Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

Science 10
Quarter 4 – Module 2
Week 3 and 4:
Biomolecules: Molecules of Life

MELC: Recognize the major categories of biomolecules

such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids. (S10MT-IVc-d-22)

Prepared by:

MARK ANTHONY BATILO BALOALOA

JHS Teacher I
Uguis Integrated School
1
Science 10
Share-A-Resource-Program
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Biomolecules: Molecules of Life
First Edition, 2020

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do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mark Anthony B. Baloaloa
Editors: Jovy O. Joaquin Manuel M. Pichay Jr.
Sheryl A. Valiente
Reviewers /
Jerry G. Tabrilla, Ursino C. Pascua
Evaluators:
Management Joann A. Corpuz, Ed.D., CESO V
Team: School Division Superintendent
Joye D. Madalipay, Ed.D.
Assistant School Division Superintendent
Santiago L. Baoec EdD
OIC, Chief Education Program Supervisor
Jenetrix T. Tumaneng
Education Program Supervisor – LRMDS
Jerry G. Tabrilla EdD
Education Program Supervisor – Science
Ursino C. Pascua
Public School District Supervisor

Division Design & Layout Artist: Jerry M. Burgos

Printed in the Philippines by ______________________________
Schools Division of Ilocos Norte
Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770-5963, (077) 600-2605
E-mail Address: ilocos.norte@deped.gov.ph
 10

Science 10
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Biomolecules: Molecules of Life
Introductory Message
This Contextualized Learning Module (CLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson with ease.
This CLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step by
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test is provided to measure your prior knowledge on the lesson. This will
show you if you need to proceed in completing this module or if you need to ask your
facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the
end of this module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning.
Answer keys are provided for all activities and tests. We trust that you will be honest
in using them.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher is also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you in your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this CLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests.
Likewise, read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any question in using this CLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
 What I Need to Know
From your previous grade levels, you learned that atoms bond together to form
molecules. When molecules are organized they form cells. Cells of the same kind
make up tissues, and different types of tissues make up organs. Several organs
constitute an organ system like the digestive system. The different organ systems
make up organisms like humans, plants, and animals.

All living things need food to survive. Food gives energy and provides the body
with important materials needed for growth and repair. Different types of food give
you energy and nutrients in order for you to grow and develop, be healthy and active,
to move, work, play think and learn.

A huge array of molecules is present in a cell. The structure of each molecule

determines the chemical reaction it is able to participate and the role it plays in the
cell’s life processes. These molecules constitute an organism are called biomolecules.

In this module, you will learn about compounds which are essential to life.
These compounds belong to the major categories of biomolecules: carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These biomolecules serve as the building blocks of
life and also provide the structural components of cell. You will learn why these
biomolecules are important to all living things and what differentiates them from
each other and you will investigate more deeply into biomolecules.

This module was designed for you to observe, experience and represent
through drawings and illustrations the different concept that will help gradually
understand the structure of biomolecules, their formation, and their contribution to
the functions of the living world.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (S10MT-IVc-d-22)
Specifically, to achieve the MELC of this lesson, you should be able to:
a. Identify the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids;
b. Differentiate the biomolecules from each other in terms of their
structure and function;
c. Describe the functions of each group of biomolecules; and
d. Demonstrate understanding of the structure of biomolecules which
are made up mostly of a limited number of elements such as
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

1
 What I Know
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of monomeric units that
it is composed of. Which of the following is a correct pair?
A. glucose: disaccharide
B. starch: polysaccharide
C. sucrose: monosaccharide
D. triglyceride: polysaccharide
2. Which is a correct pair of an example of carbohydrate and its function?
A. Glucose : sugar that is used by the body for energy
B. Starch : form of stored sugar that is used by animals
C. Fructose : sugar commonly present in vegetables
D. Glycogen : storage form of amylose in humans
3. Which of the following is NOT a major source of carbohydrates?
A. Chicken C. Pasta
B. Corn D. Rice
4. Which of the following contains the most amount of lipids?
A. Apple C. Cauliflower
B. Butter D. Cheese
5. C6H12O6 is the molecular formula of a carbohydrate monomer. Which of
the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
A. Galactose C. Fructose
B. Glucose D. Sucrose
6. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
A. Fats are lipids that are liquid at room temperature that contain
saturated fatty acids.
B. Oils are lipids that are solid at room temperature that contain
saturated fatty acids.
C. Cholesterol is the most unpopular steroid that aids in cellular
functions.
D. Glucose are lipids that are used by the body for energy.
7. Which of the following does NOT describe a fatty acid?
A. contains carboxyl group (––COOH) at the other
B. consisting a straight chain of an even number of carbon
C. fatty acids are carboxylic acids
D. they occur as aldehydes in fats and oils
8. Knowing how nutrients of biomolecules are metabolized and utilized in the
body is essential to healthy living. Which of the following is a fat – soluble
vitamin?
A. vitamin A C. vitamin B12
B. vitamin B1 D. vitamin C
9. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Which of the following is
NOT an example of a protein?
A. cellulose
B. fibroin
C. keratin
D. myoglobin

2
10. What level of protein structure involves the formation of alpha (α) helix?
A. Primary C. Tertiary
B. Secondary D. Quaternary
11. All amino acid molecules contain an amine group and a carboxyl group in
their structure. What do we call the type of bond formed by the elimination
of a water molecule to join two amino acids?
A. Glycosidic bond
B. Peptide bond
C. Phosphodiester bond
D. Lipid bond
12. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts that speed up chemical
reactions in our body. Which of the following enzyme help in breaking down
proteins into peptides?
A. Amylase C. Pepsin
B. Lipase D. Sucrase
13. Nucleic acids play an essential role in the storage, transfer, and expression
of genetic information. Which of the following is NOT a basic component of
a nucleic acid?
I. a 5-carbon, or pentose, sugar
II. a ring-shaped molecule belonging to the class of purine or pyrimidine
bases
III. an amine group
IV. one or more phosphate groups
A. I only C. I, II and III
B. II and IV only D. I, II and IV
14. DNA is described as the blueprint of life and stores
________________________.
A. instructions for carbohydrate synthesis
B. instructions for protein synthesis
C. immune response information
D. genetic information
15. The principal role of RNA is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from
DNA for controlling the synthesis of .
A. proteins
B. carbohydrates
C. lipids
D. fatty acids

How did you find the pretest? What was your score? If you got 10 items
correctly, you may not take this module. But if your score is 10 and
below, you must proceed with the module.

3
 Lesson
1
BIOMOLECULES
Do you ever wonder why living things or organisms grow and reproduce? What
happens to the remains of organisms when they die? Biochemistry enables us to
understand these phenomena. Biochemistry is the study of the different chemical
processes and reactions that occur in organisms. Biochemistry is a branch of both
biology and chemistry. It is also the study of substances found in living organisms
and of the chemical reactions underlying the process of life. The chief goal of
biochemistry is to understand the structure and behavior of biological molecules.
All organisms are composed of biomolecules which are organic compounds.
Organisms are made up of carbon and hydrogen in combination with other elements
such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur that are covalently bonded. The
four biomolecules that make up the human body system are carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids. Many of these biomolecules in living systems are
polymers of much smaller molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic
acids. Lipids are also large molecules but are not considered as biopolymers.
Biomolecules make up each cell in organisms.

What’s In
Activity 1: WORD UP
Direction: Arrange the tiles to form the molecules that each statements describes.

LI EN CLE CAR NU IN ZY IC ME

AC TE PID PRO BO ID HY ATE DR

1. It contains the genetic information needed for the

survival of organisms.
2. It stores energy in the food in the form of sugar.

3. It helps in speeding up chemical reactions.

4. It is important in regulating body temperature.

5. It is made up of different amino acids help by

peptide bonds.

4
 What’s New
Carbohydrates
Focus Point: Discuss carbohydrates and differentiate between
monosaccharides and polysaccharides.
The most abundant class of biomolecules are carbohydrates. They are known
to be the chief source of energy of almost all living organisms. Carbohydrates plays
a vital role in our existence. Without them, we will not be able to think or move, no
life activities would be possible, and simply, life would not exist. Food that are high
in carbohydrates include fruits, sweets, rice, bread, pastas, beans, potatoes, and
cereals.
Carbohydrates, otherwise known as sugars, are biomolecules composed of
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates’ general formula is (CH2O)n.
The word carbohydrates comes from the French term hydrate de carbone, which
means “hydrates of carbon”. It is called sometimes saccharides, from the Greek
sakcharon, meaning “sugar”. The suffix –ose is used to denote the name of a
saccharide.
Carbohydrates are important components of every organisms. They are
important components of nucleic acids, and the cellulose in plants that gives them a
rigid structure.

Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, or the simple sugars.
Unlike other types of sugars, monosaccharides are the only sugar that can be
absorbed and utilized by the body. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are common
examples of simple sugars, each bearing the same molecular formula of C 6H12O6.
General Classification of Monosaccharides
Number of Carbon Types of
Examples
Atoms Monosaccharides
Aldotriose (Glyceraldehyde )
3 Triose
Ketotriose (Dihydroxyacetone)
4 Tetrose Erythrose, Threose

5 Pentose Ribose, Deoxyribose

6 Hexose Glucose, Galactose

Sedoheptulose,
7 Heptose
Mannoheptulose

1. Glucose, sometimes referred to as “dextrose”, is the most important

and also the most abundant monosaccharides in nature. It is found in
the bloodstream and provides the immediate source of energy of the
body’s cell and tissues. Glucose is found in fruits and vegetables.
Sources of dietary glucose include honey, syrup, and fruits.

5
 2. Fructose is known as “fruit sugar” as it is likely to be found in fruits. It
is sometimes the sweetest among all sugar. It can be found in the nectar
of flowers, molasses, and honey.
3. Galactose is different from glucose and fructose in such a way that it
does not occur freely in nature. It is produced in the body through the
digestion of a disaccharide lactose. Before it can be utilized by the body
for energy, it must be transformed into glucose by the liver.

Common Monosaccharides
Photo Source: https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/

Examples of Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides Formula Derivation of Name and Source
From the Greek word for “Sweet Wine”
Glucose C6H12O6
Blood Sugar, Dextrose, Corn Sugar, Grape Sugar
Latin Word for Fruit: “Fructus”
Fructose C6H12O6
Fruit Sugar, Levulose
Greek Word for Milk: “Galact”; found as a
Galactose C6H12O6 component of lactose in Milk
Brain Sugar

6
Disaccharides
Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides units together by a covalent
bond known as glycosidic linkage. Three important disaccharides include sucrose,
maltose, and lactose. All disaccharides has a molecular formula of C 12H22O11.

Disaccharide Formation
Photo Source: https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/

1. Sucrose is commonly known as table sugar. It comes from sugar cane

and sugar beets. It is consists of fructose and glucose.
2. Maltose or malt sugar is found in germinating seeds such as barley. It
is also produced when glucose is caramelized. It consists of two glucose
units.
3. Lactose is also known as milk sugar. It is the principal carbohydrate in
milk. It consists of glucose and galactose.

Common Disaccharides include Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose

Photo Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/carbohydrates/

7
Examples of Disaccharides
Disaccharide Composition Formula Derivation of Name and Source
French word for sugar: “sucre”
Sucrose Fructose + Glucose C12H22O11 Table sugar, Cane sugar,
Beet sugar
Latin word for “milk”: “lact”
Lactose Galactose + Glucose C12H22O11
Milk sugar
From the French word: “malt”
Maltose Glucose + Glucose C12H22O11
Malt sugar

Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides consists of multiple simple sugars (monosaccharides). They
have complex structures and high molecular mass. They are also called polymers.
Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Starch and glycogen differ from where
they are stored. Glycogen is a stored carbohydrates in animals, while starch is the
stored carbohydrates in plants.
1. Starch is a soft, white, and tasteless powder that is insoluble in cold
water. It consists of long polymers chains of glucose units connected
by glycosidic bonds. They are major storage form of carbohydrates in
plants and tubers. Starches serve as a major source of energy for
animals and humans. They are found in beans, bread, potatoes,
cereals, corn, pasta, peas, and rice.

Starch Structure
Photo Source: https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/

2. Cellulose is another important polysaccharide. It is a major component

of plant’s cell wall. Cellulose, unlike starch, has a structure of glucose
in beta configuration (beta acetal linkage) as starch is in alpha. This
difference is the reason why starch is an important food materials,
while cellulose is not. In fact, cellulose cannot be digested by man. Only
animals like cows and horses can digest them as these animals have
bacteria in their rumens whose enzyme can break down the molecules
of cellulose.

Cellulose Structure
Photo Source: https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/

8
 Humans use it as part of paper fiber and is chemically modified to yield
substances used in the manufacture of items such as plastics,
photographic films, and rayon. Foods rich in fiber include fruits,
vegetables, beans, and nuts. Dietary fiber is believed to reduce the risk
of colon cancer.

3. Glycogen is what we store as we digest starch. Humans and animals

store sugar in the form of glycogen. It is found in the muscles and
mainly in the liver. In muscle it acts as an immediate source of energy.
Muscle glycogen is

Glycogen Structure
Photo Source: https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/

Cellulose, Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin) and Glycogen Comparison

Photo Source: https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/

9
 What Is It
Activity 2: Carbo-Map
Direction: Complete the concept map on carbohydrates.
1.
CARBOHYDRATES
MADE UP OF ELEMENTS 2.
T
Y
P
3.
E

4. 5. 6.
(1 Sugar Molecule) (2 Sugar Molecule) (10 or more Sugar Molecule)

7. 10. 13.

8. 11. 14.

9. 12. 15.

What’s New
Proteins
Focus Point:
 Discuss proteins and what functions they serve.
 Identify some of the more important properties of proteins and
explains the importance of hydrogen bonds.
 Classify proteins according to their functions.
Proteins are complex biomolecules that contain amino acids linked through
the peptide bonds. They have molecular weight ranging from about 6,000 to over
1,000,000 grams per mole. They are considered as the most versatile biomolecules
since they serve numerous essential functions in the biological processes. In fact,
they are the primary constituents of living organisms. In addition to carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), proteins also contain nitrogen (N) and sometimes
sulfur (S). These additional components separate proteins from carbohydrates.
Among the food rich in protein are meat, tuna, cheese, tofu, and beans.

10
 Proteins plays a wide variety of functional roles, which includes:
a. Catalysts
b. Antibiotics
c. Enzymes
d. Contractile proteins (e.g., actin and myosin)
e. Hormonal proteins (e.g., insulin and somatotropin)
f. Structural proteins (e.g., keratin and collagen)
g. Transport proteins (e.g., hemoglobin)
Amino Acids
Amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins. An amino acid is
composed of a central carbon bonded to a
hydrogen (H), a carboxyl group (–COOH),
an amino group (–NH3), and a side chain
or R group.

Structure of Amino Acid

Photo Source:
http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-1-molecules-of-life/biomolecules/proteins.html
There are 20 different amino acids which can provide the many different
possible sequences of proteins in our body. The R group is one that is variable among
the 20 amino acids.
Essential amino acids are amino acids that our body cannot synthesized. We
must obtain them from foods. As the name implies, essential amino acids are
essential for one’s body to function orderly. Inclusion of these in our diet is of great
importance. The nonessential amino acids are those that our own bodies can
produce from other chemicals.

The 20 Amino Acids – (Essential and Nonessential)

Amino acid Abbreviations Category Side Chain / R Group
Alanine Ala A Nonessential

Arginine Arg R Essential

(For Infants)

Asparagine Asn N Nonessential

Aspartic acid Asp D Nonessential

11
 Cysteine Cys C Nonessential

Glutamine Gln Q Nonessential

Glutamic acid Glu E Nonessential

Glycine Gly G Nonessential

Histidine His H Essential

(For Infants)

Isoleucine Ile I Essential

Leucine Leu L Essential

Lysine Lys K Essential

Methionine Met M Essential

Phenylalanine Phe F Essential

Proline Pro P Nonessential

Serine Ser S Nonessential

Threonine Thr T Essential

12
 Tryptophan Trp W Essential

Tyrosine Tyr Y Essential

Valine Val V Essential

Photo and Table Source:

http://www.imgt.org/IMGTeducation/Aide-memoire/_UK/aminoacids/formuleAA/

Protein Structure
Proteins have four levels of structure.
1. Primary Structure is the linear sequence of amino acids that form a
protein. The primary structure is the combination of carbonyl carbon
of one amino acid to the amine group of another acid to form a covalent
bond called peptide bond.

The Formation of Peptide Bond

Photo Source:
http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-1-molecules-of-life/biomolecules/proteins.html
2. The secondary structure is the spatial arrangement of a polypeptide
chain of protein. It has two types: the alpha (α) helix and the beta (β)
pleated sheet. In a helix, the chain is coiled like a spring. The helix is
held together by hydrogen bonds between the loops of a coil. In the
pleated sheet, chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between
adjacent chains.
3. Tertiary structure, it refers to the final three-dimensional shape of a
single polypeptide molecule where the alpha helix and the pleated sheet
are folded forming a globular protein.
4. The quaternary structure is made up of the interactions of different
polypeptide. This structure contains more than one chain. An good
example of this structure is hemoglobin, the oxygen carrier of the blood.

The Level of Protein Structure

Photo Source:
http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-1-molecules-of-life/biomolecules/proteins.html

13
 What Is It
Activity 3: Know your Protein
Direction: Answer the following questions briefly but substantially.
1. What are the general formula of an amino acids?

2. Draw how peptide bond form in protein.

3. What are the characteristics properties of protein?

4. What are essential amino acids?

What’s New
Lipids
Focus Point:
 Explain lipids and fatty acids.
 Discuss the difference between fats and oils.
We think that lipids are fats. But fats are just a subgroup of lipids called
triglycerides. Aside from fats, subgroups of lipids include oils, waxes, fat-soluble
vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, and K), and sterols (like cholesterols).
Lipids are a large and diverse group of naturally occurring biomolecules that
can be dissolved away from biological materials by solvents that are nonpolar like
ether, acetone, and benzene. However, lipids are hydrophobic, which means they are
insoluble in water. They formed when fats and oils are heated with aqueous solution
of bases. The process is called saponification, meaning “soap making”. Glycerol and
fatty acids are the building block of lipids.
Lipids are important because they are major forms of energy storage.

14
Fatty Acid Structure
Photo Source:
https://sites.google.com/a/wrps.net/cns-ontl/cns-2nd-semester-weblinks/unit-
7/biomolecules---lipids
Types of Lipids
1. Triglycerides
Triglycerides (or triacylglycerol) as the name implies, are triesters of
fatty acids with glycerol (1, 2, 3 – trihydroxypropane). Composed mainly of
hydrogen and carbon, these lipids are found in both plants and animals. Solid
triglycerides are classified as fats while liquid triglycerides are classified as
oils. Butter is an example of animal fat in solid state while vegetable oils is in
liquid state.

The Formation of Triglyceride

Photo Source:
https://sites.google.com/a/wrps.net/cns-ontl/cns-2nd-semester-weblinks/unit-
7/biomolecules---lipids
2. Steroids
Cholesterols is a steroids and is one of the most plentiful lipids in the
body. It is produced by the liver to meet our body’s needs.

Other steroids act as

hormones, like
testosterone,
progesterone, and
estrogen. The
structure of steroids
would reveal a four-
ring structure: one
ring with 5 carbon
and three rings with
6 carbons.

15
 Estradiol, Testosterone, and Cholesterol Structure
Photo Source: https://sites.google.com/a/wrps.net/cns-ontl/cns-2nd-
semester-weblinks/unit-7/biomolecules---lipids

3. Phospholipids
Phospholipids are major component of cell membrane. Their molecule
is composed of 2 fatty acids, a glycerol unit and phosphate group, and a polar
molecules (like serine and choline).

Phospholipid Molecule and Phospholipid Bilayer

Photo Source: https://sites.google.com/a/wrps.net/cns-ontl/cns-2nd-
semester-weblinks/unit-7/biomolecules---lipids

16
 What Is It
Activity 4: Lipids: Word Search
Direction: Identify the terms being describe in the following, use the Word Bank for
answering.
Lipids Glycerol and fatty acids
Triglycerides
Steroids Phospholipids

1. They are considered as the major energy storage.

2. The building blocks of lipids.

3. Fats and Oils

4. It is produced by the liver to meet our body’s

needs.
5. They are major component of cell membrane.

What’s New
Nucleic Acids
Focus Point:
 Explain where nucleic acids occur in the body and discuss the
functions of DNA and RNA.
Nucleic acids are the most important biomolecules. They serve as the
blueprint of life. They are responsible in encoding, transmitting, and expressing
genetic information. Nucleic acids are molecules that code hereditary traits by
controlling the production of proteins. Like proteins, nucleic acids are long chain of
polymers consisting of simpler units or monomers. They are made up of the following
elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P).
Nucleotide
The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides. They are made up of
three components:
1. A phosphoric acid molecule (Phosphate Group)
2. A five-carbon sugar molecule (Pentose)
3. A molecule of a nitrogen-containing base

17
Photo Source: https://allinonehighschool.com/nucleic-acids/

Nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the main carrier
of genetic information, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), a copy from a portion of DNA and
which becomes the template for synthesizing a specific protein or in short it carries
out the synthesis of proteins.

Photo Source: https://allinonehighschool.com/nucleic-acids/

The double helix consists of two linear strands of polymerized nucleotides that
bound about each other. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that
forms between pairs of nucleotides. Adenine (A) forms hydrogen bonds with a
Thymine (T) of the strands. Cytosine (C) forms hydrogen bonds with a Guanine of the
other strands.

18
 RNA, like DNA, is a long unbranched polymer consisting of nucleotides where
the phosphate group of one nucleotide is bonded to the sugar of the next nucleotide.
It differs from the DNA in two ways: The sugar unit in RNA is ribose instead
of deoxyribose. RNA contains the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). Adenine is
pair with uracil (U), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).

What Is It
Activity 5: Nucleic Acid: DNA vs RNA
Direction: Complete the table below.

Basis of Comparison DNA RNA

Description

Function

Number of strands

Sugar

Nitrogenous Bases

19
 What’s More

Lesson Food Labels and

2 Nutrition
To replenish the lost energy consumed for the different activities of the day,
you need to eat food, which is a very important factor for our body to keep stronger
and for us to stay alive.

Polymers in Food and their corresponding Monomers

Photo Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/properties-of-
polymers/
What to eat and how much will depend on what the body needs. Eat well to
stay well. To be well is to be healthy. But, when we talk about eating healthy, we
mean eating varieties of food throughout the day to get all the nutrients we need
such as carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins and minerals. However, nutritional
guidelines on dietary requirement for humans suggest that we eat as much meat
(protein) that our body can afford and avoid starchy foods (carbohydrates). Now, the
guidelines have changed, regarding us to cut our consumption of meat and dairy
products and to consume more grains, fruits, and vegetables.

20
 This is required on most packaged food to help inform the public or the
consumers in making food choices. As in the sample, food labels give you the list of
nutritional information, such as fat and protein content, the ingredients, and some
additives.

Sample Food Label

Photo Source:
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/81GdBjolGAL._SX679_.jpg
Reading food labels is important for a number of reasons:
1. It helps you make food choices.
2. It helps people with food allergies.
3. It informs you if it contains additives that you must avoid.
4. Help people to control weight and improve health.
Though we know that food labels are always present in packaged food, we
sometimes ignore them, simply because we do not understand what is written in food
labels. We may wonder what are all these for, what they all mean, which should be
low, and high should be high.
The Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) of the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST) provided a daily nutritional guide pyramid for different age
bracket.
FNRI also provides nutritional guidelines for Filipinos (Source: NSCB –
National Nutrition Month – Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos).
1. Eat a variety of food every day to provide all nutrients required for good
health. This includes:
 Fish, Lean meat, Poultry or Dried beans for growth and body repair
 Vegetables, Fruits, and Root Crops to get essential vitamins,
minerals, and fiber for regulatio0n of body processes.
 Milk, Milk products, calcium rich food like small fish, and dark
green leafy vegetables for healthy bones and teeth
 Appropriate amount of iodized salt to prevent physical and mental
retardation
2. Practice healthy lifestyle through regular exercise. Avoid smoking and
excessive drinking of alcohol. Practice sanitary handling of food, among
others.
3. Breast-feed infants from birth up to two years if possible, with
appropriate food supplement and regular monitoring of their growth.
4. Limit intake of fatty, salty, and sugar-rich foods to prevent
cardiovascular diseases.

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 5. Eat clean and safe food to prevent illnesses caused by diseases-causing
organisms.

Daily Nutritional Pyramid Guide for Filipino children (13-19 years old)
Photo Source:
https://www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/tools-and-standard/nutritional-guide-
pyramid#teen-13-19yrs-old

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 What I Have Learned
Activity 6: Biomolecules – Lesson Summary
Direction: Construct a graphic organizer to compare the structure and functions of
the four classes of biomolecules.

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 What I Can Do
Activity 7: Biomolecules – Where do I belong?
Direction: Place a check to the term that belongs to each type of biomolecules on its
column.
TERM CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

1. Monosaccharides

2. Fatty Acids

3. Amino Acids

4. Nucleotides

5. Triglycerides

6. DNA

7. Glycosidic Bond

8. Phospholipids

9. Peptide Bond

10. Steroids

11. Cellulose

12. Galactose

13. Enzymes

14. Cholesterol

15. Uracil

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 Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of monomeric units that
it is composed of. Which of the following is a correct pair?
a. glucose: disaccharide
b. starch: polysaccharide
c. sucrose: monosaccharide
d. triglyceride: polysaccharide
2. Which is a correct pair of an example of carbohydrate and its function?
a. Glucose : sugar that is used by the body for energy
b. Starch : form of stored sugar that is used by animals
c. Fructose : sugar commonly present in vegetables
d. Glycogen : storage form of amylose in humans
3. Which of the following is NOT a major source of carbohydrates?
a. Chicken c. Pasta
b. Corn d. Rice
4. Which of the following contains the most amount of lipids?
a. Apple c. Cauliflower
b. Butter d. Cheese
5. C6H12O6 is the molecular formula of a carbohydrate monomer. Which of
the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
a. Galactose c. Fructose
b. Glucose d. Sucrose
6. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
a. Fats are lipids that are liquid at room temperature that contain
saturated fatty acids.
b. Oils are lipids that are solid at room temperature that contain
saturated fatty acids.
c. Cholesterol is the most unpopular steroid that aids in cellular
functions.
d. Glucose are lipids that are used by the body for energy.
7. Which of the following does NOT describe a fatty acid?
a. contains carboxyl group (––COOH) at the other
b. consisting a straight chain of an even number of carbon
c. fatty acids are carboxylic acids
d. they occur as aldehydes in fats and oils
8. Knowing how nutrients of biomolecules are metabolized and utilized in the
body is essential to healthy living. Which of the following is a fat – soluble
vitamin?
a. vitamin A c. vitamin B12
b. vitamin B1 d. vitamin C
9. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Which of the following is
not an example of a protein?
a. cellulose
b. fibroin
c. keratin
d. myoglobin

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10. What level of protein structure involves the formation of alpha (α) helix?
a. Primary c. Tertiary
b. Secondary d. Quaternary
11. All amino acid molecules contain an amine group and a carboxyl group in
their structure. What do we call the type of bond formed by the elimination
of a water molecule to join two amino acids?
a. Glycosidic bond
b. Peptide bond
c. Phosphodiester bond
d. Lipid bond
12. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts that speed up chemical
reactions in our body. Which of the following enzyme help in breaking down
proteins into peptides?
a. Amylase c. Pepsin
b. Lipase d. Sucrase
13. Nucleic acids play an essential role in the storage, transfer, and expression
of genetic information. Which of the following is not a basic component of a
nucleic acid?
I. a 5-carbon, or pentose, sugar
II. a ring-shaped molecule belonging to the class of purine or pyrimidine
bases
III. an amine group
IV. one or more phosphate groups
a. I only c. I, II and III
b. II and IV only d. I, II and IV
14. DNA is described as the blueprint of life and stores
________________________.
a. instructions for carbohydrate synthesis
b. instructions for protein synthesis
c. immune response information
d. genetic information
15. The principal role of RNA is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from
DNA for controlling the synthesis of .
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. fatty acids

Great job! You are almost done with this module.

26
 Additional Activities
Select one food label from the food that you consume for the day. Inspect the
food label. What is the food you ate made up of? Why do you think we ate this kind
of food? Use the template provide below.

What is the food you ate made up of?

Paste the Food Labels Here

Why do you think we ate this food?

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 Answer Key

Pretest / Post Test

1. b 6. c 11. b
2. b 7. d 12. c
3. a 8. a 13. b
4. b 9. a 14. d
5. d 10. a 15. a

Activity 1: Word Up
1. Nucleic Acid
2. Carbohydrate
3. Enzyme
4. Lipid
5. Protein

Activity 2: Carbo-Map
1. Carbon 6. Fructose 11. Maltose
2. Hydrogen 7. Galactose 12. Polysaccharide
3. Oxygen 8. Disaccharide 13. Starch
4. Monosaccharide 9. Sucrose 14. Cellulose
5. Glucose 10. Lactose 15. Glycogen

Activity 3: Know your Protein

1. Answer May Vary
2. Answer May Vary
3. Answer May Vary
4. Answer May Vary
5. Answer May Vary

Activity 4: Lipids: Word Search

1. Lipids
2. Glycerol and Fatty Acids
3. Triglycerides
4. Steroids
5. Phospholipids

Activity 5: Nucleic Acid: DNA vs RNA

Answer May Vary

Activity 6: Biomolecules – Lesson Summary

Answer May Vary

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Activity 7: Biomolecules – Where do I belong?
TERM CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

1. Monosaccharides /
2. Fatty Acids /
3. Amino Acids /
4. Nucleotides /

5. Triglycerides /
6. DNA /

7. Glycosidic Bond /
8. Phospholipids /
9. Peptide Bond /
10. Steroids /
11. Cellulose /
12. Galactose /
13. Enzymes /
14. Cholesterol /
15. Uracil /

29
References:
 Discover Science 10, K to 12 Edition, Diwa Learning System Inc., Espinosa,
Lorenzo, Navarette Jr., Santos, 2015
 The New Grade 10, You and the Natural World Science, Phoenix Publishing
House Inc., Vengco, Cordero-NAvaza, Darvin-FAraon, Religioso, 2015
 Science Links, Worktext for Scientific and Technological Literacy, Rex Book
Store Inc., Valdez, Aquino, Biong, Andaya, 2017
 https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/carbohydrates/
 http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-1-molecules-of-
life/biomolecules/proteins.html
 http://www.imgt.org/IMGTeducation/Aide-
memoire/_UK/aminoacids/formuleAA/
 https://sites.google.com/a/wrps.net/cns-ontl/cns-2nd-semester-
weblinks/unit-7/biomolecules---lipids
 https://allinonehighschool.com/nucleic-acids/
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
chemistry/chapter/properties-of-polymers/
 https://images-na.ssl-images-
amazon.com/images/I/81GdBjolGAL._SX679_.jpg
 https://www.fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/tools-and-standard/nutritional-
guide-pyramid#teen-13-19yrs-old

30
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte – Curriculum Implementation Division

Learning Resource Management Section (SDOIN-CID LRMS)

Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770-5963, (077) 600-2605
E-mail Address: ilocosnorte@deped.gov.ph

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