edit rial

Mathematicians -
Vol. XXXIII No. 9 September 2015
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Managing Editor : Mahabir Singh research, conclusions have to be drawn from experiments. How many
Editor : Anil Ahlawat (BE, MBA) measurements should be made to study wavelengths or intensities.

CONTENTS The minimum number of experiments is decided by statistics.

One should know statistics thoroughly whether one is working in
Maths Musing Problem Set - 153 8 spectroscopy, nuclear physics or with nuclear reactions to study nuclear

JEE Work Outs 10 reactions. Mars spectroscopy is another. If one joins textile technology
groups, one will be first initiated in statistics. One’s labels may change,
Math Archives 16 but not the basic concepts.

Olympiad Corner 19 Mathematical analysis and drawing conclusions is as much

important as collection of data from sophisticated experiments.
Maths Musing Solutions 22
Many sophisticated analysers are equipped with automatic analysers
Ace Your Way CBSE XI 23 given by the manufacturer of equipments. The first-step is to
(Series 4) cut off the computerised analysers and develop your own method.
There is no substitute for self-reliance. This what is taught to us by
Concept Boosters (XI) 30
Dr. Abdul Kalam, Dr. Bhabha, Raja Ramanna and in fact by every top
Concept Boosters (XII) 46 scientists. The Mantra for success is Self-Reliance in every field.

Mock Test Paper 62

Anil Ahlawat
WB JEE 2016 Editor

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MaThEMaTICS TOdaY | SEPTEMBER ‘15 7

 M aths Musing was started in January 2003 issue of Mathematics Today with the suggestion of Shri Mahabir Singh. The aim of Maths
Musing is to augment the chances of bright students seeking admission into IITs with additional study material.
During the last 10 years there have been several changes in JEE pattern. To suit these changes Maths Musing also adopted the new
pattern by changing the style of problems. Some of the Maths Musing problems have been adapted in JEE benefitting thousand of our
readers. It is heartening that we receive solutions of Maths Musing problems from all over India.
Maths Musing has been receiving tremendous response from candidates preparing for JEE and teachers coaching them. We do hope
that students will continue to use Maths Musing to boost up their ranks in JEE Main and Advanced.
Prof. Dr. Ramanaiah Gundala, Former Dean of Science and Humanities, Anna University, Chennai

Set 153
jee main 4 5 7
(a) (b) (c) 6 (d)
1. A man sent 8 letters to his 8 friends. The letters were 6 6 6
kept in addressed envelopes at random. The probability comprehension
that 4 letters went to correct destinations and 4 letters
went to wrong destinations is Consider the curves x2 + 4y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 2
1 1 1 1 7. The modulus of the slope of a common tangent is
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
2 4 16 64 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
z −3 π 2 2
2. The image of the curve arg  = in the 8. The length of a common tangent is
z −i  6
x – axis is (a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d) 3
2
z +3 π z −3 π
(a) arg  (b) arg  =
 z +i  = 6 z +i  6 integer match
9. Eight-digits numbers are formed with the digits 1,
 z +i  π  z −i  π 2, 3, 4 such that the sum of the eight digits is 12. The
(c) arg  = (d) arg  =
z +3 6 z −3 6 sum of the digits of all such numbers is
2/ x 2
2 
lim 3 (sin −1 x − tan −1 x )
3. matching list
= e λ, λ =
x →0 
x  10. Let AD, BE, CF be the medians of triangle ABC.
1 1 C1 is the circumcircle of triangle ABC and C2 in the
a) 1 (b) –1 (c) (d) −
2 2 circumcircle of triangle DEF.
4. The number of positive integer solutions of Column-I Column-II
a + b + c + d ≤ 12 is S. The sum of the digits of S is P. C1 and C2 touch if S cos2A = 1. 1
(a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20 −
2
5. Four equal squares are cut off from the four corners Q. C1 and C2 are orthogonal if 2. 0
of a rectangular metal sheet of 6 × 9 units. The remainder S cos2A =
is folded to form an open box. The maximum volumes R. C1 passes through the centre of 3. 1
of the box is C2 if S cos2A = 2
(a) 10 + 7 7 (b) 8 + 9 7 S. C1 and C2 intersect so that 4. 1
common chord is greatest if
(c) 7 + 10 7 (d) 12 − 7 S cos2A =
jee advanced 5. –1
P Q R S
x −2 y −3 z −4 x −1 z−4
6. If the lines = = and = (a) 4 5 2 3
1 1 k −k 2 (b) 5 4 3 2
z −5
= are coplanar, the distance of the origin from the (c) 1 2 3 4
1 (d) 1 3 4 2
plane through the lines is See Solution set of Maths Musing 152 on page no. 22
Prof. Ramanaiah is the author of MTG JEE(Main & Advanced) Mathematics series

8 mathematics today | september ‘15

 PaPer-1

Section-1 four option(s) is (are) correct. For each question, darken the
This section contains EIGHT questions. The answer to each bubble(s) corresponding to all the correct option(s) in the
question is a SINGLE DIGIT INTEGER ranging from 0 to 9, both ORS. Marking scheme : +4 If only the bubble(s) corresponding
inclusive. For each question, darken the bubble corresponding to all the correct option(s) is (are) darkened, 0 If none of the
to the correct integer in the ORS. Marking scheme : +4 If the bubbles is darkened, –2 In all other cases.
bubble corresponding to the answer is darkened, 0 In all   
other cases.
9. The vectors a , b , c are of the same length and the
angle between any two of them is the same. If
1. How many solutions are there for the equation,  ^ ^ 
a = i + j, b = ^j + ^k , then c is
|cos x – sin x| = 2 cos x in the interval [0, 2p]?
1 ^ ^ ^
2. The number of solutions of the system (a) − ( i − 4 j + k ) (b) ^i + ^k
3
log2 x logy 2 + 1 = 0 and sin x cos y = 1 – cos x sin y,
which satisfy the condition x + y < 8 is 1 ^ ^ ^
(c) (− i + 4 j + k) (d) (^i + 2 ^j + 3 k^)
3
3. The value of tan 100° + tan 125° + tan 100° tan 125° is
10. The lines whose vector equations are
2  ^
3 cos 2β − 1  tan α  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
r = 2 i − 3 j + 7 k + l (2 i + p j + 5 k) and
4. If cos 2α = , then  is equal to  ^
 tan β  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
3 − cos 2β r = i + 2 j + 3 k + m (3 i − p j + pk )
sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C are perpendicular for all values of l and m if
5. If A + B + C = 180°, (a) p = –6 (b) p = –1
sin A + sin B + sin C
A B C (c) p = 1 (d) p = 6
= k sin sin sin , then the value of k is equal to  ^ ^ ^ 
2 2 2 11. The vectors a = x i − 2 j + 5 k and b = ^i + y ^j − z ^k
6. The expression tan 55° tan 65° tan 75° simplifies to are collinear if
cot x, where x ∈(0, 90°) then x equals (a) x = 1, y = –2, z = –5
7. The maximum value of y = 2 sin2x – 3 sin x + 1 " x ∈ R (b) x = 1/2; y = –4, z = –10
is (c) x = –1/2, y = 4, z = 10
(d) x = –1; y = 2, z = 5
8. Let x and y be positive real numbers and q be an
sin q cos q 12. Vector equation of the line 6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z – 2
np
angle such that q ≠ , n ∈ I . Suppose = is
2 x y  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(a) r = i − j + 3 k + l ( i + 2 j + 3 k )
cos 4 q sin 4 q 97 sin 2q
and 4
+ 4
= 3 , the value of  ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ 1 ^ ^
x y x y + y3x (b) r = i + 2 j + 3 k + l  i − j + k 
3 3
x y
 y + x  is equal to  1^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(c) r = i − j + k + l ( i + 2 j + 3 k )
3 3
Section-2  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(d) r = − 2 i + j − 2 k + l (6 i + 3 j + 2 k)
This section contains TEN questions. Each question has FOUR
options (a), (b), (c) and (d). ONE OR MORE THAN ONE of these where l, being a parameter
By : Vidyalankar Institute, Pearl Centre, Senapati Bapat Marg, Dadar (W), Mumbai - 28. Tel.: (022) 24306367

10 mathematics today | september ‘15

mathematics today | september ‘15 11
13. The equation of the line of shortest distance between one or more entries in Column II. The ORS contains a 4 × 4
x y z x −2 y −1 z + 2 matrix whose layout will be similar to the one shown below.
the lines = = and = = are (A) P
2 −3 1 3 −5 2 Q R S
(a) 3(x – 21) = 3y + 92 = 3z – 32 (B) P Q R S
x − (62 / 3) y + 31 z − (31 / 3) (C) P Q R S
(b) = =
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
(D) P Q R S
x − 21 y + (92 / 3) z − (32 / 3) For each entry in Column I, darken the bubbles of all the
(c) = =
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 matching entries. For example, if entry (A) in Column I matches
x − 2 y + 3 z −1 with entries (Q), (R) and (S), then darken these three bubbles
(d) = = in the ORS. Similarly, for entries (B), (C) and (D). Marking
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
scheme : For each entry in Column I, +2 If only the bubble(s)
14. If D denotes the area of the triangle ABC, then D is corresponding to all the correct match(es) is (are) darkened, 0
equal to If none of the bubbles is darkened, –1 In all other cases.
1 2 sin B sin C 19. Match the following :
(a) ab sin C (b) a
2 sin (B + C ) Column I Column II
1 1
(c) (a + b + c)r (d) (a + b − c)r (A) Maximum value of P. 1
2 2
p
5 cos q + 3 cos  q +  − 1
15. cos 2 x + 1 + sin 2 x = 2 sin x + cos x if  3
p is
(a) x = np − (b) x = 2np
3 ∞ Q. 6
−1  1 
p  1 (B) ∑ tan  2  = t ,
(c) x = np − (d) x = 2np ± cos −1  −  i =1  2i 
4  5
then tan t =
p
16. If A and B are angles such that A + B = and (C) If 3 cos q – 4 sin q = 5, then R. 2
3
y = tan A tan B, then y can be equal to 3 sin q + 4 cos q =
(a) 0 (b) 2 (D) If sin A sin B sin C + S. 0
(c) 4 (d) 5 cos A cos B = 1, then
2 cos (A – B) =
17. The equation sin4x + cos4x = a has a solution for
(a) all values of a (b) a = 1 20. Match the following :
1 3 Column I Column II
(c) a = (d) a =
2 4
(A) In a DABC, cos A + cos B
a 2 + b2 + c 2
1   + cos C is equal to P.
18. If q = tan–1 (2 tan2 q) – tan–1    tan q  , then q = D2
 3 
p
(a) 0 (b) r1 − r r2 − r r3 − r r
4 (B) + + = Q. 1+
–1 a b c R
(c) tan (–2) (d) none of these

Section-3
r1 r2 r3 r1 + r2 + r3
(C) + + = R.
This section contains TWO questions. Each question contains
bc ca ab s
two columns, Column I and Column II. Column I has four
1 1 1 1 1 1
entries (A), (B), (C) and (D), Column II has four entries (P), (Q), (D) + 2+ 2+ 2= S. −
(R) and (S) . Match the entries in Column I with the entries in r12 r2 r3 r r 2R
Column II. One or more entries in Column I may match with

12 mathematics today | september ‘15

 PaPer-2

Section-1 9. Y-coordinate of the point of intersection of the

This section contains EIGHT questions. The answer to each p p
question is a SINGLE DIGIT INTEGER ranging from 0 to 9, both curves, y = cos x, y = sin 3x, − ≤ x ≤ is
2 2
inclusive. For each question, darken the bubble corresponding p 1
(a) cos   (b)
to the correct integer in the ORS. Marking scheme : +4 If the 8 2
bubble corresponding to the answer is darkened, 0 In all
other cases. p 1
(c) sin   (d) −
8 2
1. If L is the shortest distance between the lines
x − 3 y + 15 z − 9 x +1 y −1 z − 9 10. The satisfactory value of x, where x ∈ (–p, p) for the
= = and = = , given equation,
2 −7 5 2 1 −3
then determine [L] ([x] denotes G.I.F.). ( 3 sin 2 x − cos 2 x + 2)
   ( 3 sin x + cos x ) = 4 is
2. Let a and b be unit vectors. If c is a vector such p 5p
    (a) (b) −
that c + (c × a ) = b , then the maximum value of 3 3
   2p p
|(a × b ) ⋅ c | is A × 10–1. Find A. (c) − (d) −
3 3
3. The straight lines whose direction cosines are given
by the relations al + bm + cn = 0 and  1 
11. If  cos2 x + 2
 (1 + tan 2 y )(3 + sin 3z ) = 4,
fmn + gnl + hlm = 0 are perpendicular then the  cos2 x 
f g h then
value of + + is
a b c (a) x may be a multiple of p
(b) x cannot be an odd multiple of p
4. If the distance of the point B ( i^ + 2 ^j + 3 ^k) from the
^ ^ ^ (c) y can be a multiple of p/2
line which is passing through A (4 i + 2 j + 2 k) and
 (d) z can be a multiple of p/2
^ ^ ^
which is parallel to the vector c = 2 i + 3 j + 6 k is l,
12. The values of 'x' which satisfy the equation
then value of l2 –1 is
2(cos x + cos 2x) + sin 2x (1 + 2 cos x) = 2 sin x, and
5. Find the numbers of real solutions of the equation –p ≤ x ≤ p are
5 p2 (a) p, –p (b) –(p/3),(p/3)
(tan −1 x )2 + (cot −1 x )2 = .
8 p
1 (c) − (d) none of these
6. Number of roots of the equation cos (sin x) = , 2
2 13. For q ∈ [0, 2p], the values of 'q' and 'y' satisfying the
(0 < x < p) is
1
7. Let x, y, z be real numbers such that cos x + cos y + 2
inequality, 2 sin q ⋅ y 2 − 2 y + 2 ≤ 2 are
cos z = 0 and cos 3x + cos 3y + cos 3z = 0 then find
the maximum value of cos 2x cos 2y cos 2z. p  p 
(a)  , − 1 (b)  , 1
8. If x + y = 2p/3 and sin x/sin y = 2, then the number 4  2 
of values of x ∈ [0, 4p] is  3p  p 
(c)  , 1 (d)  , 1
Section-2 2 4 
This section contains EIGHT questions. Each question has 14. The positive integral solutions (x, y) of
FOUR options (a), (b), (c) and (d). ONE OR MORE THAN ONE of y
   3 
tan–1 x + cos–1  = sin −1  are
 10 
these four option(s) is(are) correct. For each question, darken 
2
the bubble(s) corresponding to all the correct option(s) in the  1+ y 
ORS. Marking scheme : +4 If only the bubble(s) corresponding
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 1)
to all the correct option(s) is(are) darkened, 0 If none of the
bubbles is darkened, 2 In all other cases (c) (2, 7) (d) (2, 2)

mathematics today | september ‘15 13

15. The values of x which satisfy the equation Paragraph for Q. No. 19 & 20
3 The circle touching BC and the two sides AB and AC
sin x − cos x = cos2 x , are
2 produced of a triangle ABC is called the described circle
p
(a) (2n + 1)p (b) 2np + opposite angle A. It's radius is denoted by r1. Similarly, r2
3
p and r3 denote the radii of the described circles opposite
(c) 2np − (d) none of these
3 angles B and C, respectively. They are known as the ex-
cot 3 x + 2 cot x radii of triangle ABC. Here D is the area of a triangle,
16. The roots of the equation  sin p 
 6 D = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) where 2s = a + b + c. Also R is
p  the radius of the circumcircle of a triangle ABC and r is
= sin2 (2 p − x ) − cos (p − x ) × sin  + x  are
2  the radius of the circle inscribed in triangle ABC.
−1 19. Suppose in a triangle ABC, a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6. The
(a) x = np − tan 7/5
ratio of the radius of the circumcircle to that of the
(b) x = tan −1 7 / 5 incircle is
1 16
(c) x = tan −1 5 / 7 (a) (b)
3 7
(d) x = np + tan −1 7 / 5 3 8
(c) (d)
Section-3 14 19
This section contains TWO paragraphs. Based on each 20. Suppose in a triangle ABC, 8R2 = a2 + b2 + c2, then
paragraph, there will be TWO questions. Each question has
the triangle ABC is
FOUR options (a), (b), (c) and (d). ONE OR MORE THAN ONE of
these four option(s) is(are) correct. For each question, darken (a) right angled (b) isosceles
the bubble(s) corresponding to all the correct option(s) in the (c) equilateral (d) none of these
ORS. Marking scheme : +4 If only the bubble(s) corresponding
to all the correct option(s) is(are) darkened, 0 If none of the anSwerS key
bubbles is darkened, –2 In all other cases.
PAPER-1
Paragraph for Q. No. 17 & 18
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (8)
Let k be the length of any edge of a regular tetrahedron.
6. (5) 7. (6) 8. (4) 9. (a, b) 10. (b, d)
(A tetrahedron whose edges are all equal in length is
11. (a, b, c , d) 12. (c) 13. (a, b, c)
called a regular tetrahedron). The angle between a line
and a plane is equal to the complement of the angle 14. (b, c) 15. (b, c) 16. (a, c, d) 17. (b, c, d)
between the line and the normal to the plane whereas 18. (a, b) 19. (A) → Q; (B) → P; (C) → S; (D) → R
the angle between two planes is equal to the angle 20. (A) → Q ; (B) → R ; (C) → S ; (D) → P
between the normals. Let 'D' be the origin be one of PAPER-2
the vertex and A, B and C vertices with position vectors
   1. (6) 2. (5) 3. (0) 4. (9) 5. (1)
a , b and c respectively of the regular tetrahedron.
6. (2) 7. (0) 8. (4) 9. (a, b, c)
17. The angle between any edge and a face not
10. (a, c) 11. (a, c) 12. (a, b, d)
containing the edge is
(a) cos–1 (1/2) (b) cos–1 (1/4) 13. (b, c) 14. (a, c) 15. (a, b) 16. (a, d) 17. (c)
−1 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)
(c) cos (1 / 3 ) (d) p/3
18. The angle between any two faces is For detailed solution, visit our website
www.vidyalankar.org
−1
(a) cos (1 / 3 ) (b) cos–1 (1/4) nn
(c) p/3 (d) cos–1 (1/2)

14 mathematics today | september ‘15

 10 Best Proble
M th
rchives 10 Best Problems Prof. Shyam Bhu

Math Archives, as the title itself suggests, is a collection of various challenging problems related to the topics of
JEE (Main & Advanced) Syllabus. This section is basically aimed at providing an extra insight and knowledge to the candidates preparing
for JEE (Main & Advanced). In every issue of MT, challenging problems are offered with detailed solution. The readers' comments and
suggestions regarding the problems and solutions offered are always welcome.

1. Discuss the monotonicity of the function g defined by f(x) = x3 – 3 ax2 + 3 (a2 – 1) x + 1 is less than 4 and point
g(x) = f(x2 – x – 10) + f (14 + x – x2), f ′′(x) > 0 for all of local maxima is greater than – 2?
real numbers x except finite number of real numbers 9. The equation t2 + 2xt + 4 = 0 does not possess
x, for which f ′′(x) = 0. distinct real roots. Find the equation of the tangent of
2. Suppose that f and g are non constant differentiable, greatest slope to the curve y = x3 – 2x2 + x.
real value functions on R. If for every x, y ∈ R, 10. A point P (x, y) moves on the curve x2/3 + y2/3 =a2/3,
f(x + y) = f (x) f (y) – g (x) g(y), g (x + y) = g (x) f (y) a > 0. For each position (x, y) of P, perpendiculars are
+ f (x) g (y) and f ′(0) = 0 then prove that maximum and drawn from origin upon the tangent and normal at P,
minimum value of the function f 2(x) + g2(x) are same the length (absolute value) of them being p1(x) and
for all x ∈R. dp1 dp2
p2 (x) respectively. Prove that . < 0.
3. Real valued function f(x) satisfies the relation dx dx
 x + y  2 f ( x) + 2 f ( y ) − 4 SolutionS
f = ∀ x, y ∈ R.
 3  6 1. f ′′(x) ≥ 0 ⇒ f ′(x) is an increasing function of x.
If f ′(0) = 2, prove that f(x) is an increasing function [ f ′′(x) = 0 at finitely many values of x does not affect the
for all x. increasingness of f′(x)]
Now g′(x) = (2x – 1) [ f ′ (x2 – x – 10) – f ′(14 + x – x2)]
1
4. Let f(x) = − (2q2 − 4 x − 2 x 2 ) , where 'q' is a real Intervals of increase of g:
2
parameter. Now let x1, x2 be the roots of f(x) where x1 < x2. If g(x) increases then g′(x) ≥ 0.
x2 ⇒ 2x – 1 and f ′(x2 – x – 10) – f ′(14 + x – x2) are of same sign.
If F(q) = ∫ f ( x)dx, find the minimum and the maximum Case I : 2x – 1 ≥ 0 and f ′(x2 – x – 10) – f ′(14 + x – x2) ≥ 0
1
x1
⇒x≥ and x2 – x – 10 ≥ 14 + x – x2, as f ′ is increasing
values of F(q) and the corresponding q. 2
1
5. The function f(x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d has its non- ⇒ x ≥ and x2 – x – 12 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 4
2
zero local minimum and maximum values at –2 and 2 Case II : 2x – 1 ≤ 0 and f ′(x2 – x – 10) – f ′(14 + x – x2) ≤ 0
respectively. If 'a' is a root of x2 – x – 6 = 0. Find possible
1 1
values of a, b, c and d. ⇒x≤ and – 3 ≤ x ≤ 4 ⇒ – 3 ≤ x ≤
2 2
1  1
6. If a = –1, b ≥ 1 and f(x) = , show that the Hence g(x) increase for x ∈  −3,  ∪ [4, ∞)
|x|  2
conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are not
Similarly g(x) decreases for (−∞, −3] ∪  , 4
1
satisfied in the interval [a, b], but the conclusion of the 2 
theorem is true if b > 1 + 2 . 2. We have f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) – g(x) g(y)
7. If f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 24x, and Differentiating both sides w.r.t ‘x’ keeping 'y' constant, we
a
5− a get f ′(x + y) = f ′(x) f (y) – g′ (x) g(y)
g(x) = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫0 f ( x) dx, 0 < a < 5. Find the interval Putting x = 0 we get
f ′(y) = –g′(0) g(y) .....(1) (as f ′(0) = 0)
0
in which g(x) is increasing.
We also have, g(x + y) = g(x) f(y) + f(x) g(y)
8. For what value of 'a', the point of local minima of
By : Prof. Shyam Bhushan, Director, Narayana IIT Academy, Jamshedpur. Mob. : 09334870021

16 mathematicS today | SEpTEMbEr ‘15

Differentiating both sides w.r.t 'x' keeping 'y' constant, we are increasing q, F(q) will decrease. Hence maximum
get g′(x) = g′(0) f(y) .....(2) (as f ′(0) = 0) value of F(q) will be corresponding to q = 0 and value
From (1) × f (y) + (2) × g(y), we get is equal to
f (y) f ′(y) + g(y) g′(y) = 0 0 0
x3 −4
F (q) max = ∫ ( x + 2 x)dx =
2
+ x2 =
⇒
d
dy
( )
f 2 ( y ) + g 2 ( y ) = 0 ⇒ f 2 ( y ) + g 2 ( y ) = l (const ) −2
3
−2
3

Now putting x = y = 0 in both the given functional 4

⇒ F(q)max = − for q = 0 and clearly F(q)min does not
equations we get; f(0) = f 2(0) – g2(0), g(0) = 2f (0) g (0) 3
exist.
1
⇒ g (0) = 0 or f(0) = 5. Since minimum occurs before maximum, so a < 0
2
1 1
But if f(0) = , first equation gives g2 (0) = − , which Also 'a' is a root of x2 – x – 6 = 0 ⇒ a = –2
2 4 Let g(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = – 2x3 + bx2 + cx + d
is not possible.
⇒ g′(x) = – 6x2 + 2bx + c
Hence g(0) = 0 and f(0) = 1 ⇒ l =1
roots of g′(x) = 0 are – 2 and 2
Hence f 2 (x) + g2(x) = 1, ∀ x ∈R.
⇒ b = 0, c = 24
⇒ Maximum and minimum values of f 2(x) + g2(x) are
Since minimum value is non-zero ∴ g(– 2) > 0
same for all x ∈R.
⇒ d > 32
3. For x = 0, y = 0, the given equation gives So a = – 2, b = 0, c = 24, d > 32.
4 f (0) − 4
f ( 0) = ⇒ f (0) = −2 1
6 6. Given, f ( x) = ,x ≠ 0
 3x + 3h  |x|
f − f ( x)
f ( x + h) − f ( x )  3  Let f(0) = l, l is definite real number.
Now, f ′ ( x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
f (0 + h) − f (0)
2 f (3x) + 2 f (3h) − 4 Now R f ′ (0) = lim
− f ( x) h→0 h
= lim 6 1
h→0 −l
h |h| 1 − lh
2 f (3x) + 2 f (3h) − 4 − 6 f ( x) = lim = lim ⇒∞
= lim h→0 h h → 0 h2
h→ 0 6h
For y = 0, the given relation yields Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0. Thus the
 x  2 f ( x) + 2 f (0) − 4 conditions of Lagrange's Mean Value theorem are
f  =
3 6 not satisfied in the interval which includes the origin.
2 f (3x) − 4 − 4 f (3x) − 4 Conclusion of the Lagrange's Mean Value theorem:
⇒ f ( x) = =
6 3
⇒ f (3x) = 3 f ( x) + 4 f (b) − f (a )
= f ′ (c), a < c < b
Hence b−a
6 f ( x) + 8 + 2 f (3h) − 4 − 6 f ( x) f (3h) + 2 1
−
1
f ′ ( x) = lim = lim |b| |a| 1
h→ 0 6h h→ 0 3h ⇒ =− 2
f (3h) − f (0) b−a |c|
= lim ⇒ f ′ ( x) = 2
h→ 0 3h 1 1  1 
or − = (b − a )  − 2 
⇒ f(x) = 2x + c, At x = 0, c = –2 |b| |a|  |c| 
⇒ f(x) = 2x – 2 1  1  b +1
or − 1 = (b + 1)  − 2  = − 2 ( a = −1and b ≥ 1)
⇒ f ′(x) = 2 > 0 ⇒ f(x) is always increasing. |b|  |c|  c
4. Consider g(x) = x2 + 2x b2 + b
or c 2 = or
b2 + b
< b 2 (as b 2 > c 2 )
clearly – q2 will be a negative number. If q increases b −1 b −1
then – q2 will decrease or graph of g(x) will come down b(b − 1 + 2 )(b − 1 − 2 )
∴ >0
b −1
by the quantity – q2. Also F(q) is algebraic area bounded
⇒ b > 1 + 2 ( b ≥ 1)
by x-axis and the curve and will be negative. So if we

mathematicS today | SEpTEMbEr ‘15 17

Hence the conclusion of the L.M.V. theorem is true if dy
2
b > 1+ 2 dy dq 3a sin q cos q
= = = − tan q
7. f(x) dx dx −3a cos2 q sin q
dq
∴ Equation of the tangent at P is
4 y – asin3q = –tanq (x – a cos3 q)
1 5/2 5 x or tan q x + y = asin3q + acos3q tanq
a sin3 q + a cos3 q tan q 1
⇒ p1 = = a sin 2q
sec q 2
f ′(x) = 6x2 – 30x + 24 = 6(x – 4) (x – 1)
Also equation of the normal at P is
Graph of f(x) will be as shown in fig.
y – asin3q = cotq(x – acos3q)
g′(a) = f(a) – f(5 – a)
if a < 5 – a a cos3 q ⋅ cot q − a sin3 q
⇒ p2 = = a cos 2q
5 cosec q
⇒ a < , then from the graph f(a) > f(5 – a)
2 ⇒ 4 p12 + p22 = a2 = constant ∀ point P(x, y)
so g′(0) > 0
⇒ If p1 increases, p2 decreases and commonly
5
and if a > then f(5 – a) > f(a) so g′(a) < 0. dp1 dp
2
 5
⇒ and 2 are of opposite signs.
Hence g(x) is increasing in 0,  dx dx
 2
dp1 dp2
8. f ′(x) = 3(x2 – 2ax + a2 – 1) ⇒ . <0
dx dx
Clearly roots of the equation f ′(x) = 0 must be distinct

and lie in the interval (– 2, 4)
∴ ∆ > 0, a ∈ R ...(1)
f ′(–2) > 0 ⇒ a2 + 4a + 3 > 0 ⇒ a < – 3 or > –1...(2)
f ′(4) > 0 ⇒ a2 – 8a + 15 > 0 ⇒ a > 5 or < 3 ...(3)
−B
and −2 < < 4 ⇒ −2 < a < 4 ...(4)
2A
From (1), (2), (3) and (4), –1 < a < 3.
9. Since t2 + 2xt +4 = 0 does not possess distinct real
roots, 4x2 – 16 < 0 ⇒ –2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) is
dy
= 3x 2 − 4 x + 1
dx
Which has max. or min.
d2 y 2
2
= 0 ⇒ 6x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x =
dy 3
 dy   dy   dy  1
Hence   = 21,   = 5,   =−
 dx  at x =−2  dx  x = 2 
 dx at x = 2 3 3
At x = –2, y = – 8 – 8 – 2 = –18
∴ Equation of tangent of greatest slope is
y – (– 18) = 21 (x – (– 2))
or 21x – y + 24 = 0
10. Any point P(x, y) on the curve can be represented
by using parameter q as (acos3q, asin3q)

18 mathematicS today | SEpTEMbEr ‘15

1. Determine the area of a triangle of sides a, b, c and 1 1
semiperimeter s if l= + .
(s − a) (s − b)
(s – b)(s – c) = a/h, (s – c) (s – a) = b/k, (s – a) (s – b) = c/l, Hence, h, k, l, must satisfy the triangle inequality. Letting
where h, k, l, are consistent given constants. 2s´ = h + k + l, it follows by addition that
2. Suppose that u is a real parameter with 0 < u < 1. 1 1 1
Define s′ = + +
(s − a) (s − b) (s − c)
0 , if 0 ≤ x ≤ u and then
f (x ) = 
( )
2
1 1 1
1 − ux + (1 − u)(1 − x ) , if u ≤ x ≤ 1 s−a = , s −b = , s−c = .
( s ′ − h) (s ′ − k ) (s ′ − l )
and define the sequence {un} recursively as follows:
Adding the latter three equations, we get
u1 = f (1), and un = f (un – 1) for all n > 1.
Show that there exists a positive integer k for which 1 1 1
s= + + .
uk = 0. ( s ′ − h) ( s ′ − k ) ( s ′ − l )
3. Let ABC be a triangle and let D, E, F be points on Finally, the area of the triangle is given by
sides BC, CA, AB respectively (different from A, B, C).
∆ = {s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)}
12
If AFDE is inscribable in a circle show that: 12
4(DEF )  EF 
2  1 1 1 
≤ .  (s ′ − h) + (s ′ − k) + (s ′ − l ) 
( ABC )  AD  =  .
 (s ′ − h)(s ′ − k)(s ′ − l ) 
4. Let A, B, C be vectors from the circumcenter of a  
triangle ABC to the respective vertices. Prove that
2. Note first that u1 = 1 – u. Since for all x ∈[u, 1],
(B + C ) B − C (C + A) C − A ( A + B) A − B
+ + = 0. u ≤ x and 1 – x ≤ 1 – u we have
B +C C+A A+B
( )
2
1− ux + (1 − u)(1 − x )
5. For any positive integer n, evaluate an/ bn where
= 1 − ux − (1 − u)(1 − x ) − 2 ux(1 − u)(1 − x )
n kπ n
kπ
an = ∑ tan2 , bn = Π tan2 .
k =1 2n + 1 k =1 2n + 1 = u + x − 2ux − 2 ux(1 − u)(1 − x )
solutions ≤ u + x − 2ux − 2u(1 − x ) = x − u.
a 1 1 Therefore,
1. h= = + ,
(s − b)(s − c) (s − b) (s − c) f (x ) = 0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ u ...(1)
1 1 and
k= + , f (x ) ≤ x − u if u ≤ x ≤ 1. ...(2)
(s − c ) (s − a)

mathematics today | september ‘15 19

From (2) we get u2 = f (u1 ) − u = 1 − 2u if u1 ≥ u. An easy Hence we have from (3)
induction then yields un +1 = f (un ) ≤ un − u ≤ 1 − (n + 1)u DE ⋅ DF sin2 q 1
≤ ,
if ui ≥ u for all i =1, 2, ...,n. AB ⋅ AC sin2 a 4
Thus for sufficiently large k, we must have uk −1 < u 4 DEDF sin2 a
and then uk = f (uk −1 ) = 0 by (1). i.e., ≤ ...(5)
ABAC sin2 q

3. Thus we have from (1), (4) and (5)

2
4(DEF )  EF 
≤ .
( ABC )  AD 
4. We need to prove that
(B + C ) B − C (C + A) C − A ( A + B) A − B
+ + = 0.
B +C C+A A+B

...(1)
The lengths of
We denote the area of triangle PQR by (PQR). As A,
(B + C ) (C + A) ( A + B)
F, D, E are concyclic, we have B −C , C−A, A−B
B +C C+A A+B
∠EDF + ∠EAF = π , so
sin ∠EDF = sin ∠EAF = sin ∠BAC. are
Therefore B − C = a, C − A = b, A − B = c,
1 so a triangle with sides equal to these lengths must
DE ⋅ DF ⋅ sin ∠EDF
(DEF ) 2 DE ⋅ DF be congruent to triangle ABC. With circumcentre as
= = ...(1)
( ABC ) 1 AB ⋅ AC origin the directions of these vectors are perpendicular
AB ⋅ AC ⋅ sin ∠BAC
2 to BC, CA, AB respectively. So the given equation (1)
Let B′, X be the feet of the perpendiculars from B, is simply a mapping of the relation
D to AC, respectively, and let C′, Y be the feet of the (B – C) + (C – A) + (A – B) = 0
perpendiculars from C, D to AB. Because BB′ is parallel under rotation by 90°. This is true always provided O
to DX, we get is internal to triangle ABC. The figure below illustrates
DX DC DY BD the situation for O an external point, where evidently
= and = , a sign has to be adjusted appropriately.
BB ′ BC CC ′ BC
thus A
DX DY DC BD BD ⋅ DC
⋅ and ⋅ = . ...(2) N M
BB ′ CC ′ BC BC BC 2
L C
B A+B
As BC2 = (BD + DC)2 A−B
= (BD – DC)2 + 4BD . DC ≥ 4BD . DC, O A+B
we have from (2) B +C
DX ⋅ DY 1 B −C
≤ . ...(3) B +C
BB ′ ⋅ CC ′ 4
C+A
We put ∠EAF = a, and ∠DEA = ∠DFB = q, and we C−A
denote the circumradius of AFDE by R, then we have C+A
EF = 2R sin a and AD = 2R sin θ, so that   
EF sin a OL, OM , ON are in directions
= ...(4)
AD sin q B + C, C + A, A + B
Because BB′ = AB sin a, CC′ = AC sin a, DX = DE sinq, It can be seen that for ∠A obtuse one has
and DY = DF sin θ, we get
(C + A) C − A ( A + B) A − B (B + C ) B − C
DX ⋅ DY DE ⋅ DF sin q
2 + = .
= . C+A A+B B +C
BB ′ ⋅ CC ′ AB ⋅ AC sin2 a
20 mathematics today | september ‘15
(When ∠A = 90°, B + C vanishes and the relation so n  2n + 1 2n − 2 k
sin(2n + 1)q = ∑ (−1)k  cos q sin2 k +1 q
degenerates and requires further interpretation.) k =0  2k + 1
When O is internal the situation is satisfactory, as
the diagrams below show.
n  2n + 1 2 k
= tan q cos2n +1 q ∑ (−1)k  tan q .
k =0  2k + 1
A
Thus
n
k
 2n + 1 2 k
∑ (−1)  tan q = 0
N M k =0  2k + 1
O jπ
for q = , 1 ≤ j ≤ n,
A+B 2n + 1
B C
L A−B
A+B jπ
so tan2 , 1 ≤ j ≤ n, are the roots of
2n + 1
B +C
B −C n  2n + 1 k
B +C
k
∑ (−1)  x = 0, and thus also of
k =0  2k + 1
C+A
C−A n  2n + 1 n − k
C+A k
∑ (−1)  x = 0 . Since an and bn are the sum
k =0  2k 
Now relation (1) holds.
and product of the roots, respectively, we have
5. Using De Moivre’s theorem
cos n q + i sin n q = (cos q + i sin q)n ,  2n + 1  2n + 1
an =  = n(2n + 1) and bn =  = (2n + 1),
one finds easily that  2    2n 
 n −1
 n  n − 2 k −1
 2  an
sin nq = ∑ (−1)k   cos q sin2 k +1 q , and so = n.
k =0  2 k + 1  bn

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mathematics today | september ‘15 21

 y
3
9. (3) : 2x = 3y = 3⋅2y+1 ⇒   = 6
2

x = log23⋅y = log23⋅log3/26
Solution Set-152
3
1. (c) : b, g, s, n stand for boys, girls, singers, and \ a = 2, b = and ab = 3
2
the number of students initially.
y
6n 58 10. (a) : (P) = c ⇒ y = k e x /c , exponential curve
= (n + 20) ⇒ n = 580 y′
10 100
Now s = 4 × 58 + 20 = 252. (Q) yy′ = c ⇒ y2 = 2cx + d, parabola
2. (d) : S1S = 2ae, SP = a(1 – e cos q) y
(R) = 2x ⇒ y 2 = cx, parabola
S1P = a(1 + e cos q). I(x, y) is incentre. y′
eb sin q x2 y2 (S) yy′ = 2x ⇒ y2 = 2x2 + c, hyperbola.
x = ae cos q, y = ⇒ 2 + (1 + e)2 2 = e 2.
1+ e a b
nn
2e
Its eccentricity e′ =
1+ e Solution Sender of Maths Musing

3. (c) : sin A + sin C = 2 sin B Set-152

1. Navonil Deb (W.B.)
B A+C B 1 3
cos = sin ⇒ sin = , cos B = 2. Khokon Kumar Nandi (W.B.)
2 2 2 8 4
3. Subhajit Paul (W.B.)
1 1
4. (c) : A = 4∫ y dx = 4 ∫ (1 − x 2/3)3/2dx Set-151
0 0
1. Devjit Acharjee (W.B.)
π/2
3π
∫ if x = sin3q
4 2 2. Gouri Sankar Adhikari (W.B.)
= 12 cos q sin q dq =
8
0
3. Khokon Kumar Nandi (W.B.)
30
5. (a) : (1 + x)30 = ∑ Cr x r . Put x = 1, –1, i,–i and
r =0

add to get C0 + C4 + C8 + ... + C28 = 228.

 
 a 2
6. (a, c) : (b + λc ) ⋅  = ± ⇒ λ = 1, − 3
|a | 3
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
\ 2 i + 3 j − 3 k and − 2 i − j + 5 k
5
(c, d) : S = ∑ [(4r − 3)3 − (4r − 1)3] + (21)
3
7.
r =1

= –10(400 – 3) + (21)3
= –3970 + 9261 = 5291
= 11⋅13⋅37.
6
(c) : S = ∑ [(4r − 3)4 − (4r − 1)4 ] + (25)
4
8.
r =1

= –95 × (12)3 + (25)4

= 226465 with digit sum 25.

22 mathematicS today | SePtemBer ‘15

 Series
4

YOUR WAY CBSE XI COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC

WAYC
BSE
XII

EQUATIONS & LINEAR INEQUALITIES

YO
UR

complex numbers and quadratic equations

Definition
A number of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i = −1 is called a complex number. It is
usually denoted by z, i.e., z = x + iy
The real and imaginary parts of a complex number z denoted by Re(z) and Im(z) respectively. If z = x + iy, then
Re(z) = x and Im(z) = y.
• A complex number z is said to be
(i) Purely real, if Im(z) = 0
(ii) Purely imaginary, if Re(z) = 0
Note : Order relations, “greater than” and “less than” are not defined for complex numbers.
equality of complex numbers
Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are said to be equal if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2
i.e., z1 = z2 ⇔ Re(z1) = Re(z2) and Im(z1) = Im(z2)
algebra of complex numbers
1. Addition of two Complex Numbers
Let z1 = x + iy and z2 = u + iv be two complex numbers. Then the sum z1 + z2 = (x + u) + i(y + v)

Properties
Closure law z1 + z2 is a complex number for all complex numbers z1 and z2.
Commutative law z1 + z2 = z2 + z1, where z1 and z2 are complex numbers.
Associative law (z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3), where z1, z2 and z3 are complex numbers.
Existence of additive identity There exists a complex number 0 + i0 (denoted as 0) is called additive identity.
Existence of additive inverse For every complex number z = x + iy, we have –x + i(–y) (denoted as –z) is
called additive inverse or negative of z.

2. Difference of two Complex Numbers

For two complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 – z2 = z1 + (–z2)
3. Multiplication of two Complex Numbers
Let z1 = x + iy and z2 = u + iv be any two complex numbers. Then the product z1z2 is defined as
z1z2 = (xu – yv) + i(xv + yu)

mathematics today | september ‘15 23

 Properties

Closure law The product of two complex numbers i.e., z1 z2 is a complex number, where z1
and z2 are complex numbers.

Commutative law For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, we have z1z2 = z2z1

Associative law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3, we have (z1z2)z3 = z1(z2z3)

Existence of There exists the complex number 1 + i0 (denoted as 1), called the multiplicative
multiplicative identity identity such that z.1 = z, for every complex number z.

Existence of For every non-zero complex number z = x + iy or x + yi(x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0), we have

multiplicative inverse x −y 1
the complex number 2 +i or z–1), called the
2 2 2 (denoted by
x +y x +y z
1
multiplicative inverse of z such that z ⋅ = 1 (the multiplicative identity)
z

Distributive law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3, we have
(a) z1 (z2 + z3) = z1z2 + z1z3 (b) (z1 + z2) z3 = z1z3 + z2z3

4. Division of two Complex Numbers  z1  z1

For two complex numbers z1 and z2, where z2 ≠ 0, the •  z  = z , (z 2 ≠ 0)
2 2
z z 1
quotient 1 is defined by 1 = z1 .
z2 z2 z2 multiplicative inverse
Let z = x + iy be a non-zero complex number. Then,
iDeNtities of CoMPlex NuMbers 1 1 x − iy z z
If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, then = = = ⇒ z −1 =
z x + iy x + y 2 2
|z |2
| z |2
• (z1 + z2 )2 = z12 + 2z1z2 + z22
arganD plane anD geometrical
• (z1 − z2 )2 = z12 − 2z1z2 + z22 representation of complex numbers
• (z1 + z2 )3 = z13 + 3z12 z2 + 3z1z22 + z23 Let O be the origin and OX Y z = x + iy
and OY be the x-axis and or
• (z1 − z2 )3 = z13 − 3z12 z2 + 3z1z22 − z23 y-axis, respectively. Then, any P(x, y)
complex number z = x + iy y
• (z12 − z22 ) = (z1 + z2 )(z1 − z2 ) X O x X
= (x, y) may be represented
moDulus anD conjugate of a complex by a unique point P whose
number coordinates are (x, y). Y
Modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is denoted The plane on which complex numbers are represented
by |z| and it is defined as |z| = x 2 + y 2 is known as the Complex plane or Argand’s plane.
Conjugate of a complex number z = x + iy is denoted polar form of a complex number
by z and it is defined as z = x – iy. Let O be the origin and OX and OY be the x-axis and
properties of moDulus anD conjugate of y-axis respectively. Let z = x + iy be a complex number
a complex number represented by the point P(x, y).
Draw PM ^ OX as shown in given figure. Then,
• |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
OM = x and PM = y. Join OP. Let OP = r and
z1 z ∠XOP = q. Then x = rcosq and y = rsinq.
• = 1 , provided | z 2 | ≠ 0
z2 z2 \ z = x + iy = r(cosq + isinq)
• (z1 ⋅ z 2 ) = (z1) (z 2 ) ⇒ r= x 2 + y 2 = |z|
y
• (z1 ± z 2 ) = z1 ± z 2 Also tanq =
x

24 mathematics today | september ‘15

This form z = r(cosq + isinq) (iii) arg(zn) = n arg (z) + 2kp (k = 0 or 1 or –1)
= reiq is called polar form of Y z = x + iy
or (iv) arg(z ) = − arg(z)
the complex number z. Angle P(x, y)
q is known as amplitude or r y quaDratic equations
X  X
agr ument of z, written as O x M An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b,
arg(z). c are real numbers and a ≠ 0 is known as quadratic
The unique value of q such equation. Then the solutions of the given equation is
Y
that –p < q ≤ p for which −b ± b2 − 4ac −b ± 4ac − b2 i
x = r cos q and y = r sin q, is known as the principal x= =
2a 2a
value of the argument.
The general value of the argument is (2np + q), where D = b2 – 4ac
n is an integer and q is the principal value of arg(z).
b2 – 4ac = 0 b2 – 4ac > 0 b2 – 4ac < 0
properties of argument of complex numbers
Roots are Complex conjugate
(i) arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + 2kp equal roots in pair
(k = 0 or 1 or –1) b2 – 4ac is a b2 – 4ac is not a
perfect square perfect square
z 
(ii) arg  1  = arg(z1) − arg(z 2 ) + 2kp
 z2  Rational and Irrational and
(k = 0 or 1 or –1) unequal roots unequal roots

linear inequalities

Definition
A statement involving variable(s) and the sign of inequality i.e., >, <, ≥ or ≤ is called an inequation or an
inequality.

inequalities Definition examples

1. Numerical Inequalities which do not involve variables are called 3 < 7, 6 > 5
numerical inequalities.
2. Literal Inequalities which involve variables are called literal x ≥ 4, y > 6, x – y < 0
inequalities.
3. Linear An equation of the form ax + b < 0, or ax + b ≥ 0, or x + 3 < 0, 3x + 2y > 7
ax + by > 0 etc. are known as linear inequations.

4. Quadratic An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c < 0, or ax2 + bx + c x2 + 7x + 4 > 0

≤ 0, or ax2 + bx + c > 0, or ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 is known as a
quadratic inequation.
5. Strict Inequalities involving the symbols ‘>’ or ‘<’ are called strict x + y > 5, y < 0
inequalities.
6. Slack Inequalities involving the symbols ‘≥’ or ‘≤’ are called slack 4x + 3y ≥ 2, x ≤ –4
inequalities.

rules for solving inequalities
• Same number or expression may be added to or
subtracted from both sides of an inequality without
affecting the sign of inequality.
• Both sides of an inequality can be multiplied or
divided by the same positive number without
affecting the inequality sign.
• When both sides of an inequation is multiplied
or divided by a negative number, then sign of
inequality changes.

mathematics today | september ‘15 25

graphical solution of linear inequalities  1 2   3 − 4i 
in two variables 10. Reduce  − to the standard
1 − 4i 1 + i   5 + i 
y y form.
Left half Right half Upper half lf
ha long answer type
plane plane plane
w er a ne I
I II
x x
II L o pl x 11. (i) Find the complex conjugate of (2 – 3i)2.
x O O
c +i
(ii) If a + ib = , where c is real, prove that
y y
c −i
b 2c
The region containing all the solutions of an inequality a2 + b2 = 1 and = 2 .
a c −1
is called the solution region.
(i) In order to identify the half plane represented by 12. Evaluate (– 2 + 2 −3 )1/2 + (–2 – 2 −3 )1/2
an inequality, it is just sufficient to take any point 13. (i) If z1 = 3 + 4i and z2 = 12 – 5i, verify
(a, b) not on line and check whether it satisfies the |z1 + z2| < |z1| + |z2|
inequality or not.
If it satisfies, then the inequality represents the half 2+i
(ii) Find the conjugate and argument of .
plane and shade the region which contains the point, 4i + (1 + i)2
otherwise the inequality represents the half plane 14. Solve the following system of inequations graphically
which does not contain the point within it. For the 3x + 2y ≥ 24, 3x + y ≤ 15, x ≥ 4
convenience, the point (0, 0) is preferred.
(ii) If an inequality is of type ax + by ≥ c or 15. (i) Find the real numbers x and y if (x – iy)(3 + 5i)
ax + by ≤ c, then the point on the line is the conjugate of – 6 – 24i.
ax + by = c are also included in the solution region. (ii) Find the modulus and principal argument of the
So draw a dark line in the solution region.  p
complex number 1 + cosa + isina, 0 < a <
(iii) If an inequality is of the type ax + by > c or  2
ax + by < c, then the points on the line solutions
ax + by = c are not to be included in the solution
region. So draw a broken or dotted line in the 1. Given, 2a + i 4b = 0 + i2
solution region. Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
2a = 0 and 4b = 2
Very short answer type 1
⇒ a = 0 and b =
2
1. Find a and b such that 2a + i 4b and 2i represent
the same complex number. 1 1 3 − 4i
2. (3 + 4i)–1 = = ×
2. Express (3 + 4i)–1 in the form a + ib. 3 + 4i 3 + 4i 3 − 4i
3. Solve the equation 9x2 + 16 = 0 by factorization 3 − 4i 3 − 4i 3 4
= = = − i
method. 9 − 16i 2 9 + 16 25 25
4. Evaluate i–999. 3. We have, 9x2 + 16 = 0 ⇒ 9x2 – 16i2 = 0
⇒ (3x)2 – (4i)2 = 0 ⇒ (3x + 4i)(3x – 4i) = 0
5. Solve the linear inequation 4x + 3 < 6x + 7.
4 4
short answer type ⇒ x = – i, or x = i
3 3
1 + 7i
6. Write in the polar form. 1 1 1 1 i
(2 − i)2 4. i–999 = = = = = 2 =i
a 2 + b2 i 999 2 499 499
(i ) i (−1) ⋅i −i −i
a + ib
7. If = x + iy, then prove that x2 + y2 = 2 .
c + id c + d2 5. The given inequality is 4x + 3 < 6x + 7.
x2
8. Solve the equation – (3 2 + 2i)x + 6 2 i = 0 ⇒ 4x – 6x < 7 – 3
using factorisation method. ⇒ –2x < 4 ⇒ x > – 2
x +1 ⇒ x ∈ (–2, ∞).
3x − 4
9. Solve : ≥ – 1. Also, draw the graph of 1 + 7i
2 4 6. Let z =
the solution set. (2 − i)2

26 mathematics today | september ‘15

 1 + 7i 1 + 7i ⇒ (x – 2i)(x – 3 2 ) = 0
Now, z = =
2
4 + i − 4i 3 − 4i
⇒ x = 2i or x = 3 2 .
(1 + 7i)(3 + 4i) −25 + 25i Hence, the roots of the given equation are 2i and
= = 2 2 = –1 + i
(3 − 4i)(3 + 4i) 3 +4 3 2.
3x − 4 x +1
9. We have, ≥ –1
\ r = |z| = (−1)2 + 12 = 2 2 4
Again z = – 1 + i 3x − 4 x −3
or, ≥
\ x = –1, y = 1. 2 4
or, 2(3x – 4) ≥ (x – 3)
y 1
Also tanq = = =1 or, 6x – 8 ≥ x – 3
x −1
p or, 5x ≥ 5 or x ≥ 1
\ q= The graphical representation of solution is given
4
in figure.
Q x = – 1 < 0 and y = 1 > 0 hence z lies in the
2nd quadrant. 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
p 3p
Hence arg z = p – q = p – =
4 4
10.  1 − 2   3 − 4i 
 3p 3p   1 − 4i 1 + i   5 + i 
\ Polar form of z is 2  cos + i sin  .
4 4 [1 + i − 2(1 − 4i)]  3 − 4i 
7. We have, = × 
(1 − 4i)(1 + i) 5+i 
a + ib a + ib c − id
x + iy = = × (1 − 2) + i(1 + 8) 3 − 4i
c + id c + id c − id = × (Q i2 = –1)
1 + i(1 − 4) − 4(−1) 5+i
(ac + bd) + i(bc − ad)
= −1 + 9i 3 − 4i
c2 + d2 = ×
5 − 3i 5+i
ac + bd bc − ad
= + 2 i −3 + 4i + 27i − 36i 2
2
c +d 2
c + d2 =
25 + 5i − 15i − 3i 2
ac + bd bc − ad
\ x= ,y= 2
2
c +d 2
c + d2 −3 + 31i + 36 33 + 31i 28 + 10i
= = ×
25 − 10i + 3 28 − 10i 28 + 10i
[Comparing real and imaginary parts]
2 2 924 + 330i + 868i + 310i 2
 ac + bd   bc − ad  =
\ x2 + y2 =  2 +  2
 c + d 2   c + d 2  784 − 100i 2
924 + (330 + 868)i − 310
a 2c 2 + b 2d 2 + 2acbd + b 2c 2 + a 2d 2 − 2bcad = (Q i2 = –1)
= 784 + 100
(c 2 + d 2 )2
614 + 1198i 307 + 599i
= =
(a 2c 2 + b 2c 2 ) + (b 2d 2 + a 2d 2 ) 884 442
=
(c 2 + d 2 )2
11. (i) (2 – 3i)2 = (2 – 3i)(2 – 3i) = 4 – 6i – 6i + 9i2
(a 2 + b 2 )(c 2 + d 2 )
= = 4 – 12i + 9(–1) = –5 – 12i
(c 2 + d 2 )2 \ Complex conjugate of (2 – 3i)2
a 2 + b2 = (–5 – 12i) = – 5 + 12i
\ x2 + y2 = [Q c2 + d2 ≠ 0]
c2 + d2 (ii) We have,
c +i c +i c +i (c + i)2
8. We have, x2 – (3 2 + 2i)x + 6 2 i = 0 a + ib = = × = 2 2
c −i c −i c +i c −i
⇒ (x2 – 3 2 x) – 2ix + 6 2 i = 0
c 2 + 2ic + i 2 c2 − 1 2c
= 2
= 2
+i 2
⇒ x(x – 3 2 ) – 2i(x – 3 2 ) = 0 c +1 c +1 c +1

mathematics today | september ‘15 27

 Equating real and imaginary parts, we get  2 + i   −6i  6 − 12i 1 1
= = = − i
c2 − 1 2c  6i   −6i  36 6 3
a= 2 and b = 2
c +1 c +1 1 1
\ z= + i
2 6 3
 c2 − 1  4c 2
\ a2 + b2 =  2  + 2
 c +1 (c + 1)2 1 1
Now z = − i
6 3
c 4 + 1 − 2c 2 + 4c 2 (c 2 + 1)2
= = =1 1 1
(c 2 + 1)2 (c 2 + 1)2 \ x= ,y=–
6 3
b (2c / c 2 + 1) 2c
Also, = 2 = 2 y −1 / 3
a 2
(c − 1) / (c + 1) c − 1 tanq = = = |–2| = 2
x 1/ 6
12. Let a + ib be a square root of (–2 + 2 3 i). p
\ q = tan–12, 0 ≤ q <
2
\ (a + bi)2 = –2 + 2 3 i
⇒ a2 + 2abi + i2b2 = –2 + 2 3 i 1 1
Q x= > 0 and y = – < 0. Hence z lies in the
6 3
⇒ (a2 – b2) + 2abi = –2 + 2 3 i th
4 quadrant.
\ a2 – b2 = –2 …(i) \ arg z = 2p – q = 2p – tan–12.
and 2ab = 2 3 …(ii) 14. Given inequations are
Now, (a2 + b2)2 = (a2 – b2)2 + 4a2b2 3x + 2y ≥ 24 …(i)
= (–2)2 + (2 3 )2 = 4 + 12 = 16 3x + y ≤ 15 …(ii)
\ a2 + b2 = 16 = 4 …(iii) and x≥4 …(iii)
Solving (i) and (iii), we get Corresponding equations are
2a2 = 2 or a2 = 1, \ a = ±1 l1 : 3x + 2y = 24 …(iv)
2b2 = 6 or b2 = 3 \ b=± 3 l2 : 3x + y = 15 …(v)
l3 : x = 4 …(vi)
From (ii), ab = 3 which is positive,
Line (iv) cuts x-axis at A(8, 0) and y-axis at
\ either a = 1, b = 3 or a = – 1, b = – 3 . B(0, 12).
Hence the two square roots are 1 + 3i and Line (v) cuts x-axis at C(5, 0) and y-axis at
–1 – 3 i. D(0, 15).
So (– 2 + 2 −3 )1/2 = ±(1 + 3 i) …(iv) Line (vi) is parallel to y-axis cutting x-axis at
E(4, 0).
\ (– 2 – 2 −3 )1/2 = ±(1 – 3 i) …(v)
Point O(0, 0) lies on none of the lines (iv), (v) and
Adding (iv) and (v), we get
(vi).
(–2 + 2 −3 )1/2 + (–2 – 2 −3 )1/2 = ±2
For O(0, 0), inequation 3x + 2y ≥ 24 becomes
13. (i) We have, z1 = 3 + 4i and z2 = 12 – 5i. 3⋅0 + 2⋅0 ≥ 24, or 0 ≥ 24, which is not true.
z1 + z2 = (3 + 4i) + (12 – 5i) = 15 – i Therefore, inequation (i) represents that half-plane
made by the line (iv) which does not contain the
\ |z1 + z2| = (15)2 + (−1)2 = 225 + 1 = 226
origin.
Also, |z1| + |z2| = 9 + 16 + 144 + 25 For O(0, 0), inequation 3x + y ≤ 15 becomes
= 5 + 13 = 18 3⋅0 + 0 ≤ 15 or 0 ≤ 15, which is true.
Hence |z1 + z2| < |z1| + |z2| Therefore, inequation (ii) represents that half-plane
made by the line (v) which contains the origin.
2+i 2+i 2+i
(ii) Let z = = = Inequation x ≥ 4 represents the half-plane on the
4i + (1 + i) 2 2
4i + 1 + i + 2i 6i

28 mathematics today | september ‘15

right side of the line x = 4 (which is parallel to Thus no solution of the given system of inequations
y-axis). exists.
15. (i) Conjugate of – 6 – 24i is – 6 + 24i …(i)
Y 2
Also, (x – iy)(3 + 5i) = 3x – 5yi – 3yi + 5xi
= (3x + 5y) + (5x – 3y)i …(ii)
D(0, 15)
1 From (i) and (ii), we have
B(0, 12) 3x + 5y + (5x – 3y)i = –6 + 24i
x=4

\ 3x + 5y = – 6 and 5x – 3y = 24
or 3x + 5y + 6 = 0 and 5x – 3y – 24 = 0
2 x y 1
⇒ = =
−120 + 18 30 + 72 −9 − 25
x y 1
or = =
−102 102 −34
E C A −102
X 102
O (4, 0) (5, 0) (8, 0) \ x= = 3, y = = –3
3 −34 −34
l3
\ x = 3, y = –3
l1 a a a
l2 (ii) 1 + cosa + isina = 2cos2 + i2sin cos
2 2 2
D1 is the region common to the half-planes a a a
= 2cos cos + i sin 
representing inequations (i) and (ii). 2 2 2
D 2 is the region common to the half-planes = r(cosq + i sinq),
representing inequations (i) and (iii). a a
D 3 is the region common to the half-planes where r = 2cos ,q= .
2 2
representing inequations (ii) and (iii). a a
Clearly no point or region is common in regions Since –p < ≤ p, so is the principal argument
2 2
D1, D2, D3. a
of given complex number and 2cos is the
Hence solution set of given system of inequations 2
= f. modulus.


mathematics today | september ‘15 29

 PROGRESSIONS & SERIES
*ALOK KUMAR, B.Tech, IIT Kanpur
This column is aimed at Class XI students so that they can prepare for competitive exams such as JEE Main/Advanced, etc. and
be also in command of what is being covered in their school as part of NCERT syllabus. The problems here are a happy blend
of the straight and the twisted, the simple and the difficult and the easy and the challenging.

Definition of a sequence z useful Properties

A succession of numbers a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., an , ...
formed, according to some definite rule, is called
a sequence.
arithmetic Progression (a.P.)
A sequence of numbers {an} is called an arithmetic
progression, if there is a number d, such that
d = an – an–1 for all n. ‘d’ is called the common
difference (C.D.) of the A.P.
z useful formulae
If a = first term, d = common difference and n is
the number of terms, then
(a) nth term is denoted by tn and is given by
tn = a + (n – 1)d.
(b) Sum of first n terms is denoted by Sn and is
given by
n of two A.P.’s will form an A.P.
Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d]
2
n A.P., then sum of these terms will be equal to
or, Sn = (a + l )
2 (2n + 1)an + 1.
where l = last term in the series i.e.,
l = tn = a + (n – 1)d.
(c) If terms are given in A.P., and their sum is
known, then the terms must be picked up in
following way :
• For three terms in A.P., we choose them as
(a – d), a, (a + d)
• For four terms in A.P., we choose them as
(a – 3d), (a – d), (a + d), (a + 3d)
• For five terms in A.P., we choose them as
(a – 2d), (a – d), a, (a + d), (a + 2d) etc.
• If tn = an + b, then the series so formed is an
A.P.
• If Sn = an2 + bn then series so formed is an
A.P.
• If every term of an A.P. is increased or decreased
by some quantity, the resulting terms will also
be in A.P.
• If every term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided
by some non-zero quantity, the resulting terms
will also be in A.P.
• In an A.P., the sum of terms equidistant from
the beginning and end is constant and equal
to sum of first and last terms.
• Sum and difference of corresponding terms
• If terms a1, a2, ..., an, an+1, ..., a2n+1 are in
• If terms a 1 , a 2 , ..., a 2n – 1 , a 2n are in A.P.
The sum of these terms will be equal to
a +a 
2n  n n+1 
 2 
geometric Progression (g.P.)
A sequence of the numbers {a n }, in which
a1 ≠ 0, is called a geometric progression, if there is
a
a number r ≠ 0 such that n = r for all n then r
an−1
is called the common ratio (C.R.) of the G.P.

* Alok Kumar is a winner of INDIAN NAtIoNAl MAtheMAtIcs olyMpIAD (INMo-91).

he trains IIt and olympiad aspirants.

30 mathematics today | september ‘15

z useful formulae z There is no formula for sum of n terms of an H.P.
If a = first term, r = common ratio and n is the z If terms are given in H.P. then the terms could be
number of terms, then picked up in the following way :
(a) nth term, denoted by tn, is given by For three terms in H.P, we choose them as
tn = arn – 1 1 1 1
, ,
(b) Sum of first n terms denoted by Sn is given by a−d a a+d
a(1 − r n ) a(r n − 1) For four terms in H.P, we choose them as
Sn = or
1− r r −1 1 1 1 1
, , ,
In case r = 1, Sn = na. a − 3d a − d a + d a + 3d
(c) Sum of infinite terms (S∞) For five terms in H.P, we choose them as
a 1 1 1 1 1
S∞ = (for | r | < 1 & r ≠ 0) , , , ,
1− r a − 2d a − d a a + d a + 2d
(d) If terms are given in G.P. and their product is
z useful properties
known, then the terms must be picked up in
If every term of a H.P. is multiplied or divided
the following way:
by some non zero fixed quantity, the resulting
For three terms in G.P., we choose them as
a progression is a H.P.
, a, ar
r i n se rt ion of m e a n s B e t w e e n t wo
For four terms in G.P., we choose them as numBers
a a
, , ar , ar 3 Let a and b be two given numbers.
r3 r z arithmetic means
For five terms in G.P., we choose them as If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is
a a
, , a, ar , ar 2 etc. called the arithmetic mean (A.M.) between the
2 r
r a+c
other two i.e. if a, b, c are in A.P. then b =
z useful properties 2
(a) The product of the terms equidistant from the is the A.M. of a and c.
beginning and end is constant, and it is equal If a, A1, A2 , ..., An, b are in A.P., then A1, A2, ...,
to the product of the first and the last term. An are called n A.M.’s between a and b. If d is the
(b) If every term of a G.P. is multiplied or divided common difference, then
b−a
by the some non-zero quantity, the resulting b = a + (n + 2 – 1)d ⇒ d =
progression is a G.P. n +1
(c) If a1, a2, a3, ... and b1, b2, b3, ... be two G.P.’s b − a a(n + 1 − i) + ib
Ai = a + id = a + i = ,
of common ratio r1 and r2 respectively, then n +1 n +1
a a a i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n
a1b1, a2b2, ... and 1 , 2 , 3 ,... will also form note: The sum of n-A.M's,
b1 b2 b3
n
r i.e., A1 + A2 + ... + An = (a + b)
a G.P. Common ratio will be r 1r 2 and 1 2
respectively. r2
z geometric means
(d) If a1, a2, a3, ... be a G.P. of positive terms, If three terms are in G.P. then the middle
then loga1, loga2, loga3, ... will be an A.P. and term is called the geometric mean (G.M.)
conversely. between the two. So if a, b, c are in G.P. then
harmonic Progression (h.P.) b = ac or b = − ac corresponding to a & b both
A sequence is said to be in harmonic progression, are positive or negative respectively.
if and only if the reciprocal of its terms form an If a, G1, G2, ..., Gn, b are in G.P., then G1, G2, ..., Gn
arithmetic progression. are called n G.M.s between a and b. If r is the
z If a, b are first two terms of an H.P., then common ratio, then
1 1
tn = n+1  b  (n+1)
1 1 1 b = ar ⇒ r= 
+ (n − 1)  −  a
a b a 

mathematics today | september ‘15 31

 i n+1−i i z summation of infinite series
i  b  n+1 If |r| < 1, then rn, rn – 1 → 0, as n → ∞.
Gi = ar = a   = a n+1 ⋅ b n+1 , i = 1, 2,..., n
a a dr
Thus S∞ = S = +
note: The product of n-G.M.'s i.e., 1 − r (1 − r )2
G1G2 ... Gn = ( ab )n sum of miscellaneous series
z harmonic mean z Difference method
If a & b are two non-zero numbers, then the Suppose a1, a2, a3, ........ is a sequence such that
harmonic mean of a & b is a number H such that the sequence a2 – a1, a3 – a2, ......... is either an
1 1 1 1 2ab A.P. or G.P. The nth term ‘an’ of this sequence is
a, H, b are in H.P. & =  +  or H = obtained as follows :
H 2 a b   a +b
S = a1 + a2 + a3 + ..... + an – 1 + an
If a, H1, H2, ..., Hn, b are in H.P., then H1, H2, ..., Hn are
S= a1 + a2 + ...... + an – 2 + an – 1 + an
called n H.M.'s between a and b. If d is the common
⇒ an = a1 + [(a2 – a1) + (a3 – a2) + ...
difference of the corresponding A.P., then + (an – an – 1)]
1 1 a −b Since the terms within the brackets are either in
= + (n + 2 − 1) d ⇒ d =
b a ab(n + 1) an A.P. or in a G.P., we can find the value of an,
1 1 1 a −b the nth term. We can now find the sum of the n
= + id = + i , n
Hi a a ab(n + 1) terms of the sequence as S = ∑ ak
k =1
ab(n + 1) Vn – Vn – 1 method
Hi = , i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n z
b(n − i + 1) + ia Let T1, T2, T3, ... be the terms of a sequence. If
z Term tn + 1 is the arithmetic, geometric or harmonic there exists a sequence V1, V2, V3, ... satisfying
Tk = Vk – Vk – 1, k ≥ 1,
mean of t1 & t2n + 1 according as the terms t1, tn+1 n n
t2n+1 are in A.P., G.P. or H.P. respectively. then Sn = ∑ Tk = ∑ (Vk − Vk −1 ) = Vn − V0 .
k =1 k =1
arithmetico-geometric series
A series whose each term is formed, by multiplying inequalities
corresponding terms of an A.P. and a G.P., is called z a.m. ≥ g.m. ≥ h.m.
an Arithmetico-geometric series. Let a1, a2, ......, an be n positive real numbers, then
we define their arithmetic mean (A), geometric
e.g. 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..... ;
mean (G) and harmonic mean (H) as
a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + .....
a + a + .... + an
z summation of n terms of an arithmetico- A= 1 2 , G = (a1a2 .... an)1/n and
n
geometric series
n
Let Sn = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + ... H=
+ [a + (n – 1)d]rn – 1, d ≠ 0, r ≠ 0, 1 1 1 1 1 
 a + a + a + ....... + a 
Multiply by ‘r’ and rewrite the series in the 1 2 3 n
following way It can be shown that A ≥ G ≥ H. Moreover equality
rSn = ar + (a + d)r2 + (a + 2d)r3 + ... holds at either place if and only if
+ [a + (n – 2)d]rn – 1 + [a + (n – 1)d]rn a1 = a2 = ......... = an
on subtraction, z weighted means
Sn(1 – r) = a + d(r + r2 + ... + rn – 1) Let a1, a2, ....., an be n positive real numbers and
– [a + (n – 1)d]rn w1, w2, ......, wn be n positive rational numbers.
Then we define weighted Arithmetic mean (A*),
dr (1 − r n−1 )
or, Sn (1 − r ) = a + − [a + (n − 1)d].r n weighted Geometric mean (G*) and weighted
1− r harmonic mean (H*) as
n−1 a w + a w + ... + anwn
or, Sn = a + dr (1 − r ) − [a + (n − 1)d] .r n A* = 1 1 2 2 ,
1− r (1 − r )2 1− r w1 + w2 + ... + wn

32 mathematics today | september ‘15

 1 3. The sequence {xk} is defined by xk + 1 = xk2 + xk and
wn w1 +w2 +...+wn
G * = (a1w1 .a2w2 ...an )  1 1 1 
x1 = 1/2. Then  + + ... +  (where
and H * =
w1 + w2 + ... + wn  x1 + 1 x2 + 1 x100 + 1 
w1 w2 w [.] denotes the greatest integer function) is equal to
+ + ... + n
a1 a2 an (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1
n n
1
A* ≥ G* ≥ H*. Moreover equality holds at either 4. If Sn = ∑ tr = n(2n2 + 9n + 13) then
6
∑ tr
place if & only if a1 = a2 = .... = an equals to r =1 r =1

z cauchy’s schwarz inequality: 1 1

(a) n(n + 1) (b) n(n + 2)
If a 1, a 2, ...., an and b 1, b 2, ...., bn are 2n real 2 2
numbers, then 1 1
(c) n(n + 3) (d) n(n + 5)
(a1b1 + a2b2 + ..... + an bn)2 ≤ (a12 + a22 + 2 2
.... + an2)(b12 + b22 + .... + bn2)
5. {an} and {bn} be two sequences given by
with the equality holding if and only if n n n n
a1 a2 a an = (x)1/2 + (y)1/2 and bn = (x)1/2 – (y)1/2 for all
= = ...... = n n ∈ N, then a1 a2 a3 ... an is equal to
b1 b2 bn x+y
(a) x – y (b)
arithmetic mean of mth Power bn
Let a1, a2, ... , an be n positive real numbers and x−y xy
(c) (d)
let m be a real number, then bn bn
m
a1m + a2m + ... + anm  a1 + a2 + ... + an  6. The sum of the series
≥  , 9 13 17
n  n + + + ..... upto infinity is
2 3 4
if m ∈ R – [0, 1] 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3
However if m ∈ (0, 1), then (a) 1 (b) 9/5 (c) 1/5 (d) 2/5
m 7. Sum of first n terms of a sequence is given by
a1m + a2m + ... + anm  a1 + a2 + ... + an 
≤  3Sn = Tn2 + 3Tn – 2, (Tn > 0), where Tn is the nth term of
n  n
sequence, then the value of T22 is
Obviously if m ∈ {0, 1}, then
m
(a) 2 − 2 (b) 2 + 2
a1m + a2m + ... + anm  a1 + a2 + ... + an  (c) 2 + 3 2 (d) 3 + 2 2
= 
n  n
8. If a, b, c are three distinct numbers such that a, b, c
Problems are in A.P. and b – a, c – b, a are in G.P., then a : b : c are
in
section-i
(a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 3 : 4 : 5
single correct answer type (c) 1 : 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 2 : 3
n (log e 10)n 9. The sum to n terms of the series
1. If an = ∑ for n ≥ 0 then a0 + a1 + a2 + 2 3
1  1  1⋅ 3  1  1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5  1 
k =0 k !(n − k )! + + + ..... upto n terms is
1  2  2  2  3  2 
a3 + .... upto ∞ is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 102 (c) 103 (d) 104 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 .... (2n − 1)(2n + 1)
(a) −1
2n n
2. If a1 is the greatest value of f(x), where 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ..... (2n − 1)
(b) 1 −
 1  n n
f (x ) =  (where [.] denotes greatest integer
 2 + [sin x]  1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 .....(2n − 3)
(c) 1 −
(−1)n+2 2n−1 n − 1
function) and an+1 = + an , then lim (an ) is
(n + 1) n→∞
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ..... (2n − 3)
(a) 1 (b) e 2 (d)
(c) ln2 (d) ln3 2n−1 n − 1

mathematics today | september ‘15 33

10. The ratio of sum of first three terms of a G.P. to n n
(a) (1 − 2n)2 (b) (1 + n − 2n2 )
the sum of first six terms is 64 : 91, the common ratio 6 6
of G.P. is n
(c) (1 − 2n + 2n2 ) (d) none of these
(a) 1/4 (b) 3/4 (c) 5/4 (d) 7/4 6
11. Sum of the series 3 + 5 + 9 + 17 + 33 + ... to 21. If log(a + c), log(a + b), log(b + c) are in A.P. and
n terms is a, c, b are in H.P, then the value of a + b is (given a, b,
(a) 2n + 1 – n – 2 (b) 2n + 1 + n – 2 c > 0)
(c) 2n + n – 2 (d) 2n + 1 – n + 2 (a) 2c (b) 3c (c) 4c (d) 6c
12. If one A.M. A and two G.M.s, p and q be inserted 22. If a, b, c, are in A.P. and p, p′ are respectively A.M.
between two numbers a and b, then which of the and G.M. between a and b while q, q′ are respectively
following holds good ? AM. and G.M. between b and c, then
(a) a3 + b3 = 2Apq (b) p3 + q3 = 2Apq (a) p2 + q2 = p′2 + q′2 (b) pq = p′q′
(c) a3 + b3 = 2Aab (d) none of these (c) p2 – q2 = p′2 – q′2 (d) p2 + p′2 = q2 + q′2
13. If fourth term of a G.P. is 3, the product of the first 23. a, b, c are positive integers forming an increasing
seven terms is G.P. whose common ratio is a natural number, b – a is
(a) 34 (b) 37 (c) 74 (d) 47 cube of a natural number and log6a + log6b + log6c = 6,
14. The number of divisors of 6912, 52488, 32000 are then a + b + c =
in (a) 100 (b) 111 (c) 122 (d) 189
(a) A.P. only (b) G.P. only 24. If S, P and R are the sum, product and sum of
(c) A.P. , G.P. & H.P. (d) none of these the reciprocals of n terms of an increasing G.P. and
8 Sn = Rn · Pk, then k is equal to
15. If 1, log81(3x + 48), log 9  3x −  are in A.P., then (a) 1 (b) 2
 3
the value of x equals (c) 3 (d) none of these
(a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 4 25. If 11 A.M.'s are inserted between 28 and 10, then
a b c number of integral A.M’s is
16. If a, b, c are in H.P., then , , are in
b+c c +a a +b (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
(a) A.P. (b) H.P. 1 1
26. If a, b, c are in H.P., then + is equal to
(c) G.P. (d) none of these b−a b−c
17. If the arithmetic mean of two positive numbers 2 2
(a) (b)
a and b (a > b) is twice their G.M., then a : b is b a+c
(a) 6 + 7 : 6 − 7 (b) 2 + 3 : 2 − 3 1
(c) (d) none of these
(c) 5 + 6 : 5 − 6 (d) none of these a+c 100
18. The number of terms common between the two 27. Let an be the nth term of an A.P. If ∑ a2r = a and
r =1
series 2 + 5 + 8 + …upto 50 terms and the series 100
3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ….upto 60 terms is ∑ a2r −1 = b, then the common difference of the A.P. is
(a) 24 (b) 26 r =1
(c) 25 (d) none of these (a) a – b (b) b – a
19. If a, b, c are three positive numbers, then the a −b
(c) (d) none of these
minimum value of the expression 2
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) 28. If a, b, c, d are in G.P., then (a2 + b2 + c2)(b2 + c2 + d2)
is
bca equals to
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 1 (a) ab + bc + cd (b) (ab + bc + cd)2
(c) (ab + bc + cd) 4 (d) none of these
20. Sum of n terms of the series
ab + (a + 1)(b + 1) + (a + 2)(b + 2) + .... + 29. If a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 are in H.P., then a1a2 + a2a3 +
(a + (n – 1))(b + (n – 1)) a3a4 + a4a5 is equal to
1 1 (a) 2a1a5 (b) 3a1a5
if ab = and (a + b) = , is
6 3 (c) 4a1a5 (d) – 4

34 mathematics today | september ‘15

 section-ii 38. If b1, b2, b3 are three successive terms of a G.P.
multiple correct answer type with common ratio r, the value of r for which the
inequality b3 > 4b2 – 3b1 holds is given by
30. If a, b, c, d are four unequal positive numbers
which are in A.P. then 3
(a) r > 3 (b) 1 < r <
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
(a) + = + (b) + < + (c) r < 1 (d) none of these
a d b c a d b c
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 39. If a, b, c are in H.P., then
(c) + > + (d) + >
a d b c b c a + d a b c
(a) , , are in H.P.
31. If the first and (2n – 1)th terms of an A.P., G.P. and b+c −a c +a −b a +b−c
H.P. of positive terms are equal and their nth terms are 2 1 1
(b) = +
a, b, c respectively, then b b−a b−c
(a) a = b = c (b) a ≥ b ≥ c b b b
2
(c) b = ac (d) a + c = 2b (c) a − , , c − are in G.P.
2 2 2
32. In a G.P., the product of first four terms is 4 and
a b c
the second term is the reciprocal of the fourth term. (d) , , are in H.P.
The sum of infinite terms of the G.P. can be b+c c +a a +b
(a) –8 (b) –8/3 (c) 8/3 (d) 8
33. If a1, a2, a3, ...., an is a sequence of positive numbers section-iii
which are in A.P. with common difference ‘d’ and comprehension type
a1 + a4 + a7 + ... + a16 = 147 then Paragraph for question no. 40 to 42
(a) a1 + a6 + a11 + a16 = 98 If x1, x2, x3, ….., xn are n positive real numbers, then
(b) a1 + a16 = 49
x1 + x2 + ... + xn n
(c) a1 + a4 + a7 + ... + a16 = 6a1 + 45d A.M. ≥ G.M. i.e., ≥ x1x2 .... xn
16 n
 49  –1x –1x
(d) Maximum value of a1a2 .... a16 is   . 40. The minimum value of the function 4sin + 4cos
2 
(–1 ≤ x ≤ 1) and the value of x, where it is attained is
1
34. If Tr = , then (here r ∈ N) 1
r r + 1 + (r + 1) r (a) 2 ⋅ 2 p/2 at x = 1 (b) 2 ⋅ 2 p/4 at x =
2 2
(a) Tr > Tr + 1 (b) Tr < Tr + 1
99 9 n 1
(c) ∑ Tr = (d) ∑ Tr < 1 (c) 2 ⋅ 2 p/2 at x = (d) 1 + 4 p/2 at x = 0
r =1 10 r =1 2
1 1 1 41. Which of the following inequalities is not true?
35. If S(n) = 1 + + + ... + , (n ∈ N ), then S(1) + S(2)
2 3 n x2 + 3
+ ... + S(n – 1) is equal to (a) ≥ 2 ( x ∈ R)
(a) nS(n) – n (b) nS(n) – 1 x2 + 2
(c) (n – 1)S(n – 1) – n (d) nS(n – 1) – n + 1 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 1 ≥ xy + x + y (x, y ∈ R)
36. If ai > 0 for i = 1, 2, …, n and a1a2 .... an = 1, then x3 + x + 2
(2 + a1)(2 + a2) .... (2 + an) is greater than (c) ≥ 4 (x > 0)
x
(a) 2n/2 (b) 23n/2
(c) 22n (d) none of these 1 1
(d) x 2 + +4≤3 x+ (x ≠ 0)
2 x
37. The pth term Tp of H.P. is q(p + q) and qth term Tq x
is p(p + q) when p > 1, q > 1 (p ≠ q) then 42. If the equation x4 – 4x3 + ax2 – bx + 1 = 0 has four
(a) Tp + q = pq (b) Tpq = p + q positive roots, then a + b is equal to
(c) Tp + q > Tpq (d) Tpq > Tp + q (a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 10

mathematics today | september ‘15 35

 Paragraph for question no. 43 to 45 47. First term of the sequence is
If a sequence or series is not a direct form of an A.P., 4n + 2n ⋅ 2n 4n − 2n ⋅ 2n
(a) (b)
G.P., etc. then its nth term cannot be determined. In 2n − 1 2n − 1
such cases, we use the following steps to find the nth
term of the given sequence. 2n − n ⋅ 2n 2n + n ⋅ 2n
(c) (d)
Step-I : Find the differences between the successive 2n − 1 2n − 1
terms of the given sequence. If these differences are
48. Middle term of the G.P. is
in A.P., then take Tn = an2 + bn + c, where a, b, c are
constants. 2n n2n n 2n
(a) (b) (c) n (d)
Step-II : If the successive differences found in n n 2 −1 n
2 −1 2 −1 2 −1
step I are in G.P. with common ratio r, then take
Tn = a + bn + crn – 1, where a, b, c are constants. section-iV
Step-III : If the second successive differences (Differences
of the differences) in step I are in A.P., then take matrix-match type
Tn = an 3 + bn 2 + cn + d, where a, b, c, d are 49. Match the following :
constants. column-i column-ii
Step-IV : If the second successive differences (Differences
of the differences) in step I are in G.P., then take (A) If pth, qth, rth and sth terms (p) are all equal
Tn = an 2 + bn + c + dr n – 1, where a, b, c, d are of an A.P. are in G.P. then
constants. p – q, q – r, r – s
Now let sequences : (B) If lnx, lny, lnz (x, y, z > 1) (q) are in A.P.
A : 1, 6, 18, 40, 75, 126, ….. are in G.P then 2x + ln(lnx),
B : 1, 1, 6, 26, 91, 291, …. 3x + ln(lny), 4x + ln(lnz)
C : ln2, ln4, ln32, ln1024 ….. (C) If n!, 3 × n! and (n + 1)! are (r) are in G.P.
43. If the nth term of the sequence A is in G.P. then n!, 5 × n! and
Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d then the value of 6a + 2b – d is (n + 1)!
(a) ln 2 (b) 2 (c) ln 8 (d) 4 (D) If the arithmetic mean (s) are in H.P.
44. For the sequence 1, 1, 6, 26, 91, 291, …….., find S50 of (b – c) 2 , (c – a) 2 and
50 (a – b)2 is same as that of
where S50 = ∑ Tr (b + c – 2a)2 , (c + a – 2b)2 ,
r=1 (a + b – 2c)2 then a, b, c
5 50 5 50
(a) (3 − 1) − 3075 (b) (3 − 1) − 5075
8 8
5 50 50. Match the following :
(c) (3 − 1) − 1275 (d) none of these
8 column-i column-ii
45. The sum of the series (A) If three unequal numbers a, b, c are (p) 4
1·n + 2 ⋅ (n – 1) + 3 ⋅ (n – 2) + ... + n· 1 is in A.P. and b – a, c – b, a are in GP.,
n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1)(n + 2) a 3 + b3 + c 3
(a) (b) then is equal to
6 3 3abc
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
(c) (d) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) (B) Let x be the arithmetic mean and y, (q) 1
6 3 z be two geometric means between
Paragraph for question no. 46 to 48 any two positive numbers, then
In a sequence of (4n + 1) terms, the 1st (2n + 1) terms
y 3 + z 3 is equal to
are in A.P. whose common difference is 2 and the last
(2n + 1) terms are in G.P. whose common ratio is 1/2. If xyz
the middle terms of the A.P. and G.P. are equal, then (C) If a1, a2, a3, ...., a50 are 50 distinct (r) 2
46. Middle term of the sequence is numbers in A.P. and a12 – a22 + a32
n
n+1 n ⋅ 2n+1 5
(a) n ⋅ 2 (b) 2n .... – a502 =   (a12 − a50
2
), (n ∈ N)
2n − 1 2 −1 7
(c) n2n (d) (n + 1)2n + 1 then n =

36 mathematics today | september ‘15

 section-V solutions
integer answer type (log e 10)n n n!
1. (b) : an = ∑
343 n! k =0 k !(n − k )!
51. The value of xyz = 55 or according as the (log e 10) n (2 log e 10)n
n
55 = [2 ] =
series a, x, y, z, b form an A.P or H.P respectively, where n! n!
a and b are positive natural numbers. Find the sum Thus, a0 + a1 + a2 + .... upto infinity is
a + b. ∞ (2 log 10)n
= ∑ e
= e 2 loge 10 = 100
52. If the sum of the n terms of the series 13 + 3·22 + 33 n=0 n!
+ 3 · 42 + 53 + 3 · 62 + ...., where n is an even number, 2. (c) : a1 = 1
n 1
is given by (n3 + an2 + bn + c) then b – a + c – k is ⇒ a2 = 1 −
k 2
1 1
53. Find the natural number ‘a’ for which ⇒ a3 = 1 − +
n 2 3
………..
∑ f (a + k) = 16(2n – 1) where f(x) = 2x ………..
k =1 1 1 1
a∞ = 1 − + − + .... = ln 2
2 3 4
1 1 1 1
54. Let S = 1 + + + 1+ + + .... 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
1 2 2 32 3. (d) : = = −
xk +1 xk (xk + 1) xk xk + 1
1 1
+ 1+ + 1 1 1
19992 20002 ⇒ = −
xk + 1 xk xk +1
then find |2000(S – 2000)|.
1 1 1 1 1
55. Given a, b, c are positive integers forming an \ + + ... + = −
x1 + 1 x2 + 1 x100 + 1 x1 x101
increasing G.P., b – a is a perfect square of a natural
1
number, and log6a + log6b + log6c = 6. Find the value As 0 < <1
x101
of (a + b + c)/111.
 1 1 1 
S \  + + ... +  =1
56. Find , where S represent the sum to infinity of  x1 + 1 x2 + 1 x100 + 1 
4
a decreasing G.P. with the common ratio x such that
4. (c) : We have tn = Sn – Sn – 1 ∀ n ≥ 2
|x| < 1; x ≠ 0. The ratio of the fourth term to the second
1 2
1 tn = [2(n3 − (n − 1)3 ) + 9(n2 − (n − 1) ) + 13(n − n + 1)]
term is and the ratio of third term to the square of 6
16
1
the second term is 1/9. = [6n2 − 6n + 2 + 9(2n − 1) + 13]
6
57. If (1 – P)(1 + 3x + 9x2 + 27x3 + 81x4 + 243x5) = 1
= (6n2 + 12n + 6) = (n + 1)2
1 – P6, P ≠ 1, then find the value of P/x. 6
n n 1 1
58. If (12 – a1) + (22 – a2) + (32 – a3) + ... + (n2 – an) \ ∑ tr = ∑ (r + 1) = (n + 1)(n + 2) − 1 = n(n + 3)
1 r =1 r =1 2 2
= n(n2 − 1) , then find the value of a7.
3 a a ...a
5. (c) : a1 a2 .... an = bn 1 2 n
59. If Sn = 1·n + 2·(n – 1) + 3·(n – 2) + ... + n·1 and bn
S25 = 325l then l is (a1a2 ...an−1 )
= anbn
60. Three numbers, the third of which is 4 form a bn
decreasing G.P. If the last term is replaced by 3, the  1 1 
 n −1 n −1  (a1 a2 ... an−1 )
three numbers form an A.P, then the first number of = x 2 −y 2 
bn
the G.P. is

mathematics today | september ‘15 37

 (a a ...a ) = (2 + 22 + 23 + 24 + ... n terms) + n
= an−1bn−1 1 2 n−2 = 2(2n – 1) + n = 2n + 1 + n – 2
bn
12. (b) : Given, a + b = 2A
a1b1 ( x + y )( x − y ) x − y And a, p, q, b ∈ G.P.
= = =
bn bn bn \ p2 = aq and q2 = pb
4r + 1 ⇒ p3 = apq and q3 = bpq
6. (c) : Tr = ,r ≥2 By adding, we get
5r r (r − 1) p3 + q3 = apq + bpq
5r − (r − 1) 1 1
= = − = pq(a + b) = 2Apq
5r r (r − 1) 5r −1 (r − 1) 5r r 13. (b) : As the number of terms are odd (7), let r, be
∞  1 1   1 1   1 
1  the common ratio.
∑ Tr =   1 − 2  +  2 − 3  +  3 − 4  + ... ∞  a a a
r=2   5 ⋅1 5 ⋅ 2   5 ⋅ 2 5 ⋅ 3   5 ⋅ 3 5 ⋅ 4  So terms  can be taken as , , , a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3
3 2 r
∞  1 1   1 1   1 1   r r
∑ Tr =   1 − 2  +  2 − 3  +  3 − 4  + ... ∞  \ Product of the terms = a = 37 as (t4 = a = 3)
7
r=2   5 ⋅1 5 ⋅ 2   5 ⋅ 2 5 ⋅ 3   5 ⋅ 3 5 ⋅ 4  
1 14. (c) : If n is a positive number, then
= k k
5 n = p1 1 ⋅ p22 ..... prkr
(where p1, p2, p3, ..., pr are prime numbers) then number
2
T + 3T − 2 of divisors of n are (k1 + 1)(k2 + 1) ... (kr + 1)
7. (c) : S1 = 1 1
= T1 ⇒ T12 = 2
3 \ Number of prime factors of 6912 are 28·33
2 2
T − T1 + 3(T2 − T1 ) So no. of divisors = 9 × 4 = 36
S2 − S1 = 2 = T2 Prime factors of 52,488 are 38 × 23
3
\ No. of divisors = 9 × 4 = 36
⇒ T22 – T12 + 3(T2 – T1) = 3T2
Prime factors of 32,000 are 53 × 28
2 2
⇒ T2 = T1 + 3T1 = 2 + 3 2 \ No. of divisors = 9 × 4 = 36
Now each number having same number of divisors
8. (d) : a, b, c are in A.P. ⇒ 2b = a + c …(i)
i.e. 36, 36, 36
(b – a), (c – b), a are in G.P. ⇒ (c – b)2 = a(b – a)
Each and every term is constant & constant sequence
…(ii)
a b c is always in A.P., G.P. and H.P. as common difference
From (i) and (ii), = = is 0 and common ratio is 1.
1 2 3
15. (c) : Given 1, log92 (3x + 48), log9(3x – 8/3) ∈ A.P.
tn × (2n + 1) 1
9. (a) : tn+1 = × 1  8
(n + 1) 2 ⇒ log 9 9, log 9 (3x + 48), log 9  3x −  ∈ A.P.
2  3
⇒ (2n + 2)tn + 1 = (2n + 1)tn
⇒ 9, (3x + 48)1/2 , 3x – 8/3 ∈ G.P. (by concept)
(2n + 3)tn + 1 – (2n + 1)tn = tn + 1 \ 3x + 48 = 9(3x – 8/3)
Put n = 1, 5t2 – 3t1 = t2 ⇒ 8 · 3x = 72
n = 2, 7t3 – 5t2 = t3 ⇒ 3x = 9 ⇒ 3x = 32 ⇒ x = 2
_________________
(2n + 1)tn – (2n – 1)tn – 1 = tn 16. (b) : Given a, b, c ∈ H.P.
1 1 1
⇒ (2n + 1)tn – 2t1 = S So, , , ∈A.P.
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 .....(2n − 1) (2n + 1) a b c
⇒ S= −1 a +b+c b+c +a c +a +b
⇒ , , ∈ A.P.
n × 2n a b c
S 64 a(r 3 − 1) By using concept if a, b, c ∈ A.P.
10. (b) : Given 3 = = Then their reciprocals are in H.P.
S6 91 a(r 6 − 1)
a +b
(r 3 − 1) 64 17. (b) : = 2 ab ⇒ a + b − 4 ab = 0
⇒ = 2
(r 3 + 1)(r 3 − 1) 91
27 3 ⇒ a + 1 − 4 a = 0 (Dividing by b)
⇒ r3 = \ r= b b
64 4 2
 a a
11. (b) : Sn = 3 + 5 + 9 + 17 + 33 + .... or   −4 +1 = 0
= (2 + 1) + (22 + 1) + (23 + 1) + (24 + 1) + ....  b b

38 mathematics today | september ‘15

 a 4±2 3 22. (c) : We have, 2b = a + c and a, p, b, q, c are in A.P.
\ = = (2 ± 3 ) a +b b+c
b 2 ⇒ p= ,q =
2 2
a 2+ 3 Again, p ′ = ab and q ′ = bc
⇒ =
b 2− 3
(a + b)2 − (b + c)2
18. (d) : Let mth term of first A.P. be equal to the nth \ p2 − q 2 =
4
term of the second A.P. then (a − c)(a + c + 2b)
2 , 5 , 8 , …., 50 terms (series 1) = = (a − c)b = p ′2 − q ′2
4
3 , 5 ,7 , …., 60 terms (series 2)
Common series 5, 11, 17, ….., 119 23. (d) : log6(abc) = 6 ⇒ (abc) = 66
40th term of series 1 = 59th term of series 2 = 119 Let a = b/r and c = br
36
= last term of common series ⇒ b = 36 and a = ⇒ r = 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18
⇒ an = 5 + (n – 1)d ⇒ 119 + 1 = 6n r
⇒ n = 20  1
Also b − a = 36 1 −  is a perfect cube.
\ Number of common terms is 20.  r
19. (c) : Given expression is equal to \ r=4
⇒ a + b + c = 36 + 9 + 144 = 189
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
+ + n n(n−1)
c a b 24. (b) : S = a(1 − r ) , P = an ⋅ r 2
a b b c c a 1− r
or + + + + +
c c a a b b 1 1 1 1 − rn
R= + + + .... to n terms =
Using A.M. ≥ G.M. a ar ar 2 a(1 − r )r n−1
a b b c c a n
+ + + + + S
c c a a b b ≥6 abb c c a S n = Rn P k ⇒   = P k
R
6 c caabb ⇒ (a2rn – 1)n = Pk
a +b b+c c +a ⇒ P 2 = Pk ⇒ k = 2
or + + ≥6
c a b 25. (a) : Since A1, A2, A3, ...., A11 be 11 A.M.s between
20. (c) : S = ab + [ab + (a + b) + 1] + [ab + 2(a + b) + 22] 28 and 10.
+ .... + [ab + (n – 1)(a + b) + (n – 1)2] \ 28, A1, A2, ..., A11, 10 are in A.P.
n−1 n−1 Let ‘d’ be the common difference of A.P.
= nab + (a + b) ∑ r + ∑ r 2 Also the number of terms = 13.
r =1 r =1 10 = T13 = T1 + 12d = 28 + 12d
n(n − 1) (n − 1)(n)(2n − 1) 10 − 28 18 3
= nab + (a + b) + \ d= =− =−
2 6 12 12 2
n
= [1 + (n − 1){1 + 2n − 1}] \ Number of integral A.M’s is 5.
6
n n 2ac
= [1 + 2n(n − 1)] = (1 − 2n + 2n2 ) 26. (a) : Given a, b, c are in H.P., so b =
6 6 (a + c)
1 1 1 1
21. (a) : log(a + c) + log(b + c) = 2log(a + b) \ + = +
⇒ (a + c)(b + c) = (a + b)2 b−a b−c 2ac 2ac
−a −c
⇒ ab + c(a + b) + c2 = (a + b)2 (a + c) (a + c)
⇒ 2ab + 2c(a + b) + 2c2 = 2(a + b)2 …(i)  1 1 
= (a + c)  + 
Also, c = 2ab ⇒ 2ab = c(a + b) …(ii)  a(c − a) c(a − c) 
a +b
From (i) and(ii), (a + c)  1 1 
= − + 
c(a + b) + 2c(a + b) + 2c2 = 2(a + b)2 (a − c)  a c 
2(a + b)2 – 3c(a + b) – 2c2 = 0 (c + a)(a − c) (a + c) 2
= ⇒ =
3c ± 9c 2 + 16c 2 3c ± 5c c ac(a − c) ac b
\ a +b = = = 2c or −
4 4 2 27. (d) : a1 + a3 + a5 + .... + a199 = b
\ a + b = 2c. (Q a, b, c > 0) a2 + a4 + a6 + ... + a200 = a

mathematics today | september ‘15 39

 a2 – a1 + a4 – a3 + a6 – a5 + ... + a200 – a199 = a – b 1 1
Let H.P. be A, , ....... then
⇒ d + d + d + .... upto 100 times = a – b 1 1
a −b +D + 2D
⇒ d= A A
100 1
t2n−1 = = x , then
28. (b) : a, b, c, d are in G.P., let they are a, ar, ar2 , ar3 1
+ (2n − 2)D
Now (a2 + b2 + c2)(b2 + c2 + d2) A
= a2 × a2[1 + r2 + r4][r2 + r4 + r6] 11 1 
(n − 1)D =  − 
= a4r2[1 + r2 + r4]2 2 x A
= [a2r[1 + r2 + r4]]2 1 1
= (ab + bc + cd)2 \ c = tn = =
1 1 11 1 
+ (n − 1)D + −
29. (c) : a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 are in H.P. A A 2  x A 
2a a 1
⇒ a2 = 1 3 ⇒ 2a1a3 = a2a1 + a3a2 =
a1 + a3 11 1 
+
2a a 2  x A 
a4 = 3 5 ⇒ 2a3a5 = a3a4 + a5a4
a3 + a5 Clearly a, b, and c are A.M., G.M. and H.M. between
⇒ a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4 a5 = 2a1a3 + 2a3a5 …(i) the numbers, x and A respectively.
2(a a ) Hence a ≥ b ≥ c, also b2 = ac.
a3 = 1 5 ⇒ a1a3 + a5a3 = 2a1a5 …(ii)
a1 + a5 32. (a, b, c, d) : Let a, ar, ar2 , ar3 are the first four
Using (i) & (ii) terms of the G.P.
a1a2 + a2a3 + a3a4 + a4a5 = 2(2a1a5) = 4a1a5 \ a4r6 = 4 and a2r4 = 1
1 1
30. (c, d) : Let b = a + p, c = a + 2p, d = a + 3p ⇒ r2 = ⇒ r = ± and a = ± 4
1 1 1 1 4 2
+ + a 8 8
a d = a a + 3 p = (a + p)(a + 2 p) \ Sum of infinite G.P. = = 8, − 8, , −
1 1 1 1 a(a + 3 p) 1− r 3 3
+ +
b c a + p a + 2p 33. (a, b, c, d) : a1+ a4 + a7 + ... + a16 = 147
a2 + 3ap + 2 p2 ⇒ 3(a1 + a16) = 147 ⇒ a1 + a16 = 49
= >1 Again, a1 + a4 + a7 + a10 + ... + a16
a2 + 3ap
= a1 + a1 + 3d + a1 + 6d + ... + a1 + 15d
1 1 1 1
\ + > + = 6a1 + 45d = 147
a d b c ⇒ 2a1 + 15d = 49
1 1  1 1  a1 + a6 + a11 + a16 = a1 + a1 + 5d + a1 + 10d + a1 + 15d
Now  +  (a + d ) =  + (a + a + 3 p)
b c   a + p a + 2 p  = 4a1 + 30d = 2(2a1 + 15d)
= 2(49) = 98
(2a + 3 p)2 p2
= =4+ >4 Now using A.M. ≥ G.M.
a2 + 3ap + 2 p2 a2 + 3ap + 2 p2 a1 + a2 + .... + a16
⇒ ≥ (a1a2a3 .... a16 )1/16
31. (b, c) : Let A.P. be A, A + d, A + 2d, ..... then 16
8(a1 + a16 )
t2n – 1 = A + (2n – 2)d = x (say), then ≥ (a1a2a3 .... a16 )1/16
x−A 16
(n − 1)d = 16
2  49 
  ≥ a1a2a3 .... a16
x − A A+x 2
\ a = tn = A + (n – 1)d = A + =
2 2 r ( r + 1) − (r + 1) r
34. (a, c, d) : Tr =
Let G.P. be A, AR, AR2 , ...... then r 2 (r + 1) − (r + 1)2 r
1/2
x r r + 1 − (r + 1) r (r + 1) r r r + 1
t2n – 1 = AR2n – 2 = x ⇒ Rn−1 =   = = −
 A 2
−r − r r (r + 1) r (r + 1)
x
1/2 1 1
\ b = tn = ARn−1 = A   ⇒ Ax = −
 A r r +1

40 mathematics today | september ‘15

 99 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ ∑ Tr = − + .... − \ = A + ( p + q − 1)D = ( p + q)D =
r =1 1 2 2 100 Tp + q pq
1 9 1 1
= 1− = and = A + (pq – 1)D = pqD =
100 10 Tpq p+q
35. (a, d) : S(1) + S(2) + .... + S(n – 1) ⇒ Tp + q = pq and Tpq = p + q
S(1) : 1 Also, Q pq > p + q
1
S(2) : 1 + i.e., Tp + q > Tpq
2
1 1 38. (a, c) : b2 = b1r, b3 = b1r2
S(3) : 1 + + b3 > 4b2 – 3b1
2 3
………… ⇒ b1r2 > 4b1r – 3b1 ⇒ r2 > 4r – 3
………….. ⇒ r2 – 4r + 3 > 0 ⇒ (r – 1)(r – 3) > 0
1 1 1 ⇒ r > 3 or r < 1
S(n−1) : 1 + + + .... +
2 3 n −1 39. (a, b, c, d) : a, b, c are in H.P.
1 1 1
Adding vertically : ⇒ , , are in A.P.
(n − 2) (n − 3)  n − (n − 1)  a b c
= (n − 1) + + + .... + 
2 3  (n − 1)  ⇒
a +b+c a +b+c a +b+c
, , are in A.P.
 1 1 1  a b c
= n 1 + + + ... + b + c c + a a + b are in A.P.
 2 3 n − 1  ⇒ , ,
– [1 + 1 + 1 + … upto (n – 1) times] a b c
= nS(n – 1) – (n – 1) = nSn – n b+c c+a a +b
⇒ − 1, − 1, − 1 are in A.P.
36. (a, b) : We have a b c
1 [subtracting 1 from each term]
(2 + a1 ) ≥ 2a1 a b c
2 Thus , , are in H.P.
1 b+c c +a a +b
(2 + a2 ) ≥ 2a2
2 a b c
………………….. And , , are also in H.P.
b+c −a c +a −b a +b−c
1
(2 + an ) ≥ 2an 2ac 1 1 2b − (a + c)
2 Also b = , so + =
Multiplying above inequalities, we get (a + c) b − a b − c (b − a)(b − c)
1 2b − (a + c) 2b − 2ac / b
(2 + a1 )(2 + a2 ) .... (2 + an ) = =
2
2n 2
b − b(a + c) + ac b − b(a + c) + ac
≥ 2 n/2 n/2
a1a2 ..... an = 2 2 b2 − ac 2
= ⋅ =
b b2 − ac b
⇒ (2 + a1)(2 + a2) .… (2 + an) ≥ 23n/2
As all ai ≠ 2, thus we have strict inequality in the above  b b b b2
Lastly,  a −   c −  = ac − (a + c) +
inequality.  2 2 2 4
1 b 2ac b2 b2
37. (a, b, c) : Tp of A.P. = = A + ( p − 1)D …(i) = ac − ⋅ + =
q( p + q) 2 b 4 4
1 b b b
Tq of A.P. = = A + (q − 1)D …(ii) ⇒ a − , , c − are in G.P.
p( p + q) 2 2 2
1
= A + ( p + q − 1)D (40 - 42) :
Tp + q
−1 −1 −1 −1
1 40. (c) : 4sin x + 4cos x ≥ 2 4sin x + cos x
and = A + ( pq − 1)D
Tpq = 2 · 2p/2
sin –1x cos –1x
Now, solving (i) and (ii), we get Equality holds if and only if 4 =4
1 1
A=D= i.e. x =
pq(q + p) 2

mathematics today | september ‘15 41

41. (d) : Options (a), (b), (c) are correct. Only (d) Middle term of sequence = T2n + 1
option is not correct. n 2n+1
1 1 = A + 4n =
i.e. x 2 + + 4 − 3 x + = u2 − 3u + 2 2n − 1
2 x
x 2n ⋅ 2n
1 2n
= (u – 1)(u – 2) ≥ 0 Middle term of G.P. = Tn + 1 = × =
n n n
1 2 −1 2 2 −1
where u = x + . Then u ≥ 2
x 49. a - r; B - q; c - q; D - p, q, r, s
42. (d) : If x1, x2, x3, x4 denote the roots of the given (a) Ap = a + (p – 1)d …(i)
equation ∑ x1 = 4, x1x2 x3 x 4 = 1 Aq = a + (q – 1)d …(ii)
Ar = a + (r – 1)d …(iii)
∑ x1 4
⇒ = x1x2 x3 x 4 As = a + (s – 1)d …(iv)
4 Aq = kAp
Hence x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = 1
⇒ x4 – 4x3 + ax2 – bx + 1 = (x – 1)4 Ar = k2 Ap
= x4 – 4x3 + 6x2 – 4x + 1 As = k3Ap (Q Ap, Aq, Ar, As are in G.P.)
Thus a = 6, b = 4. A p − Aq (1 − k)
( p − q) = = Ap (from (i) and (ii))
Then a + b = 10. d d
(43 - 45) : (1 − k )
(q − r ) = A p k (from (ii) and (iii))
43. (d) : Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d d
T1 = a + b + c + d = 1 (1 − k )
(r − s) = A p k 2 (form (iii) and (iv))
T2 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 6 d
⇒ 6a + 2b – d = 4 ⇒ p – q, q – r, r – s are in G.P.
44. (a) : Tn = 5 3n−1 − 5n + 9 (B) lnx, lny, lnz are in G.P.
4 2 4 ⇒ ln(lnx), ln(lny), ln(lnz) are in A.P
5 5 9 ⇒ 2x + ln(lnx), 3x + ln(lny), 4x + ln(lnz) are in A.P.
S50 = (1 + 3 + ... + 349 ) − (1 + 2 + ... + 50) + 50 ⋅
4 2 4 (c) n!, 3 × n! and (n + 1)! are in G.P.
5  3 − 1  5 50 ⋅ 51 450
50 ⇒ 9(n!)2 = n!(n + 1)!
=  − ⋅ + ⇒ (n + 1) = 9 ⇒ n = 8 \ n! = 8!
4 2  2 2 4
5 × n! = 5 × 8!
5 125 ⋅ 51 450 (n + 1)! = 9!
= (350 − 1) − +
8 2 4 ⇒ 9! + 8! = 2(5 × 8!)
5 50 ⇒ n!, 5 × n! and (n + 1)! are in A.P.
= (3 − 1) − 3075
8 (b − c)2 + (a − b)2 + (c − a)2
(D)
n n n 3
45. (a) : ∑ r (n − r + 1) = ∑ (n + 1)r − ∑ r 2
(b − c − 2a) + (c + a − 2b)2 + (a + b − 2c)2
2
r =1 r =1 r =1 =
2 3
= (n + 1)∑ n − ∑ n
⇒ (b + c – 2a) – (b – c)2 + (c + a – 2b)2
2

(n + 1)2 n n(n + 1)(2n + 1) – (c – a)2 + (a + b – 2c)2 – (a – b)2 = 0

= −
2 6 ⇒ a=b=c
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(n + 2) 50. a – r, B – r , c – r
= (3n + 3 − 2n − 1) =
6 6 (a) (b – a) = (c – b) and (c – b)2 = a(b – a)
(46 - 48) : ⇒ (b – a)2 = a(b – a) ⇒ b = 2a, c = 3a
46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (d) \ a:b:c=1:2:3
1st (2n + 1) terms of A.P. are A, A + 2, ..., A + 4n. 1/3
a +b b
Last (2n + 1) terms of G.P. are (B) x = , b = ar 3 ⇒ r =  
1 1 2 a
( A + 4n), ( A + 4n) , ....., ( A + 4n)
2 22n y3 + z3 a + b
⇒ = =2
A + 4n 4n − 2n ⋅ 2n xyz a +b
⇒ A + 2n = ⇒ A=
2n 2n − 1 2

42 mathematics today | september ‘15

 2 2 2 2 52. (6) : We have
(c) a1 − a2 + a3 − .... − a50
S = 13 + 3 · 22 + 33 + 3 · 42 + 53 + 3 · 62 + ...
= (a1 + a2)(a1 – a2) + (a3 + a4)(a3 – a4) + ...
+ (a49 + a50)(a49 – a50) S = (13 + 33 + 53 + ...) + 3·(22 + 42 + 62 + ...)
= –d[a1 + a2 + ... + a50] S = (13 + 33 + 53 + ...) + 12(12 + 22 + 32 + ...)
25 Where S1 = 13 + 33 + 53 + … and S2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ...
= − (a50 − a1 )(a50 + a1 ) Now case arise
49
 25  2 2 When n is even, say n = 2m, m ∈ N
=   (a1 − a50 ) In this case both S1 and S2 contain m terms
 49 
\ S1 = 13 + 33 + 53 + ... + (2m – 1)3
51. (8) : If a, x, y, z, b to are in A.P then the common m
= ∑ (2r − 1)3
difference d of the A.P. is given by r =1
b−a m
b = a + 4d ⇒ d = = ∑ (8r 3 − 12r 2 + 6r − 1)
4
r =1
b − a b + 3a m m m m
\ x =a+d =a+ =
4 4 = 8 ∑ r 3 − 12 ∑ r 2 + 6 ∑ r − ∑ 1
r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1
b−a a +b
y = a + 2d = a + = 2
2 2  m(m + 1)   m(m + 1)(2m + 1) 
= 8  − 12  
 b − a  a + 3b  2   6 
z = a + 3d = a + 3  =
 4  4 +
6m(m + 1)
−m
b + 3a a + b a + 3b 2
\ xyz = × × 2
4 2 4  n(n + 2)  12  n  n + 2   n n+2 n
= 8  −    (n + 1) + 3  −
(3a + b)(a + b)(a + 3b)  8  6 2  2   2 2  2
⇒ 55 =
32 2
 n(n + 2)  12  n  n + 2   n n+2 n
⇒ (3a + b)(a + b)(a + 3b) = 55 × 32 …(i) = 8  −    (n + 1) + 3  −
When a, x, y, z, b are in H.P. then
 8  6 2  2   2 2  2
1 1 1 1 1 n2 (n + 2)2 n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 2) n
, , , , are in A.P. = − +3 −
a x y z b 8 2 4 2
2 2 2
S2 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + m 2
Let D be the common difference of this A.P. Then
1 1 a −b m(m + 1)(2m + 1) n(n + 2)(n + 1)
= + 4D ⇒ D = = =
b a 4ab 6 24
1 1 1 a − b 3b + a \ S = S1 + 12S2
\ = +D= + =
x a a 4ab 4ab n2 (n + 2)2 n(n + 1)(n + 2) 3 n n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 1 1 a −b a +b = − + n(n + 2) − +
= + 2D = + = 8 2 4 2 2
y a a 2ab 2ab n2 (n + 2)2 n(n + 1)(n + 2) 3 n n(n + 1)(n + 2)
= − + n(n + 2) − +
1 1 1 3(a − b) 3a + b 8 2 4 2 2
= + 3D = + =
z a a 4ab 4ab n2 (n + 2)2 3 n
= + n(n + 2) −
1 1 1 (3a + b)(a + b)(a + 3b) 8 4 2
\ ⋅ ⋅ =
x y z 32a3 b3 n
= (n3 + 4n2 + 10n + 8)
1 (3a + b)(a + b)(a + 3b) (using (i)) 8
⇒ =
xyz 32a3 b3 53. (3) : f (x) = 2x for all x ∈ N
n
55 55 × 32 \ n
∑ f (a + k) = 16(2 − 1)
⇒ =
343 32 a3b3 k =1
n
⇒ (ab)3 = 73 ⇒ ab = 7 ⇒ ∑ 2a + k = 16(2n − 1)
⇒ a = 1, b = 7 or a = 7, b = 1 k =1

mathematics today | september ‘15 43

 n
⇒ a k n
∑ 2 ⋅ 2 = 16(2 − 1) 1
But since it is a decreasing G.P. ⇒ x =
k =1 4
 n 
⇒ 2a  ∑ 2k  = 16(2n − 1) T3 ax 2 1 1 1
 k =1  Also, = = ⇒ = ⇒ a=9
T22 (ax )2 9 a 9
⇒ 2 (2 + 22 + ... + 2n) = 16(2n – 1)
a

  2n − 1   a 9 9×4
Now, S = = = = 12
⇒ 2a 2  n
  = 16(2 − 1) 1− r
1−
1 3
2 − 1
    4
⇒ 2 a + 1(2 – 1) = 16(2n – 1)
n
57. (3) : (1 – P)(1 + 3x + 9x2 + 27x3 + 81x4 + 243x5)
⇒ 2a + 1 = 24 ⇒ a + 1 = 4 ⇒ a = 3 = 1 – P6
1 1 1 − (3x )6
54. (1) : tr = 1 + + ⇒ (1 − P ) = 1 − P6
r (r + 1)2
2
1 − 3x
which is possible only if P = 3x
r 2 + (r + 1)2 + r 2 (r + 1)2
= P
r 2 (r + 1)2 \ =3
x
2r 2 + 2r + 1 + r 2 (r 2 + 2r + 1) 58. (7) : (12 + 22 + ... + n2) – (a1 + a2 + ... + an)
=
2 2 1
r (r + 1) …(i)
= n(n2 − 1)
3
r 4 + 2r 3 + 3r 2 + 2r + 1 Replacing n by (n – 1), then
=
r 2 (r + 1)2 (12 + 22 + ... + (n – 1)2) – (a1 + a2 + .... + an – 1)
r2 + r + 1 1 1 1
= =
1
+ 1 =1 + − = (n − 1)((n − 1)2 − 1) …(ii)
r (r + 1) r (r + 1) r r +1 3
1 Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
S = 2000 − , | 2000(S − 2000)| = 1 n2 – an = n2 – n
2000
⇒ an = n ⇒ a7 = 7
55. (1) : a, b, c are in G.P.
59. (9) : Let Tr = r(n – r + 1) ⇒ Tr = nr – r2 + r
⇒ b2 = ac
n n n
log6a + log6b + log6c = 6 Sn = ∑ Tr = n ∑ r − ∑ r 2 + ∑ r
abc = 66 r =1 r =1 r =1
b3 = 66 n × n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
= − +
b = 62 = 36 2 6 2
ac = 36 × 36 = 24 × 34 n(n + 1)  (2n + 1) 
b – a = N2 = n− + 1
2  3 
36 – a = N2
n(n + 1)  3n − 2n − 1 + 3  n(n + 1)(n + 2)
a is factor of 24 34. = =
a = 27 is possible value. 2  3  6
36 – 27 = 9 = (3)2 n(n + 1)(n + 2) 25 × 26 × 27
Sn = , S25 = = 25 × 13 × 9
⇒ a = 27, b = 36, c = 48 6 6
⇒ a + b + c = 111 S25 = 325l ⇒ l = 9
56. (3) : Let the series be a, ax, ax2 , ax3, ... given that 60. (9) : Let a, ar, ar2 be in G.P.
|x| < 1 and x ≠ 0
2ar = a + 3 ⇒ a = 3 …(i)
T4 ax 3 1 1 2r − 1
Also,= = ⇒ x2 =
T2 ax 16 16 ar2 = 4 …(ii)
1 Solving (i) and (ii), we get r = 2/3, a = 9
⇒ x=±
4 

44 mathematics today | september ‘15

mathematics today | september ‘15 45
 LIMITS AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
*ALOK KUMAR, B.Tech, IIT Kanpur
This column is aimed at Class XII students so that they can prepare for competitive exams such as JEE Main/Advanced, etc. and
be also in command of what is being covered in their school as part of NCERT syllabus. The problems here are a happy blend
of the straight and the twisted, the simple and the difficult and the easy and the challenging.

Definition of Limit z Algebra of Limits

Let f(x) be defined on an open interval about Let lim f (x) = l and lim g (x) = m. If l and m are
x →a x →a
x0, except possibly at x0 itself. We say that f(x)
finite then :
approaches the limit L as x approaches x0 and write z lim ( f (x) ± g (x)) = l ± m
lim f (x) = L, if for every number e > 0, there x →a
x → x0 z lim f (x) ⋅ g (x) = l ⋅ m
exists a corresponding number d > 0 such that for x →a
all x, 0 < |x – x0| < d and | f(x) – L | < e. f (x) l
z lim = , provided m ≠ 0
Left Hand Limit x →a g (x) m
z lim k f (x) = k lim f (x) = kl;
lim f (x) = L, if for every number e > 0 there exists x →a x →a
x → x0− where k is a constant
a corresponding number d > 0 such that for all x z lim [ f (x) + k] = lim f (x) + k, where k is a constant
x →a x →a
satisfying x0 – d < x < x0 ⇒ |f(x) – L| < e and
x z If f(x) ≤ g(x), for x ∈ (a – h, a + h) – {a}, for some
we call it the left hand limit. e.g. lim = –1
x →0 x h > 0, then lim f (x) ≤ lim g (x)
x →a x →a
z Limit of a Composite function
( x →a )
lim f ( g (x)) = f lim g (x) ;
x →a
provided f is continuous at x = lim g (x)
x →a
z Squeeze play theorem (Sandwich Theorem)

Right Hand Limit

lim f (x) = L, if for every number e > 0 there
+
x → x0
exists a corresponding number d > 0 such that
for all x satisfying x0 < x < x0 + d If f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) " x ∈ (a, b) – {a} and
⇒ |f(x) – L| < ∈ and we call it the right hand lim f (x) = l = lim h(x) then lim g (x) = l
x x →a x →a x →a
limit e.g. lim =1
x →0 + |x| where a ∈ (a, b).
* Alok Kumar is a winner of INDIAN NAtIoNAl MAtheMAtIcs olyMpIAD (INMo-91).
he trains IIt and olympiad aspirants.

46 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

z few indeterminate forms are as follows z Limits of trigonometric functions
0 ∞ (i) lim sin x = lim tan x = 0
, , 0 × ∞, 00 , ∞0 , ∞ − ∞ and 1∞ ,
0 ∞ x →0 x →0
where zero does not stand for exactly zero but  1 
a quantity approaching towards zero similarly (ii) lim cos x = lim   =1
x →0 x →0  cos x 
one does not stand for exactly one but a quantity
sin x x sin −1 x
approaching towards one. (iii) lim = lim = lim
x →0 x x →0 sin x x →0 x
z Some important expansions
x
x2 x3 = lim =1
(i) ln (1 + x) = x − + −... x →0 sin −1 x
2 3 (where x is measured in radians)
n xr tan −1 x
= lim ∑ (−1)r +1 ; − 1 < x ≤ 1 (iv) lim
tan x
= lim
x
= lim
n→∞ r =1 r
x →0 x x →0 tan x x →0 x
x2 x3 xn x
(ii) e x = 1 + x + + + . . .+ + ...... = lim =1
2 ! 3! n! x →0 tan −1 x
∞ xn n xr (where x is measured in radians)
=∑ = lim ∑
sin x cos x
n=0 n ! n→∞ r = 0 r ! (v) lim = lim =0
x →∞ x x →∞ x
(x ln a)2 (x ln a)3 (where x is measured in radians)
(iii) a x = 1 + (x ln a) + +
2! 3! z Limits of logarithmic and exponential functions
(x ln a)n  0, 0 ≤ a <1
+ ... + + ... 
n!  1, a =1
x3 x5 (i) lim a x = 
(iv) sin x = x − + −... x →∞  ∞, a >1
3! 5! does not exist, a<0
x2 x 4 n x 2r
(v) cos x = 1 − + − . . . = lim ∑ (−1)r ax − 1 ex − 1
2! 4! n→∞ r = 0 2r ! (ii) lim = log e a (a > 0), lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x
x3 2 5
(vi) tan x = x + + x + ..... ln(1 + x) log a (1 + x )
3 15 (iii) lim = 1, lim = log a e
n(n − 1) 2 x →0 x x →0 x
(vii) (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + ..., −1 < x < 1
2! (iv) If lim f (x) exists and positive then
(for rational or integral n, for irrational n, rule is x →a
not applicable) lim j(x). ln[ f (x)]
lim [ f (x)]j(x) = e x →a
Some StAnDARD ReSuLtS on LimitS x →a

z Limits of polynomial and rational functions (v) If lim f (x) = 1 and lim j(x) = ∞
∞
x →a x →a
x n − an
(i) lim = nan−1 then lim f (x) f(x)
= lim [1 + f (x) − 1)]f(x)
x →a x − a x →a x →a
(1 + x)n − 1 lim ( f (x)−1).f(x)
(ii) lim =n = e x →a
x →0 x
x
a x m + a1x m−1+ ....  1
(iii) lim 0 n (vi) lim 1 +  = lim (1 + x)1/ x = e,
x →∞ b x + b x n−1+ ... x →∞  x x →0
0 1
x
 a0  a
 b , when m = n lim 1 +  = lim (1 + x)a/ x = e a
x →∞  x x →0
 0
 0, whhen m < n z Some Standard methods to find Limit of a
 function
= a0
 ∞, when m > n and b0
>0
z Factorization

a0 z Rationalization
−∞, when m > n and <0
 b0 z By application of standard limits

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 47

 z Expansion of function
z Substitution
z By use of logarithm
L’ Hospital’s Rule
Suppose that either lim f (x) = 0, lim g (x) = 0 or
x →a x →a
both the limits are ∞ or – ∞ and that f and g are
differentiable on an open interval I containing
O a b c
a. Suppose also that g′(x) ≠ 0 on I if x ≠ a. Then
f (x) f ′(x)
lim = lim .
x →a g (x) x →a g ′(x) Continuity on An inteRvAL
z Continuity on an open interval
Continuity AnD DiSContinuity of A
A function f (x) is said to be continuous in an
funCtion At A point
open interval (a, b) if it is continuous at each and
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a,
every point of (a, b)
if lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a)
x →a − x →a + z Continuity on a Closed interval
i.e. L.H.L. = R.H.L. = value of the function at ‘a’ A function f(x) is said to be continuous in a closed
i.e. lim f (x) = f (a). interval [a, b] if
x →a (a) It is continuous in (a, b)
If f(x) is not continuous at x = a, we say that f(x) (b) Value of the function at “b” is equal to left
is discontinuous at x = a. hand limit at “b” i.e., f(b) = lim f (x)
note : x →b −
(c) Value of the function at “a” is equal to right
(i) All polynomials, trigonometrical functions,
hand limit at “a” i.e., f(a) = lim f (x)
exponential and logarithmic functions are x →a +
continuous in their domain. z Algebra of Continuous functions
(ii) We never talk about continuity/discontinuity at Let f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions at
point at which we can’t approach from either x = a. Then,
side of the point. These points are called isolated (i) cf(x) is continuous at x = a, where c is any
constant
points e. g . f (x) = a − x + x − a at x = a
(ii) f(x) ± g(x) is continuous at x = a
(iii) There are some functions which are continuous (iii) f(x) ⋅g(x) is continuous at x = a
only at one point. (iv) f(x)/g(x) is continuous at x = a, provided
 x if x ∈Q g(a) ≠ 0
e. g . f (x) =  note :
−x if x ∉Q
(a) If f(x) is continuous and g(x) is discontinuous
 x if x ∈Q at x = a then the product function
and g (x) = 
 0 if x ∉Q f(x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x) is not necessarily be
are both continuous only at x = 0 discontinuous at x = a.
Reasons of Discontinuity (b) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at
(i) lim f (x) does not exist. x = a then the product function f(x) = f(x) ⋅g(x)
x →a is not necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
(ii) f(x) is not defined at x = b. (c) Continuity of an inverse function : If the
(iii) lim f (x) ≠ f (c). function y = f(x) is defined, continuous and
x →c strictly monotonic on the interval X, then
In all the above cases, geometrically the graph of there exist a single valued inverse function
the function will exhibit a break at the point of x = j(y) defined, continuous and also strictly
discussion. The graph as shown is discontinuous monotonic in the range of the function
at x = a, b and c. y = f(x).

48 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

z Continuity of Composite function Dy
by tana = lim = f ′(x) which means that
If f is continuous at x = c and g is continuous at D
Dx →0 x
x = f(c) then the composite g(f(x)) is continuous slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at any
at x = c. argument is equal to the value of the derivative
AppLiCAtionS of Continuity at that argument.
z intermediate value theorem
Y
Suppose f(x) is continuous on an interval I, and a
M1 y = f(x)
and b are any two points of I. Then if y0 is a number
between f(a) and f(b), there exists a number c M0  y
between a and b such that f(c) = y0. x
z extreme value theorem
If f is continuous at every point of a closed interval  
X
I, then f assumes both an absolute maximum value O x x + x
M and an absolute minimum value m somewhere
in I. That is, there are numbers x1 and x2 in I with z physical meaning of Derivative
f(x1) = m, f(x2) = M, and m ≤ f(x) ≤ M for every The (instantaneous) velocity is the derivative of
other x in I. the position function s = f(t) with respect to time.
At time t, the velocity is
Definition of tHe DeRivAtive
The derivative f ′(x) of a function y = f(x) at a given ds f (t + Dt ) − f (t )
v(t ) = = lim
point x is defined as dt Dt →0 Dt
Dy f (x + Dx) − f (x) DiffeRentiAbiLity on An inteRvAL
f ′(x) = lim = lim = finite.
Dx →0 Dx Dx →0 Dx A function y = f(x) is differentiable on an interval
If this limit exists finitely then the function f(x) (finite or infinite) if it has a derivative at each point
is called differentiable at the point x. The number of the interval. It is differentiable on a closed interval
 f (x + Dx) − f (x) 
f −′ (x)  = lim = finite  is called [a, b] if it differentiable at every point of the open
 Dx →0− Dx 
f (a + h) − f (a)
the left hand derivative at the point x. interval (a, b) and if the limits lim
h→0 + h
Similarly the number
= finite (Right - hand derivative at a)
 f (x + Dx) − f (x) 
f +′ (x)  = lim = finite  f (b) − f (b − h)
 Dx →0+ Dx  lim = finite (Left - hand derivative
h→0 + h
is called the right hand derivative at the point
at b) exist finitely
x. The necessary and sufficient condition for the
z Causes of non-Derivability
existence of the derivative f(x) is the existence of
the finite right and left hand derivatives, and also (i) a corner, where function is continuous but
of the equality f +′ (x) = f –′ (x) = finite. L.H.D. and R.H.D. differ and are finite.
(ii) a cusp, where the slope approaches ∞ from
z Geometrical meaning of the Derivative
Let us consider the function f(x) and the one side and – ∞ from the other.
corresponding curve y = f(x). Clearly line joining (iii) a vertical tangent where the slope approaches
two points M0 (x, y) and M1 (x + Dx, y + Dy) on ∞ from both sides or approaches –∞ from
the curve will be the secant to the curve and the both sides.
Dy (iv) a discontinuity
slope of this secant is given by tan f = (Where
Dx z Relation between Derivability And Continuity
f is the angle made by the secant with the positive (a) If f ′(a) exists then f(x) is derivable at x = a
direction of the x-axis). In the limiting case ⇒ f(x) is continuous at x = a. In general a
when Dx → 0 the point M1 approaches M0 and function f is derivable at x then f is continuous
the secant joining these two points will become at x. i.e. if f(x) is derivable for every point of
the tangent at M 0 whose slope will be given its domain of definition, then it is continuous

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 49

 in that domain. The converse of the above z Some Standard formulae of Differentiation
result is need not be true e.g. the functions d d n n −1
(i) (constant) = 0 (ii) x = nx
 1 dx dx
 x sin x ≠0
f(x) = |x| and g(x) =  x both d x d x
(iii) a = a x ln a (iv) e = ex
 0, x =0 dx dx
are continuous at x = 0 but not derivable at d 1
(v) (log a | x |) = log a e
x = 0. dx x
(b) Let f ′+(a) = l and f –′ (a) = m, where l and m d 1 d
(vi) ln | x | = (vii) sin x = cos x
are finite then : dx x dx
(i) l = m ⇒ f is derivable at x = a d d
⇒ f is continuous at x = a. (viii) cos x = − sin x (ix) tan x = sec2 x
dx dx
(ii) l ≠ m ⇒ f is not derivable at x = a but f is d
continuous at x = a. If a function f is not differentiable (x) sec x = sec x tan x
dx
but is continuous at x = a, it geometrically implies
d
a sharp corner or kink at x = a. (xi) cot x = − cosec2 x
dx
(iii) If f is not continuous at x = a then it is not
d
differentiable at x = a. (xii) cosecx = − cosec x cot x
dx
z Algebra of Derivatives
If u and v are derivable functions of x, then z Derivative of inverse trigonometric functions
d du dv d 1
(i) (u ± v ) = ± (i) sin −1 x = , −1 < x < 1
dx dx dx dx 1 − x2
d du d 1
(ii) (K u) = K , where K is any constant (ii) cos −1 x = − , −1 < x < 1
dx dx dx 1 − x2
d dv du
(iii) (u ⋅ v ) = u + v d 1
dx dx dx (iii) tan −1 x = , x ∈R
known as “ Product Rule ” dx 1 + x2
d 1
 du   dv  (iv) cot −1 x = − , x ∈R
v  −u  dx 1 + x2
d u  dx   dx 
(iv)   = 2 d 1
dx v v (iv) sec −1 x = ,|x |>1
where v ≠ 0 known as “ Quotient Rule ” dx | x | x2 − 1
(v) If y = f(u) and u = g(x) then d 1
dy dy du (vi) cosec −1x = − ,|x |>1
= . known as " Chain Rule " dx | x | x2 − 1
dx du dx
z Derivative of Composite function z Differentiation of implicit function
If f(u) is differentiable at the point u = g(x), and If the relation between the variables x and y is given
g(x) is differentiable at x, then the composite by an equation containing both, and this equation
function (fog)(x) = f(g(x)) is differentiable at x, is not immediately solvable for y, then y is called
and (fog)′(x) = f ′(g(x)).g′(x). an implicit function of x. Implicit functions are
z Derivative of f(x) from The first principle/ab given by f(x, y) = 0.
initio method (i) In order to find dy/dx, in the case of implicit
If f(x) is a derivable function, then functions, we differentiate each term w.r.t. x
regarding y as a function of x and then collect
Dy f (x + Dx) − f (x) dy
lim = lim = f ′(x) = terms in dy/dx together on one side to finally
Dx →0 Dx Dx →0 Dx dx find dy/dx.
f (x + h) − f (x) (ii) In answers of dy/dx in the case of implicit
or simply f ′(x) = lim
h→0 h functions, both x and y are present.

50 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

z Logarithmic Differentiation : to find the −1 d  dy  dy
derivative of : = ×  ÷
 dy 
2 dx  dx  dx
(i) a function which is the product or quotient  
dx
of a number of functions. 3
d2 y
 dy 
=− 2 ÷  =−
( y ′′ )
OR
dx  dx  ( y ′ )3
(ii) a function of the form [f(x)]g(x), where f and g
are both derivable, it will be found convenient Problems
to take the logarithm of the function first and SECTION-I
then differentiate. This is called Logarithmic Single Correct Answer Type
Differentiation. 1. If an and bn are positive integers and
n a 
z Differentiati on of A func ti on Define d an + 2 bn = ( 2 + 2 ) , then lim  n  =
parametrically n→∞  bn 
Let x and y be the functions of parameter t, i.e.,
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) e 2 (d) e2
dy
dy dt j′(t ) 2. If f(0) = 0 and that 'f' is differentiable at x = 0, and
x = f(t), y = f(t), then = =
dx dx f ′(t ) ‘k’ is a positive integer. Then
dt 1 x x  x 
lim  f ( x ) + f   + f   + ..... + f    =
z Differentiation of A function With Respect to x →0 x   2   3   k 
Another function  k 1 
(a) k.f ′(0) (b)  ∑ .  f ′(0)
d  r =1 r 
df (x) dx f (x) f ′(x) k 1
= =
dj(x) d j(x) j′(x) (c) ∑r (d) does not exist
r =1
dx
sin2 x
z Second and Higher order Derivatives  n 2 
3. lim  ∑ r cosec x  =
dy x →0  r =1 
The derivative y ′ = is the first (first order)
dx 1
derivative of y with respect to x. This derivative (a) 0 (b) ∞ (c) n (d)
n
may itself be a differentiable function of x; if so, 4. For each positive integer n, let
dy ′ d  dy  d 2 y 3 4 5 n+2
its derivative y ′′ = = Sn = + + + ..... +
 = is called 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 n(n + 1)(n + 3)
dx dx  dx  dx 2
the second (second order) derivative of y with Then lim Sn equals
n→∞
respect to x. 29 29
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 29
If y′′ is differentiable, its derivative, y′′′ = dy′′/dx 6 36 18
= d3y/dx3 is the third (third order) derivative of y a tan x − asin x
d (n−1) 5. lim (where a > 0) is equal to
with respect to x. In the same way, y ( ) =
n x →0 tan x − sin x
y
dx (a) logea (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) ∞
denoting the nth (nth order) derivative of y with
(1 − sin x)(8x 3 − p3)cos x
respect to x, for any positive integer n. 6. lim =
x→
p (p − 2x)4
d2 y d2x 2
Relation between and : 2
3p2 p2 3p2
z
p
dx 2 dy 2 (a) − (b) (c) (d) −
16 16 16 16
 
 
d 2x d  dx  d  1  dy 7. Let f (x) = x 3  x 2 + x 4 + 1 − x 2  ,
=  =  ÷  
dy 2 dy  dy  dx   dy   dx
then lim f (x ) is equal to
  dx   x →∞

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 51

(a) 1 (b)
1 (a) a1 + a2 + ....... an (b) e a1 + a2 + .......+ an
2 2 4 2 a1 + a2 + ........ + an
3 (c) (d) a1a2 ......an
(c) (d) does not exist n
4 2 15. The number of points at which the function
1  −1  f(x) = max. {a – x, a + x, b}, –∞ < x < ∞, 0 < a < b can
8. lim   , [.] denotes greatest integer
 −1  x  x  not be differentiable is
−
x→  
3 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
function is equal to
(a) –9 (b) –12 (c) –6 (d) 0 SECTION-II
Multiple Correct Answer Type
n 3

9. lim∑ cot −1  r 2 +  =  e|x| + [x] − 2 
n→∞  4 16. If f (x ) = x
r =1   then
p  | x | + [x] 
(a) tan–1(2) (b)
4 (a) lim f (x) = −1 (b) lim f (x) = 0
p x →0+ x →0−
(c) (d) tan–1(3) (c) lim f (x) = −1 (d) lim f (x) = 0
2 x →0 x →0
10. A function f(x) is defined by, 17. Suppose 'f ' is a function that satisfies the equation
[x 2] − 1 f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + x2y + xy2 for all real numbers 'x'
 2 , for x 2 ≠ 1 f (x)
 x − 1 and 'y'. If lim = 1, then
x →0 x
f (x) =  where [.] denotes GIF ,
 (a) f(x) > 0 for x > 0 and f(x) < 0 for x < 0
0 , for x 2 = 1 (b) f ′(0) = 1
 (c) f ′′(0) = 1
(d) f ′′′(0) = 6
then f(x) is
(a) Continuous at x = – 1 x p g (x) + h(x) + 7
18. If f (x) = lim ; x ≠ 1 and f(1) = 7,
(b) Discontinuous at x = 1 p→∞ 7x p + 3x + 1
(c) Differentiable at x = 1 f(x), g(x) and h(x) are all continuous functions at x = 1.
(d) None of these Then which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
11. Let 'f ' be a real valued function defined on the (a) g(1) + h(1) = 70 (b) g(1) – h(1) = 28
x (c) g(1) + h(1) = 60 (d) g(1) – h(1) = – 28
interval (–1, 1) such that e − x ⋅ f ( x ) = 2 + ∫ t 4 + 1 dt 1 1
0 19. The function f (x) = 2 where u =
u −u−2 x −1
" x ∈ (–1, 1) and let 'g' be the inverse function of 'f '.
(a) has a removable discontinuity at x = 1
Then g′(2) = 3
(a) 3 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 2 (b) has irremovable discontinuity at x = 0,
2
(c) is discontinuous at u = –2, 1
12. f(x) = max (3 – x, 3 + x, 6) is differentiable at
(d) is discontinuous at u = –1, 2
(a) All points
(b) No point a sin x − bx + cx 2 + x 3
20. If lim 2 exists and is finite,
(c) All points except two points x →0 2x ln(1 + x) − 2x 3 + x 4
(d) All points except at one point then
(a) a = 6 (b) b = 0
13. The derivative of f(tanx) with respect to g(sec x) at 3
(c) c = 0 (d) The limit =
p 40
x = , if f ′(1) = 2, g ′( 2 ) = 4 is
4
1 1 21. If lim sin 
(
 p 1 − cosm x  )
 exists, where m, n ∈ N,
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) 1 x →0  xn 
2 2
nx then
 a1/ x + a1/ x + .... + a1/ x  (a) m ∈ N, n = 3 (b) m ∈ N, n ∈ N
14. The value of lim  1 2 n is

x →∞  n (c) m ∈ N, n = 2 (d) m ∈ N, n = 1

52 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

22. a, b are roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where Hn
28. lim =
| ax 2 + bx + c | n→∞ n
1 < a < b. If lim = 1 then which of the
x →m ax 2 + bx + c (a) 1/e (b) 1/log2
following are true? (c) 2/e (d) 1/log4
(a) a < 0 and a < m < b paragraph for Question no. 29 to 31
(b) a > 0 and m < 1 If f, g and h are functions having a common domain D and
(c) a > 0 and a < m < b h(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ g(x), x ∈ D and if lim h(x) = lim g (x) = l
(d) a > 0 and m > 1 x →a x →a
then lim f (x) = l. This is known as Sandwich Theorem.
23. A function f : R → R satisfies the equation x →a
f(x + y) = f(x) ⋅ f(y) for all x, y in R and f(x) ≠ 0 for any Using this result, compute the following limits.
x ∈ R. Let the function be differentiable at x = 0 and
x
f ′(0) = 2 then 29. The value of lim is
(a) f ′(x) = 2f(x) " x ∈ R x →0 x 4 + 4x 2 + 7
(b) f(x) = e2x (a) 1 (b) 0
(c) f(x) is everywhere continuous (c) 1/2 (d) does not exist
1 1 
(d) f   is an irrational number 30. lim x 4 sin  is
2
x →0  3 x 
1 (a) 0 (b) 1
24. If 8 f (x) + 6 f   = x + 5 where x ≠ 0 and
x (c) 1/3 (d) does not exist
y = x2f(x) then
1  6  e1/ x − e −1/ x 
 31. Let f (x) = x 2 
(a) f (x) =  8x − + 10  , x ≠ 0, then
28  x   e1/ x + e −1/ x 
 dy  1 2 (a) lim f (x) doesn’t exist
(b)   = [24x − 6 + 20x]
 dx  28 x →0+
 dy  1 (b) lim f (x) doesn’t exist
(c)   =− x →0
 dx (x = − 1) 14 (c) lim f (x) exist (d) lim f (x) = 1
x →0 x →0
 dy  19
(d)   =
dx (x = 1) 14 paragraph for Question no. 32 to 34
In the evaluation of limits following the paragraph, one
25. Suppose that f : R → R is continuous and satisfy the
may use one or the other of the following results:
equation f(x) ⋅ f (f(x)) = 1, for all real x.
(1) If f(x) and g(x) are functions defined in some
Let f(1000) = 999, then which of the following is true ?
1 deleted neighbourhood N of ‘a’ such that g(x)
1
(a) f (500) = (b) f (199) = f (x)
500 199 never vanishes in N and lim exists, then
1 1 x →a g (x)
(c) f (x) = " x ∈R − {0} (d) f (1999) = lim g (x) = 0 implies lim f (x) = 0
x 1999 x →a x →a
SECTION-III (2) If f(x) → 1 as x → a, g(x) → +∞ as x → a
Comprehension Type
and lim { f (x)} g (x) exists, then this limit equals
paragraph for Question no. 26 to 28 x →a
Let n ∈ N, The A.M, G.M, H.M of the n numbers lim g (x){ f (x)−1}
n + 1, n + 2, n + 3,...., n + n are An, Gn, Hn respectively e x →a
then sin ax − log e (e x cos x) 1
A 32. If lim = , then
26. lim n = x →0 x sin bx 2
n→∞ n 1
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 3/2 (d) 2 (a) a = 1, b = 1 (b) a = −1, b =
2
G
27. lim n = 1
n→∞ n (c) a = –1, b = 1 (d) a = −1, b =
(a) 1/e (b) 2/e (c) 3/e (d) 4/e 2

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 53

33. Let f(x) be a function that is defined in a deleted 37. Match the following.
f (x)
neighbourhood of ‘0’ such that lim = 1. If Column-i Column-ii
x →0 x
x(1 + a cos x) − b sin x
lim = 1 then (x 3 + 27)log(x − 2)
x →0 { f (x)}3 (A) lim = (p) 12
x →3 x2 − 9
3 1 1 3
(a) a = − , b = − (b) a = , b =
2 2 2 2  x 
5 3  x   x 
(c) a = − , b = −
3
(d) a = , b =
5 (B) lim e − 1 x +1−e = (q) 8
2 2  
2 2 x →0  x 

x2 x(a + cos x) − b sin x

a − a2 − x 2 − If lim =1
34. Let L = lim 2 , a > 0. If L is finite, (C) x →0 x3 (r) 9
x →0 x 2 sin2 x then a and b are respectively
then L =
1 1 1 1 If f(x) is a thrice differentiable
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
4 4 8 8 function such that
f (4x) − 3 f (3x) + 3 f (2x) − f (x)
SECTION-IV (D) xlim (s) e–1
Matrix-Match Type →0 x3
= 12
x 2n − 1
35. Let f (x) = lim then f ′′′(0) is equal to
n→∞ x 2n + 1
Column-i Column-ii SECTION-V
(A) f = 1 on (p) (1, ∞) Integer Answer Type
(B) f = –1 on (q) (2, ∞) 1 9 
38. If f (n + 1) =  f (n) +  where n ∈ N and
(C) f ≥ 0 on (r) [2, ∞) 2 f (n) 
f(n) > 0 " n ∈ N and lim f (n) exist then the value
 1 1 n→∞
(D) f(x) = sgn (|x| – 1) (s)  − , 
2 2 of lim f (n) =
n→∞
36. Match the following. 39. The integer ‘n’ for which
Column-i Column-ii  (cos x − 1)(cos x − e x ) 
lim   i s a f i n i t e n o n - z e ro
lim f (x) x →0  xn 
(A) f(x) = x sgn (x – 1) (p) x →1
doesn't exist number, is
ae x − b cos x + ce − x
lim f (x) 40. If lim = 2 then the value of
sin(sin(tan(x 2 / 2))) x →0 x sin x
(B) f (x) = (q) x →0
log cos 3x doesn't exist a+b+c=

3 tan x − sin(tan −1(tan x))

1 + tan −1 3x 41. The value of lim is
x→
p tan x + cos2(tan x)
3
− 1 − sin −1 3x f (x) = −1 / 9
2
(C) f (x) = (r) xlim
→0
42. Let (tan a)x + (sina)y = a and (acosec a)x +
1 − sin −1 2x (cos a)y = 1 be two variable straight lines, a being the
parameter. Let P be the point of intersection of the lines.
− 1 + tan −1 2x
If the coordinates of P in the limiting position when
a → 0 be (h, k), then h – k is equal to
e1/ x − 1 lim f (x) = −1
(D) f (x) = 1/ x (s) x →0 43. The function f(x) = |x2 – 3x + 2| + cos|x| is not
e +1
differentiable at how many values of x.

54 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

44. If the function f defined by k +2
4. (b) : Let uk =
x(1 + a cos x) − b sin x k(k + 1)(k + 3)
f (x) = , x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 1 is
x3 (k + 2)2 k 2 + 4k + 4
continuous at x = 0, then 2a – 8b = = =
k(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) k(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
 x + y  f (x) + f ( y) k(k + 1) + 3k + 4
45. If f  = for all x, y ∈ R, f ′(0)
 2  2 =
k(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
exists and equals to –1 and f(0) = 1 then 5 – f (2) =
1 3
solutions = +
(k + 2)(k + 3) (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
1. (a) : We have, an + 2 bn = (2 + 2 )n 4
+
k(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
⇒ an − 2 bn = (2 − 2 )n
 1 
1  
Therefore an = (2 + 2 )n + (2 − 2 )n   1 1  3  ( k + 2 ) ( k + 3)
2  = − − 
 k + 2 k + 3  2  1 
(2 + 2 )n − (2 − 2 )n   − 
and bn =    ( k + 1) ( k + 2 ) 
2 2
4 1 1 
(2 + 2 )n + (2 − 2 )n  −  − 
a
Therefore n = 2   3  (k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3) k (k + 1) (k + 2) 
bn (2 + 2 )n − (2 − 2 )n  Now, put k = 1, 2, 3, ....., n and add. Thus
 
Su = u1 + u2 + ..... + un
n
   
1 + 2 − 2  1 1  3 1 1 
  2 + 2   = − − −
 3 n + 3  2  (n + 2)(n + 3) 2.3 
= 2 
  n
 4 1 1 
1 − 2 − 2  −  −
  2 + 2  
 3  (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 1.2.3 
 
1 3 4 29
a  1+ 0   2− 2  Therefore lim Sn = + + =
Hence lim  n  = 2   Q < 1 n→∞ 3 12 18 36
n→∞  bn  1− 0   2+ 2  5. (a) : We have
= 2 a tan x − asin x  a tan x −sin x − 1 
lim = lim asin x  
x →0 tan x − sin x x →0  tan x − sin x 
 x
 f   − f (0)
 f (x) − f (0) 2  at − 1 
2. (b) : l = lim  + + .... = lim (asin x ) × lim 
x →0  x −0 x −0  (where t = tan x − sin x)
x →0 t →0  t 
x 
f   − f (0 )  = a0 × logea = logea
k 
.... + 3 3
x −0  6. (d) : Let f (x) = (1 − sin x)(8x − p )cos x
 1 1 1 (p − 2x)4
= 1 + + + .... +  f ′ (0) .
 2 3 k (1 − sin x)cos x(2x − p)(4x 2 + 2px + p2 )
=
cosec2x 2 2 2 (2x − p)4
3. (c) : L = lim (1 + 2cosec x + .... + ncosec x )sin x
x →0 (1 − sin x)cos x(4x 2 + 2px + p2 )
=
 cosec2x cosec2x (2x − p)3
 1  2
= lim    +  + ....
x →0   n  n (1 − sin x)cos x
cosec2x 
sin2 x Therefore, lim f (x) = lim 3
.(3p2 ) …(i)
 n −1 p p (2x − p)
x→ x→
.... +  + 1 ⋅n
 n   2 2
Put 2x – p = y so that y → 0 as x → p/2. Therefore
= (0 + 0 + 0 +....+ 1)0 ⋅ n =n now

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 55

   p + y  p+ y  1 
1 − sin  cos  = tan −1
(1 − sin x)cos x   2 

   2    1 1
=  1 +  r +   r −  
(2x − p)3 y3 2 2

 y y y  y   1  1 
 r+ − r−
1 − cos   − sin  2 sin2 sin   2   2  
=
2 2
= −
 4  2 = tan −1  
2  y   1 +  r + 1   r − 1  
y3  y      2 2
2 2  1  1
 y  y  y  y = tan −1  r +  − tan −1  r − 
sin sin sin sin  2  2
 4  1  2  1 = −1  4   2  ...(ii)
= −2  . . .  y /2 
y / 4  16  y / 2  2 16  y / 4  
      
[x 2] − 1
Therefore from (i) and (ii), we get  , for x 2 ≠ 1
10. (b) : f (x) =  x 2 − 1
−3p2 
lim f (x) = ×1×1 for x 2 = 1
p 16  0,
x→
2  −1
 2 , for 0 < x 2 < 1
x 3{x 2 + x 4 + 1 − 2x 2}  x − 1
7. (b) : We have, f (x) =

x2 + x 4 + 1 + x 2 =  0, for x 2 = 1

x 3{ x 4 + 1 − x 2 } 
=  0, for 1 < x 2 < 2
x2 + x 4 + 1 + x 2 
x 3(x 4 + 1 − x 4 ) \ R.H.L at x = 1 is 0
= Also L.H.L. at x = 1 is –∞
 2 4  4 2
 x + x +1 + x 2  x +1 + x  11. (c) : Differentiating given equation, we get
x3 e − x . f ′(x) − e − x ⋅ f (x) = 1 + x 4 …(i)
=
 2 4  4 2 Since (gof)(x) = x as 'g' is inverse of f.
 x + x +1 + x 2  x +1 + x 
⇒ g[f(x)] = x ⇒ g′[f(x)].f ′(x) = 1
1
= 1 1
 1  1  ⇒ g ′[ f (0)] = ⇒ g ′(2) =
 1 + 1 + 4 + 2   1 + 4 + 1 f ′(0) f ′(0)
 x   x  (Here f(0) = 2 observe from hypothesis)
1 1 1
\ lim f (x) = = = Put x = 0 in (i), we get f ′(0) = 3
x →∞ ( 1 + 1 + 2 )( 1 + 1) 2 2(2) 4 2
 3 −x, x <−3

12. (c) : f (x) = 
1 6, −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
8. (c) : Now, x < − , 1 > −3 ⇒ − 1 < 3 ⇒  − 1  = 2  3 + x,
3 x x  x  x >3

1  1 Since these expressions are linear functions in x or a
Now, lim  −  = (−3)(2) = −6 constant
 1 x  x 
−
x→ −  It is clearly differentiable at all points except at the
 3
border points at –3 and 3
At x = –3, L.H.D. = –1, R.H.D. = 0
 3  1 
9. (a) : cot −1  r 2 +  = tan −1 At x = 3, L.H.D. = 0, R.H.D. = 1
 4   2 3
 r +  At x = –3 and x = 3, it is not differentiable.
4
13. (a) : Let u = f(tanx)
 1 
= tan −1 du
  2 1 = f ′(tan x) sec2 x
 1 +  r −   dx
4
v = g(secx)

56 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

 dv 18. (a, b) : When x < 1
= g ′(sec x) sec x tan x h(1) + 7 h(1) + 7
dx f (1) = ⇒ 7=
 du  f ′(tan x) sec2 x f ′(1)2 3 +1 4
Now   p = = ⇒ h(1) = 21
 dv  x = g ′(sec x) sec x tan x g ′( 2 ) 2
4 When x > 1
2⋅2 1  h(x) 7 
= =  g (x) + p + p 
4 2 2 f (1) = lim  x x  ⇒ 7 = g(1)
1 p→∞  3x + 1  7
14. (d) : Let x = then, x → ∞, y → 0 7 + P 
y  x 
nx \ g(1) = 49 \ g(1) – h(1) = 28
 a1/ x + a1/ x + .......... + a1/ x 
n
= lim  1 2
 and g(1) + h(1) = 70
x →∞  n 1
n/ y 19. (a, b, d) : The function u = is discontinuous
 a y + a y + .......... + a y  x − 1
= lim  1 2 n
 (1∞ form) at x = 1
y →0  n 1
f (x) = is discontinuous at u = –1, 2
 y y n/ y (u + 1)(u − 2)
a + a2 + .......... + any − n 
= lim 1 + 1  3
y →0  n i.e., at x = 0,
2
n  a y + a y + ......... a y 
lim  1 2 n −1
 Also we have, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = ∞
y →0 y n x →0 u→−1
=e
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = ∞
ay − 1 ay − 1 3 u→2
ay − 1  x→
lim  1 + 2 + ...... + n  2
y →0  y y y 
=e lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0
log a1 + log a2 + log a3 + ..... + log an x →1 u→∞
=e
log(a1a2a3 ..............an) 20. (a, c, d) : Given limit
=e = (a1a2a3...........an )
 x3 x5 
a  x − + − ....  − bx + cx 2 + x 3
a − x if x < a −b  3! 5! 
 = lim
15. (a) : f (x) =  b if a −b ≤ x ≤b−a x →0  x 2
x 3 
a + x if x >b−a 2x 2  x − + − ...  − 2x 3 + x 4
  2 3 
Hence f is not differentiable at x = a – b, b – a
 a ax 5
16. (a, b) : (a − b)x + cx 2 + 1 −  x 3 + ....
 6 120
 e x +[x] − 2   e x +0 − 2  = lim
(a) lim x   = lim x x →0 x5 x6
  2 − + ...
x →0+  x + [x]  x →0+  x + 0  3 2
= lim (e x − 2) = 1− 2 = − 1 For this limit to exist, we must have
x →0+ a = b, c = 0, a = 6
 e x +[ x ] − 2  a 3 6×3 3
 e − x −1 − 2  and given limit = × = =
(b) lim x   = lim x  =0 120 2 120 × 2 40
x →0−  x + [ x ]  x →0−  − x − 1 

17. (a, b) : Observe that f(0) = 0 21. (c, d) : lim sin 

(
 p 1 − cosm x  )
f (h) x →0  xn 
and f ′(0) = lim =1
h→0 h  p(1 − cosm x) 
f (x + h) − f (x) = sin lim  
f ′(x) = lim x →0  xn 
h→0 h
Possible when m ∈ N and n = 1 or 2.
f (h) + x 2h + xh2
⇒ lim = x2 + 1 | a(x − a)(x − b)|
h→0 h 22. (a, b) : lim =1
x3 x →m a(x − a)(x − b)
Hence, f (x) = +x when a > 0, m < 1 ⇒ (m – a) (m – b) > 0
3

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 57

⇒ a(m – a) (m – b) > 0 (n + 1) + (n + 2) + .... + (n + n)
a(x − a)(x − b) 26. (c) : An =
⇒ lim =1 n
x →m a(x − a)(x − b) n(n + 1)
when a < 0, a < m < b ⇒ (m – a) (m – b) < 0 n2 +
= 2 = 3n + 1
⇒ a(m – a) (m – b) > 0 n 2
a(x − a)(x − b)
⇒ lim =1 An 3 1 3
x →m a(x − a)(x − b) = + → as n → ∞
n 2 2n 2
23. (a, b, c, d) : Clearly for x = y = 0; f(0) = 1 27. (d) : Gn = ((n + 1)(n + 2) ....... (n + n))1/n
f (x + h) − f (x) 1/n
f ′(x) = lim = 2 ⋅ f (x)  1   2   n 
h→0 h = n  1 +  1 +  ...... 1 +  
 n   n   n 
Integrating f(x) =e 2x , from this all the remaining
1/n
follows. Gn   1   2   n 
=  1 +  1 +  ...... 1 +  
n  n   n   n 
24. (a, b, c, d) : 8 f (x) + 6 f  1  = x + 5 …(1)
x G 1 n  r
1 log n = ∑ log 1 + 
Replacing x by , we get n n r =1  n 
x
1 1
G 1 n  r
6 f (x) + 8 f   = + 5 …(2) ⇒ lim log n = lim ∑ log 1 + 
x x n→∞ n n→∞ n r =1  n 
From (1) & (2) 1
4
1  6 = ∫ log(1 + x)dx = log
 …(3) e
f (x) =  8x − + 10  0
28 x G 4
Q 1 ⇒ lim n =
y = x 2 f (x) = [8x 3 − 6x + 10x 2] n→∞ n e
28 n
dy 1 28. (b) : Hn =
= [24x 2− 6 + 20x] 1 1 1
dx 28 + + ...... +
n +1 n + 2 n+n
 dy  1 1 n n
1 n
  = [24 − 6 − 20] = − =∑ ⇒ lim
dx (x = − 1) 28 14 ⇒
Hn r =1 n + r n→∞ H n
25. (a, b) : f(1000) f(f (1000)) = 1 1 n 1 1
dx
⇒ f(1000) f(999) = 1 = lim ∑
n→∞ n r =1 r
=∫
1+ x
⇒ 999 f(999) = 1 1+ 0
1 n
\ f (999) = 1
= log(1 + x) 0 = log 2
999
1
The numbers 999 and are in the range of f.
999 29. (b) : Since x 4 + 4x 2 + 7 ≥ 1, so
Hence by intermediate value property (IVP) of
continuous function, function takes all values between x
1 0≤ ≤ x , But lim x = 0
999 and , then there exists x 4 + 4x 2 + 7 x →0
999
x
 1  Hence 0 ≤ lim ≤ lim x = 0
a ∈ , 999  such that f (a) = 500
 999  x →0 x + 4x 2 + 7
4 x →0

1 x
Then f(a) f(f(a)) = 1 ⇒ f(500) = \ lim =0
500 x →0 x + 4x 2 + 7
4

 1  1  1 
Similarly 199 ∈  , 999  , thus f(199) = 30. (a) : Since − 1 ≤ sin  ≤ 1,
 199  199  3 x 
But there is nothing to show that 1999 lies in the
 1 
range of f . so − x 4 ≤ x 4 sin  ≤ x4
 3 x 
Thus (d) is not correct and so (c) also.

58 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

But lim x 4 = 0 36. A → p; b → r; C → s; D → q
x →0 (A) For function f in (A)
 1   x, x > 1
Hence, 0 ≤ lim x 4 sin  ≤0
x →0  3 x  
f (x) = 0, x = 1 so lim f (x) does not exist.
 1  −x, x < 1 x →1
\ lim x 4 sin  =0
x →0  3 x  
sin(sin(tan(x 2 / 2)))
2 e1/ x − e −1/ x 2 1− e
−2/ x
2
(b) lim
31. (c) : 0 ≤ x =x ≤ x for x > 0 x →0 log cos 3x
e1/ x + e −1/ x 1 + e −2/ x
sin(sin(tan(x 2 / 2)))
So, lim f (x) = 0 = lim
x →0+ x →0 sin(tan x 2 / 2)
e 2/ x − 1 sin(tan x 2 / 2) tan(x 2 / 2) x2 / 2
Also, lim f (x) = lim x 2 2/ x =0 × × ×
x →0− x →0− e +1 tan x 2 / 2 x2 / 2 log cos 3x
Hence lim f (x) = 0
x →0 1 2x −1
= lim =
2 x →0 −3 tan 3x 9
b a cos ax − 1 + tan x
32. (a) : = lim 3 3
2 x →0 2x 1 + tan −1 3x − 1 − sin −1 3x
(C) lim
a cos ax − 1 x →0 1 − sin −1 2x − 1 + tan −1 2x
⇒ b = lim +1
x →0 x  1   1 −1 
−1
⇒ a=b=1 1 + tan 3x + .......  − 1 − sin 3x + .... 
3 3
1 + a cos x − ax sin x − b cos x = lim
33. (c) : lim =1 x →0  1 −1   1 −1 
x →0 3x 2 1 − sin 2x − .....  − 1 + tan 2x + ..... 
2 2
implies a – b = –1 and in this case,
(1 − cos x) − ax sin x 1  1  1 tan −1 3x 1 sin −1 3x 1
1 = lim =  − a + +
x →0 3x 2 3  2  3 x 3 x x
5 3 (higher power of sin 3x and tan −1 3x)
−1
This gives a = − and b = a + 1 = − =
2 2 1 sin −1 2x 1 tan −1 2x 1
− − +
x 1 2 x 2 x x
−x −1
2 2 2 2 (higher power of sin −12x and tan −12x)
34. (c) : L = lim a − x3 = lim a − x2
x →0 4x x →0 4x 1+1
= = −1
−1 − 1
1 − 1 − x2 1
⇒ a = 1 and L = lim 2
= e1/ x − 1 e1/ x − 1
x →0 4x 8 (D) lim = −1 and lim =1
1/ x 1/ x
x →0− e +1 x →0+ e +1
35. A → p, q, r; b → s; C → p, q, r; D → p, q, r, s
37. A → r; b → s; C → q, r; D → p
If |x| > 1, then lim x 2n = ∞ , so
n→∞ (A) By L’ Hospital Rule
−2n 1
1− x (x 3 + 27) + log(x − 2).3x 2 54
f (x) = lim =1 x − 2
n→∞ 1 + x −2n lim = =9
x →3 2x 6
If |x| < 1 then lim x 2n = 0. therefore f(x) = –1. If  
n→∞  x   1 
 
x = ± 1 then x2n = 1 for any n, therefore f(x) = 0.  x   x +1−e x   e x − 1   e x −1 
(b) L = lim  e − 1  = lim   1−
x 

Thus x →0  x  x →0  x 
1 if x > 1 i.e. x ∈(−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞) x
e −1
 Put = t , As x → 0, t → 1
f (x) = −1 if x < 1 i.e. − 1 < x < 1 x

0 if x = ±1 1
\ −
L = lim t t
1 [1∞ form]
or f(x) = sgn (|x| – 1) t →1

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 59

Taking logarithm,
l2 + 9
1 0  ⇒ 2l = ⇒ 2l 2 = l 2 + 9 ⇒ l 2 = 9 ⇒ l = ± 3
log L = lim log t  form  l
t →1 1 − t  0 
Q f (n) > 0 " n ∈ N \ lim f (n) = 3
1 n→∞

= lim t (by L Hospital’s rule) 39. (3) :

t →1 −1 (cos x − 1)(cos x − e x )
Let lim = k (finite, non-zero)
= − 1 ⇒ L = e −1 x →0 xn
 x2 x 4    x2 x 4 x6 
x2 x 4 x6  1 − + − .....  − 1  1 − + − + ..... 
(C) We know that cos x = 1 − + − + ...   2 ! 4 !     2! 4! 6! 
2! 4! 6!
 x x2 x3 
− 1 + + + + ....  
x3 x5  1! 2 ! 3 !  
sin x = x − + − .... ⇒ lim =k
3! 5! x →0 xn
 x2 x 4   x3  As the limit is finite, non zero, we have degree of
ax + x 1 − + − ....  − b  x − + ....  denominator = least power of x
 2! 4!   3! 
\ L = lim ⇒ n=3
x →0 x3
ae x − b cos x + c.e − x
b 1
1 40. (4) : lim = 2 ⇒ a −b+c = 0
= lim (a − b + 1) × 2 +  −  + x →0 x sin x
x →0 x  3! 2 ! 
Apply LH Rule
terms containing x
As L = 1, we must have ae x + b sin x − c.e − x
lim =2 ⇒ a+0−c =0 ⇒a =c
b 1 x →0 sin x + x cos x
a − b + 1 = 0 and − =1 Apply LH rule
3! 2 !
⇒ b = 9 and a = 8 ae x + b cos x + ce − x
lim = 2 ⇒ a+b+c = 4
x →0 cos x + cos x − x sin x
(D) L = lim − f (x) + 3 f (2x) − 3 f (3x) + f (4x)  0 form  \ a+b+c=4
 
x →0 x3 0
41. (1) : We have
− f ′(x) + 6 f ′(2x) − 9 f ′(3x) + 4 f ′(4x)  0 
= lim 2  form  tan x − sin tan −1(tan x)
x →0 3x 0 L.H.L. = lim
p− tan x + cos2(tan x)
− f ′′(x) + 12 f ′′(2x) − 27 f ′′(3x) + 16 f ′′(4x) x→
= lim 2
x →0 6x tan x − sin x
0  = lim
 form  p −
tan x + cos2(tan x)
0 x→
2
− f ′′′(x) + 24 f ′′′(2x) − 81 f ′′′(3x) + 64 f ′′′(4x) sin x
= lim 1−
x →0 6 tan x 1− 0
= lim 2
= =1
6. f ′′′ (0) p− cos (tan x) 1+ 0
= = f ′′′ (0) x→
2
1+
6 tan x
−
But L = 12 ⇒ f ′′′(0) = 12 p p
At x → , 0<x< \ tan −1(tan x) = x
2 2
38. (3) : Let lim f (n) = l ⇒ lim f (n + 1) = l −
n→∞ n→∞ Further as, x → p , tan x → ∞ and cos2 (tanx) is real
1 9  2

lim f (n + 1) = lim f (n) + number between 0 and 1]
n→∞ 2 n→∞  f (n) 
tan x − sin tan −1(tan x)
1  9 R.H.L. = lim
⇒ l = l +  p+ tan x + cos2(tan x)
2 l x→
2

60 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

 = lim
tan x + sin x 43. (2) : Q f (x) = x 2 − 3x + 2 + cos x
p+ tan x + cos2(tan x)
x→ = |(x – 1)| |(x – 2)| + cos|x|
2
 x 2 − 3x + 2 + cos x, x < 0
sin x 
1+ 2
tan x 1− 0  x − 3x + 2 + cos x, 0 ≤ x < 1
= lim 2
= =1 f (x) = 
p+ cos (tan x) 1− 0 2
−x + 3x − 2 + cos x, 1 ≤ x < 2
x→ 1+
2 tan x  2
 x − 3x + 2 + cos x, x > 2
p+ p
As x → ,x > 2x − 3 − sin x, x < 0
2 2 2x − 3 − sin x, 0 ≤ x < 1

⇒ tan tanx = tan–1 tan(x – p) = x – p
–1 \ f ′(x) = 
\ sin tan–1 (tanx) = sin(x – p) = – sinx −2x + 3 − sin x,1 ≤ x < 2
2x − 3 − sin x, x > 2
p+
(Further as x → ; tan x → −∞ and cos2(tanx) is a it is clear f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1 and x = 2.
2
real number between 0 and 1) 44. (7) : 1 = f (0) = lim f (x)
x →∞
\ L.H.L. = R.H.L. = 1 \ required limit = 1
  x2   x3 
42. (3) : Here two straight lines, x 1 + a 1 − + ....   − b  x − + ..... 
(tana)x + (sina)y = a and (a cosec a)x + (cosa)y = 1   2   3 
= lim
x →0 3
have their point of intersection as, x
a cos a − sin a a − x tan a  −a b 
x= and y = x(1 + a − b) + x 3  +  + x 5(l) + ....
sin a − a sin a  2 6
= lim
\ when a → 0, we obtain the point P. x →0 x3

a cos a − sin a  0 −a b
 ⇒ 1 + a − b = 0 and + =1
i.e., lim x = lim  form  2 6
a →0 a →0 sin a − a 0
−5 −3
−a sin a + cos a − cos a ⇒ a= ,b = and 2a − 8b = 7
= lim 2 2
a →0 cos a − 1
f (2x) + f (2 y)
(applying L-Hospital’s rule) 45. (6) : f (x + y) =
2
 a
a  2 sin cos 
a Online Test Series
and f(2x) = 2f(x) – 1 (put y = 0)
−a sin a  2 2 Practice Partf (x Syllabus/
+ h) − f (x) Full Syllabus
lim = lim
2
a →0 −2 sin a / 2 a →0 a Now f ′(x) = hlim
Mock Test
2 sin2 → 0
h Papers for

JEE Main
2
f (2x) + f (2h) − 2 f (x) lim f (2h) − 1
2
a = hlim
→0 = h→0
a 2 =2 2h 2h
= lim = lim
a →0 tan a / 2 a →0 a = f′(0) = –1
tan
2 Log
Since f(0)on= to
1 andhttp://test.pcmbtoday.com
f ′(0) = –1
a − x tan a  a x  \ f(x) = 1 – x ⇒ 5 – f(2) = 5 – (–1) = 6
Again, lim y = lim = lim  − 
a →0 a →0 sin a x →0  sin a cos a nn

a x  
= lim − lim = 1 − 2 = −1 Q lim x = 2
a →0 sin a a →0 cos a  a→0 
⇒ lim y = −1
a →0 Attempt free online test
Hence, in limiting position P(2, –1)
Log on to http://test.pcmbtoday.com
⇒ h–k=2+1=3

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 61

Attempt free on
analyse your p
 The entire syllabus of Mathematics of WB-JEE is being divided
UNIT-III : CO-OrdINaTe geOmeTry in to six units, on each unit there will be a Mock Test Paper
(MTP) which will be published in the subsequent issue.

category-i 7. The parametric form of equation of the circle

1. The circumcentre of a triangle with vertices (8, 6), x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y – 28 = 0 is
(8, –2), (2, –2) is at the point (a) x = − 3 + 38 cos q, y = − 1 + 38 sin q
(a) (2, –1) (b) (1, –2) (c) (5, 2) (d) (2, 5)
2. If the co-ordinates of the circumcentre and the (b) x = 38 cos q, y = 38 sin q
orthocentre of a triangle are respectively (5, 5) and (c) x = − 3 − 38 cos q, y = − 1 + 38 sin q
(2, 2), then the co-ordinates of the centroid are
(a) (1, 1) (b) (3, 1) (c) (3, 3) (d) (4, 4) (d) x = 3 + 38 cos q, y = − 1 + 38 sin q
3. If the points A(3, 4), B(x1, y1) and C(x2, y2) are 8. The line segment joining (5, 0) and (10 cosq, 10 sinq)
such that both 3, x1, x2 and 4, y1, y2 are in A.P., then is divided internally in the ratio 2 : 3 at P. If q varies,
(a) A, B, C are vertices of an isosceles triangle then the locus of P is
(b) A, B, C are collinear points (a) a circle (b) a straight line
(c) A, B, C are vertices of a right angled triangle (c) a parabola (d) an ellipse
(d) A, B, C are vertices of an equilateral triangle 9. The shortest distance between the circles
4. If the point (2 cosq, 2 sinq), for q ∈ (0, 2p) lies in (x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 1 and (x + 2)2 + (y – 2)2 = 4 is
the region between the lines x + y = 2 and x – y = 2 (a) 1 (b) 2
containing origin, then q lies in (c) 3 (d) 4
(a)  0, p  ∪  3 p , 2p  (b) [0, p] 10. The one end of the latus rectum of the parabola
 2  2  y2 – 4x – 2y – 3 = 0 is at
p 3p p p (a) (0, –1) (b) (0, 1)
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
2 2   4 2  (c) (0, –3) (d) (3, 0)

5. Number of points having distance 11. If a point P(x, y) moves along the ellipse
5 from the
x2 y2
straight line x – 2y + 1 = 0 and a distance 13 from + = 1 and C is the centre of the ellipse, then
25 16
the line 2x + 3y – 1 = 0 are 4 max {CP} + 5 min{CP} =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 (a) 25 (b) 40
6. If p and q are respectively the perpendiculars from (c) 45 (d) 54
the origin upon the straight lines whose equations are 12. The length of the transverse axis of a hyperbola is
x secq + y cosecq = a and x cosq – y sinq = a cos2q, 2 cosa. The foci of the hyperbola are the same as that
then 4p2 + q2 is equal to of the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144. The equation of the
(a) 5a2 (b) 4a2 (c) 3a2 (d) a2 hyperbola is
By : Sankar Ghosh, HOD(Math), Takshyashila. Mob : 09831244397.

62 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

 19. If 5a + 4b + 20c = t, then the value of t for which
x2 y2
(a) − =1 the line ax + by + c – 1 = 0 always passes through a
cos2 a 7 − cos2 a fixed point is
x2 y2 (a) 0 (b) 20
(b) − =1 (c) 30 (d) none of these
cos2 a 7 + cos2 a
20. The line 3x + 4y – 24 = 0 cuts the x-axis at A and
x2 y2 y-axis at B. Then the incentre of the triangle OAB, where
(c) − =1
1 + cos2 a 7 − cos2 a O is the origin is
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 2)
x2 y2 (c) (12, 12) (d) (2, 12)
(d) − =1
1 + cos2 a 7 + cos2 a 21. If a line OP through the origin O makes angle a,
13. If the co-ordinate axes are shifted to the point 45° and 60° with x, y and z axes respectively, then the
(–1, 2) without rotation, then the curve whose equation direction cosines of OP are
is 2x2 + y2 – 4x + 4y = 0 will have the equation 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , , (b) , ,
(a) 2x2 + y2 – 8x + 8y + 18 = 0 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) 2x2 + y2 – 6 = 0 1 1 1
(c) 2x2 + y2 + 8y + 10 = 0 (c) , , (d) none of these
2 2 2
(d) x2 + 2y2 + 8x – 8y + 18 = 0
22. If O is the origin and the line OP of length r makes
14. If x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 10 – r2 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x = 0 an angle a with x-axis and lies in the xz plane, then the
intersect in two distinct points, then co-ordinates of P are
(a) 2 < r < 8 (b) r < 2 (a) (rcosa, 0, rsina) (b) (0, 0, rsina)
(c) r = 2 (d) r > 2 (c) (0, 0, rcosa) (d) (rcosa, 0, 0)
15. Circles are drawn with SP as diameter where S is 23. If a straight line makes angles a, b, g with the
the focus of the parabola y2 + 4ax = 0 and P is any point
on the parabola. The locus of the centre of the circle 1 − tan2 a 1
co-ordinate axes, then
2
+ − 2 sin2 g =
is 1 + tan a sec 2b
(a) y2 = 2ax (b) y2 + 2ax + a2 = 0 (a) –1 (b) 1 (c) –2 (d) 2
(c) y2 + 2ax = 0 (d) y2 + ax = 0
24. The foot of the perpendicular from the point
16. If C is the centre A, B are two points on the conic x y −1 z − 2
(1, 6, 3) to the line = = is
 = p , then
4x2 + 9y2 – 8x – 36y + 4 = 0, such that ACB 1 2 3
CA–2 + CB–2 = 2 (a) (1, 3, 5) (b) (–1, –1, –1)
13 36 16 33 (c) (2, 5, 8) (d) (–2, –3, –4)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 13 33 16 25. Equation of the straight line through the point
(2, 3, 1) and parallel to the line of intersection of the
x2 y2 planes x – 2y – z + 5 = 0 and x + y + 3z = 6 is
17. The two conics bx2 = y and − = 1 intersect
iff a 2 b2 (a)
x − 2 y − 3 z −1
(b) x − 2 = y − 3 = z − 1
= =
1 1 1 −5 −4 3 5 −4 3
(a) − ≤a≤ (b) a < −
2 2 2 x − 2 y − 3 z −1 x − 2 y − 3 z −1
(c) = = (d) = =
1 4 3 2 5 4 3
(c) a > (d) a < b
2 26. The lines
18. If the straight lines 2x + 3y – 1 = 0 and x + 2y – 1 = 0 x −2 y −3 z −4 x −1 y − 4 z − 5
= = and = =
and ax + by – 1 = 0 form a triangle with origin as 1 1 −K K 2 1
orthocentre, then (a, b) is given by are coplanar if
(a) (6, 4) (b) (–3, 3) (a) K = 2 (b) K = 0
(c) (–8, 8) (d) (0, 7) (c) K = 3 (d) K = –1

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 63

27. The plane x + 3y – 13 = 0 passes through the line (a) x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2py – b2 – q2 = 0
of intersection of the planes 2x – 8y + 4z + p = 0 and (b) x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2py + b2 + q2 = 0
3x – 5y + 4z – 10 = 0. If the plane is perpendicular to the (c) x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2py – b2 – q2 = 0
plane 3x – y – 2z – 4 = 0, then the value of p is equal to (d) x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2py + b2 + q2 = 0
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 9 (d) 3 category iii
28. Equation of the plane perpendicular to the line 36. A circle S passes through the point (0, 1) and is
x y z
= = and passing through the point (2, 3, 4) is orthogonal to the circles (x – 1)2 + y2 = 16 and x2 + y2 = 1.
1 2 3
Then
(a) 2x + 3y + z = 17 (b) x + 2y + 3z = 9
(a) radius of S is 8
(c) 3x + 2y + z = 16 (d) x + 2y + 3z = 20
(b) radius of S is 7
x −2 y −3 z −4
29. The line = = is parallel to the (c) centre of S is (–7, 1)
plane 3 4 5
(d) centre of S is (–8, 1)
(a) 2x + 3y + 4z = 0 (b) 3x + 4y + 5z = 7
(c) 2x + y – 2z = 0 (d) x + y + z = 2 37. The point P divides the line segment joining the
points A(–5, 1) and B(3, 5) in l : 1. The co-ordinates
30. The angle between two diagonals of a cube is
of the points Q and R are respectively (1, 5) and (7, 2).
1
(a) cos −1   (b) 30° If the area of the triangle PQR is 2 square units, then
3
1 the value of l is
(c) cos −1   (d) 45°
 3 19 31
(a) (b)
5 9
category ii (c) 23 (d) 19
31. Let O be the vertex and Q be any point on the 38. Let A and A′ are the vertices of the ellipse
parabola, x2 = 8y. If the point P divides the line segment
x2 y2
OQ internally in the ratio 1 : 3, then the locus of P is + = 1, whose foci is S and S′ and eccentricity e.
(a) y2 = 2x (b) x2 = 2y a 2 b2
2
(c) x = y (d) y2 = x ar (DAA′P)
Let P is a point on the ellipse such that = K,
32. The number of points, having both co-ordinates ar (DSS′P)
then
as integers, that lie in the interior of the triangle with (a) 0 < K < 1
vertices (0, 0), (0, 41) and (41, 0) is
(b) K > 1
(a) 820 (b) 780
(c) 901 (d) 861 (c) K, is only dependent on e
(d) K, is only dependent on b and e.
33. The equation of the plane containing the line
2x – 5y + z = 3; x + y + 4z = 5, and parallel to the plane, 39. The direction line makes an angle 60° and 45° with
x +3y + 6z = 1 is the axes of x and y respectively. The angle it makes with
(a) x + 3y + 6z = 7 (b) 2x + 6y + 12z = –13 the axis of z is
(c) 2x + 6y + 12z = 13 (d) x + 3y + 6z = –7
p p
34. The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point (a) (b)
6 3
x − 2 y +1 z − 2
of intersection of the line = = and the 2p p
plane x – y + z = 16, is 3 4 12 (c) (d)
3 4
(a) 3 21 (b) 13
40. The length and foot of perpendicular from the
(c) 2 14 (d) 8
point (7, 14, 5) to the plane 2x + 4y – z = 2 are
35. If the abscissae and ordinates of two points P and Q
(a) 3 21 (b) 63
are the roots of x2 + 2ax – b2 = 0 and y2 + 2py – q2 = 0,
then the equation of the circle with PQ as diameter is (c) (1, 2, 8) (d) (2, 4, –1)

64 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

 solutions p 3p
which q ∈  , 
1. (c) : Let the circumcentre be O(x, y) 2 2 
A(8, 6)
5. (c) : By the problem, we have
| x − 2y + 1| | 2x + 3 y − 1 |
= 5 and = 13
12 + (−2)2 22 + 32
O(x, y) ⇒ x – 2y + 1 = ±5 and 2x + 3y – 1 = ± 13
B(8, –2) C(2, –2) Clearly, on solving the above equations, we will get
4 points.
\ OA = (x − 8)2 + ( y − 6)2 | −a |
6. (d) : We have p =
2 2
OB = (x − 8) + ( y + 2) sec q + cosec2q
2

OC = (x − 2)2 + ( y + 2)2 | −a cos 2q |

and q =
Clearly OA = OB = OC cos2 q + sin2q
Now OA = OB gives (y − 6)2 = ( y + 2)2 a2 a2 cos2 2q
⇒ y2 – 12y + 36 = y2 + 4y + 4 ⇒ p2 = 2 2
and q2 =
sec q + cosec q 1
⇒ 16y = 32 \ y=2
a2 2
and OB = OC gives x 2 − 16x + 64 = x 2 − 4x + 4 ⇒ p2 = sin 2q and q2 = a2 cos2 2q
4
⇒ 12x = 60 \ x = 5
\ 4p2 + q2 = a2
Thus circumcentre is (5, 2)
2 1 7. (d) : The given equation of the circle is
2. (d) : x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y – 28 = 0
O(2, 2) G C(5, 5)

We know that centroid (G) divides the line segment \ centre (3, − 1) and radius = 32 + 12 + 28 = 38
joining the orthocentre (O) and circumcentre (C) in \ x = h + r cosq, y = k + r sinq are parametric
2 : 1. form.
 (2 × 5) + (1 × 2) (2 × 5) + (1 × 2)  ⇒ x = 3 + 38 cos q, y = − 1 + 38 sin q
\ G= , 
 2 +1 3 [where (h, k) ≡ (3, –1) and r = 38 ]
= (4, 4)
8. (a) : 2 3
3. (b) : We have x1 – 3 = x2 – x1 and y1 – 4 = y2 – y1 (5, 0) P(x,y) (10 cos, 10 sin)
[As both 3, x1, x2 and 4, y1, y2 are in A.P]
y − 4 y2 − y1 Using section formula, we get
⇒ 1 = 20 cos q + 15 20 sin q + 0
x1 − 3 x2 − x1 x= and y =
5 5
\ Slope of AB = slope of BC
\ A, B, C are collinear. ⇒ 5x – 15 = 20 cosq and 5y = 20 sinq
4. (c) : y x −3 y
⇒ = cos q and = sin q
B 4 4
2
y=

Q sin2q + cos2q = 1
x–

x
C O A
x ⇒ (x – 3)2 + y2 = 16 is the required locus representing
x+ an equation of a circle.
D
y= 9. (b) : Centre and radius of the circle
2
(x – 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 1 is C1(1, –2) and r1 = 1.
y
Again centre and radius of the circle
Clearly (2cosq, 2sinq) is a point on the circle x2 + y2 = 22 (x + 2)2 + (y – 2)2 = 4 is C2(–2, 2) and r2 = 2
And the region between the lines x + y = 2 and
x – y = 2 containing origin is ABCDA Now C1C2 = (1 + 2)2 + (−2 − 2)2 = 9 + 16 = 5
\ All the points are lying on BCD of the circle for Since C1C2 > r1 + r2

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 65

\ Two circles do not intersect. 13. (a) : Here, the origin has been shifted to (–1, 2)
dmin = C1C2 – (r1 + r2) = 5 – (1 + 2) = 2 \ by translation, we have
10. (a) : The given equation of the parabola is x = x′ – 1 and y = y′ + 2
y2 – 4x – 2y – 3 = 0 The equation of the curve becomes
⇒ (y2 – 2y + 1) = 4x + 4 2(x′ – 1)2 + (y′ + 2)2 – 4(x′ – 1) + 4(y′ + 2) = 0
⇒ 2x′2 + y′2 – 8x′ + 8y′ + 18 = 0
⇒ (y – 1)2 = 4(x + 1)
Let Y = y – 1 and X = x + 1 14. (a) : The given two equations of circles are
\ Y2 = 4X = 4⋅1⋅ X \ a = 1 x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 10 – r2 = 0
End points of latus rectum are (a, ± 2a) = (1, ±2) and x2 + y2 + 6x = 0
\ X=1 ⇒ x+1=1 ⇒ x=0 Let they be denoted by C1 and C2 respectively.
Y = ± 2 ⇒ y – 1 = ± 2 ⇒ y = 3, –1 Now C1 : (x – 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = r2
\ End points of latus rectum are (0, 3) and (0, –1). and C2 : (x + 3)2 + y2 = 32
\ Centre of C1 is (1, 3) and that of C2 is (–3, 0)
11. (b) : The equation is Let the distance between the centres of the above
x2 y2 circles be d
+ =1
25 16 \ d = (1 + 3)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
y For two circles to intersect, r1 – r2 < d < r1 + r2
B ⇒ r–3<5<r+3 ⇒ 2<r<8
P(x, y)
15. (b) : The equation of the parabola is y2 + 4ax = 0
x A x ⇒ y2 = – 4ax
C A
\ focus (–a, 0)
B Let P(–at2 , 2at) be any point on the parabola.
y For the circle with SP as diameter, the centre Q is the
mid-point of SP.
\ a = 5, b = 4 y
Clearly max {CP} = Length of semi-major axis = 5
and min {CP} = Length of semi-minor axis = 4 P
\ 4max {CP} + 5min{CP} = (4 × 5) + (5 × 4) = 40 Q
12. (a) : Length of transverse axis of hyperbola
S(–a, 0) A x
= 2cosa
\ 2a = 2cosa ⇒ a = cosa ...(i)
Now the equation of the given ellipse is
9x2 + 16y2 = 144 If Q = (x, y) then
x 2
y 2 −at 2 − a
⇒ + 2 =1 x= ⇒ 2x = − at 2 − a …(i)
42 3 2
2at + 0
\ foci of ellipse = (± 7 , 0) = foci of hyperbola and y = ⇒ 2 y = 2at ⇒ y = at …(ii)
2
7 ...(ii) Eliminating t, from (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ e cos a = ± 7 ⇒ e = ±
cos a 2
y y2 y2
b 2 2x = − a   − a = − a 2 − a = − −a
Since for hyperbola, e 2 = +1 a a a
a2 ⇒ 2ax = – y2 – a2 ⇒ y2 + 2ax + a2 = 0 is required
2 2 2
 7  b 7 b equation of locus.
⇒ ± = +1 ⇒ = +1
 cos a  2
cos a cos a cos2 a
2 16. (a) : The given equation of the conic is
⇒ 7 = b2 + cos2a ⇒ b2 = 7 – cos2a 4x2 + 9y2 – 8x – 36y + 4 = 0
\ Required equation of hyperbola is ⇒ 4(x2 – 2x) + 9(y2 – 4y) + 4 = 0
⇒ 4(x2 – 2x + 1) + 9(y2 – 4y + 4) + 4 = 4 + 36
x2 y2 ⇒ 4(x – 1)2 + 9(y – 2)2 = 36,
− =1
cos2 a 7 − cos2 a which is an ellipse whose centre is (1, 2)

66 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

 ax by
19. (b) : Equation + + 1 = 0 has two independent
c −1 c −1
parameters. It can pass through a fixed point if it contains
only one independent parameter. Now there must be
a b
one relation between and independent of
c −1 c −1
a, b and c.
Let CA makes an angle q with the major axis, then a b
So that can be expressed in terms of
A = (1 + CA cosq, 2 + CA sinq) c −1 c −1
p p and straight line contains only one independent
Similarly, B = 1 + CB cos  + q  , 2 + CB sin  + q   parameter.
  2   2 
Now that given relation can be expressed as
As A and B are points on the conic
5a 4b t − 20c
CA2 (4cos2q + 9sin2q) = 36 + =
c −1 c −1 c −1
and CB2 (4sin2q + 9cos2q) = 36
13 Now R.H.S. be independent of c if t = 20
\ CA−2 + CB −2 = 20. (b) : The line 3x + 4y = 24
36 y
x y
i.e. + = 1
17. (a) : Substituting x 2 = 1 y, the equation of the conic 8 6 B (0, 6)
b meets the x-axis at
gives the equation a2y2 – by + a2b2 = 0 c=6 b = 10
A(8, 0) and B(0, 6)
This has real roots iff b2 – 4a4b2 ≥ 0 ⇒ AB = 10
1 1 1 The co-ordinates of the x
i.e. a 4 ≤ giving − ≤a≤ a=8 A
4 2 2 incentre of DABC are (8, 0)
 ax1 + bx2 +cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
18. (c) :  a + b + c , a + b + c 
\ For DOAB, I is
 8(0) + 10(0) + 6(8) 8(6) + 10(0) + 6(0) 
, i.e., I is (2, 2)
 8 + 10 + 6 8 + 10 + 6 

21. (c) : The direction cosines of OP are cosa, cos45°,

Equation of AO is cos60°
2x + 3y – 1 + l (x + 2y – 1) = 0 Now cos2a + cos245° + cos260° = 1
Since the above line is passing through origin 1 1 1
⇒ cos2 a + + = 1 ⇒ cos2 a =
\ l = –1 2 4 4
\ equation of AO is x + y = 0 1
⇒ cos a =
Again AO ^ BC 2
−a 1 1 1
\ –1 ×   = – 1 ⇒ a = – b Thus, the direction cosines of OP are  , ,
 b   2 2 2 
Similarly (2x + 3y – 1) + m(ax – ay – 1) = 0 will be the 22. (a) : Let the coordinates of P be (x, y, z).
equation of BO for m = –1 Since OP lies in xz plane and makes an angle a with
(2 − a) 1 p
BO ^ AC ⇒ − × − = −1 the x-axis, it makes angle  p − a  with z axis and
3+a 2 2  2
with y-axis.
2−a p p 
⇒ = −1 So, x = r cos a, y = r cos = 0, z = r cos  − a 
2 (3 + a) 2  2 
⇒ 6 + 2a = – 2 + a ⇒ a = – 8 are the required co-ordinates and therefore co-ordinates
⇒ a = – 8 and b = 8 of P = (rcosa, 0, rsina)

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 67

 1 − tan2 a 1 27. (d) : The equation of the plane, passing through
23. (c) :
2
+ − 2 sin2 g the line of intersection of the planes
1 + tan a sec 2b 2x – 8y + 4z + p = 0 and 3x – 5y + 4z – 10 = 0 is
= cos2a + cos2b + 1 – 2sin2g – 1 (2x – 8y + 4z + p) + l (3x – 5y + 4z – 10) = 0
= cos2a + cos2b + cos2g – 1 ⇒ (2 + 3l)x – (8 + 5l)y + 4(1 + l) z + p – 10l = 0
= 2cos2a – 1 + 2cos2b – 1 + 2 cos2g – 1 – 1 ...(i)
= 2 (cos2a + cos2b + cos2g) – 4 Since (i) is perpendicular to 3x – y – 2z – 4 = 0
= 2⋅1 – 4 [Q cos2a + cos2b + cos2g = 1] \ 3(2 + 3l) + (8 + 5l) – 2 (4 + 4l) = 0
=–2
⇒ l = –1
24. (a) : Let Q be the foot of ^r of PQ on the line Thus (i) becomes –x – 3y + p + 10 = 0
x y −1 z − 2 ⇒ x + 3y – (p + 10) = 0 ...(ii)
= =
1 2 3 \ equation (ii) is identical with x + 3y – 13 = 0
x y −1 z − 2 \ p + 10 = 13 ⇒ p = 3
Let = = = l (say)
1 2 3
28. (d) : Let the equation of plane be,
\ x = l, y = 2l + 1, z = 3l + 2
ax + by + cz + d = 0 …(i)
Now the given line is
x −0 y −0 z −3
= = …(ii)
1 2 3
Also, plane (i) is perpendicular to the line (ii).
a b c
So, = = =l
1 2 3
⇒ a = l, b = 2l, c = 3l …(iii)
\ The point Q = (l, 2l + 1, 3l + 2) lie on AB. Also, plane (i) passes through (2, 3, 4).
Since PQ ^ AB So 2a + 3b + 4c + d = 0 …(iv)
\ (l – 1)·1 + (2l + 1 – 6)·2 + (3l + 2 – 3)·3 = 0 From (iii) and (iv), we have
⇒ l – 1 + 2 (2l – 5) + 3(3l – 1) = 0 2l + 6l + 12l + d = 0 ⇒ d = – 20l
⇒ 14l – 14 = 0 ⇒ l = 1 \ Required equation of plane is,
\ required point Q = (1, 3, 5) lx + 2ly + 3lz – 20l = 0
25. (a) : Let the direction ratios of the line of intersection ⇒ x + 2y + 3z = 20
of the planes be <a, b, c> 29. (b) : Let the equation of plane be
\ a – 2b – c = 0 and a + b + 3c = 0 ax + by + cz + d = 0 …(i)
Solving the above equations, we get x −2 y −3 z −4
a b c The given line = = is parallel to plane (i)
= = = k (say) 3 4 5
−5 −4 3 So, 3a + 4b + 5c = 0
\ a = – 5k, b = – 4k, c = 3k Now from the option only plane in (b) satisfied the
x − 2 y − 3 z −1 equation. So, (b) is the correct option.
⇒ = = is required equation of
−5 −4 3 30. (a) : The angle between two diagonals of a cube is
straight line.
1
26. (b) : The given lines are cos −1  
3
x −2 y −3 z −4
= = …(i)
1 1 −K 31. (b) :
x −1 y − 4 z − 5
and = = …(ii) Q(4t, 2t2)
K 2 1 (, )P
Now, (i) and (ii) are coplanar
1− 2 4 − 3 5 − 4 O(0, 0)
\ 1 1 −K = 0 OP : PQ = 1 : 3
K 2 1 Let the co-ordinates of Q be (4t, 2t2)
On simplification, we get K = 0, or K = –3 \ By section formula, we get

68 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

 Thus the point is (5, 3, 14)
4t + 0 2t 2 + 0 t 2
a= = t and b = = Given point is (1, 0, 2)
4 4 2 The distance between the points
Eliminating 't', we get the locus of P(a, b) as a2 = 2b
= (5 − 1)2 + (3 − 0)2 + (14 − 2)2
Thus the locus is x2 = 2y.
32. (b) : We count the number of points on line x = n, ⇒ 16 + 9 + 144
1 ≤ n < 40, that lie in the interior of the triangle.
⇒ 169 = 13
Y
35. (a) : Let P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2)
(0, 41)
\ x1 + x2 = –2a and x1x2 = –b2
(1, 40) y2 + y2 = –2p and y1y2 = – q2
(2, 39) Equation of the required circle is
(x – x1)(x – x2) + (y – y1)(y – y2) = 0
(40, 1) ⇒ x2 – (x1 + x2)x + x1x2 + y2 – (y1 + y2)y + y1y2 = 0
O X
⇒ x2 + 2ax – b2 + y2 + 2py – q2 = 0
(41, 0) ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2py – b2 – q2 = 0
At line, for x = 40, we have 0 point, for x = 39, we have 36. (b, c,) : Let x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be orthogonal
1 point ................. to x2 + y2 – 2x – 15 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 1 = 0.
x = n, we have (40 – n) points Orthogonal condition requires
The total number of points = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... 39 –2g = c – 15 and c – 1 = 0
1 Also (0, 1) lies on the circle ⇒ 1 + 2f + c = 0
= × 39 × 40 = 39 × 20 = 780 Solving, we get c = 1, g = 7, f = –1
2
33. (a) : The equation of the plane containing the line Hence radius = g 2 + f 2 − c = 72 + 12 − 12 = 7
2x – 5y + z = 3 and x + y + 4z = 5 is
(2x – 5y + z – 3) + l (x + y + 4z – 5) = 0 37. (a, c) : Let the co-ordinates of P be (x, y)
⇒ (2 + l)x + (l – 5)y + (4l + 1)z – (5l + 3) = 0  1
As the plane is parallel to x + 3y + 6z – 1 = 0, A(–5, 1) P B(3, 5)
The coefficient must be proportional giving
2 + l l − 5 4l + 1 3l − 5 5l + 1
= = \ x= and y =
1 3 6 l +1 l +1
Taking any two of them give, \ The vertices of DPQR are
6 + 3l = l – 5 ⇒ 2l = – 11
 3l − 5 5l + 1 
11 P , , Q (1, 5) and R(7, 2)
⇒ l=–
2  l + 1 l + 1 
The required equation of plane is
−7x 21y 49
− − 21z + =0
2 2 2
i.e. 7x + 21y + 42z – 49 = 0
i.e. x + 3y + 6z = 7
34. (b) : Let the parameter corresponding to the point
of intersection be denoted by t, then
x − 2 y +1 z − 2
= = =t
3 4 12
Thus (3t + 2, 4t – 1, 12t + 2) is a general point.
This point lies on given plane x – y + z = 16 gives
(3t + 2) – (4t – 1) + (12t + 2) = 16
⇒ 11t = 11
\ t=1

mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15 69

Now, area of the triangle PQR is 3 1 1
⇒ cos2 a = 1 −
= \ cos a = ±
1  3l − 5  5l + 1   5l + 1   4 4 2
 (5 − 2) + 1  2 − + 7  l + 1 − 5  
2  l +1  l + 1   p 2p
⇒ a= or
3l − 21 3 3
= [on simplification] 40. (a, c) : The given plane is
l +1
2x + 4y – z = 2 …(i)
3l − 21 Direction ratios of any line normal to (i) are
\ By the problem, =2
l +1 <2, 4, –1>
19
⇒ l = 23 and l =
5
38. (b, c) : The given equation is
x2 y2
+ =1
a 2 b2 Hence, the equations of the line through the given point
y (7, 14, 5) and perpendicular to the plane (i) are
x − 7 y − 14 z − 5 …(ii)
= =
P(acos, bsin) 2 4 −1
x x
Any point on the line (ii) is N(2l + 7, 4l + 14, –l + 5)
A S O S A (a, 0) It lies on plane (i)
(–a, 0)
\ 2(2l + 7) + 4(4l + 14) – 1(–l + 5) = 2
⇒ 21l + 65 = 2 ⇒ 21l = – 63
y
⇒ l = –3
S ≡ (ae, 0) and S′ ≡ (–ae, 0) \ The foot of the perpendicular from P to the given
ar(DAA′P) ab sin q 1 plane is N(2 × (–3) + 7, 4(–3) + 14, –(–3) + 5)
\ = =
ar (DSS′P) abe sin q e i.e. N(1, 2, 8)
z K > 1 as e < 1 \ the length of perpendicular from (7, 14, 5)
to the plane (i) is |NP|
z K is only dependent on e.
39. (b , c) : Let the direction line makes an angle a with = (7 − 1)2 + (14 − 2)2 + (5 − 8)2
z axis = 36 + 144 + 9 = 3 21
\ cos260° + cos245° + cos2a = 1


70 mathematics today | SEPTEMBER ‘15

 Series
4

YOUR WAY CBSE XII CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY

Continuity Continuity of a funCtion on an interval
A function f(x) will be continuous at a point x = a, if Continuity on an Open Interval
there is no break or cut or hole or gap in the graph of A function f(x) is said to be continuous on an open interval
(a, b), if it is continuous at each point of (a, b).
the function y = f(x) at the point (a, f(a)). Otherwise,
Continuity on a Closed Interval
it is discontinuous at that point. A function f(x) is said to be continuous on a closed
A function f is said to be continuous at the point x = a interval [a, b] if
if the following conditions are satisfied : (i) f(x) is continuous from right at x = a, i.e.
(i) f(a) exists. lim f (a + h) = f (a)
h→0
(ii) lim f(x) exists. (ii) f(x) is continuous f rom left at x = b, i.e.
x →a lim f (b − h) = f (b)
h→0
(iii) lim f(x) = f(a). (iii) f(x) is continuous at each point of the open interval
x →a
(a, b).
DIsCOntInuIty Of a funCtIOn
1. At a point A real valued function f (x) is said to be discontinuous at x = a, if it is not continuous at x = a.
The discontinuity may be due to any of the following reasons:
(i) lim f (x ) or lim f (x ) or both may not exist.
x →a − x →a +
(ii) lim f (x ) and lim f (x ) both exist but are not equal.
x →a − x →a +
(iii) lim f (x ) and lim f (x ) exist and are equal but both may not be equal to f(a).
x →a − x →a +
2. In an A real valued function f (x) is said to be discontinuous if it is not continuous at atleast one
interval point in the given interval.
types Of DIsCOntInuIty
1. Removable discontinuity f (x) is said to have a removable discontinuity at x = a if lim f (x ) exists
x →a
but lim f (x ) ≠ f (a) or if and only if lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) ≠ f (a)
x →a + x →a − x →a +

2. Non-removable discontinuity f (x) is said to have non-removabole discontinuity at x = a;

(i) First kind: If lim f (x ) ≠ lim f (x )
x →a − x →a +

(ii) Second kind: If lim f (x ) or lim f (x ) or both do not exist.

x →a − x →a +

mathematics today | September ‘15 71

algebra of Continuous funCtions A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a, if
Let f(x) and g(x) be two continuous functions on their Rf ′(a) = Lf ′(a).
common domain D and let c be a real number. Then The common value of Rf ′(a) and Lf ′(a) is denoted by
(i) f + g is continuous at x = c f ′(a) and it is known as the derivative of f(x) at x = a.
(ii) f – g is continuous at x = c If, however, Rf ′(a) ≠ Lf ′(a) we say that f(x) is not
(iii) fg is continuous at x = c differentiable at x = a.
f note :
(iv) is continuous at x = c
g z f(x) is differentiable at a point P iff the curve does
note :
not have P as a corner point.
z If f and g are real functions such that fog is defined
z If a function is differentiable at a point, then it is
and if g is continuous at a point a and f is continuous
necessarily continuous at that point. But the converse
at g(a), then fog is continuous at x = a.
is not necessarily true.
Differentiability z A function f is said to be a differentiable function if
Let f(x) be a real function and a be any real number. it is differentiable at every point in its domain.
Then, we define DeRIvatIve Of a funCtIOn
f (a + h) − f (a) If a function f(x) is differentiable at every point in its
(i) Right-hand derivative : lim , if
h→0 + h domain, then
it exists, is called the right-hand derivative of f (x) f ( x + h) − f ( x ) f ( x − h) − f ( x )
lim or lim is
at x = a, and is denoted by Rf ′(a). h→0 + h h→0 − −h
f (a − h) − f (a)
(ii) Left-hand derivative : lim , if it called the derivative or differentiation of f at x and is
h→0 − −h
exists, is called the left-hand derivative of f(x) at d
denoted by f ′(x) or f(x).
x = a, and is denoted by Lf ′ (a). dx

sOme pROpeRtIes Of DeRIvatIve

1. Sum or Difference (u ± v)′ = u′ ± v′
2. Product Rule (uv)′ = u′v + uv′
3. Quotient Rule
 u  ′ u ′v − uv ′
 v  = ,v≠0
v2
4. Composite Function (Chain Rule) dy dy dt
(a) Let y = f (t) and t = g(x), then = ×
dx dt dx
dy dy dt du
(b) Let y = f (t), t = g(u) and u = m(x), then = × ×
dx dt du dx
5. Parametric Function dy dy / dt g ′(t )
If x = f (t) and y = g(t), then = = , f ′(t ) ≠ 0
dx dx / dt f ′(t )
6. Second Order Derivative dy
Let y = f (x), then = f ′(x )
dx
d  dy  d2 y
If f ′(x) is differentiable, then = f ′′( x ) or = f ′′(x )
dx  dx  dx 2
7. Logarithmic Function If y = uv, where u and v are the functions of x, then log y = v log u.
d v  v du dv 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get (u ) = uv  + log u 
dx  u dx dx 
8. Implicit Function Here, we differentiate the function of type f(x, y) = 0.

72 mathematics today | September ‘15

 sOme GeneRaL DeRIvatIves
function Derivative function Derivative function Derivative
xn nxn–1 sin x cos x cos x – sin x
tan x sec2 x cot x – cosec2 x sec x sec x tan x
ax ax x
cosec x – cosec x cot x e ae e ex

sin–1 x 1 −1 1
; x ∈(−1, 1) cos–1 x ; x ∈(−1, 1) tan–1 x ;x∈R
1 − x2 1 − x2 1 + x2

1 1 –1 1
cot–1 x − ;x∈R sec–1 x ; x ∈ R – [–1, 1] cosec x − ; x ∈ R – [–1,1]
2
1+ x x x2 −1 x x2 − 1

1
loge x 1
;x>0 ax ax loge a; a > 0 loga x ; x > 0 and a > 0,
x log e a
x

some important theorems If the graph of a function y = f(x) be continuous at each

Rolle’s theorem point from the point A(a, f (a)) to the point B (b, f (b))
and tangent to the graph at each point between A and
If a function f(x) is
B is unique i.e. tangent at each point between A and
(i) continuous in the closed interval [a, b] i.e. B exists and ordinates i.e. y co-ordinates of points A
continuous at each point in the interval [a, b] and B are equal, then there will be at least one point
(ii) differentiable in an open interval (a, b) i.e. P on the curve between A and B at which tangent will
differentiable at each point in the open interval be parallel to x-axis.
(a, b) and
Lagrange’s mean value theorem
(iii) f(a) = f(b), then there will be at least one point c,
If a function f(x) is
in the interval (a, b) such that f ′(c) = 0.
(i) continuous in the closed interval [a, b] i.e.
Geometrical meaning of Rolle’s theorem continuous at each point in the interval [a, b]
Y (ii) differentiable in the open interval (a, b) i.e.
T P T differentiable at each point in the interval (a, b)
y = f (x)
then there will be at least one point c, where
A B
f (b) − f (a)
a < c < b such that f ′(c ) =
b−a
f(a) f(b)
Geometrical meaning of Lagrange’s mean value
theorem
O c X
L M
a b Y T
Y
P B

E y = f(x) T
C
A
A B f(a) f(b)

f(a) f(b)
D O X
O X L M
L c d e M a b
a b

mathematics today | September ‘15 73

 Y 12. If x = 3 sin t – sin 3t, y = 3 cos t – cos 3t,
E d2y π
B
find at t = .
dx 2 3
C
D 13. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the
A
function f(x) = x (x – 1) (x – 2) in the interval
f(a) f(b)
 1 .
0, 2 
 
O X
L M
a x y dy
14. (i) If y = b tan–1  + tan −1  , find
b
.
If the graph of a function y = f(x) be continuous at each a x  dx
point from the point A (a, f(a)) to the point B (b, f(b)) dy
and tangent at each point between A and B exists i.e. (ii) If x + y = 4, find .
dx at x = 1
tangent is unique then there will be at least one point
P on the curve between A and B, where tangent will 15. (i) If Rolle’s theorem hold for the function
be parallel to chord AB. f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax + 5 on [1, 3]

Very short answer type  1 

where c =  2 +  , find the values of a and b.
1. Discuss the continuity of the function  3
f(x) = sin x – cos x (ii) Using Rolle’s theorem, find at what points on the
2. Differentiate cos (sin x) with respect to x. curve y = x2 on [–2, 2] is the tangent parallel
to x-axis.
dy
3. If xy = x3 + y3, find .
dx soLUtioNs
4. Examine the continuity of the function
f(x) = 2x2 – 1 at x = 3. 1. Since sin x and cos x are continuous functions
and difference of two continuous functions is a
5. Is the function defined by
continuous function, therefore sin x – cos x i.e.,
 x , if x ≤ 1
f (x ) =  continuous at x = 1? f(x) is a continuous function.
5, if x > 1
2. Let y = cos (sin x)
short answer type
 k cos x π Now, dy = d{cos(sin x )}
 π − 2 x , if x ≠ 2 dx dx
6. If the function f(x) =  = –sin (sinx) · cos x = –cos x sin (sin x)
3, π
if x =
 2 3. Given, xy = x3 + y3
π Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
is continuous at x = , then find the value of k.
2 d d d
x y –x dy
7. If y = e , then find the value of . ( xy ) = ( x 3 ) + ( y 3 )
dx dx dx dx
8. Show that f(x) = [x] is not differentiable at x = 1.
dy dy
x dy or 1⋅ y + x ⋅ = 3x 2 + 3 y 2
9. If y = e , find . dx dx
dx
10. If x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 = 1 , prove that dy dy 3x 2 − y
⇒ (x – 3y ) 2
= 3x − y
2
⇒ =
dy 1 − y2 dx dx x − 3 y 2
=−
dx 1 − x2
4. lim f ( x ) = lim (2 x 2 − 1) = 17
Long answer type x →3 x →3

dy f(3) = 17
11. If y = ex sin x3 + (tan x)x, find .
dx \ f is continuous at x = 3.

74 mathematics today | September ‘15

5. At x = 1,  1  dy dy
⇒ x  + log y (1) = −1
lim f ( x ) = lim x = 1 , lim f ( x ) = lim 5 = 5  y  dx dx
+
x → 1− x →1 x →1 x →1
dy  x 
lim f ( x ) ≠ lim f ( x ) ⇒  − 1 = −1 − log y
x → 1− x → 1+
dx  y 
dy  y 
\ f is discontinuous at x = 1. ⇒  − 1 = − (1 + log y )
dx  (1 + log y ) y 
 k cos x π  y 
 π − 2 x , if x ≠ 2 ⇒ Q from (i), x = 
(1 + log y ) 
6. Here, f (x ) =  
 3, π dy  1 − 1 − log y 
if x = ⇒   = − (1 + log y )
 2 dx  1 + log y 
k cos x 2
\ L.H.L. = lim f (x ) = lim dy (1 + log y )
− − π − 2x ⇒ =
π
x→ 
π
x→  dx log y
2 2

π  f (1 + h) − f (1)
k cos  − h  8. We have, Rf ′ (1) = lim
2  k sin h h →0 + h
= lim = lim
h→0 π  h → 0 2h [1 + h] − [1]
π − 2  − h = lim = 0 (Q [1 + h] = 1 and [1] = 1)
2 
h→0 + h
k sin h k k  sin x 
= lim × = ×1= Q xlim = 1 and Lf ′ (1) = lim f (1 − h) − f (1)
h→0 2 h 2 2  →0 x  h → 0− −h
k cos x [1 − h] − [1]
R .H.L. = lim f (x ) = lim = lim =∞
π
+
π
+ π − 2x h→0 − −h
x→  x→ 
2 2
{Q [1 – h] = 0 and [1] = 1}.
π  Thus Rf ′ (1) ≠ Lf ′ (1).
k cos  + h 
2  − k sin h Hence, f(x) = [x] is not differentiable at x = 1.
= lim = lim
h→0 π  h → 0 − 2h 9. Putting x = t, e = et = u …(i)
π − 2  + h
x

2 
we get, y = e x = u
k sin h k k  sin x 
= lim × = ×1= Q xlim = 1 dy 1 −1/ 2 1 du
h→0 2 h 2 2  →0 x  ⇒ = u = , Q u = et ⇒ = et
du 2 2 u dt
π
Also, f   = 3. dt 1 −1/ 2 1
2 and t = x ⇒ = x =
dx 2 2 x
π
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = dy  dy du dt 
2 ⇒ = × ×
dx  du dt dx 
π k
\ L .H.L . = R .H.L . = f   ⇒ = 3 ⇒ k = 6  1 1   1 1 
2 2 × et ×
=  = ×u× 
2 u 2 x  2 u 2 x
7. Here, yx = ey – x 1 1
Taking log on both sides, we get t x
u e2 e2
= = = ⋅ (Using (i))
log yx = log ey – x 4 x 4 x 4 x
⇒ x log y = (y – x) log e ⇒ x log y = y – x …(i)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 10. We have, x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 = 1 …(i)
Putting x = sin q and y = sin f in (i), we get
 d d  dy
 x dx (log y ) + log y dx ( x ) = dx − 1 sin q cos f + cos q sin f = 1
  ⇒ sin (q + f) = 1 ⇒ (q + f) = sin–1 (1)
(Using product rule)

mathematics today | September ‘15 75

 π 13. Given f(x) = x(x – 1)(x – 2) = x(x2 – 3x + 2) …(i)
–1 –1
⇒ sin x + sin y = …(ii) \ f ′(x) = 1. (x2 – 3x + 2) + x(2x – 3)
2
= 3x2 – 6x + 2 …(ii)
On differentiating both sides of (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
Clearly, f ′(x) is finite and unique for all x and hence
= 0 ⇒ dy = − 1 − y .
1 1 dy 2
+ ⋅ f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous for all x.
1 − x2 1 − y 2 dx dx 1 − x2
Hence, f(x) is continuous in 0, 1  .
11. Let u = ex sin x3 and v = (tan x)x  2
 
Now, u = ex sin x3
Also, f (x) is differentiable in  0, 1 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get  
 2
du d {sin( x)3 } d Hence all conditions of Lagrange’s mean value
=e ⋅
x
+ sin x3 ⋅ (ex)
dx dx dx  1
theorem are satisfied for f(x) in 0,  .
= ex · cos x3 ⋅ 3x2 + sin x3 ⋅ ex  2
du
= 3x2 ⋅ ex cos x3 + ex sin x3 From (i), f(0) = 0, f   =  − 1  − 2  =
Hence, 1 1 1 1 3
dx  2  2  2  2  8
Again, v = (tan x)x \ log v = x log (tan x)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1
f   − f (0)
Now, f ′ (c) =  
1 dv 1 2
= 1 ⋅ log(tan x) + x ⋅ sec2 x 1
v dx tan x −0
dv 2
\ = v [log (tan x) + x cot x ⋅ sec2 x] 3
dx
= (tan x)x [log (tan x) + x cot x sec2 x] −0
2 8 3
⇒ 3c – 6c + 2 = =
Now, y = u + v ⇒ dy = du + dv 1 4
dx dx dx 2
dy ⇒ 12c2 – 24c + 8 = 3 ⇒ 12c2 – 24c + 5 = 0
⇒ = 3x2excos (x3) + exsin (x3) +
dx 24 ± 576 − 240 21
(tanx)x [log(tan x) + x cot x sec2 x] \ c= =1±
24 6
dx
12. x = 3 sin t – sin 3t ⇒ = 3 cos t – 3cos 3t …(i) 21 21
dt Hence, c = 1 + ,1 −
6 6
dy
y = 3 cos t – cos 3t ⇒ = – 3 sin t + 3 sin 3t …(ii) 1 21
dt But 0 < c < \c=1–
2 6
dy dy / dt sin 3t − sin t
\ = = [Dividing (ii) by (i)]  21 
dx dx / dt cos t − cos 3t Thus, there exists at least one c  = 1 −  in
 6 
2 cos 2t sin t
= = cot(2t )
2 sin 2t sin t 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get f   − f (0)
 1 2
d2y dt  0,  such that f ′(c) =
= −2 cosec 2 2t ⋅  2 1
dx 2
dx −0
2
1 Thus, Lagrange’s mean value theorem has been
= – 2 cosec22t ⋅ [From (i)] verified.
3(cos t − cos 3t )
π d2y 2π x −1 y 
At t = , 2 = −2 cosec2 ⋅
1 14. (i) We have, y = b tan–1  + tan 
3 dx 3  π 3π  a x
3  cos − cos 
 3 3  y x y
⇒ = tan −1  + tan −1 
 2 
2
1 16 b a x
= – 2  ⋅  1  = − 27 y x y
 3  3 +1 ⇒ tan = + tan −1
  b a x
2 

76 mathematics today | September ‘15

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get 15. (i) We have
1 2 y dy 1 1 d y f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax + 5, x ∈ [1, 3]
sec = + ⇒ f ′(x) = 3x2 + 2bx + a
b b dx a 1 + ( y / x ) dx  x 
2
Since Rolle’s theorem holds for the function,
dy \ f ′(c) = 0 ⇒ 3c2 + 2bc + a = 0
x − y(1)
1 2 y dy 1 x2 dx
⇒ sec = + −2b ± 4b 2 − 12a −b ± b 2 − 3a
b b dx a x 2 + y 2 x2 ⇒ c= =
6 3
1 2 y dy 1 x dy y 1 −b ± b 2 − 3a
⇒ sec = + − ⇒ 2+ =
b b dx a x 2 + y 2 dx x 2 + y 2 3 3

⇒ 2 + 1 = − b + b − 3a
2

1 y x  dy 1 y
⇒  sec2 − = − 3 3 3
2 2  dx
 b b x +y  a x + y2
2
b b 2 − 3a 1
⇒ 2=– and =
1 y 3 3 3
− 2
dy a x + y2 2
⇒ b = – 6 and b – 3a = 3
⇒ =
dx 1 2 y x ⇒ b = – 6 and a = 11
sec −
b b x2 + y2 (ii) Let f(x) = x2
(a) f(x) = x2, being a polynomial, is a continuous
(ii) We have, x+ y =4 …(i) function on [– 2, 2].
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we (b) f ′(x) = 2x which exists in (–2, 2)
get \ f(x) is derivable in (–2 2).
1 1 dy 1 dy −1 (c) Also, f (–2) = f (2) = 4
+ =0⇒ = Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are
2 x 2 y dx 2 y dx 2 x
satisfied. Hence there must exist at least one
dy y value c ∈ (–2, 2) such that f ′(c) = 0.
⇒ =− Now, f ′(c) = 0 ⇒ 2c = 0 [Q f ′(x) = 2x]
dx x
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get ⇒ c = 0 ∈ (–2, 2)
Thus, the tangent to the curve is parallel to
1+ y =4 ⇒ y =4–1=3⇒y=9 x-axis at x = 0.
At x = 0, y = 0. [Q y = x2]
dy 9
\ =− = − 3. \ Tangent to the curve y = x2 is parallel to
dx 1
x-axis at (0,0).
(1, 9 )



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mathematics today | September ‘15 77

Y U ASK 2. If tan–1y : tan–1x = 4 : 1, express y as an algebraic
function of x. Hence or otherwise prove that
1°

WE ANSWER
tan 22 is a root of the equation x4 + 1 = 6x2.
2
[Ramesh Kr, Patna]

Do you have a question that you just can’t get Ans. Here, tan–1y = 4tan–1x = 2(2tan–1x)
answered? 2x
= 2tan–1
Use the vast expertise of our mtg team to get to the 1 − x2
bottom of the question. From the serious to the silly, 2x
the controversial to the trivial, the team will tackle the 2⋅
1 − x2 4 x(1 − x 2 )
questions, easy and tough. = tan −1 = tan −1
2 (1 − x 2 )2 − 4 x 2
The best questions and their solutions will be printed in  2x 
1− 
this column each month.  1 − x 2 
         
1. If x × y = a, y × z = b, x ⋅ b = γ , x ⋅ y = 1 and 4 x(1 − x 2 )
or y=
      1 + x 4 − 6x 2
y ⋅ z = 1 , then find x , y , z in terms of a, b and γ.
[Yukti Khurana, Punjab] 1°
   Let tan −1 x = 22 ; then 4 tan–1x = 90°
Ans. Given, x × y = a …(1) 2
   ⇒ tan–1y = 90° {Q tan–1y = 4tan–1x}
y×z =b …(2)
      4 x(1 − x 2 )
⇒ y = tan 90° =
and x ⋅b = γ , x ⋅ y = 1, y ⋅ z = 1 …(3) 1 + x 4 − 6x 2
    
From (1), (x × y ) × b = a × b ⇒ 1 + x4 – 6x2 = 0
        ⇒ 1 + x4 = 6x2
⇒ (x ⋅ b) y − ( y ⋅ b) x = a × b
        1°
\ x = tan 22 is a root of the equation
⇒ γ y − ( y ⋅ b) x = a × b [Q x ⋅ b = γ] …(4) 2
     1 + x4 = 6x2.
From (2), y ⋅ b = y ⋅ ( y × z ) = 0
  3. Prove that
 a × b (b – a)sec2a < tan b – tan a < (b – a) sec2b,
\ From (4), y = …(5)
γ π
 where 0 < a < b < .
2 [Chandan Biswas, Warangal]
From (1), taking cross product with y , we get
    
(x × y ) × y = a × y Ans. Consider the function f(x) = tan x, x ∈(a, b).
        Clearly, f(x) is continuous and differentiable in
⇒ (x ⋅ y ) y − ( y ⋅ y ) x = a × y  π
  2       0,  and so in (a, b).
⇒ y− y x =a× y 2
[Q x ⋅ y = 1]
  Therefore, by Lagrange’s theorem
 1     a × b
⇒ x = [ y − a × y], where y = f (b) − f (a)
y2 γ = f ′(c), where a < c < b
 b−a
From (2), taking cross product with y , we get
     tan b − tan a
⇒ = sec2 c
( y × z) × y = b × y b−a
     
⇒ y 2 z − (z ⋅ y ) y = b × y or tan b – tan a = (b – a) sec2 c …(i)
      But a < c < b ⇒ sec a < sec c < sec b
⇒ y2 z − y = b × y [Q y ⋅ z = 1] \ (b – a) sec2a < (b – a)sec2c < (b – a)sec2b
  ⇒ (b – a) sec2a < tan b – tan a < (b – a) sec2b.
 1     a × b
⇒ z = 2 [ y + b × y], where y = (from (i))
y γ
nn

78 mathematics today | september ‘15

mathematics today | september ‘15 79
1. When 42 is added to one number, it increases by 30 8. When the sum of two numbers is multiplied by 5,
percent. What is 40 percent of that number? the product is divisible by 15. Which one of the
(a) 48 (b) 64 following could be the pair of the numbers?
(c) 42 (d) 56 (a) 240,335 (b) 250,341
(c) 272,347 (d) 245,342.
2. On a tour, a man travels at the rate of 64 km an
hour for the first 160 km. He then travels the next 9. Rs. 8840 is divided between x and y in such a
160 km at the rate of 80 km an hour. What is the manner that for every Rs. 6 that x gets, y gets
average speed (in km per hour) for the first 320 km Rs. 7. Their shares are
of the tour? (a) Rs. 4080, Rs. 4760 (b) Rs. 5328, Rs. 2411
(a) 71.11 (b) 72 (c) Rs. 4180, Rs. 4660 (d) Rs. 4280, Rs. 4560.
(c) 35.55 (d) 36 10. A’s shop’s sale of chairs increases every month by 10
3. The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By percent. If the sale for May was 1,000, what would
what percent would the width have to be decreased be its approximate expected sale in August?
to maintain the same area? (a) 1210 (b) 1300
(a) 60 (b) 75 (c) 1330 (d) 1331

(c) 120 (d) 37 1 11. A machine part is packed in a box of size

2 5 cm × 4.5 cm × 3 cm. The number of boxes that can be
4. A train 50 metres long passes a platform in 10 seconds. packed in a carton of size of 55 cm × 45 cm × 24 cm
What is the speed of the train in metres /second? is
(a) 50 (b) 10 (a) 990 (b) 880
(c) 15 (d) data inadequate. (c) 770 (d) 660
5. A sum of money at simple interest amounts to Rs. 2800 12. 8 children and 12 men complete a certain piece
in 2 years and to Rs. 3250 in 5 years at the rate of of work in 9 days. Each child takes twice the time
(a) 8% (b) 6% taken by a man to finish the work. In how many
(c) 5% (d) 7%. days will 12 men finish the same work?
(a) 8 (b) 9
6. In a box, there were a dozen cakes of soap in each
(c) 12 (d) 15
horizontal and vertical row. If there were 12 such
layers in the box, find the total number of soap 13. The ratio of the age of mother to that of son is
cakes in the box. 7 : 3. If the sum of their ages is 60 years, what is the
(a) 36 (b) 144 difference in their ages in years?
(c) 1728 (d) 432. (a) 4 (b) 18
(c) 24 (d) 36
7. A fruit-seller buys apples at the rate of Rs. 10 per
14. What will be the amount payable after 2 years if
dozen and sells 10 for Rs. 12. What percent of profit
Rs. 10,000 is borrowed at the rate of 10% p.a.
does he make?
compound interest?
(a) 44 % (b) 33 %
(a) Rs. 11,000 (b) Rs. 11,100
(c) 30 % (d) 27 %
(c) Rs. 11,200 (d) Rs. 12,100

80 mathematics today | september ‘15

15. A cricketer has completed 10 innings and his average 23. Saroj bought 18 dozen of apples at the rate of
is 22.5 runs. How many runs must he make in the Rs. 198 per dozen. He sold these apples at the rate
next innings so as to raise his average to 25 runs ? of Rs. 18 per piece. Approximately, what was his
(a) 60 (b) 56 percentage profit ?
(c) 48 (d) 50 (a) 5 % (b) 9 %
16. In a college (1/5)th of the girls and (1/8)th of the (c) 6 % (d) 12 %
boys took part in an annual celebration. What part 24. The area of the four walls of a room is 660 m2 and its
of the total number of students in the college took length is twice its breadth. If the height of the room
part in the celebration ? is 11 m, then area of its floor (in m2) is
(a) 13/80 (b) 2/13 (a) 120 (b) 150
(c) 13/40 (d) data inadequate (c) 200 (d) 330.
17. The ratio between the present age of Anup and his 25. Ram and Shyam started business investing
age four years hence is 4 : 5. The ratio between the Rs. 15000 and Rs. 22500 respectively. In which
present ages of Anup and Tamana is 4 : 7. If the
proportion will the profit be distributed ?
difference between present age of Anup and Tamana
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 3
is 18 years, what was Anup’s age five years back ?
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 3.
(a) 22 yrs. (b) 38 yrs.
(c) 19 yrs. (d) 20 yrs. 26. Ratio of the present age of Rahim and his daughter
is 3 : 1. After 5 years the respective ratio would be
18. An amount of money is to be distributed among x,
7 : 3. What is the present age of Rahim’s daughter?
y and z in the ratio 3 : 7 : 11. The difference between
(a) 5 yrs. (b) 10 yrs.
y’s and z’s shares is Rs. 1600. What is the total of x’s
(c) 15 yrs. (d) 11 yrs.
and y’s share ?
(a) Rs. 5,600 (b) Rs. 4,800 27. A mat of 26 metres × 19 metres was bought at
(c) Rs. 4,400 (d) Rs. 4,000. the cost of Rs. 68666. What is its cost per square
19. Two numbers are such that the ratio between metre?
them is 3 : 5 but if each is increased by 10, the ratio (a) 139 (b) 145
between them becomes 5 : 7. Find the numbers. (c) 1525 (d) 2641.
(a) 15, 25 (b) 7, 9 28. Ranjeet spends 15% of his salary on clothes, 30% on
(c) 13, 22 (d) 3, 5. food and 10% on transport. After this, if he is left
20. A reduction of 20% in the price of pen enables a with Rs. 900, then what is his salary ?
person to purchase 12 more for Rs. 15. What was (a) Rs. 1500 (b) Rs. 1635
the price of 16 pens before reduction ? (c) Rs. 1800 (d) none of these.
(a) 5 (b) 6 29. A sum lent at 7% per annum will produce as much
(c) 7 (d) 9. simple interest in 2 years as Rs. 1750 lent at 5% p.a.
21. If the difference between selling a shirt at a profit of will produce in 4 years. The sum is Rs.
10% and 15% is Rs. 10, then its cost price is Rs. (a) 2000 (b) 2200
(a) 115 (b) 150 (c) 2400 (d) 2500.
(c) 110 (d) 200 30. The ratio of the number of ladies to that of gents at
22. A cricketer scored an average of 44 runs in 10 a party was 3 : 2. When 20 more gents joined the
innings. He played one more innings and the average party, the ratio got reversed. The number of ladies
came down to 40 runs. His score in the 11th innings is present at the party was
(a) 3 (b) 2 (a) 16 (b) 24
(c) 1 (d) 0 (c) 32 (d) 36.

mathematics today | september ‘15 81

31. A dealer offered a machine for sale for Rs. 27500 41. Study the table given below and find in which year
but even if he had charged 10% less, he would have the number of students qualified in Hindi was two
made a profit of 10%. The actual cost of the machine is hundred percent of the number of students qualified
(a) Rs. 22,000 (b) Rs. 24,250 in English in the same year.
(c) Rs. 22,500 (d) Rs. 22,275. Subjects
32. The ratio of girls to boys in a school is 4 : 5. If the Years English Hindi
number of boys is 200 more than that of girls, what
Applied Qualified Applied Qualified
is the number of boys in the school ?
(a) 200 (b) 1200 1990 196 84 140 30
(c) 800 (d) 1000. 1991 212 34 150 40
33. A car takes 3 hours to travel from New Delhi to 1992 160 40 210 60
Jaipur. How long will a train take to travel one- 1993 190 35 240 70
fourth of the distance at an average speed which is
1994 200 47 260 80
one and a half times that of the car ?
(a) 15 min. (b) 30 min. (a) 1990 (b) 1991 (c) 1992 (d) 1993.
(c) 25 min. (d) 45 min. 42. When the price of a TV set was increased by 30%,
34. There are 20 row of chairs in a hall. Each row has an the number of TV sets sold decreased by 20%. What
equal number of chairs. If there are 30 chairs in 2 was the effect on revenue?
rows, then the total number of chairs in the hall are (a) 8% decrease (b) 8% increase
(a) 600 (b) 1200
(c) 4% increase (d) 4% decrease.
(c) 300 (d) 200.
35. The population of a village is 4,500. (5/9)th of them 43. Ramesh purchased a plot of land at Rs. 80 per sq. metre
are males and rest are females. If 40% of the males through an estate dealer. If the area of the plot was 300
are married, then the percentage of married females is sq. metres and the rate of commission was 3%, what
(a) 35 % (b) 40 % amount was Ramesh required to pay in all ?
(c) 50 % (d) 60 % (a) Rs. 24,900 (b) Rs. 24,720
36. After John gave Rs. 12 to Hari and Hari gave Rs. 4 to (c) Rs. 23,100 (d) Rs. 23,280.
John, both had equal amount with them. Who had 44. The average salary of 20 workers in an office is
the smaller amount initially and by how much?
Rs. 1900 per month. If the manager’s salary is added,
(a) Hari by Rs. 12 (b) John by Rs. 4
(c) Hari by Rs. 8 (d) none of these. the average salary becomes Rs. 2000 per month.
What is the Manager’s annual salary?
37. Anup is three years younger than Kumar. Anil is
two years older than Anup. What is Kumar’s age in (a) Rs. 45,600 (b) Rs. 24,000
relation to Anil ? (c) Rs. 25,200 (d) none of these.
(a) 3 years old (b) 4 years younger 45. A person purchased an article and sold it at a loss
(c) 4 years older (d) 1 year older. of 10%. If he had bought it for Rs. 20% less and sold
38. A retailer buys a radio for Rs. 215. His overhead it for Rs. 55 more, he would have made a profit of
expenses are Rs. 25. If he sells the radio for Rs. 300, 40%. The cost price of the article is
his profit percentage will be (a) Rs. 225 (b) Rs. 250
(a) 20% (b) 25%
(c) Rs. 275 (d) Rs. 300.
(c) 39.5% (d) 43.6%.
answer keys
39. If three-seventh of one-third of four-ninth of a
number is 12, what is the number ? 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c)
(a) 158 (b) 179 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (c)
(c) 126 (d) 189. 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (d)
19. (a) 20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c)
40. The simple interest on a sum of money at the end of 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (b)
eight years amounts to its 40 per cent. What is the 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (d)
rate of interest per cent per annum ? 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (d) 42. (c)
(a) 6 % (b) 5 % 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (b)
(c) 10 % (d) 7 %. nn

82 mathematics today | september ‘15

mathematics today | september ‘15 83

1 What are the missing numbers?
89, 153, 121. Every number is multiplied by 2
and then added to : +1, +2, +3, +4, +5.
2 What number is missing from the triangle?
c d c g
4 8
d e
a f
2. Multiply the letters in the circles, subtract
the number in the square, and divide the sum
by 2.
3 In the given puzzle, the numbers in the second
row are determined by the relationships of
the numbers in the first row. Likewise, the
numbers in the third row are determined by
the relationships of the numbers in the second
row. Can you determine the relationships and
find the missing number?
89 53 17 45 98
25 16 17 26
14 ? 16
15. Simply add the sum of the two digits in
any number to the sum of the two digits in
the adjacent number to get the corresponding
number in the row below. For example :
8 + 9 (89) and 5 + 3 (53) = 25
5 + 3 (53) and 1 + 7 (17) = 16
To find the missing number, add:
1 + 6 (16) and 1 + 7 (17) = 15
Below are six discs stacked on a peg. The object
4 is to reassemble the discs, one by one, in the
same order on another peg, using the smallest
number of moves. No larger disc can be placed
on a smaller disc. How many moves will it
take?
1 2 3
It will take 63 moves. For any number of discs
n, the number of moves can be found by using
the formula 2n – 1.
A shepherd says to another, “If I give you one
5 sheep, you will have twice the number of sheep
that I have, but if you give me one, we will both
 have the same number of sheep.” How many We have three boxes. One contains two black
sheep did each shepherd have? 9
marbles, the second box contains two white
The shepherd that is talking had 5 sheep and marbles, and the third box contains one black
the other one had 7. and one white marble. The boxes are marked
BB, WW, BW. However, no code corresponds
Yesterday afternoon, I went to visit my friend
6 Albert, who is a painter. While I was watching
to the marbles in its box. What would be the
smallest number of marbles that must be
him paint, I told him, “No wonder it takes you
randomly picked, from one or several boxes,
so long to finish a painting. Since I arrived, you
to identify their contents?
have entered the studio twelve times.” How
many times did he leave the studio? Take one marble from the box marked BW. If it
is white, the other marble must also be white.
11 times (one fewer than the number of times This means that the box marked BB must have
he went in).
black and white marbles and the box marked
A spider spins its web in a window frame. Each WW must have only black marbles. You can
7 day, it spins an area equal to that of the amount apply the same principle if the first marble you
already completed. It takes 30 days to cover take is black.
the entire window frame. How long would
Sarah is older than Julie and Maggie. Maggie
two spiders take? (In the case of two spiders, 10
is older than Paula. Ann is younger than Julie,
each of them spins an amount equal to the area
but older than Paula. Ann is younger than
of the existing part of the web made by that
Maggie. Sarah is younger than Liz. Who is the
particular spider.)
second oldest woman in this group?
29 days. One spider would have covered half of Sarah is the second oldest; Liz is the oldest.
the space on the 29th day, and on the 30th day
would repeat what had been done, covering the nn
space completely. Two spiders would each have
covered half of the space in 29 days, therefore
covering the entire area.
Suppose all counting numbers were arranged
8 in columns as shown below. Under what letter
would the number 100 appear?
A B C D E F G
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 — — — —

It would appear in column B. Divide by 7

whatever number you wish to place, and see
what the remainder is. If the remainder is 1,
the number goes in column A; if the remainder
is 2, the number goes in column B; and so on.
(If the remainder is zero, however, the number
goes in column G.)

mathematics today | september ‘15 85

86 mathematics today | september ‘15