Department Of Community Medicine

Kakatiya Medical College

Epidemiological Exercises
Epidemiology/healthcare of community (9) + Nutrition and health (9) +
Environmental health (9) +Biostatistics/vital statistics /demography (8) = 35 marks

Environmental health
Answer 1:

Volume of water in square tank = L*B*H

= 8*8*10*1000 (1 cubic meter = 1000L)

= 640000 litre
Amount of bleaching powder required
455 lit of water require = 12g of bleaching powder I,e 6th cup is the earliest cup showing blue
colour in horrocks apparatus , 6*2g =12g required to disinfect 455 lit of water
64000 lit=??? Bleaching powder required???

Bleaching powder required = 12/455*640000

= 76800000/455
= 16879gm
16kg 879gm bleaching powder is required to disinfect tank

Answer 2:

Volume of water in cylindrical well = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

= 3.14 * 5*5*15*1000 (1 cubic meter = 1000L)
= 1,177,500 litre
Amount of bleaching powder required

455 lit of water require = 6g of bleaching powder I,e 3th cup is the earliest cup showing blue
colour in horrocks apparatus , 3*2g = 6g required to disinfect 455 lit of water
1,177,500 litre = ??? Bleaching powder required???
Bleaching powder required = 6/455* 1177500
= 15,527gm
15kg 527gm bleaching powder is required to disinfect tank

Answer 3:
Volume of swimming pool = L*B*H
=100*60*10 (1cubic meter = 1000L)

= 6,00,00,000 liter
Amount of bleaching powder required

455 lit of water require = 8g of bleaching powder I,e 4th cup is the earliest cup showing blue
colour in horrocks apparatus , 4*2g = 8g required to disinfect 455 lit of water

6,00,00,000 litre = ??? Bleaching powder required???

Bleaching powder required = 8/455* 6,00,00,000

= 1054945gm

1054kg 945gm bleaching powder is required to disinfect tank

Answer 4:
Number of confirmed case during 1 year
Annual Parasite Index = * 1000
Population under surveillance
70
= *1000
30000

= 2.3 per thousand population

Number of slides examined

Annual Blood Examination Rate = * 100
Total Population

4000
= *100
30000
 = 13.3%

Confirmed cases of falciparum during 1year

Annual Falciparum Index = *1000
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
15
= * 1000
3000
= 0.5 per thousand population

Answer 8:
Number of slide positive for malria
Slide positivity rate = * 100
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
50
= *100
4400

= 1.13%

Number of slide positive for P.falciparum

Slide falciparum rate = * 100
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
9
=
4400
* 100

= 0.20%

Number of slide positive for P.falciparum

P. falciparum Rate = * 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

9
= * 100
50

= 18%

Answer 9:

Number of mf positive
Microfilarial rate = * 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
 300
= * 100
30,000

= 1%
Number people showing filarial disease symptoms
Filarial Disease rate = * 100
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
80
= * 100
30,000
= 0.26%

Number people showing filarial disease sign+

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 + 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ
Filarial endemicity rate = * 100
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

= 80+300+10 * 100 = 390 * 100

30000 30000

= 1.3%

Biostatistics/vital statistics /demography

Answer 1:
∑𝑋
Mean (x) =
𝑛
180
=
15

= 12
Median = 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 15
= 12
Mode = 13
Answer 2:
∑𝑋
Mean (x) =
𝑛
195
=
10

= 19.5
∑(𝑋−𝑋)
Mean Deviation =
𝑛

Sl RR (x) Arithmetic Deviation from (X - X)2

No. mean (x) mean
(X- X)
1 18 19.5 -1.5 2.25
2 20 19.5 0.5 0.25
3 19 19.5 -0.5 0.25
4 20 19.5 0.5 0.25
5 18 19.5 -1.5 2.25
6 19 19.5 -0.5 0.25
7 16 19.5 -3.5 12.25
8 25 19.5 5.5 10.25
9 23 19.5 3.5 12.25
10 17 19.5 2.5 6.25
Total 195 19.5 20 66.5
20
Mean deviation = =2
10

∑(𝐗 − 𝐗)𝟐
Standard Deviation = √
𝑛−1

66.5
= √
10−1

= √7.38 = 2.7
Answer 3:
Incidence of BP among exposed OCP user = 27/482
=56.01
Incidence of BP among non exposed =77/1908*1000
=40.35
Relative risk = incidence among exposed/non exposed = 56.01/40.35
=1.38
I,e ocp users are 1.3 times more likely to develop hypertension than non ocp
users
Attributable risk = incidence among exposed - incidence among non-
exposed/incidence among exposed
= 56.01-40.35/56.01
=15.66/56.01
=27.9
Answer 4:
crude birth rate= number of live births during the year/mid year population of
town *1000
= 3200/150000*1000
=21.3/1000 population per year
Crude death rate=number of deaths during the year/mid year population of
Town *1000
= 1400/150000*1000
= 9.3/1000 population per year
Infant mortality rate=no. of deaths of infants under 1yr/no. of live births*1000
=270/3200*1000
= 84.4/1000 live births
Maternal mortality rate = no. of maternal deaths/total live births*1000
=10/3200*1000
 = 3.1/1000 live births
Answer 5:
census population in the yr 1991=35000
census population in the yr 2001=40000
p2−p1
Po=P1+ [ ]*d
𝑛

n=number of yrs between 2 census

d=yrs between latest census and present yr for which population has to be
estimated
estimation of midyear census population date month year
1 7 2000
1 3 1991
_____________________
4 months 9yrs
= 9+4/12
=28/3yrs
Po=[p2-p1/n ]/d
= 35000+[40000-35000]/10*28/3
= 35000+[5000/10]*28/3
= 35000+14000/3
= 39,666.67
Midyear population of year 2000=39,666.67
Answer 6:
Sensitivity = a/a+c*100
 =400/400+100*100
=400/500*100
=80%
Specificity =d/b+d*100
=4350/150+4350*100 =96.66%
Positive predictive value = a/a+b*100
=400/400+150
=72.7
Negative predictive value=d/c+d*100
=4350/100+4350*100
=97.75
Answer 7:
Population of town = 38000
No. of new cases of TB = 266
No. of existing cases of TB = 836
Incidence = No. of new cases of specific disease /population at risk*1000
= 266/38000*1000
= 7/1000 population
Prevalence = total no. of existing cases/estimated population *100
= 836/38000*100
=2.2
Answer 8:
number of live births during the year
crude birth rate= *1000
mid year population of town
15,000
= * 1000
5,00,000

=30/1000 population per year

number of deaths during the year
Crude death rate= *1000
mid year population of town
7,000
= * 1000
5,00,000

= 14/1000 population per year

number of deaths of infant under 1 year
Infant mortality rate= *1000
No.of live birth
187
= *1000
15,000

= 12.4/1000 live births

Answer 9:
Particulars Oropharyngeal cancer Total

Present Absent

HPV present 7 2 9

HPV absent 93 198 291

Total 100 200 300

 𝑎
b) Exposure rate among oropharyngeal cancer (cases) = *100
𝑎+𝑐
7
= * 100
100
= 7%
𝑏
Exposure rate among Control = *100
𝑏+𝑑
2
= * 100
200
= 1%

𝑎𝑑 7∗198 1386
c) Odd’s ratio = = = = 7.4
𝑏𝑐 2∗93 186

d)Those exposed to Human papilloma virus at risk of developing oropharyngeal

cancer 7.4 times than those non-exposed to HPV.

Answer 10:
Morbidity rate =

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑎

Case fatality rate = * 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑎
57
= * 100
228
= 25%

Answer 11:
number of deaths during the year
Crude death rate = *1000
mid year population of town
2,240
= * 1000
1,60,000

= 14/1000 population per year

Total number of deaths due to CVS disease
Proportional Mortality rate = *1000
Toatl number of deaths due to all cause
400
= * 100 = 17.8
2240
 number of deaths due to CVS disease during the year
Specific death rate d/t CVS ds=
mid year population of town
400
= * 1000
1,60,000

= 2.5 / 1000 population per year

Answer 12:
number of live births during the year
crude birth rate= *1000
mid year population of town
14,000
= * 1000
5,00,000

=28/1000 population per year

number of deaths of infant under 1 year
Infant mortality rate= *1000
No.of live birth
840
= *1000
14,000

= 60/1000 live births

number of deaths of infant under 28 days of age
Neonatal mortality rate= *1000
No.of live birth
378
= *1000
14,000

= 27 /1000 live births

No. of deaths of infant under 1 year −

No. death of infants under 28days of age
Post neonatal mortality rate= *1000
No.of live birth
840−378
= *1000
14,000

= 33 /1000 live births