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Unit 5 - Nouns - Tibetanlanguage - School
Unit 5 - Nouns - Tibetanlanguage - School
Unit 5 - Nouns - Tibetanlanguage - School
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Unit 5: Nouns
← Go to unit 4 Go to unit 6 →
In this unit we will learn how to make basic statements and questions about
persons, places, and things. By the end of the unit, you will be able to say
things like “I’m a student” and “Where are you from?”
Unit 5 Sections:
1. 1. Nouns
1. 1.1. Standard Tibetan nouns
2. 1.2. Honorific forms
2. 2. Pronouns
1. 2.1. Personal pronouns
2. 2.2. Demonstrative pronouns
3. 3. ཡིན་ and རེད་
1. 3.1. Subjects, objects, and verbs
2. 3.2. Personal vs. impersonal
3. 3.3. Affirmative vs. negative
4. 3.4. Alternate forms and curly brackets
4. 4. Asking questions
1. 4.1. The question marker {པས་}
2. 4.2. The rule of anticipation
3. 4.3. Question words
4. 4.4. The confirming verbal particle {པ་}
5. 4.5. The wondering verbal particle ན་
5. 5. Nominal particles
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1. Nouns
A fundamental distinction that will guide our study of Standard Tibetan is
the distinction between nouns and verbs.
Nouns are words that refer to people, places, and things. For example:
Alex
the photographer
Thailand
flowers
Verbs are actions that nouns do, or have done to them. Verbs may also simply
express the state of a noun or the relationship between two nouns. For
example:
Nouns and verbs can both be described in more detail, or modified, by other
words. For example, the adverb constantly modifies the verb cries; it
describes how Alex cries. The adjective pretty modifies the noun flowers; it
describes what the flowers are like.
Standard Tibetan grammar boils down to nouns, verbs, and their modifiers,
so I have structured the course to cover these topics in a progressive and
systematic way. In units 5-7 we will learn about nouns and their modifiers,
and in units 8-10 we will learn about verbs and their modifiers. By the end of
unit 10 we will have covered all of the basic grammar necessary for
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སློབ་ཕྲུག་ student
ཁ་པར་ phone
དགེ་རྒན་ teacher
དེབ་ book
བོད་པ་ Tibetan person
0:00 / 0:04
Nouns generally do not have separate singular and plural forms, so སློབ་ཕྲུག་ can
mean both “a student” and “students”, for instance.
Tibetan does not use capitalization, so the names of people or places look
just like normal nouns:
བསྟན་འཛིན་ Tendzin
མཚོ་མོ་ Tsomo
བོད་ Tibet
རྒྱ་གར་ India
ཡུ་རོབ་ Europe
0:00 / 0:04
Simple nouns like དེབ་ (“book”) have no internal structure. Complex nouns like
དགེ་རྒན་ (“teacher”) are made up of multiple smaller words. The word དགེ་རྒན་ is
made up the roots དགེ་ (“virtuous”) and རྒན་ (“old”), so when analyzed in detail
it means something like “virtuous elder”. However, beginners don’t need to
worry about understanding the internal structure of complex nouns; it is
enough just to learn their ordinary meaning.
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0:00 / 0:06
Some nouns have no honorific form, and other nouns have multiple levels of
honorific forms. Honorific forms do not follow a set format, and must be
memorized. However, they are often built by adding specific honorific
prefixes (e.g. ཞལ་, ཕྱག་) to some part of the original common noun. Honorifics
are important, but they can be a bit overwhelming at first, so we will not
discuss them in much detail here.
It’s polite to learn and use honorifics when talking about other people. It is
common for other people to use honorifics when talking about you, but you
should not use honorifics when talking about yourself.
To respectfully address someone, you can add the particle ལགས་ to the end of
their name:
བསྟན་འཛིན་ལགས།
མཚོ་མོ་ལགས།
0:00 / 0:02
It is very common to use ལགས་ after someone’s name, even among friends.
2. Pronouns
Pronouns are words that can stand in for people, places, and things. They
include words like “he”, “they”, “you”, and “us”. In the following example, the
pronoun “him” is used to stand in for the noun “the photographer”:
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A pronoun can be singular, meaning that it refers to only one person, place,
or thing; or it can be plural, meaning that it refers to multiple persons,
places, or things. For example, the pronoun “me” is singular, and the pronoun
“us” is plural.
Standard Tibetan has a wide range of personal pronouns (མིང་ཚབ་), but we will
focus on 6 main ones:
Singular: Plural:
Third person: ཁོང་ they / them (singular) ཁོང་ཚོ་ they / them (plural)
0:00 / 0:06
You will notice that Standard Tibetan does have separate plural forms for
pronouns. The plural marker ཚོ་ is an exception to standard pronunciation
rules, because it is often pronounced as if it had a nasal prefix letter, hence
the n sound in ང་ཚོ་ ngan-tsho. This n sound does not occur 100% of the time.
I use slashes (e.g. “I / me”) to show that e.g. ང་ can mean both “I” and “me”.
Also, the words ཁོང་ and ཁོང་ཚོ་ are polite and would not be used when speaking
about people younger than you. For people younger than you, you can use ཁོ་
for “he” and མོ་ for “she”. The plural forms of these words are respectively ཁོ་རང་
ཚོ་ and མོ་རང་ཚོ་.
Singular: Plural:
0:00 / 0:03
I am Tendzin
Lhasa is a city
Rainbows are colorful
The verbs ཡིན་ and རེད་ are typically used to describe things that are essential to
the identity of a person, place, or thing, so I will also call them essential be
verbs. For example, the sentence “Lhasa is a city” would use an essential be
verb because it expresses an essential characteristic of what Lhasa is: Lhasa is
a city.
When applied to people, the essential be verbs are used for people’s names,
relations to other people, occupations, and other basic descriptions of the
person’s identity.
For example:
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First comes the subject (Tsomo), which is is the noun that you’re making a
statement about. Then comes the be verb (is), which is used to equate the
subject and object. Then comes the object (a student), which is the
description or quality that you’re assigning to the subject. To express this in a
simple way, we can say that English has a subject-verb-object sentence
structure.
The usual be verb in Tibetan is རེད་, so the sentence “Tsomo is a student” could
be translated into Tibetan as:
0:00 / 0:01
ང་བསྟན་འཛིན་ཡིན། I am Tendzin
ང་ཚོ་སློབ་ཕྲུག་ཡིན། We are students
0:00 / 0:03
The word རེད་ is an impersonal verb form because it’s typically used to make
statements about other people or things. For example:
0:00 / 0:04
In fact, the use of personal vs. impersonal verb forms is more about how
much ownership you’re taking over the statement. It may be possible to use
རེད་ in statements about yourself if you are making an impersonal,
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We don’t need to understand this point fully right away, so for now, it’s
sufficient to learn that ཡིན་ is used for statements about yourself and རེད་ is
used for statements about other people or things.
0:00 / 0:06
མ་ + verb
In front of certain verbs it takes the alternate form མི་, which we will discuss
more in the next unit.
To start with, from now on I will use {མ་} as a shorthand way to refer to the
negative marker མ་ and its alternate form མི་.
I will also do this for verbs. We’ve learned how the essential be verb takes two
different forms in Standard Tibetan: ཡིན་ or རེད་, depending on whether the
statement is personal or impersonal. In addition, each of these has a
corresponding negative form (མིན་ and མ་རེད་). The form that you should use
(personal or impersonal, affirmative or negative) depends on what you’re
trying to say, so I will use {ཡིན་} as a shorthand for all of these forms: ཡིན་, རེད་,
མིན་, and མ་རེད་.
Using curly brackets like this will allow me to describe grammar rules quickly
and easily, without listing a separate rule for each form. It is up to the speaker
to determine which form they want to use in a given context. The
unbracketed words མ་ and ཡིན་, then, will henceforth refer only to མ་ and ཡིན་
specifically, and not to any of their alternate forms.
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4. Asking Questions
Particles are small words that alter the meaning of whatever they’re attached
to. Verbal particles are small words that can be attached to a verb to alter its
meaning. For example, the negation particle མ་ in མ་རེད་ changes an affirmative
sentence into a negative one.
Most verbal particles (with the exception of {མ་}) follow the verb, according to
the format:
verb + particle
In this section we will discuss three different verbal particles that can be used
for asking questions: {པས་}, {པ་}, and ན་. Usually only one verbal particle can be
used at a time, so they cannot be combined or strung together.
0:00 / 0:06
The པ་ in རེད་པས་ is pronounced with the lips barely touching (see Unit 3 §6.2.)
and its vowels are subject to vowel harmony (see Unit 3 §6.3.), so its typical
pronunciation could be transcribed as räβ̞ä.
I refer to {པས་} as a “question marker” and not a “question particle” because it’s
technically made of two parts: the verbal ending པ་ plus the verbal particle ས་.
Regardless, because པས་ ends in a particle, it acts like a verbal particle in every
way, and so I have included it in our discussion of the verbal particles.
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Negative questions
The question marker {པས་} turns negative statements into negative questions:
0:00 / 0:03
For example, when asking someone a question about yourself, you generally
use the impersonal verb form because that’s what they’d use in their reply:
0:00 / 0:01
And when asking someone a question about themselves, you generally use
the personal verb form because that’s what they’d use in their reply:
0:00 / 0:02
0:00 / 0:03
The yes/no question marker {པས་} is not typically used in sentences that
already have a question word.
ང་སུ་རེད། Who am I?
ཁྱེད་རང་སུ་ཡིན། Who are you?
0:00 / 0:03
Personal questions that use question words, such as ཁྱེད་རང་སུ་ཡིན། (“Who are
you?”), may come across as too direct or blunt. It’s common to soften such
questions with the particles {པ་} and ན་, which we will learn about below.
0:00 / 0:05
The particle {པས་} shows that you want an actual answer to your question, but
{པ་} is often used rhetorically, without any expectation of a response.
0:00 / 0:02
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0:00 / 0:03
5. Nominal Particles
In the previous section we learned about particles, which are small words that
alter the meaning of whatever they’re attached to. We looked at three
examples of verbal particles, which are particles that are attached to the verb.
In this section we will look at nominal particles. Nominal particles are small
words that attached to a noun to alter its meaning. The word nominal just
means “of a noun”.
English has many words that are analogous to Tibetan nominal particles,
such as from, to, of, by, and so on. In English, these words are attached to the
left side of the noun:
from Tendzin
to Tsomo
of Tibet
by the author
In Tibetan, nominal particles are attached to the right side of the noun:
noun + particle
For example:
0:00 / 0:04
We won’t worry about most of these particles for now. In this section we will
focus on learning the particle ནས་, which means from.
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The nominal particle ནས་ means from, and it’s attached to the right side of the
noun like all other nominal particles:
0:00 / 0:03
As we have seen above, sentences with {ཡིན་} generally contain two unmarked
nouns. However, it is sometimes possible to put a marked noun in the object
position of {ཡིན་}. For example, you can talk about where someone is from by
putting a place name marked with ནས་ in the object position of {ཡིན་}:
0:00 / 0:03
0:00 / 0:03
6. Clipping
In Standard Tibetan it’s common to shorten a sentence by leaving out
(“clipping“) the subject, the object, or both. This happens for various reasons,
and we’ll discuss a few common ones below.
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0:00 / 0:08
0:00 / 0:07
So, the way to say “yes” or “no” depends on the verb used in the original
question.
If you are negating someone, it’s usually more polite to add an explanation
instead of just saying “no”, which is why the last sentence from the above
examples says, མིན། ང་རྒྱ་གར་ནས་ཡིན།. This is true in English too, of course.
If a simple “yes” or “no” answer would feel too curt, you can lengthen your
answer in several ways. Two common strategies are:
For example:
ཁོང་བསྟན་འཛིན་རེད་པས། Is he Tendzin?
ལགས་རེད། Yes (polite)
རེད་རེད། Yes, he is
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ལགས་མ་རེད། No (polite)
ཁྱེད་རང་དགེ་རྒན་ཡིན་པས། Are you a teacher?
ལགས་ཡིན། Yes (polite)
ཡིན་ཡིན། Yes, I am
ལགས་མིན། No (polite)
0:00 / 0:12
2) With {པས་}:
Subject + object clipping can be done with other verb forms as well. For
example, the question verb རེད་པས། can be used as a response to a statement,
meaning something like “really?” or “is that true?”:
0:00 / 0:04
0:00 / 0:03
རེད་པས་ can be used to mean “really?” after verbs other than {ཡིན་}. You can treat
it as a self-standing word, without trying to match it to the verb used in the
original statement.
3) With {པ་}:
The words རེད་བ། and ཡིན་པ། can be used similarly to རེད་པས། and ཡིན་པས།:
0:00 / 0:06
Also, sometimes རེད་བ་ (but not ཡིན་པ་) can be used with a falling intonation to
show that you agree with the original sentence:
0:00 / 0:02
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4) X or Y:
For example:
0:00 / 0:01
However, this is only done with non-personal forms, so ཡིན་མིན་ is not used in
this way.
Some of the most common tag questions in Standard Tibetan are རེད་བ།
(“right?”), རེད་མ་རེད། (“right?”, or literally “is it or isn’t it?”), and མ་རེད་པས། (“right?”,
or literally “isn’t it?”). For example:
0:00 / 0:06
We’ve now finished learning about Standard Tibetan nouns and the essential
be verb {ཡིན་}. In the next unit (unit 6), we will learn about adjectives and the
existential be verb {ཡོད་}.
← Go to unit 4 Go to unit 6 →
7. Terminology
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7.1. Vocabulary
In this section I include basic Standard Tibetan vocabulary that’s useful for
beginners to know. You can try testing yourself by covering up the right side
of the vocab list to see if you know what the Tibetan words mean 🙂
Nouns:
སློབ་ཕྲུག་ student
ཁ་པར་ phone
དགེ་རྒན་ teacher
དེབ་ book
བོད་པ་ Tibetan
བསྟན་འཛིན་ Tendzin
མཚོ་མོ་ Tsomo
བོད་ Tibet
རྒྱ་གར་ India
ཡུ་རོབ་ Europe
Pronouns:
Verbs:
ཡིན་
རེད་
7.2. Jargon
In this section I only include jargon that will be useful to know for later
lessons. Jargon that pertains only to specific topics can be learned in those
topics’ respective sections.
noun
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verb
An action that a noun does, or has done to it. Verbs may also simply express
the state of a noun or the relationship between two nouns. For example,
“cries”, “loves”, “is”, “has”.
modifier
A word that describes a noun or a verb in more detail. For example, “pretty”
or “constantly”.
honorific
pronoun
Words that stand in for a person, a place, or a thing. Divided into personal
pronouns and demonstrative pronouns.
personal pronoun
demonstrative pronoun
essential be verb
A verb that means be (or is, are, am, etc.), and that expresses an essential
characteristic of a noun.
subject-object-verb
Tibetan’s typical sentence structure, in which the verb goes at the end of the
sentence.
personal form
A verb form used to make statements about yourself or a group that you’re a
part of, e.g. ཡིན་.
impersonal form
A verb form used to make statements about other people or things, e.g. རེད་.
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alternate forms
particle
A small word that alters the meaning of whatever it’s attached to.
verbal particle
nominal particle
rule of anticipation
When you ask a question, you need to use the same verb form (personal or
impersonal) that the person you’re talking to would use in their response.
question words
Words that turn a sentence into an open-ended question, such as སུ་ (“who”)
or ག་རེ་ (“what”).
marked noun
unmarked noun
clipping
tag question
Mini questions like “right?” that you can add onto the end of a statement.
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