I) Factors:

1. Physical factors
a. Malnutrition: impedes holistic development affecting decision-making. , and leads
to desperation which may lead to crime. Ex: usually involved in cases of
shoplifting.
b. Lack of sleep: leads to irritability, and could also be due to mania which leads to
crime antecedents.
c. Developmental aberrations: not reaching developmental goals could indicate an
organic problem, which could affect adjustment. They may be even framed for a
crime or manipulated into crime.
d. Deformities: social rejection leads to mental health problems, which are linked
with crime.
e. Nervous diseases: Diseases caused by faulty genes that lead to flaws in the
proper functioning of the nervous system.
f. Ailments: physical and mental ailments
g. Physical exuberance: excess energy such as in mania
h. Drug addiction: desperation to seek drugs to avoid withdrawal
i. Effect of weather: seasonal affective disorders (like seasonal depression)
2. Psychological factors
a. Mental defect: especially in the frontal lobe
b. Superior intelligence: seen in cases such as hacking
c. Psychoses: hallucinations and delusions may lead to circumstances where an
individual commits a crime
d. Psychopathic constitution (including emotional instability): lack of empathy and
ASPD
e. Abnormalities of instinct and emotion
f. Uneven mental development
g. Obsessive imagery and imagination
h. Mental conflicts: avoid-avoid, approach-approach, avoid-approach
i. Repression and substitution
j. Inferiority complex: Alfred Adler
k. Introversion and egocentrism
l. Revengefulness - get-even complex
m. Suggestibility
n. Contra-suggestibility
o. Lethargy and laziness
p. Adolescent emotional instability
q. Sex habits and experiences
r. Habit and association
3. Home conditions
a. Unsanitary conditions
b. Material deficiencies
c. Excess in material things
 d. Poverty and unemployment
e. Broken homes
f. Mental and physical abnormalities of parents or siblings
g. Immoral and delinquent parents
h. Ill-treatment by foster parents, step-parents, or guardians
i. Stigma of illegitimacy
j. Lack of parental care and affection
k. Lack of confidence and frankness between parents and children
l. Deficient and misdirected discipline
m. Unhappy relationships with siblings
n. Bad examples: poor modelling, violent ads
o. “Superior” education of children
4. School conditions
a. Inadequate school building and equipment
b. Inadequate facilities for recreation
c. Rigid and inelastic school systems, “the goose step”
d. Poor attendance and lax enforcement
e. Wrong grading
f. Unsatisfactory teacher
g. The undesirable attitude of pupils toward teachers
h. Bad school companions and codes of morals
5. Neighbourhood conditions
a. Lack of recreational facilities
b. Congested neighbourhoods and slums
c. Disreputable morals of the district
d. The proximity of luxury and wealth
e. Influence of gangs and gang codes
f. Loneliness, lack of social outlets
g. Overstimulating movies and shows
6. Occupational conditions
a. Irregular occupation
b. Occupational misfit
c. Spare time and idleness
d. Truancy
e. Factory influences
f. Monotony and restraint
g. The decline in the apprenticeship system
7. Psychological disorders
a. Conduct disorder
b. ADHD
c. Intellectual limitations
d. Prodromal personality disorders
e. Depression
f. PTSD
 g. OCD
h. Substance abuse

II) cases discussed

1. A case of cyber-crime where Instagram reported a nude video shared by a minor. The
individual was a 10th-grade student who was bullied by their seniors into making and
posting that video. The cause of bullying was the apparent “feminine” traits of the victim.
The bullying led to adverse effects like the victim feeling “dirty” and taking multiple baths,
getting flashbacks, repressing feelings, irritability, and not getting along with family. They
also faced similar scrutiny from their parents who pin-point their feminine traits, they feel
misunderstood, have a limited relationship with their mother, and also have
obsessive-compulsive thoughts. The victim requires psychotherapy to manage the
PTSD-like symptoms, and their school conditions need to be changed or examined. The
bullying needs to be stopped which requires the school structures to get involved.
2. A case of substance abuse in which a 17 y/o boy was taken into primary custody for 14
days. He had achieved education till the 8th standard and he lives in the nearby slum
area. His father had passed away and he has a history of cocaine abuse. He was
previously working but is currently unemployed. He was experiencing withdrawal
symptoms like feeling cold (in summer) and trembling. He had marks on his hand whose
cause he allegedly lied about, stating that they were injuries from falling down the stairs
when they looked like injection marks, thus he might be abusing heroin. His eldest
sibling is in jail and he too had a repeated history of being a CCL. He was previously
accused of murder and is aggressive, impatient and manipulative. He seems to have
traits of ASPD. verbal abuse was also observed. The individual should be given
behavioural therapy for their substance abuse and made sure that access to such
substances is eliminated. A close watch should be kept on them to see how their ASPD
traits manifest in adulthood.