CHAPTER 15 NOTES (Finally!!!

15.1: Erik Erikson – Theory of Psychosocial Development

- Each life period has a unique psychosocial crisis.

- Resolving each crisis positively leads to successful development.
- Unresolved issues hinder later development.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

- Adolescents (12–18) face identity vs. role confusion.

- Success leads to fidelity, commitment to others despite differences.
- Questions like "Who am I?" and "What do I want?" are central.
- Strong identity results in staying true to beliefs; weak sense results in role confusion.
- Adolescence involves confusion and experimentation.
- Unsuccessful resolutions can lead to social isolation or conformity.
- Most identity formation happens during young adulthood, not adolescence.

15.2: James Marcia – Theory of Identity Development

- Adolescents explore and commit to issues like occupation, politics, religion, and sexuality.
- Four identity statuses: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.
- Identity-diffusion: no exploration or commitment.
- Identity-foreclosure: commitment without exploration.
- Identity-moratorium: exploration without commitment.
- Identity-achievement: commitment after exploration.
- College years facilitate identity development.
- Peer groups help with self-concept and social identity.

15.3: Development of Identity and Self Concept

- Religious Identity: Often aligns with family but questioned by teens.

- Political Identity: Influenced by parents, trending towards independence or apathy.
- Vocational Identity: Takes longer to develop due to complex occupations.
- Gender Identity: Navigating evolving attitudes and norms.
- Self-Concept and Self-Esteem: Develops through contradictions and perceptions of change;
self-esteem grows in late adolescence.

15.4: Development of Gender Identity

- Assigned at birth, shaped early in life.

- Cisgender: Identifies with assigned sex.
- Transgender: Identifies differently from assigned sex.
- Non-binary terms include genderqueer, genderfluid, agender.
- Influenced by biological and social factors.
- Gender roles and socialization dictate expected behaviors.
- Stereotypes and sexism enforce gender roles.
- Gender pronouns: Some use gender-neutral pronouns.
- The Genderbread Person: Explains gender identity, expression, biological sex, and
orientation.

15.5: Socialization Agents During Adolescence

- Parents and Teens:

- Desire for autonomy can lead to conflict.
- Supportive parent relationships benefit emotional well-being and reduce risks.
- Parental monitoring linked to lower risky behavior.

- Peer Relationships:
- Provide social support and companionship.
- Positive relationships enhance happiness; negative pressure leads to risky behavior.
- Reciprocal friendships have greater influence.

- Peers in Groups:
- Adolescents spend more time with peers than family.
- Peer groups shift from single-sex to mixed-sex.
- Crowds like "theater kids" influence behavior and self-image.
15.6: Community, Society, and Culture

- Adolescent Development and Culture

- Development rooted in culture, influencing social responsibilities, sexual expression, and
beliefs.
- Cultural variation in adolescent autonomy, roles, and financial responsibilities.

- Belief System Development

- Unique belief systems form, influenced by social, familial, and cultural environments.

- Ethnic Identity Development

- Varies by biological, cognitive, and environmental factors.
- Phinney’s Model: Unexamined Identity, Identity Search, Achieved Identity.

- Bicultural/Multiracial Identity
- Navigating between family and societal cultures, facing unique identity formation challenges.

15.7: Media - Influences on Teens

- Media as an Agent of Socialization

- Influences views on politics, culture, women, minorities, and LGBTQ+ community.
- Exposure to Violence
- High exposure to violent acts and stereotypes in media.
- Debate on media violence causing youth violence.

- Censorship and First Amendment Debate

- Ongoing debate about monitoring violent media versus free speech rights.

15.8: Development of Sexual Identity, Dating, and Romantic Relationships

Romantic Relationships
- Begin in adolescence; influenced by cultural differences.
- Serve purposes like fun, companionship, and intimacy.

Stages of Dating
- Early: Mixed-sex peer groups.
- Middle: Brief, casual dating.
- Late: Exclusive, intense relationships.

Sexual Identity and Orientation

- Develop during adolescence; influenced by various factors.
- Continuum from heterosexual to homosexual.

Violence in Romantic Relationships

- Teen dating violence is prevalent, with many not reporting it.

Sexual Orientation Discrimination

- Homophobia impacts mental health and social experiences.

15.9: Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence - Bullies, Victims, and the Bystander

Bullying
- Types: Verbal, social, physical, and cyberbullying.
- Bystander Effect: Inaction due to fear and diffusion of responsibility.

Critical Questions
- Reflect on reasons for bystander inaction and societal factors influencing intervention.

15.10: Antisocial Behaviors, Violence, and Child Abuse

Antisocial Behaviors
- Disruptive and conduct disorders: ODD, CD.
- Characteristics: Aggression, lack of guilt, reckless behavior.
 Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- Hostile behavior toward authority figures.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

- Aggressive acts, early risky behaviors, higher risk of legal and health issues.

15.11: Violence and Abuse

Overview
- Major challenges affecting families, often underreported.

Adolescent Child Abuse

- High incidence, mostly reported by professionals.
- Forms: Neglect, physical, sexual, psychological abuse.

Corporal Punishment Debate

- Physical discipline vs. abuse, influenced by cultural and educational factors.
- Research suggests physical punishment is harmful and ineffective.

15.12: Emerging Adulthood - The Bridge Between Adolescence and Adulthood

Overview
- Transition from adolescence to adulthood, marked by identity exploration.

Defining Adulthood
- Legal, sociological, and cultural milestones vary.
- Increasing need for higher education and delayed job entry.

Emerging Adulthood
- Unique period described by Jeffrey Arnett.
- Characterized by exploration and fewer adult responsibilities.

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CITATIONS: Paris, Ricardo, Rymond, & Johnson. (2024, January 12). Child growth and
development (Paris, Ricardo, Rymond, and Johnson). Social Sci LibreTexts.
https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Early_Childhood_Education/Book
%3A_Child_Growth_and_Development_(Paris_Ricardo_Rymond_and_Johnson)