HISTOLOGY: CONNECTIVE TISSUE II ANA126 2019

H-1
NOTES:

Osteoblasts:
on the bone surface
-produces, secrete & subsequently
mineralized osteoid, mature to become

Osteocytes:
(mature bone cells) once surrounded by matrix
-in lacunae
-cell processes extend through canaliculi to
communicate via gap junctions
-Function: maintain surrounding bone tissue;
sense mechanical stresses and organize bone
re-modelling accordingly
Osteoclasts:
multinuclear cells from the monocyte
/macrophage cell lineage
-found at bone surface in resorption
lacunae

H-2 Types of Bones and Bone Tissue NOTES:

• A. compact (lamellar)
bone
found on bony surfaces and arranged
in osteons

B. spongy (trabecular,
cancellous) bone
arranged in anastomosing

• bones have a core of spongy bone

with a cortex of compact bone

• bones are organs and are classified

by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregualar

• some bones develop within tendons

and are called sesamoid bones

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HISTOLOGY: CONNECTIVE TISSUE II ANA126 2019

Anatomy of a Long Bone NOTES:

H-3

H. articular surface
D. cortex composed of compact
bone
B. diaphysis
A. epiphysis
F. marrow (medullary) cavity
C. metaphysis
G. periosteum

E. spongy bone
-yellow marrow

I. epiphyseal & nutrient As & Vs

NOTES:
H-4

each individual cycinder is an

osteon

-structural organization of compact bone

-runs parallel to long axis of bone

4 parts to an osteon
-(1)matrix forms lamellae
-(2)osteocytes between lamellae within lacunae
-canaliculu(3) join ostocytes and central canal(4)

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NOTES:
H-5
Osteocyte 4 parts to an osteon:
Concentric Canaliculi 1) lamellae
lamellae Lacuna 2) lacunae(contains
osteocyte)
Blood 3) Canaliculi join
vessels
osteocytes to:
4) central canal
(contains vessels)

Osteon

Central canal

Compact bone
NOTES:
H-6

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NOTES:
H-7

functional implications
-weight
-trabeculae orient along stress lines,
there for resists compression from
many directions

NOTES:
H-8
A. Superficial fibrous
layer
made of dense, irregular CT

B. Deep
A cellular/osteogenic
layer
with mesenchymal cells,
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts
and osteoclasts
B

FUNCTIONS:

-periosteum and bone growth and repair

-periosteum and tendons, ligaments,
joint capsules

Perforating (Sharpey’s)
Cortical bone fibers

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NOTES:
H-10
Bone Coverings: Endosteum Covering may be one cell
thick and is found lining
the:
-marrow cavity
-trabeculae of spongy bone
-central & perforating canals of compact
bone

Functions:
-incomplete layer with osteoblasts,
osteoclasts and progenitor cells
-functions in bone growth repair
and re-modelling

NOTES:
H-11
Bone Remodelling
Osteoclasts:
break down matrix
• continuous resorption and deposition of matrix

• balance determines changes in bone mass Osteoblasts:

< synthesize new matrix
osteoblast activity osteoclast activity=

osteoblast activity > osteoclast activity=

• bone adapts to applied forces to achieve

maximal strength with minimal mass

NOTES:
H-12

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NOTES:
H-13

Chondrogenesis:

• During growth states, the

width of the epiphyseal
Osteogenesis:
plate remains constant
• eventually, division of
chondrocytes slows, then
stops; chorondrocytes reproduces in both directions and whe

• endochondral ossification
“closes” the epiphyseal
plate
• timing of epiphyseal closure
determines length of
mature bone