14

Chapter 2

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter covers the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the

gathered data on the effects of high inflation rate attitude towards expenditure to

the teachers of Candabong National High School.

Table 1

Profile of Respondents
n = 48

Profile Frequency Percentage (%) Rank

1.1 Age

21-25 4 8.33 4.5

26-30 9 18.75 3

31-35 13 27.08 1

36-40 11 22.91 2

41-45 4 8.33 4.5

46-50 3 6.25 6.5

51-55 3 6.25 6.5

56 above 1 2.08 8

Total 48 100%

1.2 Civil Status

Single 10 20.83 2

Married 38 79.16 1

Separated 0 0 3.5

Widower 0 0 3.5

Total 48 100%

1.3 Sex

Male 11 22.91 2

Female 37 77.08 1

Total 48 100%
 15

Table 1 reflects the profile of the teachers-respondents in terms of age,

civil status, and sex. With respect to their age, it was shown that 13 out of 48 or

27.08% are 31-35 years old, 11 out of 48 or 22.91% are 36-40 years old, 9 out of

48 or 18.75% are 26-30 years old, 4 out of 48 or 8.33% are 21-25 and 41-45

years old, 3 out of 48 or 6.25% are 46-50 and 51-55 years old, and 1 out of 48 or

2.08% is 56 years old-above. These suggest that there is a higher percentage of

teachers who are 31-35 years old compared to the percentage of teachers who

are 56 years old-above.

The civil status of the teachers also reflected on the table and show that

38 out of 48 or 79.16% are married and 10 out of 48 or 20.83% are single. These

suggest that must of the teachers is married.

The sex of the teachers also reflected on the table. Out of 48 teachers 37

or 77.08% are females and 11 or 2.91% are males. This implies that majority of

the teachers are females.

Table 2.1

Perception on Effects High Inflation Rate

n = 48

Statements WM DI Rank
As a teacher,

1. High Inflation has negatively impacted my personal finances 4.47 S

6
A

2. High inflation has affected the cost of living in my region. 4.64 S

3
A

3. I have had to cut back on my spending due to rising prices. 4.41 S 7

 16

4. High inflation rates have made it difficult for me to save money. 4.31 S
9.69
A

5. I believe that the government should take more measures to control 4.72 S
2
inflation. A

6. I am concerned about the long-term impact of high inflation on the 4.62 S

4
economy. A

7. High inflation has affected my ability to plan for the future (e.g., 4.25 S
11
retirement, investments). A

8. I have observed price increases for essential goods and services 4.75 S
1
due to high inflation. A

9. I believe that high inflation rates are a result of economic 4.29 S

10
mismanagement. A

10. I feel that my income has not kept pace with the rising cost of goods 4.33 S
8
and services. A

11. I have had to seek additional sources of income to cope with the 4.31 S
9.69
effects of high inflation. A

12. High inflation rates have made it challenging for my family to

4.18 A 12
maintain our standard of living.

13. High inflation rates have caused me to rethink my financial goals and S
4.54 5
priorities. A

Average Weighted Mean 4.45 SA

Legend:
Rating Scale Descriptive Interpretation (DI) Weighted Mean
(WM)

4.21-5.0 Strongly Agree - Strongly Affected

T
3.41 – 4.20 Agree - Affected
able
2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Agree - Moderately Affected
2.1 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree - Slightly Affected
1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree - Not Affected

shows the teachers’ perception on high inflation. Item 8 “I have observed price

increases for essential goods and services due to high inflation.” got the highest
 17

weighted mean of 4.75 described as “Strongly Affected”. This implies that

teachers, on average, strongly feel the impact of high inflation on the rising prices

of essential goods and services, However, the lowest weighted mean 4.18 falls

on Item 12 “High inflation rates have made it challenging for my family to

maintain our standard of living” with a description of “Affected”. This implies that,

on average, teachers perceive some challenges in sustaining their family's

standard of living due to the impact of high inflation, though the rating is relatively

high, indicating a noteworthy but not extreme level of concern. Overall, the

average weighted mean 4.45 was described as “Strongly Affected”. This

indicates that, on average, teachers express a strong sense of being affected by

high inflation rates in various aspects, this aligns with research by Jojo et al.

(2019) that teachers are among the groups adversely impacted by the prevalent

high inflation rate.

Table 2.2

Perception on Attitude towards Expenditure

n = 48

Statements WM DI Rank
As a teacher,

1. I save money only when I want to buy something in the near 2.9 B 7
 18

future 1

2. I spend money as soon as I get 2.6

B 9
4

3. I spend all my money in groceries 2.3

C 10
3

4. I like shopping 2.6

B 8
8

5. I sometimes enjoy shopping 3.2 O-

5
5 M

6. I spend my money for my educational needs 3.7 O-

1
2 M

7. I like to go and eat in the fast-food restaurant 2.9

B 6
5

8. I spend my money for House services 3.6 O-

3
0 M

9. I spend money for insurance 3.2

B 4
7

10. I spend money for medical needs 3.6 O-

2
4 M

Average Weighted Mean 3.1 Balanced

Legend:
Rating Scale Descriptive Interpretation (DI) Weighted Mean (WM)

4.21-5.0 Strongly Agree - Liberal

3.41 – 4.20 Agree - Open-minded
2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Agree - Balanced T
1.81 – 2.60 Disagree - Cautious
able
1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree - Prudent
2.2

shows the teachers’ attitude towards expenditure. Item 6“I spend my money for

my educational needs.” got the highest weighted mean of 3.72 described as

“Open-Minded”. This implies that a willingness among teachers to invest in their

educational requirements, reflecting a prioritization of personal and professional

 19

growth and a sense of financial responsibility. However, the lowest weighted

mean 2.33 falls on Item 3 “I spend all my money in groceries” with a description

of “Cautious”. This implies that, on average, teacher’s exhibit a more reserved or

careful approach when it comes to spending their money on groceries, indicating

a cautious attitude towards this expenditure. Overall, the average weighted mean

3.1 was described as “Balanced” This implies that teachers, on average, have a

balanced attitude towards various kinds of expenditure, implying a reasonable

and cautious approach to their financial behaviors. Musarat et al. (2020) argue

that the majority of construction projects neglect the inflation rate in their

economic and budgetary considerations. This omission results in cost overruns,

given the yearly variations in prices for building materials, labor wages, and

machinery hire rates.

Table 3

Test of Relationship between the effects High Inflation Rate and their
Profile
n = 48

Profile X2 df p-value Interpretation Decision

0.6254 Do not Reject
Age 5.28 7 Not significant
H0
0.5506 Do not Reject
Civil Status 0.36 1 Not significant
H0
0.1652 Do not Reject
Sex 1.93 1 Not significant
H0

*Correlation is significant at 0.05 level (2-tailed)

 20

The data presented in Table 3 examines the relationship between

teachers' perception on high inflation rate and various aspects of their profiles,

including age, civil status and sex. The chi-square statistic (X²) for age is 5.28

with 7 degrees of freedom and a p-value of 0.6254. Since the p-value is greater

than the significance level of 0.05, the relationship between age and perception

on high inflation rate is "Not Significant”, thus the decision is to not reject the null

hypothesis. This indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship

between an individual's age and their perception of high inflation rates. This

implies that, people of different age groups do not significantly differ in how they

perceive or interpret high inflation rates. The attitudes or opinions regarding

inflation rates appear to be independent of participants' age. Smialek, Chodosh,

and Casselma (2021) highlight that Millennials have faced economic challenges

throughout their lives, experiencing events like the dot-com bubble burst during

childhood, navigating the post-real estate market collapse during high school in

the late 2000s, and entering a job market affected by the aftermath of the

financial crisis. Additionally, they had to contend with competition from a sizable

baby boomer generation before the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020

The chi-square statistic for civil status is 0.36 with 1 degree of freedom

and a p-value of 0.5506. With a p-value less than 0.05, the relationship between

civil status and perception on high inflation rate " Not Significant”, thus the

decision is to not reject the null hypothesis. This mean that there is no statistically

significant relationship between an individual's civil status and their perception of

high inflation rates. This implies that whether someone is single, married,
 21

divorced, widowed or in another civil status does not appear to have a significant

impact on how they perceive or interpret high inflation rates. The attitudes or

opinions regarding inflation rates seem to be independent of participants' civil

status. In Lee and Dustin's (2021) study, financial stress wasn't the primary

factor. Instead, financial behavior emerged as the most impactful in determining

financial satisfaction, followed by subjective financial knowledge and higher

household income. Recognizing key predictors of financial satisfaction among

married individuals is crucial for counselors, educators, and therapists.

The chi-square statistic for sex is 1.93 with 1 degree of freedom and a p-

value of 0.1652. With a p-value less than 0.05, the relationship between civil

status and perception on high inflation rate " Not Significant”, thus the decision is

to not reject the null hypothesis. This indicate that there is no statistically

significant relationship between an individual's sex and their perception of high

inflation rates. This implies that, the way people perceive or interpret high

inflation rates does not differ significantly between different sexes. In other

words, gender does not seem to be a determining factor in shaping individuals'

opinions or attitudes towards inflation. Louie, P., et al. (2023) did not discover

any indications of gender distinctions in the extent of that connection when

confronted with elevated levels of inflation-related difficulties, specifically up to

four instances of inflation hardship.

Table 4.2

Test of Relationship between the Attitude towards expenditure and their

Profile
 22

n = 48

Profile X2 df p-value Interpretation Decision

0.7350 Not significant Do not Reject
Age 16.60 21
H0
0.9124 Not significant Do not Reject
Civil Status 0.53 3
H0
0.1342 Not significant Do not Reject
Sex 4.02 2
H0

*Correlation is significant at 0.05 level (2-tailed)

The data presented in Table 4.2 examines the relationship between

attitude towards expenditure and various aspects of their profiles, including age,

civil status and sex. The chi-square statistic (X²) for age is 16.60 with 21 degrees

of freedom and a p-value of 0.7350. Since the p-value is greater than the

significance level of 0.05, the relationship between age and attitude towards

expenditure is "Not Significant”, thus the decision is to not reject the null

hypothesis. This implies that there is no statistically correlation between age and

the individual attitudes towards expenditure and age does not appear to be

determining factor in influencing how people approach or perceive their

spending. Hess, T.M., et al. (2022) discovered that aging attitudes play a role in

moderating both effort and, to a lesser degree, perceived costs linked to

performance. Positive attitudes were linked to increased effort and reduced

perceived costs in their findings. Additionally, the study emphasizes the impact of

attitudes on the exertion and perceived challenges involved in performance.

 23

The chi-square statistic (X²) for civil status is 0.53 with 3 degrees of

freedom and a p-value of 0.7350. Since the p-value is greater than the

significance level of 0.5, the relationship between age and attitude towards

expenditure is "Not Significant”, thus the decision is to not reject the null

hypothesis. This implies that there is no statistically significant relationship

between civil status and individuals' attitudes towards expenditure also whether

someone is single, married, divorced, widowed or in another civil status does not

seem to have a significant impact on how they approach or perceive their

spending behaviors. The attitudes towards expenditure appear to be independent

of participants' civil status.

The chi-square statistic (X²) for sex is 0.53 with 2 degrees of freedom and

a p-value of 0.1342. Since the p-value is greater than the significance level of

0.5, the relationship between age and attitude towards expenditure is "Not

Significant”, thus the decision is to not reject the null hypothesis. This implies that

there is no statistically significant relationship between sex and attitude towards

expenditure also sex does not play a significant role in shaping how people

approach or perceived their spending behavior. The attitude towards expenditure

appears to be independent of the participants’ sex.

Table 5

Test of Relationship between High Inflation Rate and Attitude towards

Expenditure
n = 48
Variables t df p-value Interpretation Decision
 24

High Inflation Rate Versus Do not

1.81 47 Not Significant
Attitude towards Expenditure 0.07 Reject H0

*Correlation is significant at 0.05 level (2-tailed)

The data in Table 5 presents a test of the relationship between the

perception of high inflation rate and attitude towards expenditure, with a sample

size of 48. The t-value is 1.81 with a degree of freedom of 47. The p-value of

0.07 is greater than the significance level of 0.05, indicating that there is no

significant relationship between perceptions on high inflation rate and attitude

towards expenditure. This implies that, the level of inflation does not appear

strongly influence teachers’s spending behavior or attitude towards financial

consumption. In 2022, a study by Olusola, Chimezie, Shuuya, and Adde found

that inflation expectations negatively affect consumer spending attitudes,

especially for those in good financial situations. The importance of inflation

expectations has increased since the global financial crisis, particularly impacting

consumption expenditures. The study suggests that maintaining low and stable

prices is crucial for preventing the adverse effects of inflation on private

consumption, emphasizing the need for government intervention.