formation of grain bound- nned.
ary α during aging. However, prior deformation

Physical Properties

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Summary of typical physical properties

Beta transus - 700 °C (1300 °F)

Melting (liquidus) point Not available
Density(a) 4.82 g/cm (0.174 lb/in. )
3 3

Electrical resistivity(a) 1.4μΩ- m(STAcondition)

Magnetic permeability Nonmagnetic
Specific heat capacity(a) 545 J/kg · K(0.13 Btu/lb • °F)
Thermal conductivity(a) 6.9 W/m · Κ (4.0 Btu/ft • h • °F)
Thermal coefficient of linear expansion(b) 9.67 x lCHYX (5.37 χ la-VP)

(a) Typical v a l u e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e of about 2 0 to 2 5 °C ( 6 8 to 7 8

°F). (b) M e a n coefficient from r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e to 9 5 °C ( 2 0 0 °F)

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Elastic modulus in tension

T e n s i l e m o d u l u s (a)
Solution treated Aged
Temperature material material
°C °F GPa 10 psi 6
GPa 10 psi
6

-54 -65 102 14.8 112 16.2

21 70 100 145(b) 107(b) 15.5(b)
21 70 101 14.7 110 16.0
205 400 96.5 14.0 107 15.5
315 600 91.0 13.2 103 15.0
425 800 85.5 12.4 99.3 14.4
540 1000 80.0 11.6 94.5 13.7

(a) Typical shear m o d u l u s i s 4 3 6 G P a (6.2 χ 1 0 psi) a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , (b) D e s i g n m o d u l u s from M I L - H D B K 5. Source: Mater. Eng., D e c
1987, ρ 112; and Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless Steels, Tool Materials, and Special Purpose Materials, Vol 3 , 9 t h ed.,
A m e r i c a n Society for M e t a l s , 1 9 8 0 . Additional d a t a o n elastic properties are c o n t a i n e d i n M I L - H D B K 5 a n d t h e Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook.
870 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Click here to view
Electrical Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Electrical resistivity Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Electrical resistivity
Resistivity T e m p e r a t u r e , °F
1.8 273 Κ 500 1000
Ti-5AI-2.5Sn Ti-6AI-4V

100 150 200 250 300 -200 200 400 600 800
Temperature, Κ T e m p e r a t u r e , °C

S o u r c e : Cryogenics, Vol 1 0 , 1 9 7 0 , ρ 2 9 5 S o u r c e : Aircraft Designer's Handbook for Titanium and Titanium Al-
loys, AFML-TR-67-142, Mar 1967, reported in R. Wood, Beta Tita-
nium Alloys, MCIC 72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, ρ
34

Chemical/Corrosion Properties

The chemical reactivity of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al is properties. Its corrosion resistance in reducing en-
fairly typical of other titanium alloys. vironments appears to be less t h a n other titanium
In either the solution treated or aged condition, alloys (see figure). In hot air, however, Ti-13V-
it is corrosion resistant to seawater, salt and other llCr-3Al does not appear to discolor and scale as
natural environments, oxidizing media, inhibited badly as other titanium alloys at temperatures 260
reducing acids, alkalies, and metallic chlorides at to 315 °C (500 to 600 °F). Little difference among
room temperature. In salt-spray tests, aged Ti- Ti-13-11-3 and other alloys is noted in terms of dis-
13V-llCr-3Al exhibits no pitting and experiences coloration and scaling at higher temperatures.
no general corrosion or degradation in mechanical

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Corrosion comparison in HCI Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Depth of scale after solution treatment

Maximum scale
Ti-6- 6-2 t
Solution heat Hardness(a), depth(b)
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view ] Ti-8-1-1 --1100 treatment HV mm in.

I h 8 7 0 ' C(1600 °F),AC 306 0.03 0.0013

Ti-13-11 -3 1 / 2 h 8 7 0 ' C(1600 °F),AC 318 0.05 0.0022
|80 ^

! 21 Ti-550 ~i 4 h 8 7 0 ' C(1600 °F),AC 349 0.08 0.0033

-

Å
T r a n s a g e 129 l h 9 2 5 ' C(1700 °F),AC 304 0.06 0.0024
H60 2 2 h 9 2 5 ' C(1700 °F),AC 347 0.04 0.0017
4 h 9 2 5 ' C(1700 °F),AC 296 0.09 0.0038

ι
l h 9 8 0 ' C(1800 °F),AC 366 0.06 0.0025
11
ο Ko l h 9 8 0 ' C(1800 °F),FC 344 0.10 0.0047
Ο
Ti-8-8-2-3 ο
( a ) A v e r a g e , b a s e m e t a l a w a y from s c a l e , 2 0 - k g load, (b) D e t e r -
|20
m i n e d b y microscopic e x a m i n a t i o n of c r o s s s e c t i o n . S o u r c e : R A
W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, M C I C 72-11, Battelle Columbus
L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
C o n c e n t r a t i o n of HCI, %

General corrosion of a n n e a l e d titanium alloys in naturally a e r a t e d

HCI solutions.
S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Corrosion, 9th ed., Vol 1 3 , ASM Interna-
tional, 1987, ρ 6 8 0
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/871

Stress-Corrosion Cracking

Like most titanium alloys, Ti-13V-llCr-3Al can
be fairly resistant to aqueous halide stress-corro-
sion cracking (SCC) when used i n its standard
metallurgical condition. However, step-cooled Ti-
13V-llCr-3Al is highly susceptible to SCC in neu-
tral salt solutions, in t h a t loading of smooth sam-
ples can show cracking susceptibility. Typically, a
stress riser (fatigue crack or notch) is needed to in-
itiate SCC susceptibility of titanium alloys.
In β titanium alloys, the β phase may be sus-
ceptible to either transgranular or intergranular
SCC in aqueous media, depending on alloy compo-
sition and microstructure. Intergranular cracking
has only been observed in a few aged β alloys, par-
ticularly with fine α precipitates formed at lower
aging temperatures. Transgranular cleavage of β
phase is known to occur in solution treated Ti-13V-
HCr-3Al (R.J.H. Wanhill, Aqueous Stress Corro-
sion in Titanium Alloys, Brit. Corrosion J., Vol
10(No. 2), 1975, ρ 69-78). Stress-corrosion cracking
susceptibility in this case is mitigated by decreas-
ing t h e grain size and m e a n free path of the β
phase.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Environments known to promote cracking

Environment
Temperature O t h e r t i t a n i u m alloys w i t h
Medium k n o w n susceptibility
Organic compounds
Methyl alcohol (anhydrous) RT T1-6AMV, Gr. 2Ti, Gr. 4 Ti, Ti-4Al-3Mo-lV, Ti-8V-3Al-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo (BetaC), ΊΊ-8Α1-
lMo-lV,Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Methyl chloroform 370 700 Γ1-8ΑΙ-ΙΜ0-ΙV, Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Trichlorofluoroethane 790 1455 T1-8AI-IM0-IV, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-6A1-4V
Salts
Chloride and other halide 230-430 445-805 Most commercial alloys except grade 1,2,7,11,12, and 9
salts/residues
Seawater/NaCl solution(a) RT Unalloyed Ti (with oxygen content >0.3%) Ti-2.5Al-lMo-llSn-5Zr-0.2Si (ΕνΠ-679), Ή-5Α1-
2.5Sn, Ti-8Mn,Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa, Ti-4Al-3Mo-l V, T1-8AI-IM0-
IV, Ti-6Al-2Sn^Zr-6Mo
Metal embrihlement
Cadmium (solid + liquid) 25-600 75-1110 Ti-8Mn, grade 2, T1-6A1-4V
Mercury (liquid) 370 700 Gr. 4 Ti, T1-6AMV, Ti-8 Al- lMo-1V

Source: R. S c h u t z , Stress-Corrosion Cracking of T i t a n i u m Alloys, i n Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation,
A S M International, 1 9 9 2 . (a) S m o o t h s a m p l e susceptibility for s t e p cooled Ti-13-11-3

Aqueous Like other susceptible titanium alloys, t h e
Media SCC of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al in aqueous media is also
influenced by t h e type and concentration of species
in solution, t h e pH, temperature, a n d viscosity of
the solution, a n d the metal potential in t h e solu-
tion. The general effect of these environmental fac-
tors is discussed in "Technical Note 2: Corrosion"
in this Volume. Like most SCC-susceptible tita-
nium alloys, anodic or cathodic polarization tends
to inhibit SCC and increase . K i s c c values for Ti- 13V-
llCr-3Al (see figure). Increasing potential also in-
creases cracking velocity i n neutral halide solu-
tions, b u t not in highly acidic solutions. Cracking
C K l s c c ) thresholds in 3.5% NaCI solutions at room
temperature range from about 28 to 44 MPaVrrT
(26to40ksiVm7).

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Fracture toughness in air and 3.5% NaCI solution at 25 °C

Thickness Yield s t r e n g t h feorgt KisccorKscc

mm in. MPa ksi MPaVnT ksiVin. MPaVm ksiVin.
3.3 0.13 882(ST) 128 97 89 28 26
13 0.50 827(ST) 120 >110 >100 38 35
1103(STA) 160 77 70 33 30
5 0.20 1055(STA) 153 71 65 35 32

S p e c i m e n s w e r e S T o r STA a s s h o w n . D a t a w e r e g e n e r a t e d i n a m b i e n t neutral 3 . 5 % N a C I solution. I t s h o u l d b e cautioned t h a t t h e s e

v a l u e s are h i g h l y d e p e n d e n t o n alloy composition, metallurgical condition, a n d product form a n d t h i c k n e s s a n d , therefore, m a y or m a y not
b e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f alloy commercially available product m a t e r i a l s . Source: R. S c h u t z , Stress-Corrosion C r a c k i n g of T i t a n i u m Alloys, i n
Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation, A S M International, 1 9 9 2
872 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Effect of potential on aqueous S C C LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view
60
0.6M K C I at 24 ° c

\ H50

50

MPaVm _ 40

40 ^^*Δ = 71

i 0^ 30
=66 -

'» 3 0
Δ

' =-110 _
2 0 55
20

10 • Ti-11 ill itinn trpatpH

a n d a g e d a t 4 8 0 ° C for 1 0 0 h
0
Ti-8Mn, mill a n n e a l e d -
Δ
Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI, w a t e r q u e n c h e d from 9 5 0 ° C

-2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500

Potential, m V

Within a narrow potential region (typically c e n t e r e d around - 5 0 0 m V S C E ) , K j ^ r e a c h e s a minimum v a l u e that d e p e n d s o n t h e alloy a n d its met-
allurgical condition.
S o u r c e : T.R. Beck, M.J. Blackburn, W.H. Smyrl, a n d M.P. Speidel, "Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys: Electrochemical Kinetics, S C C
S t u d i e s With Ti: 8-1-1, S C C a n d Polarization C u r v e s in Molten Salts, Liquid Metal EmbritHement, a n d S C C S t u d i e s With O t h e r Titanium Alloys,"
Quarterly P r o g r e s s Report 1 4 , Contract NAS 7-489, Boeing Scientific R e s e a r c h Laboratories, D e c 1 9 6 9

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Methanol and Unlike other engineering metals, titanium and TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Effect of potential on crack veloc-
Other zirconium alloys are unique in their strong suscep-
Alcohols tibility to SCC in methanol liquids and vapor.
-Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI
Transgranular SCC generally is observed in those -Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn K=A0
titanium alloys t h a t are susceptible to SCC in
aqueous solutions. However, intergranular failure
δΚ = 45
in methanol is observed primarily in Ti-13V-llCr-
3A1. This fracture mode is also commonly observed
in almost all titanium alloys during stage I crack- K=40
ing at low stress levels. Intergranular cracking in
methanol generally involves anodic dissolution
and requires little or no stress to propagate. Appli-
cation of stress accelerates cracking, but this mode
of propagation r e m a i n s independent of stress
level.
For both intergranular and transgranular SCC
in methanol, halogen/halide additions accelerate -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500
cracking, whereas w a t e r has an inhibitive effect. Potential, m V
Stress-corrosion cracking is generally difficult to Although t h e i n c r e a s e of potential s e r v e s t o i n c r e a s e cracking ve-
observe in absolutely pure methanol, but becomes locity in this neutral halide solution, s t a g e II crack velocity b e c o m e s
favored at HCI levels above ΙΟ" M. The minimum 6
i n d e p e n d e n t of applied potential in highly acidic solutions. A s a re-
sult, inhibition via c a t h o d i c polarization is not a c h i e v a b l e in highly
level of water required for full SCC inhibition (about
acidic solutions.
2 to 3 wt% for Ή-13-11-3) depends on alloy composi- S o u r c e : R. Schutz, Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys, in
tion, metallurgical condition, temperature, halide Stress Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation,
level, acidity, and other species present. ASM International, 1 9 9 2
Other Alcohols. The SCC susceptibility is
limited primarily to methanol for most commercial
titanium alloys such as Ti-13V-llCr-3Al. However,
t h e addition of halogens, such C I 2 , B r 2 , or I 2 , or
other (nonoxygen containing) strong oxidizers (i.e., grades. Depending on the alloy and on the oxidizer
FeC^) to various anhydrous alcohols can induce concentration, much higher water levels are re-
SCC in all titanium alloys, even the unalloyed quired for SCC inhibition.
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7873

Hot-Salt Ti-13V-llCr-3Al has intermediate susceptibil- (e.g., rivet, screw, spot, and fusion welds). Some
Cracking ity to hot-salt SCC, but the alloy is not considered susceptibility also was indicated on material
quite as susceptible to salt corrosion as Ti-6A1-4V worked by bending. Although the stress levels t h a t
or Ti-8Al-lMo-lV. Early NASA experiments promote stress corrosion are undefined in these
(NASA TN D-2011, Dec 1963) indicate t h a t most tests, it is apparent t h a t operations resulting in
salt-exposed material in t h e aged condition will high residual stresses promote susceptibility to
crack with a 285 °C (550 °F), 689 MPa (100 ksi) ex- the salt-cracking phenomenon at 260 °C (500 °F) in
posure during a 4000- to 6000-h run. Other Lock- less t h a n 2000 h, and in most fastener applications
heed salt tests a t 260 °C (500 °F) have indicated a in less t h a n 100 h (R. Woods, Beta Titanium Alloys,
pronounced stress-corrosion susceptibility of both MCIC 72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
annealed and aged Ti-13V-llCr-3Al when exposed 1972, ρ 67).
in tests simulating various fastening techniques

Thermal Properties

Heaf Capacity Specific Heat. 545 J/kg Κ (0.13 Btu/lb °F)at Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Specific heat
room temperature. LIVE GRAPH
T e m p e r a t u r e , °F Click here to view
500 1000
Γ ι—•—•—·—<—i
900
0.20
Instantanec >us v a l u e s \

0.15 5
'600

- 0.10

o 300 / X
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Specific heat at low temperatures a. MIL-HDBK5
CO 0.05 CO
per ASD-TDR-62-335 \
Temperature, Specific heat
Κ J/kg Κ Btu/lb °F

20 12 0.00291 0.00
-250 250 500 750
25 22 0.00528
30 35 0.00839 T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
40 69 0.01663 S o u r c e : R. W o o d a n d H. O g d e n , T h e All-Beta Titanium Alloy (Ti-
50 112 0.02680 13V-11Cr-3AI)," DMIC Report 110, D e f e n s e Metals Information
60 157 0.03754 Center, Apr 1 9 5 9
70 200 0.04780
80 240 0.05737
90 276 0.06607 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Instantaneous specific heat
100 309 0.07381
120 361 0.08632
Temperature Specific heat
140 400 0.09555
J/kg Κ Btu/lb °F
160 430 0.1029
180 454 0.1085 0 32 548 0.131
200 473 0.1131 38 100 536 0.128
220 488 0.1167 93 200 531 0.127
240 500 0.1196 205 400 573 0.137
260 510 0.1219 315 600 669 0.160
280 518 0.1239 425 800 833 0.199
300 526 0.1258
S o u r c e : R A W o o d a n d H . R . O g d e n , " T h e A l l - B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloy
N o t e : S p e c i m e n s w e r e s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a t 7 8 5 °C ( 1 4 5 0 ° F ) for 2 0 (Ti-13V-llCr-3Al)," Defense M e t a l s Information Center, D M I C
m i n , a i r cooled, t h e n a g e d a t 4 8 0 °C ( 9 0 0 ° F ) for 6 0 h , a i r cooled. Report 110,17 A p r 1959
Composition: 3.5 w t % Al, 0.04 w t % C, 10.4 w t % C r , 0.25 w t % F e ,
114 p p m H , a n d 1 3 . 9 w t % V. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e
m a d e in t h e temperature range 2 1 to 300 °K with temperature in- Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Specific heat
c r e m e n t s of 2 t o 7°. F o u r t e m p e r a t u r e r e g u l a t i n g b a t h s w e r e u s e d
to cover t h e desired t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e : liquid hydrogen, liquid ni- Temperature Specific heat
t r o g e n , solid c a r b o n d i o x i d e / e t h a n o l , a n d i c e w a t e r . M e a s u r e m e n t s J/kg Κ Btu/lb °F
w i t h i n a given b a t h w e r e t a k e n to overlap m e a s u r e m e n t s from t h e
93 200 532 0.127
a d j a c e n t t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . S o u r c e : W. Z i e g l e r , J . M i l l i n s , a n d S .
205 400 557 0.133
H w a , Specific H e a t a n d T h e r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y o f F o u r C o m m e r c i a l
315 600 590 0.141
T i t a n i u m A l l o y s , Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol 8, P l e - 425 800 0.147
615
n u m Press, 1963, ρ 268 540 1000 645 0.154
650 1200 678 0.162

S o u r c e : H . W . R o s e n b e r g , T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l D a t a S h e e t , Beta Tita-
nium Alloys in the 80's, R . R . B o y e r a n d H . W . R o s e n b e r g , E d . ,
T M S / A I M E , 1984, ρ 397-400
874 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Thermal Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal coefficient of linear expan- Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Mean thermal coefficient of linear
Expansion sion
Typical values for thermal expansion between 21 °C (70 °F) T e m p e r a t u r e , °F
and temperature indicated 500 1000
12
Temperature Thermal coefficient F r o m DMIC R e p o r t 1 1 0 , h 9 5 9
"C °F io-*/°c
93 200 9.67 5.37
205 400 9.88 5.49
315 600 9.99 5.55
425 800 10.10 5.61
540 1000 10.24 5.69
650 1200 10.44 5.80

Source: H . R o s e n b e r g , T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l D a t a S h e e t , i n Beta Ήία-

nium Alloys in the 1980's, R. B o y e r a n d H. Rosenberg, Ed.,
TMS/AIME, ρ 397

-250 0 250 500 750

T e m p e r a t u r e , °C

M e a n coefficient from room t e m p e r a t u r e to indicated temperature

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal expansion

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal coefficient of linear ex-
pansion T e m p e r a t u r e , °F
-400 300 -200 -100 0 100
Temperature, °F
-400 -200 0 200 400
600 800 1000 Solution treated bar
τ •—ι ι
M e a n coeffici jnt from t e m p e r a ! u r e i n d i c a t e d
LIVE GRAPH -0.05
Click here to view

-0.1

RT -0.15r-
—
Interior from 3 8 ° C ( 1 0 0 ° F )
Exterior from 3 8 =C ( 1 0 0 °F) E x p a n s i o n (%) = 1 0 0 ( L T -L^/L^
1 °C (35 °F) -0.2

-270 -180 -90 0 90

T e m p e r a t u r e , °C
-300 0 300 600
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C 1 9 m m (0.750 in.) d i a m b a r solution t r e a t e d 7 7 0 °C (1425 °F), AC.
S o u r c e : V. Α φ ef al., T h e r m a l Expansion of S o m e Engineering Ma-
S o u r c e : Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4 , C o d e 3 7 1 3 , terials from 2 0 ° to 2 9 3 °K, Cryogenics, Vol 2(No. 4), June 1962, re-
Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, ρ 6 ported in Cryogenics Materials Data Handbook, Vol 1, F.
Schwartzberg, R. H e r z o g , S . O s g o o d , a n d M. Knight, AFML-TR-64-
280,1970, ρ 739

Thermal Room-Temperature Value. 6.9 W/m · Κ (4.0

Conductivity Btu/ft h °F). Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal conductivity at low tempera-
tures

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal conductivity at various tem- Temperature, T h e r m a l conductivity

peratures Κ W/m Κ Btu/ft h-TP

296.65 8.02 4.63

Temperature Conductivity 283.96 7.67 4.43
W/m Κ Btu/ft h °F 223.90 6.23 3.60
212.78 5.90 3.41
93 200 9.69 5.60
205 400 12.02 6.95 82.06 2.94 1.69
315 600 14.53 8.40 25.37 1.11 0.64
425 800 17.12 9.90 25.34 1.09 0.63
540 1000 19.81 11.45 23.91 0.92 0.53
650 1200 22.57 13.05 23.89 0.92 0.53
24.96 1.08 0.62
24.96 1.09 0.63
Source: H . R o s e n b e r g , T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l D a t a S h e e t , i n Beta Tita-
nium Alloys in the 1980's, R. B o y e r a n d H . R o s e n b e r g , Ed.,
Source: Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol 8, Κ Timmerhaus,
TMS/AIME, 1984, ρ 397
Ed., P l e n u m P r e s s , 1 9 6 3 , ρ 2 7 2
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7875

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Thermal conductivity

T e m p e r a t u r e , °F
0 500 1000
• q 1 4

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

T e m p e r a t u r e , °C

Mechanical Properties

Design Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: S-basis design tensile properties

Allowables
Ultimate tensile Tensile yield Elonga- Reduction
Thickness strength(a) strength(a) tion(a), ofarea(a),
Condition mm in. MPa ksi MPa ksi %

Annealed sheet, strip, and plate per MIL-T- 0.3-1.24 0.012-0.049 910 132 870 126 8
9046
1.25-100 0.050-4.00 862(b) 125(b) 827(b) 120(b) 10(b)
STA sheet, strip, and plate per MIL-T-9046 <100 <4.00 1172(b) 170(b) 1103(b) 160(b) 3-4(c)
Annealed bar per MIL-T-9047 <175 <7.00 862(d) 125(d) 827(d) 120(d) 10(d) 25(d)
STA bar per MIL-T-9047 with cross sections <100 <4.00 1172(d) 170(d) 1103(d) 160(d) 2-6(e) 510(f)
<103cm (16in. )2 2

(a) A p p l i c a b l e i n l o n g i t u d i n a l (L) a n d l o n g - t r a n s v e r s e (LT) d i r e c t i o n s e x c e p t a s n o t e d , (b) A l s o a p p l i c a b l e i n s h o r t - t r a n s v e r s e d i r e c t i o n , (c) 4 %

e l o n g a t i o n for t h i c k n e s s g r e a t e r t h a n 0 . 6 3 5 mm (0.025 in.), (d) A p p l i c a b l e i n L T o r S T d i r e c t i o n if L T o r S T d i m e n s i o n i s g r e a t e r t h a n 7 5 m m
(3 i n . ) . ( e ) 2 % e l o n g a t i o n i n t h e L T a n d S T d i r e c t i o n s , (f) 5 % r e d u c t i o n of a r e a i n L T a n d S T d i r e c t i o n s . S o u r c e : M T L - H D B K 5 , I D e c 1 9 9 1

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: S-basis bearing, compressive, and shear strengths of sheet and plate

Property Test c o n d i t i o n
Annealed 1.25 to 100 m m (0.50 to 4.00 in.) thick
Compressive yield strength, MPa (ksi) L,LT ST 827 (120)
Ultimate shear strength, MPa (ksi) 634 (92)
Ultimate bearing strength, MPa (ksi) elD = 1.5 1427 (207)
elD = 2.0 1861 (270)
Bearing yield strength, MPa (ksi) e/D = 1.5 1165 (169)
e/D = 2.0 1379 (200)
STA <100 m m (<4.00 in.) thick
Compressive yield strength, MPa (ksi) L,LT ST 1117 (162)
Ultimate shear strength, MPa (ksi) 724 (105)
Ultimate bearing strength, MPa (ksi) elD = 1.5 1710 (248)
elD = 2.0 2158 (313)
Bearing yield strength, MPa (ksi) elD = 1.5 1496 (217)
e/D = 2.0 1703 (247)

Source: MIL-T-9046 a n d M I L - H D B K 5
876 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Hardness TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Knoop and Rockwell hardness

Condition Knoop hardness Rockwell C hardness

Unwelded sheet, 965 MPa (140 ksi) UTS 300 30.6
Single-bead weld, 950 MPa (138 ksi) UTS 320 30.1

S o u r c e : Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless Steels, Tool Materials, and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 3 , 9 t h e d . , A m e r i c a n
S o c i e t y for M e t a l s , 1980, ρ 3 6 8

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Vickers hardness of weldments

Post-weld Hardness(a), HV
heat treatment Base metal HAZ Weld zone

As welded 280 278 253

Weld+2h315 C(600°F) o
257 287 315
Weld+4h315°C(600°F) 287 291 368
Weld+8h315°C(600°F) 265 281 383

N o t e : S p o t w e l d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d b y h a r d n e s s t e s t i n g a c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e w e l d n u g g e t . T h e h a r d n e s s s u r v e y indicated
t h a t d e c o m p o s i t i o n t a k e s p l a c e a f t e r s h o r t - t e r m t h e r m a l e x p o s u r e a t 3 1 5 °C ( 6 0 0 °F). I n c r e a s e i n h a r d n e s s i s confined to t h e w e l d m e t a l , (a)
150-gload. Source: DMIC Report 110,1959

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Rockwell hardness v s reduction

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Rockwell hardness v s aging time of area at room temperature

50
Shear formed -—*
LIVE GRAPH - 3 0 0 °C (570 °F)
Click here to view " 3 5 0 °C (660 °F)
- 4 0 0 °C (750 °F)
- 4 5 0 °C (840 °F)
»— --_____J

- 5 0 0 °C (930 °F)
;45h

40

I 30 / _ · ST
35r- ° R e d u c e d + a g e 4 8 0 °C (900 °F), 2 4 h, AC
Δ
R e d u c e d + S T 7 7 0 °C (1425 °F),
30 A C + a g e 4 8 0 °C (900 °F), 2 4 h, AC

25 20

10 100 1000 25 50 75
Aging time, h Reduction, %

T h e rapid i n c r e a s e in h a r d n e s s that follows t h e initial s t a g e s of aging S o u r c e : F. J a c o b s , "Mechanical Properties of Materials Fabricated by

o c c u r s a t t i m e s corresponding to t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h e α p h a s e . S h e a r Forming," A S D TDR-62-830, Feb 1963, reported in Aerospace
Strips from s h e e t w e r e v a c u u m a n n e a l e d at 8 5 0 °C ( 1 5 6 0 °F) for Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, C o d e 3713, Battelle Columbus
a b o u t 4 h a n d cold rolled to a thickness of 0.4 m m ( 0 . 0 1 5 in.). C o u - Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , p 5
p o n s w e r e p r e p a r e d from rolled material a n d solution t r e a t e d a t 8 0 0
° C ( 1 4 7 0 °F) for 9 0 min in purified helium, t h e n q u e n c h e d in water,
oil o r air. S e v e r a l c o u p o n s w e r e solution treated a t 9 0 0 °C (1650 °F)
LIVE GRAPH
a n d w a t e r q u e n c h e d . Aging w a s d o n e in salt b a t h s held a t 2 5 0 t o
Click here to view
5 0 0 °C ( 4 8 0 t o 9 3 0 °F) to 1000 h.
S o u r c e : G.H. N a r a y a n a n a n d T. Archbold, Decomposition of t h e
M e t a s t a b l e B e t a P h a s e in t h e All-Beta Alloy Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI, Metall.
Trans., Vol 1 , 1 9 7 0 , ρ 2281 -2290
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/ 877

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Hardness at low temperatures

T e m p e r a t u r e , °F
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

300| | | | |

-270 -180 -90 0 90

T e m p e r a t u r e , °C

1.5 m m (0.060 in.) s h e e t solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d .

S o u r c e : L. Rice, T h e Evaluation of t h e Effects of Very Low Tem-
p e r a t u r e s o n t h e Properties of Aircraft a n d Missile Metals," WADD
T R 60-254, F e b 1 9 6 0 , reported in Cryogenic Materials Data Hand-
book, Vol 1, F. S c h w a r t z b e r g , R. Herzog, S. O s g o o d , a n d M. Knight,
Ed., A F M L - T R - 6 4 - 2 8 0 , 1 9 7 0 , ρ 7 3 6

Typical Tensile Properties

See also "Heat Treatmenf' for tensile properties.

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Typical RT tensile properties of bar, rod, and wire

Ultimate tensile Tensile yield Elonga-

Diameter strength s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset) tion,
mm in. Condition MPa ksi MPa ksi %

Annealed or annealed + aged

19 0.750 64 h, 480 °C (900 °F) + 1 h, 565 °C (1050 °F) 1289 187 1213 176 5.0
14 0575 Annealed 993 144 986 143 22.5
48h,480°C(900°F) 1365 198 1206 175 8.0
72h,480°C(900°F) 1461 212 1296 188 6.0
6.5 0.257 Annealed 1034 150 993 144 23.3
48h,480°C(900°F) 1420 206 1289 187 10.0
72h,480°C(900°F) 1475 214 1344 195 6.7
Cold worked or cold worked + aged
1.5 0.062 Cold drawn, 92% 1751 254 4.0
92% + 24 h, 370 °C (700 °F) 1999 290 8.0
92% + 24 h, 425 °C (800 °F) 2151 312 4.0

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium. Alloys, M C I C - 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: RT tensile properties of forged and heat treated bars

4 8 0 °C ( 9 0 0 ° F ) Ultimate tensile Tensile yield Elonga- Reduction

Bar size aging strength s t r e n g t h (0.2% offset) tion, of a n
mm in. treatment, h Direction MPa ksi MPa ksi % %
150 6 48 L 1264 183.3 1153 167.2 8.0 13.7
Τ 1297 188.1 1169 169.6 8.0 8.5
100 4 48 L 1474 213.9 1388 201.3 4.0 11.6
Τ 1396 202.5 1307 189.6 4.0 12.4
75 3 48 L 1478 214.4 1369 198.6 6.0 9.3
Τ 1462 212.1 1364 197.9 3.0 6.2
30 L 1438 208.6 1341 194.6 6.5 8.5
Τ 1407 204.1 1288 186.9 5.0 12.0
50 2 30 L 1368 198.5 1241 180.0 7.0 10.0
Τ 1340 194.4 1232 178.7 5.0 12.0
30 1.2 20 L 1424 206.6 1290 187.2 10.0 15.8

C e n t e r of b a r s a m p l e s . B a r s a g e d d i r e c t l y from f o r g i n g o p e r a t i o n . S o u r c e : R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus

Laboratories, 1972, ρ 38
878 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Typical tensile strength after aging

1600
4 8 0 °C ( 9 0 0
220
Aging LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
1400
|200 £

180
ω 12001-
4 2 5 °C ( 8 0 0 °F)
5 9 5 °C ( 1 1 0 0 ^FJ — —
160-
Aging^-^- α
Aging
å
140 5

800 -Η 2 0

25 50 75 100
Aging time, h

Effect of a g i n g time on t h e tensile strength of longitudinal s h e e t .

S o u r c e : R A Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o -
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Effect of TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Effect of cold work on tensile properties of STA sheet
Cold Work
Cold Ultimate tensile Tensile y i e l d Elongation Reduction
reduction, strength s t r e n g t h (0.2%) i n 5 0 m m (2 in.), of area,
% MPa ksi MPa ksi % %
0 924 134 903 131 25 50
10 1013 147 951 138 17 42
20 1117 162 1013 147 12 36
30 1206 175 1103 160 8 32
40 1289 187 1193 173 6 28
50 1372 199 1268 184 6 25
60 1434 208 1337 194 5 22
70 1489 216 1399 203 4 22
80 1537 223 1482 215 2 16

S o u r c e : Alloy Digest, Code Ti-28

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Wire s i z e n o t reported. S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Co-

S o u r c e : R A Wood, S e i a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o - l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972
 T i - 1 3 V - 1 1 C r - 3 A I / 879

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view
Click here to view
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Aged tensile strengths of strained
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Aged UTS after reduction sheet

2000 1600
9 0 % cold work o-|280
220
5 0 % cold work 260
1400 200
240
1 0 % cold work in,
180 ·=
I -I2 2 0 1200
"Ultimate t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h 160 Β
200 c
σ T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h
< S 10001
180 140 «
55
Sheet thickness:
160
0.6 m m ( 0 . 0 2 5 in.) 120
800
3 1000h 0 % cold work 1 m m ( 0 . 0 4 0 in.)
140
2 m m ( 0 . 0 8 0 in.) 100
800 120 600
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 4 8 12 16
Aging time, h Prestrain, %

Wire s i z e not reported, a g e d at 4 2 5 °C ( 8 0 0 °F). Effect of straining after solution t r e a t m e n t o n t h e s u b s e q u e n t a g e d

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o - properties of s h e e t a g e d 7 2 h at 4 8 0 °C (900 °F).
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e f a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o -
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Notched TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Notched tensile properties of cold worked sheet

Strength
- 6 5 °F T e s t s Room-temperature tests
Notched Notched/ Notched Notched/
Cold work strength unnotched strength unnotched
% MPa ksi ratio MPa ksi ratio

None 1558 226 1.03 1199 174 1.24

10 1523 221 1.19 1255 182 1.20
20 1634 237 1.25 1344 195 1.16
40 1710 248 1.18 1482 215 1.08
60 1710 248 1.09 1586 230 1.12
80 1668 242 1.01 1586 230 1.02

N o t e : S o l u t i o n t r e a t e d s h e e t w a s cold w o r k e d a s i n d i c a t e d . S o u r c e : T h e A l l - B e t a Alloy T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l , " D M I C 110, R. W o o d a n d H . O g d e n ,

Ed., Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1959, ρ 79

LIVE GRAPH
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Notch strength ratio of sheet after Click here to view
cold rolling Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: RT notch strength of ST sheet
E x p o s u r e t e m p e r a t u r e , °F
1.2 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

LIVE GRAPH Longitudinal

Click here to view

Q-4I ι I I ; I
0 10 20 30 40 50 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Cold r e d u c t i o n , % E x p o s u r e t e m p e r a t u r e , °C

S h e e t 1.6 m m (0.063 in.) thick w a s solution treated. Notch radius
w a s l e s s t h a n 0.0178 m m (0.0007 in.) for 6 0 ° notch o n two s i d e s .
S o u r c e : A. R e p k o a n d W. Brown, Jr., Influence of Cold Rolling a n d
Aging o n S h a r p Notch Properties of B e t a Titanium S h e e t , Proc.
ASTM, Vol 6 2 , 1 9 6 2 , ρ 8 6 9 ; a l s o in A Review of Factors Influencing
the Crack Tolerance of Titanium Alloys, J . S h a n n o n , Jr., a n d W.
Brown, Jr., Ed., ASTM S T P 4 3 2 , ASTM, 1 9 6 8 , ρ 3 3
S h e e t 1.3 m m (0.050 in.) thick w a s solution h e a t treated, t h e n ex-
p o s e d at t h e e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s indicated.
S o u r c e : A. R e p k o a n d W. Brown, Jr., A Review of Factors Influenc-
ing the Crack Tolerance of Titanium Alloys, J . S h a n n o n , Jr., a n d W.
Brown, Jr., Ed., ASTM S T P 4 3 2 , ASTM, 1 9 6 8 , ρ 3 3
880 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

High-Temperature Strength

Tensile Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Tensile properties vs temperature of aged specimens

Strength
lest Ultimate tensile Tensile yield Elongation M o d u l u s of
temperature strength s t r e n g t h (0.2%) i n 5 0 m m (2 in.), elasticity
°C °F MPa ksi MPa ksi % GPa 10 psi
6

21 70 1406 204 1275 185 6 107 15.6

93 200 1320 191.5 1158 168 7 106 15.4
205 400 1255 182 1041 151 8 102 14.8
315 600 1220 177 986 143 10 98 14.3
425 800 1068 155 937 136 10 95 13.8
540 1000 786 114 672 97.5 12 92 13.4

S o u r c e : Alloy Digest, C o d e Ti-27

TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Tensile properties v s temperature of annealed sheet and bar

Test Ultimate tensile Tensile yield Elongation M o d u l u s of

temperature strength s t r e n g t h (0.2%) i n 50 m m elasticity
°C °F MPa ksi MPa ksi (2in.),% GPa 10 psi
6

21 70 920 133.5 903 131 21 101 14.7

93 200 862 125 817 118.5 21 98 14.3
205 400 841 122 765 111 23 96 14.0
315 600 793 115 668 97 23 91 13.2
425 800 851 123.5 717 104 18 85 12.4
540 1000 696 101 655 95 34 80 11.6

S o u r c e : Alloy Digest, C o d e Ti-27

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view Click here to view
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Typical tensile properties v s tem- TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: Strength v s temperature of STA
perature sheet (design allowables)
T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , °F Temperature, °F
0 500 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
2000 100
Annealed UTS

J / Aged UTS
1500
2 0 0 -*
Aged YS ~ 80h

4. iooo
Annealed YS — ^ - - - o ^ I ^ - - - - - - - .
100 60h
500 T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h

40
-250 0 250 500 750 0 200 400 600
T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , °C T e m p e r a t u r e , °C

Annealed/solution h e a t treated a n d solution h e a t t r e a t e d + 4 8 0 ° C Strength at t e m p e r a t u r e after e x p o s u r e u p to 1/2 h.

(900 °F) a g e d conditions of s h e e t . S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991
S o u r c e : R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o -
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/ 881

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Strength vs temperature of an-

nealed sheet (design allowables)
T e m p e r a t u r e , °F
200 400 600 800 1000

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

sol I
0 120 240 360 480 600
T e m p e r a t u r e , °C

Strength a t t e m p e r a t u r e after e x p o s u r e u p to 1/2 h.

S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Bearing Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: STA high-temperature bearing strength

Strength
Bearing S t r e n g t h , M P a (ksi), at:
strength 2 6 °C (80 °F) 9 3 °C ( 2 0 0 °F) 205 "C (400°F) 3 1 5 °C ( 6 0 0 ° F ) 4 2 5 °C (800°F) 540 °C ( 1 0 0 0 °1

e/d=l£,L
Ultimate 1634 (237) 1496 (217) 1413 (205) 1386 (201) 1344 (195) 1179 (171)
Yield 1324 (192) 1193 (173) 1179 (171) 1144 (166) 1137 (165) 951 (138)
eld=VS,T
Ultimate 1606 (233) 1503 (218) 1420 (206) 1386 (201) 1330 (193) 1137 (165)
Yield 1310 (190) 1227 (178) 1179 (171) 1165 (169) 1144 (166) 937 (136)
e/d=2,0,L
Ultimate 2123 (308) 1930 (280) 1840 (267) 1806 (262) 1772 (257) 1510 (219)
Yield 1544 (224) 1386 (201) 1413 (205) 1392 (202) 1351 (196) 1144 (166)
<r/d=Z0,T
Ultimate 2096 (304) 1944 (282) 1848 (268) 1806 (262) 1751 (254) 1551 (225)
Yield 1572 (228) 1448 (210) 1420 (206) 1420 (206) 1358 (197) 1137 (165)

N o t e : S T A s h e e t 1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 i n . ) t h i c k ; p i n d i a m e t e r , d, w a s 6 m m ( 0 . 2 5 0 i n . ) . S o u r c e : R A . Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Bat-

telle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Bearing yield strength vs tempera-

ture of STA sheet
T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , °F
200 400 600

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

1800
1700

-100 100 200 300 400 500

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , °C

Effect of t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e o n t h e bearing yield strength of s h e e t s o -

lution h e a t t r e a t e d + a g e d 7 2 h a t 4 2 5 °C (800 °F). 1.2 m m (0.048
in.); pin diameter, d, w a s 6 m m (0.250 in.). e / D = 2 . 0 .
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o -
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
882 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Compressive Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: High-temperature compressive strength

and
Shear Strengths Sheet Test Compressive yield
thickness temperature s t r e n g t h (0.2%)
op
Condition °c MPa ksi

1.6 0.063 Annealed 26 80 903 131

93 200 813 118
205 400 751 109
315 600 717 104
425 800 689 100
540 1000 620 90
0.040 Aged 50 h, 425 °C 23 74 993 144
(800 °F) 315 600 765 111
425 800 710 103
0.6 0.025 Aged 100 h, 425 °C 23 74 1068 155
(800 °F) 315 600 841 122
425 800 765 111

S o u r c e : R A . W o o d , Beta Wtanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Shear strength of annealed bar and sheet

U l t i m a t e s h e a r s t r e n g t h M P a (ksi). at:
Form - 5 3 °C (-65 °F) 2 4 °C ( 7 5 °F) 9 3 "C ( 2 0 0 ° F ) 2 0 5 °C ( 4 0 0 ° F ) 3 1 5 °C ( 6 0 0 ° F ) 4 2 5 °C ( 8 0 0 °F) 5 4 0 °C (1000 °F)

13 m m (0.500 in.) bar 834 (121) 758 (110) 717 (104) 662 (96) 634 (92) 606 (88)
1.6mm(0.063ui.)sheet ... ... 723 (105) 703 (102) 655 (95) 620 (90) 600 (87) 510 (74)

S o u r c e : R A Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

 TM3V-11Cr-3AI/883

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view Click here to view
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Compressive and shear strengths
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Shear strength v s temperature of STA sheet v s temperature (design allowables)
Test temperature, °F Temperature, °F
0 200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 120 240 360 480 600
Test temperature, °C T e m p e r a t u r e , °C

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o - Strength a t t e m p e r a t u r e after e x p o s u r e u p to 112 h.

l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Compressive and shear strengths

Temperature, °F
200 400 600 800 1000

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

0 120 240 360 480

Temperature, °C

Design allowables for a n n e a l e d s h e e t a t t e m p e r a t u r e after e x p o -

s u r e u p to 1/2 h.
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Creep Properties

Creep Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Creep data for annealed sheet

Deformation

Creep-exposure conditions Test Total plastic

Temperature Stress duration, deformation,
°c °F MPa ksi h %

150 300 413 60 500 -0.3(a)

413 60 500 -0.2(a)
205 400 620 90 474 0.15
689 100 496 0.19
260 500 275 40 500 -0.2(a)
275 40 500 -0.4(a)
551 80 547 0.02
620 90 305 0.15
315 600 207 30 500 0.2
207 30 500 0.8

(a) N e g a t i v e s t r a i n m e a s u r e m e n t s . S o u r c e : R.A. Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, M C I C - 7 2 - 1 1 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

884 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Creep data for STA sheet

Creep test Creep Test Minimum Total plastic

temperature stress duration, creep rate, deformation,
°c op MPa ksi h %/h %
26 80 1034 150 500 0.000012 0.016
93 200 965 140 500 0.000010 0.031
205 400 896 130 500 0.000024 0.075
260 500 724 105 1502 0.050
300 575 448 65 1503 0.070
689 100 1507 0.100
315 600 655 95 1502 0.000018 0.110
689 100 712 0.160
758 110 500 0.000040 0.123
330 625 448 65 100 0.000
425 800 448 65 500 0.003000 3.020
551 80 10 0.150

N o t e : S h e e t 0.9 m m ( 0 . 0 3 6 in.) thick aged for 9 6 h at 4 8 0 °C ( 9 0 0 °F). Source: R A Wood, Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Co-
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view Click here to view

S o u r c e : A. Blatherwick a n d A. C e r s , "Fatigue, C r e e p , a n d S t r e s s - 1.6 m m (0.064 in.) s h e e t a g e d for 5 0 h at 4 7 0 °C (875 °F).

R u p t u r e Properties of Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI Titanium Alloy (B-120VCA)," S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e t a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Co-
AFML-TR-66-293,1966 l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7 885

Creep Stability Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Creep stability for annealed sheet

Annealed Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI has good creep resistance at high stress levels up to 260 °C (500 °F), but would not ordinarily be
used above 315 °C (600 °F) because of instability.

Creep-exposure conditions
Test Total p l a s t i c RT elongation
Temperature Stress duration, deformation, after exposure,
"C °F MPa ksi h % % Remarks

150 300 413 60 500 -0.3(a) 24 Stable

413 60 500 -0.2(a) 23 Stable
205 400 620 90 474 0.15 20 Stable
689 100 496 0.19 23 Stable
260 500 275 40 500 -0.2(a) 25 Stable
275 40 500 -0.4(a) 23 Stable
551 80 547 0.02 18 Stable
620 90 305 0.15 20 Stable
315 600 207 30 500 0.2 1.2 Unstable
207 30 500 0.8 1.5 Unstable

(a) N e g a t i v e s t r a i n m e a s u r e m e n t s . Source: R. Wood a n d H . Ogden, T h e A l l - B e t a T i t a n i u m A l l o y Ti- 13V- l l C r - 3 A l , " D M I C Report 110, B a t -

t e l l e C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 5 9 , ρ 1 0 9

Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Creep stability of STA sheet

Creep exposure of 1000 h at 315 °C (600 °F) and 690 MPa (100 ksi)

Creep Minimum creep Room-temperature elongation,%

Aging Prestrain(a), strain, rate, After No
treatment % % %/h exposure exposure(b)

480°C(900°Fy36h 0 0.079 0.000018 6 5.3

0 0.084 0.000020 5 5.3
8 0.097 0.000025 ... 5.7
480°C(900°F)/12h 0 0.114 0.000057 7 8.3
0 0.109 0.000054 7 8.3
8 0.127 0.000055 5 5.0

N o t e : S h e e t 1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) thick w a s s o l u t i o n t r e a t e d a n d a g e d at 4 8 0 °C (900 °F) for 1 2 or 3 6 h, a s indicated, (a) N o m i n a l a m o u n t of

s t r e t c h prior to a g i n g to s i m u l a t e f o r m i n g s t r a i n s , (b) A v e r a g e properties. Source: R. K a n e k o a n d C. Woods, "Low-Temperature F o r m i n g of
B e t a T i t a n i u m Alloys," N A S A Contractor R e p o r t 3 7 0 6 , N A S A , 1 9 8 3 , ρ 15

Fatigue Properties

Room- Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Rotating beam fatigue of bar at Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Tension-tension fatigue of wire at
Temperature room temperature room temperature
S/N Curves
700 100 1000
LIVE GRAPH 90 900- LIVE GRAPH
600r- V · Click here to view Click here to view
80 800-
•
• 70 700-

" · '•" 60
Smooth 600-

50
500-
_ ο
40
Q Ο Runout . 400- 1 3 - 1 1 - 3 cold rolled
- ο 30 ( 1 6 2 0 MPa, 2 3 5 ksi, UTS)
Notched 300- 1 3 - 1 1 - 3 cold rolled
K , = 3.9
20 ( t e s t e d in artificial s e a w a t e r )
200-
1 3 - 1 1 - 3 cold rolled + a g e d 8 h -
10* 10 10 10 ê
4 0 0 °C (750 °F)
C y c l e s t o failure 100-
( 1 8 6 0 MPa, 2 7 0 ksi, UTS)
1 7 . 5 m m (0.69 in.) diam b a r solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d . °L • ml ι ι I I u

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o - 10 3

10" 10° 10° 10'
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 Cycles

1570 cycles.min, R= 0 . 9 5 , A = 0.025.

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o -
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 , ρ 5 9
886 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Click here to view
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: RT axial fatigue of annealed TM3V-11 Cr-3AI: RT axial fatigue of annealed
smooth specimens in air notched specimens in air

1000 140 350| Ί50

S t r e s s ratio κ;=3.0
ο -1.00 300 - S t r e s s ratio'
120
800 • 0.00
ο -1.00
H40
_ • 0.00 -
~~*" Run-out 100 —
* " Run-out
600
80 V. · • 30 S
%
I
— • Å
400 60 150 ^^^^ 20 J
° ο
Å 0
χ
co
40 1 ίσοι - 5
200h 10
Η 20 -

id •_·_ ι ' • •
10 10° 10° 10 10° 10* 10° 10° 10' 10°
F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s

S p e c i m e n s from a n n e a l e d s h e e t , longitudinal direction, with a n ulti-
m a t e tensile strength of 9 5 5 M P a ( 1 3 8 . 5 ksi) a n d tensile yield
strength of 9 1 5 M P a (132.8 ksi). S t r e s s e s a r e b a s e d on net section,
3 6 0 0 cycles/min. U n n o t c h e d 7 m m (0.30 in.) wide, s p e c i m e n s a s
m a c h i n e d , e d g e s polished with e m e r y p a p e r .
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK5,1 D e c 1991
Longitudinal s p e c i m e n s from 1.09 m m (0.043 in.) a n n e a l e d sheet,
with a n ultimate tensile strength of 9 5 5 M P a (138.5 ksi) and tensile
yield strength of 9 1 5 M P a (132.8 ksi). S t r e s s e s a r e b a s e d on net
section 3 6 0 0 cycles/min. S p e c i m e n s h a d 11 m m (0.448 in.) gross
width, 7 m m (0.300 in.) n e t width, 0.5 m m (0.022 in.) root radius and
6 0 ° flank a n g l e , a n d w e r e a s m a c h i n e d , e d g e s polished with emery
paper.

High- Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: High-temperature fatigue of STA bar in air LIVE GRAPH

Temperature Click here to view
S/N Curves
100 315°C(600°F)
4 2 5 °C (800 °F)

3 1 5 °C (600 °F)

κ; = 1 .ο κ; = 3.0
2 3 ° C ( 7 5 °F)
Δ A 2 3 ° C (75 °F)

ο • 315°C(600°F)

ο · 4 2 5 ° C ( 8 0 0 °F) Ë=-1.0

10

10 10° 10° 10 7
10°
N u m b e r of c y c l e s

Bar a g e d 7 2 h at 4 8 0 °C (900 °F) to 1 1 8 5 to 1 3 4 5 M P a (172 to 1 9 5 ksi) yield strength.

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/887
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Click here to view
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Axial fatigue at 315 °C of annealed Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Axial fatigue at 425 °C of annealed
sheet sheet

700 700 S t r e s s ratio 100

° -1.00 .90
600 - • 0.00
600
CO ~~*" Run-out " 80
a. • Ν.
2 500 H70 «Γ
500 <o
• ·
•
(0
<D Ο Ν. Χ. |60 w

— · ··
to 4 0 0 >v ο ^ Å
400 Å \ = 0
H50
Χ. Ο
3 0 0 X^ x ^
I 300- xL ·
co 0 -W0
300r-
200- Ο
315°C(600°F) in a i r 4 2 5 °C ( 8 0 0 ° F ) in a i r

200 30 100 ι ι
10' 10* 10 10 10 10° 10 10* 10° 10° 10 10°
F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s F a t i g u e life, c y c l e s

S m o o t h 1.09 m m (0.043 in.) longitudinal s p e c i m e n from a n n e a l e d
s h e e t , with a n ultimate tensile strength of 8 0 0 M P a (116 ksi) a n d a
tensile yield strength of 7 0 7 M P a (102.61 ksi). 3 6 0 0 cycles, /min.
U n n o t c h e d s p e c i m e n , 7 m m (0.300 in.) wide, a s m a c h i n e d , e d g e s
polished with e m e r y paper.
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991
Smooth 1.09 m m (0.043 in.) longitudinal s p e c i m e n s from a n n e a l e d
s h e e t , with a n ultimate tensile s t r e n g t h of 7 9 8 M P a (115.8 ksi) a n d a
tensile yield strength of 7 0 0 M P a (98.61 ksi). 3 6 0 0 cycles/min. Un-
notched s p e c i m e n , 7 m m ( 0 . 3 0 0 in.) wide, a s machined, e d g e s pol-
ished with e m e r y paper.
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Constant-Life Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Constant-life axial fatigue at RT

Diagrams

4.0 2.33 1.5 A=l 0.67 0.43 0.25 0.ΙΙ 0

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 R=0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I.O

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

M i n i m u m S t r e s s , ksi

Solution t r e a t e d a n d a g e d s h e e t . U T S , 1 2 0 3 M P a (174.5 ksi); T Y S , 1 0 8 0 M P a (156.7 ksi); 3 6 0 0 cycles/min, longitudinal, e d g e polished.

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e i a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972, ρ 5 7
888 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Fracture Properties

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view Click here to view
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Charpy impact toughness T1-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Plane-strain fracture toughness

T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , °F T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , ksi
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 170 180 190 200 210
τ — 1
— ι — • — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
25
Charpy
V-notch / A n n e a l e d 1 9 m m ( 0 . 7 5 in.) b a r
•§ 20| HIS "

/ A g e d 7 2 h, 4 5 5 ° C ( 8 5 0 °F) b a r '

/
co 1 5
10
V
w

: v -
5>10 /

5 S
9- 5
A g e d 4 8 h, 4 8 0 °C ( 9 0 0 °F) b a r -

A n n e a l e d 1 3 m m ( 0 . 5 in.) p l a t e
l ' • • • < •

-200 -100 0 100 200 300 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
T e s t t e m p e r a t u r e , °C T e n s i l e yield s t r e n g t h , M P a

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , S e t a Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o - Aging condition not specified.

l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Co-
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Kc fracture toughness v s yield Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI: Kc fracture toughness after work-
strength ing and aging

Yield s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % ) , ksi
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
170 180 190
100
125 H o u r s a g i n g at 4 8 0 °C (900 °F)
for 1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) s h e e t
LIVE GRAPH 100
Click here to view 100

80
0_
2 75I
60 it u

50
40

25

1200 1250 1300 10 20 30 40 50

Yield s t r e n g t h ( 0 . 2 % ) , M P a Cold reduction prior t o a g i n g , %

1.6 m m ( 0 . 0 6 3 in.) s h e e t a g e d at 4 8 0 °C (900 °F). S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Co-
S o u r c e : A. R e p k o a n d W.F. Brown, Jr., "Influence of C o l d Rolling a n d l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
Aging o n S h a r p - N o t c h Properties of Beta Titanium S h e e t , " NASA
Lewis P a p e r E - 1 2 7 4 , 1 9 6 1 , reported in Beta Titanium Alloys, RA.
W o o d , MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/ 889
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Click here to view
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Kb fracture toughness v s sheet Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI: Kc fracture toughness vs sheet
thickness thickness
T h i c k n e s s , in. T h i c k n e s s , in.
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 3 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
1 I • I " I • I • ι 90
120
1 1

100
100 L Τ
100 Δ 1 * 7 5 m m (3 in.) wide - 80
L Only 85
80 ο ! • 2 5 m m (1 in.) wide
ε so Single s h e e t rolled 70
ε

ί
-?· d
CO ^ N T "i · Single s h e e t m a c h i n e d Ίο 70
0. ο. \ <° - 60
5 60 6 0
% Έ
V
*°
55 50 *
40 A
40 *
|40
20 40 0
20
• 30
25

Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

S p e c i m e n s w e r e a g e d at 4 8 0 °C (900 °F) for 7 2 h to a c h i e v e yield S p e c i m e n s w e r e a g e d 7 2 h a t 4 8 0 °C ( 9 0 0 °F) to 1172 to 1310 M P a

strength of 1172 to 1 3 1 0 M P a (170 to 190 ksi). (170 to 1 9 0 ksi) yield strength.
S o u r c e : A. R e p k o , M. J o n e s , a n d W.F. Brown, Jr., "Influence of S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Co-
S h e e t T h i c k n e s s o n t h e S h a r p E d g e Notch Properties of a Beta Ti- l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
tanium Alloy a t R o o m a n d Low T e m p e r a t u r e s , " NASA Lewis P a p e r
E - 1 2 7 4 , 1 9 6 1 ; reported in Beta ¹ßÂçßõðé Alloys, R. W o o d , MCIC-72-
11, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Deformation

Ti-13-11-3: Tensile ductility Ti-13-11-3: Elongation

Test temperature, °F Temperature, F
0 500 1000 500 1000 1500 2000
—'—ι—
h-strain- 100
te tests 1
Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V
80
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI
-
A i n e a l e d elon g a t i o n
30 60

20 ôη 4 0
g e d e l o n g a ion
/ A

10 \
\ ^3 °
-cr
0

-200 0 200 400 600 800 400 800 1200

Test temperature, °C T e m p e r a t u r e , °C

Tensile ductility of s h e e t v s test t e m p e r a t u r e . S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,

A n n e a l e d solution h e a t t r e a t e d a n d solution h e a t t r e a t e d plus 4 8 0 MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972
°C (900 °F) a g e d conditions.

LIVE GRAPH
LIVE GRAPH Click here to view
Click here to view
890 / Beta a n d N e a r - B e t a A l l o y s

Ti-13-11-3: Typical tensile stress-strain curves for Ti-13-11-3: Typical tensile stress-strain curves for
annealed sheet STA sheet
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Click here to view
1000
93 > 205 °Cc
- R Γ
-
93 °C 2 0 5 °C
1200

RT N

800
150
-
600 \ 3 1 !5 ° C
-
315 °C 425 0

/// Λ Z
- 100 ίο
Mr// \ 425 °C v""
35 400| \
540 °C
\
- 540 °C
- 50
200
-

0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02
Strain, m m / m m Strain, m m / m m
Longitudinal and long-transverse s p e c i m e n s of a n n e a l e d s h e e t af- Solution treated a n d a g e d s h e e t (longitudinal a n d long-transverse)
ter 112 h e x p o s u r e at temperature. after 1/2 h e x p o s u r e at t e m p e r a t u r e .
S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK5,1 D e c 1991 S o u r c e : MIL-HDBK 5 , 1 D e c 1991

Forging

G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division

Commercially important metastable β and ing equipment.

near-β alloys respond well to thermomechanical
processing (TMP) and several complex ther-
momechanical processing routes have been sim-
plified for commercial practice. With this alloy
class, thermomechanical processing is focused on
optimal combinations of high strength, good frac-
t u r e toughness, and ductility. All of these alloys
possess superior high-cycle fatigue properties due
to the refined nature of their microstructures. Sev-
eral of these alloys have been successfully direct
aged, thereby achieving even finer microstruc-
t u r e s and improved smooth and notched fatigue
properties.
Supra-transus forging processes prevail in this
class of materials, except for Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, in
which the combination of supra- and subtransus
working is used to produce desired properties
through α phase manipulation and control. With
t h e exception of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al none of these al-
loys respond to thermomechanical processing to
improve fracture-related properties, because α
morphology cannot be modified to the extent possi-
ble in α + β alloys. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al may offer the
broadest range of engineering properties for this
class of alloys. All of these alloys are ideal for use in
structural applications where durability is the
critical design criterion.
Ti-13-11-3 is a very high strength, metastable β
alloy whose primary commercial applications in
forgings are aerospace components, pressure ves-
sels, and corrosion-resistant applications. The al-
loy can be fabricated into all forging product types,
although closed die forgings predominate. Ή-13-
11-3 is commercially fabricated on all types of forg-
Ti-13-11-3 is a moderately forgeable alloy
(when forged above the β transus), with higher
unit pressures (flow stresses), improved forgeabil-
ity, and less crack sensitivity in forging than the α-
β alloy Ti-6A1-4V. Due to the high alloying content
of Ti-13-11-3, its flow stresses are among the high-
est of commonly forged titanium alloys, more than
double that of the near-β alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. The
desired final microstructure from Ti-13-11-3 forg-
ing processing is transformed β with a fine recrys-
tallized prior β grain size in preparation for final
thermal treatments. Thus, Ti-13-11-3 is typically
forged above its transus through one or more forg-
ing operations. Reheating for subsequent forging
operations recrystauizes the alloy, thus refining
prior beta grain size. Ti-13-11-3 maybe subtransus
(a + β) forged in final stages, with a significant in-
crease in unit pressure requirements, to accom-
plish further recrystallization during heat treat-
ment.
Final thermal t r e a t m e n t s for Ti-13-11-3
forging include solution treatment annealing and
aging. Forgings may be supplied in the solution
treatment annealed (ST) condition and/or fully
aged (STA). In the solution treatment annealed
Ti-13-11-3: Forging process temperatures
Metal temperature
Process
Beta forge 650-955 1200-1750
N o t e : S e e "Technical N o t e 4 : Forging" for recommended die tem-
peratures.
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI/ 891

condition, Ti-13-11-3 h a s lower strengths but
much higher ductility and toughness t h a n in the
STA condition. Solution treatment is conducted at
775 °C (1425 °F), followed by air cooling. Aging is
conducted at 425 to 480 °C (800 to 900 °F).
B e t a forging w o r k i n g histories for Ti-13-11-
3 require imparting enough hot work to reach final
macrostructure and microstructure objectives.
Generally, reductions in any given forging process
are 30 to 50% to achieve desired dynamic and
static recrystallization. Very low levels of β reduc-
tion are not recommended. Although Ti-13-11-3 is
cold worked in other product forms (sheet), cold
working is not used for forgings.
Surface Treatment. Ti-13-11-3, as with all β
alloys, has a higher affinity for hydrogen t h a n
other alloy classes. Although Ti-13-11-3 forms less
α case from heating operations than other alloy
classes, therefore requiring less metal removal in
chemical pickling (milling processes), control of
chemical removal processes is essential to pre-
clude excessive hydrogen pick up.

Ti-13-11-3: Relative forging pressure comparison Ti-13-11-3: Flow stress comparison at 900 °C
Temperature, F
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 70
600 -> 1— - < 1—
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 60
-
50 _
.400 CO

Ti-13V-1 1Cr-3AI |40|

Ti-8 AI-1MO-1 o5
H40 ο- 30 5
O) ο
LL
,200 H30 I)
4 3 4 0 s eel 20
TI-6AI-4V at 9 0 0 U
C
100
Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI a t 9 0 0 ° C
Τ -6AI-4V Hio
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Alat815°C
_J I I I L
700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Temperature, °C Strain, %

Effect of forging t e m p e r a t u r e on forging p r e s s u r e . R o w s t r e s s of c o m m o n l y forged titanium alloys at 10/s strain rate.

S o u r c e : A. Sabroff, F. Boulger, a n d H. Henning, Forging Materials
and Practices, Reinhoid, 1968 LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Formability
Ti-13-11-3: Forging pressures LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
600 0.6/s
Ti-13-11-3 normally is fabricated to flat rolled > 7 8 5 °C
500
products in the β-phase temperature field. How-
o.c)6/s \
ever, t h e final fabrication of sheet by rolling to fin-
ish gages is often done cold to obtain improved flat- 400
> 9 8 0 °C
ness and gage uniformity. Similarly, in the
production of rod and wire products aimed at 300
spring manufacture, initial fabrication at elevated -
ι
temperatures may be followed by cold working to ^30 ρ
improve the finished surface and the mechanical >200
properties of the finished product. -
Although requiring higher work forces, Ti-13- -
100
11-3 in the solution treated condition is more ame-
nable to cold forming t h a n in any other high-
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
strength titanium alloys. It also has good cold
Upset reduction, %
heading properties. In very severe cold forming
such as spinning or deep drawing, intermediate S o u r c e : A. Sabroff, F. Boulger, a n d H. Henning. Forging Materials
anneals may be advisable. and Practices, Reinhoid, 1 9 6 8
Fonning by all conventional methods is possi-
ble. operations involving bending are easily per-
Although the uniform elongation of Ti-13-11-3 formed.
at room temperature is fairly low, bend ductility is With respect to the effect of warm working af-
excellent. Flow stresses a t strain rates typical of ter solution treatment on the subsequent aged
stretch forming are high. Thus, although such op- properties of Ti-13-11-3, there is little difference
erations as stretch forming at room temperature between warm working and cold working. Both op-
may be difficult even on fully annealed material, erations accelerate aging response.
892 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Ti-13-11-3: Formability comparison

Olsen cup height Transverse bend Tensile yield strength Hardness,

Material mm in. radius (R/t) MPa ksi HRC

ΊÚ-70Α (commercial purity) 7.37 0.290 2 483(a) 70(a) 26

Ti-13-11-3, solution treated 6.35 0.25 3 827(a) 120(a) 32-36
Beta ΙΠ
Solution treated, water quenched 8.38 0.330 2 738 107
Solution treated, aircooled 6.35 0.25 3.5 883 128
Ti-6A1-4V, mill annealed 3.05 0.12 4.5 827(a) 120(a) 36

(a) G u a r a n t e e d m i n i m u m

Ti-13-11-3: Hot forming temperatures for annealed or Ti-13-11-3: Stretching and bending strain limit
solution treated material
0.6
Forming temperature Ñ actio i\ forining I mits
Alloy °C •F 0.5

CPTi (all grades) 480-705 900-1300

α and near-α alloys 0.4
Ti-8Al-lV-lMo 790±15 1450 ± 2 5
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn 620-815 1150-1500
» 0.3
α - β alloys
CO
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn 790±15 1450 ± 2 5 Ti-£ Al-1l\ 10-1V
β alloy 0.2
Ti-13 V - 1 K : r - 3 A
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al 605-790 1125-1450

0.1
Source: "Fabrication P r a c t i c e s for T i t a n i u m a n d T i t a n i u m Alloys,"
L o c k h e e d Corporate P r o c e s s Specification L C P 7 0 - 1 0 9 9 , R e v i s i o n
B , Lockheed-California C o m p a n y , Oct 1 9 8 3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Bending strain
LIVE GRAPH Composite of bead forming limits. T h e s e curves indicate that a part
Click here to view
with a stretching strain of 0.1 mm/mm should have a bending strain
of less than 0.1 mm/mm.
Source: R.A. W o o d a n d R . J Favor, Vtanium Alloys Handbook,
M C I C - H B - 0 2 , Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Bending and Stretching Limits

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view Click here to view
Bending Ti-13-11-3: Heel-in bending limit Ti-13-11-3: Bend radius vs pad pressure
Limits
B e n d radius, in.
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
500 70
M a c h i n e li nit ^ "

V»
60
400
Inflection line -
0.1

\
- 50
Ti-13- 11-3 1
Buckled parts I 300!
- 40 £

0.01
TM3V-11C-3AI
200
Ti-6-4
30 I
0.
Ti-6AI-4V
-
|20
I Go< d p a r t s N\" 100

10
0.001

10 100 10 15 20 25
H/T B e n d radius, mm
Effect of pad pressure o n radii formed in 1.60 mm (0.063 in.) thick
Transverse buckling and wrinkling, respectively; are the common
titanium alloy sheets at room temperature.
modes of failure in bending heel-out and heel-in channels. T h e prin-
cipal parameters are the bend radius, R; the channel height, Ç; the
w e b width, W ; and the material thickness, T.
Source: R.A. W o o d and R . J . Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
M C I C - H B - 0 2 , Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7893

Ti-13-11-3: Bend radii comparison of annealed or solu-

tion treated material

Minimum bend radius as a

function of sheet thickness, t
t< 1.75 m m ( 0 . 0 6 9 i n . )
1.75 m m <t< 4 . 7 6 m m
Alloy (0.069 in.) (0.1875 in.)

CP titanium
ASTM grade 1 2.5 3.0
ASTM grade 2 2.0 2.5
ASTM grade 3 2.0 2.5
ASTM grade 4 1.5 2.0
α alloys
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn 4.0 4.5
Ti-5Al-2.5SnELI 4.0 4.5
Ti-6Al-2Nb-lTa-0.8Mo
Ti-8Al-lMo-lV 4.5(a) 5.0(b)
α - β alloys
Ti-6AMV 4.5 5.0
Ti-6AMVELI 4.5 5.0
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn 4.0 4.5
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo 4.5 5.0
Ti-3A1-2.5V 2.5 3.0
Ti-8Mn 6.0 7.0
β alloys
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al 3.0 3.5
Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn 3.0 3.0
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr 3.5 4.0
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al 3.5 3.5

(a) 4.0 i n t r a n s v e r s e direction, (b) 4.5 i n t r a n s v e r s e direction.

Source: Military S t a n d a r d MLL-T-9046J, U S G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g
Office

Stretching Ti-13-11-3: Stretch limits of heel-out sections Ti-13-11-3: Inboard stretch limits LIVE GRAPH
Limits Click here to view
10
— — T i - 1 3 V - 11Cr-3AI
Τί-6ΑμW

1095°C
Ti-6AI-4V, RT

si î !
260 °6\
Bad parts

0.1
G o o d parts \ \
\
LIVE GRAPH RT, Ti-1 3 - 1 1 - 3 \ \
Click here to view 0.01 0.01

1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000

P a r t s e c t i o n h e i g h t / material t h i c k n e s s , P a r t section height / material t h i c k n e s s ,
H/T H/T

Linear stretch heel-out a n g l e section (outboard) t e s t results a t ele- T h e formability limits for a formed section or extrusion to b e stretch
vated temperatures. formed inboard d e p e n d on t h e ductility a n d buckling limits of t h e m a -
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, terial. T h e index governing t h e optimum forming t e m p e r a t u r e will
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 largely d e p e n d o n t h e material thickness, f.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
Ti-13-11-3: Stretch limit

Maximum stretch(a)
Material Condition at480°C

Ti-13V-llCr-3Al Solution treated 15.8

Tl-8Mn Annealed 15.8
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Annealed 12.6
Ti-6A1-4V Annealed 12.6
Ti-3.25Mn-2.25Al Annealed 15.8

(a) P e r c e n t stretch = (Z^ - L yL 0 χ 100, where L = stretched length;

0 x

a n d L = original l e n g t h . Source: R A Wood a n d R.J. Favor, Tita-

0

nium Alloys Handbook, M C I C - H B - 0 2 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s Labora-

tories, 1 9 7 2
894 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Click here to view
Ti-13-11-3: Inboard stretching limits Ti-13-11-3: Deep drawing limits

Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V R T a n d 2 6 0 ° C
T M 3 V - 1 1Cr-3AI, 2 6 0 ° C
870

Bad parts
65 3°C

0.1
Ti-6AK4V, R T

Ti-13V-11Cr-3
/\ DT
rt I
Good p a r t s /
Al, RT Μ
Ti-8AI-1Mo-1\
0.01
0.1
10 100 1000
/, 1 0 9 5 ° C \ ^ 10 100 1000
P a r t s e c t i o n height / material t h i c k n e s s ,
H/T H/t

C o m p o s i t e limit c u r v e s for titanium linear-stretch heel-in (inboard) T h e important d i m e n s i o n s a r e t h e c u p d e p t h , H, the blank diameter,
a n g l e a n d c h a n n e l s e c t i o n s a t various t e m p e r a t u r e s . D ; a n d t h e inside c u p diameter, Dp. T h e material thickness and the
B

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, ¹tanium Alloys Handbook, d r a w radius a r e a l s o important p a r a m e t e r s , but d o not enter into the
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2 formability limits directly.
Analytical extension of deep-draw-limit c u r v e . R =blank radius.
b

S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,

MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Spinning, Beading, and Dimpling

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view Click here to view
Spinning Ti-13-11-3: Spinning limits Ti-13-11-3: Elastic buckling limit in spinning
Limits
Temperature, F
500 1000 1500

10 100 1000 200 400 600 800 1000

C u p h e i g h t / blank t h i c k n e s s , H/T Temperature, °C

Plastic buckling, if t h e height-to-radius ratio {HI R) b e c o m e s t o o T h e c h a n g e toward better formability s t a r t s a r o u n d 5 4 0 °C (1000°F)

large a n d failure b y elastic buckling will o c c u r if t h e height-to-thick-
n e s s (HIT) b e c o m e s t o o large. T h e position of t h e c u r v e s will vary
according to t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e material a n d t h e forming t e m p e r a -
ture.
Analytical e x t e n s i o n of spinning-limit curve.
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
a n d i n c r e a s e s rapidly a r o u n d 7 6 0 ° C ( 1 4 0 0 °F). T h e latter tempera-
ture is approximately t h e highest t e m p e r a t u r e that can b e used with-
o u t d e g r a d i n g t h e properties of t h e alloys. T h e total time required for
forming m a y also influence the choice of spinning temperature.
Effect of temperature on elastic buckling limit in spinning.
Source: R A Wood a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC-
HB-02, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7895

Ti-13-11-3: Manual spinning

L i m i t i n g ratio for alloys indicated(a)

Blank diameter/ Cup height/
Thickness Blank diameter/
mm in. sheet thickness A M S 4911 A M S 4917 A M S 4911 A M S 4917

0.5 0.020 25 1.3 1.2 0.22 0.14

50 1.3 1.2 0.22 0.14
100 1.2 1.2 0.14 0.14
150 1.2 1.1 0.14 0.07
200 1.1 0.07
1.6 0.063 25 1.3 1.2 0.22 0.14
50 1.2 1.2 0.14 0.14
3.1 0.125 25 1.2 1.2 0.14 0.14
50 1.1 0.07

(a) Alloys A M S 4 9 1 1 a n d A M S 4 9 1 7 for Ti-6A1-4V a n d T i - 1 3 V - l l C r - 3 A l , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e t e r m c u p d i a m e t e r r e f e r s t o t h e i n s i d e d i a m e t e r ;

t h e c u p h e i g h t i s b a s e d o n t h e o u t s i d e d i m e n s i o n . S o u r c e : R A . W o o d a n d R.J. F a v o r , Titanium Alloys Handbook, M C I C - H B - 0 2 , B a t t e l l e Co-
l u m b u s Laboratories, 1972

Trapped rubber forming is often used for radius to the thickness of the material (R/T), or on
forcning beaded panels. The forming limits for t h e spacing of the beads (R/L). Increasing the form-
beaded panels are determined by failures result- ing pressure increases the limiting R/T ratios, and
ing from splitting or from buckling. Consequently, increasing the forming temperature permits closer
success or failure depends on the ratio of the bead beads in sheets of a particular gage.
Ti-13-11-3: Dimpling limit comparison toTi-811 Ti-13-11-3: Beading limits LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
; — ^
\ RT \ 54C "cX^gs^c
\ \ J
0.1

0.01

30 40 50 60 10 100 1000
Bend angle, d e g r e e s R/T

G o o d p a r t s c a n b e formed for conditions u n d e r t h e c u r v e s , w h e r e a s Although t h e limits apply t o b e a d e d p a n e l s , t h e y c a n b e u s e d with

split p a r t s c a n b e e x p e c t e d for conditions a b o v e t h e c u r v e s . T h e m a - caution a s guides t o forming other t y p e s of p a r t s with drop h a m -
jor failure in dimpling is c a u s e d b y simple tension. mers.
Theoretical relationship b e t w e e n ratio H/R a n d b e n d a n g l e for t h e Limits for forming b e a d e d p a n e l s with a d r o p h a m m e r .
dimpling of titanium alloys. S o u r c e : R.A. Wood a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook,
S o u r c e : R.A. W o o d a n d R.J. Favor, Titanium Alloys Handbook, MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2
MCIC-HB-02, Battelle C o l u m b u s Laboratories, 1 9 7 2

Dimpling Dimpling limits

Limits
D i m p l i n g l i m i t s , H/R,
for various b e n d angles
Dimpling above and below standard bend angle
temperature (standard)
Material Condition °C (°F) 30° 35° 40° 45° 50°
T1-6AMV Mill annealed RT 2.00 1.5 1.17 0.92 0.74
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al Aged480 °C RT 1.58 1.17 0.91 0.73 0.60
T1-8AI-IM0-IV Duplex annealed RT 1.88 1.42 1.08 0.82 0.70
Ti-13V-llCr-3Al Solution annealed 650 (1200) 2.58 1.95 1.48 1.15 0.96
T1-8AI-IM0-IV Duplex annealed 650 (1200) 2.30 1.72 1.30 1.00 0.85

N o t e : D i m p l i n g l i m i t s for r a d i a l s p l i t t i n g a t e d g e of h o l e . B e n d a n g l e s a b o v e a n d b e l o w t h e s t a n d a r d 40° a n g l e a r e g i v e n . O t h e r c o n d i t i o n s
of h e a t t r e a t m e n t a n d d i m p l i n g a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s w o u l d n e c e s s i t a t e t h e u s e of o t h e r d i m p l i n g l i m i t s . S o u r c e : R A Wood a n d R.J.
F a v o r , Titanium Alloys Handbook, M C I C - H B 0 2 , B a t t e l l e C o l u m b u s L a b o r a t o r i e s , 1972
896 / Beta and Near-Beta Alloys

Heat Treatment

See also "Forging" for heat treatment description.

High strength can be achieved by solution
treating a n d aging of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al. Strength
and ductility combinations from aging and the rate
of aging depend on t h e processing history of the
metal being heat treated. Optimum aged proper-
ties are obtained when the prior history of the met-
al is such t h a t it creates a favorable nucleation dis-
tribution. Therefore, some residual strain energy
should promote aging response. Cold working or
warm working can be used to achieve the residual
strain required. Residual strain energy acceler-
ates t h e aging reaction and imparts somewhat bet-
ter ductility for some strength levels.
S o l u t i o n Treatment. Within the broad solu-
tion t r e a t m e n t range of 705 to 1035 °C (1300 to
1900 °F), there is little change in aging response.
However, long periods at solution temperatures
degrade ductility, presumably from grain growth
and the breakdown of nucleation site distribution.
Water quenching from t h e solution h e a t treatment
temperature does not offer a significant advantage
over air cooling, except where it might aid in re-
moving heat from thick sections.
Weldment S t r e s s Relief. Much of the avail-
able data on stress relief annealing pertains to
weldments. Fusion weldments in 6.4 mm (0.250
in.) plate are reported to be stress relieved to zero
residual stress levels by any of the following treat-
ments:
4 h a t 480 °C (900 °F),AC
1 h at 540 °C (1000 °F), AC
<30 min at 595 °C (1100 °F), AC
<30 min at 650 °C (1200 °F), AC
A 285 °C (550 °F) preheat on material to be
welded may also reduce residual tensile stresses in
the weldment. It h a s been reported that 15 min
760 °C (1400 °F) or 5 min 980 °C (1800 °F) treat-
ments resulted in weld embrittlement (R.A. Wood,
Beta Titanium Alloys, Battelle Columbus Labora-
tories, 1972, ρ 26).

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Ti-13-11-3: Solution treatment and aging

Heat Temperature Time, Cooling

treatment °C op h method

Typical solution treatment >760 >1400 0.25-1 ACorWQ

Narrow solution treating range 775-800 1425-1475 0.25-1 ACorWC
Broad ST range 700-1040 1300-1900 0.25-1 ACorWQ
Aging range 425-540 800-1000 AC
Typical age 425-510 800-950 20-100 AC
 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI 7897
LIVE GRAPH
LIVE GRAPH Click here to view
Click here to view
Ti-13-11-3: Effect of solution temperature on hard-
Ti-13-11-3: Grain size at solution temperatures ness
Solution temperature, °F
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
500 —1 • ι—·—ι • ι ι • 1 • 1

, Beta transus 720 °C

450 *

J_* - -

0.1
400
1
•
Solution treated plus ί g e d /
| 100 h a t 480 °C
«350
χ

3001
V ,ι
<
η η . ð ι

Solutio Ί treated only, 30 min

0.01 250
256 500 700 900 1100 1300
T i m e , min Solution temperature, °C
Source: R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, M C I C 72-11, Battelle C o - Effect of solution temperature o n the annealed a n d annealed plus
lumbus Laboratories, 1972 480 °C (900 °F) a g e d vickers hardness. Hardnesses shown are av-
erages of five impressions, using a 5-kg load.
Source: R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle C o -
lumbus Laboratories, 1972

LIVE GRAPH
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Ti-13-11-3: Effect of working on aging LIVE GRAPH
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1ι 1ι
Agi i g a t 4 8 0 ° ; —1 ι •— Agii i g a t ' 8 0 ° C
| \— - \
/ C< ild rol e d pi J S ag 3 d ·

2 0 0 σι
A n r ealed plus ag e d

/ l
Warn ι rolls 120% at 7© ) ° C
ί
( -H 1 8 0 | plus aged

Wan- ι rolls d20«3Ό at 760 °C

160

y
r-^
ί plus

Í
I Y O U

11K — — λ
A n n e a l e d plus a g e d
-
-1140 C c Id roll 3 d plu s agec
1

8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
A g i n g time, h Aging time, h
(a) (b)
Effect of warm and cold rolling o n longitudinal a g e d tensile properties.
Source: R A W o o d , Beta Titanium Alloys, MCIC-72-11, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1972

Ti-13-11-3: Stress relief and annealing treatments

Tempera t i n e Duration, Cooling

Treatment °C min method

Interstage anneal of sheet after severe deftrrnation 730-760 1350-1400 AC

Stress relief of ST stock 540(a) 1000(a) 15 AC
Typical stress relief 700-785(b) 1300-1450(b) 5-15 AC
Typical anneal Same as solution treatment ACorWQ

(a) S t r e s s relief i f a g i n g i s n o t p l a n n e d ; s t r e s s r e l i e f c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d d u r i n g 4 8 0 ° C ( 9 0 0 °F) a g i n g , (b) S t r e s s r e l i e f for m a t e r i a l other t h a n

weldments