NCERT SOLUTIONS RD SHARMA CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9

CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

Learn CBSE
Physical Education Class 12 Important
Questions Chapter 10 Kinesiology
Biomechanics and Sports
December 9, 2019 by Sast ry CBSE

Physical Educat ion Class 12 Import ant Quest ions Chapt er 10 Kinesiology Biomechanics and Sport s is part
of Physical Educat ion Class 12 Import ant Quest ions. Here we have given Physical Education Class 12
Important Questions Chapter 10 Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Sports.

Physical Education Class 12 Important Questions

Chapter 10 Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Sports
1 Mark Quest ions

Question 1.
What is the difference between axis and plane?
Answer:
An axis is an imaginary line about which the body or limb rotates. A plane is an imaginary flat surface along
which a movement takes place.

Question 2.
Elucidate projectile motion.
Answer:
It refers to the motion of an object projected into the air at an angle.
Question 3.
An NCERT
object SOLUTIONS
thrown into spaceRD SHARMA
either CLASS
horizontally or at 12
an acuteCLASS
angle11under the
CLASS 10 of gravity
action CLASS 9
is called a
projectile. Name the two forces which act on a projectile. All India 2017
Answer:
CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS
The two forces that act on a projectile are. propelling force and force of gravity.

Question 4.
What is the first law of Newton?
Answer:
This law states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain ill motion at the same
speed and in the same direction till any external force is applied on it to change state.

Question 5.
Explain what is ‘dynamic friction’? (All India 2016)
Answer:
Dynamic friction is the opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually moving over the
surface of another body. Dynamic friction may be of two types i.e. sliding friction and rolling friction.

Question 6.
Enlist the methods of reducing friction.
Answer:
Methods of reducing friction are

Polishing
Lubrication
Use of ball bearings
Streamlining

3 Marks Quest ions

Question 7.
What is axis? What are its types?
Answer:
An axis is an imaginary line about which the body (or limb) rotates. It can he divided in three parts

1. Frontal Horizontal Axis Axis of the body that passes horizontally from side to side at. right angles to
the sagittal plane.
2. Vertical Axis Axis of the body that passes from head to foot.at right angles to the transverse plane.
 3. Sagittal Horizontal Axis Axis of the body. that passes from front to rear lying at right angles to the
NCERT SOLUTIONS
frontal plane. RD SHARMA CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9

Question 8.
CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS
What do you mean by plane? Explain its types
Answer:
A plane is an imaginary flat surface along which a movement takes place. It can be divided into three parts
as follows :

Sagittal Plane A vertical plane of the body. which passes from front to rear dividing the body into two
symmetrical halves.
Transverse Plane Any horizontal plane of the body which is parallel to the diaphragm; also called the
horizontal plane.
Frontal Plane Plane of the body which passes from side to side at right angles to the sagittal plane;
also called the coronal plane.

Question 9.
Enumerate the laws of motion:
Answer:
The three laws of motion are

1. Newtons First Law of Motion This law is also known as law of inertia. This law states that a body at
rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same
direction till any external force is applied on it to change that state.
2. Newtons Second Law of Motion This law states that the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass.
F 1
a = where a ∝ F , a ∝
m m

3. Newtons Third Law of Motion This law states that to every action there is always an equal and
opposite reaction. This law describes what happens to a body when it exerts a force on another
body.

Question 10.
How Newton’s second law and third law of motion can be applied in sports.
Answer:
Second Laws If a baseball player hits a ball with double the force the rate at which the ball will accelerate
(speed up) will be doubled. Football players can slow down stop or reverse the direction of other players
depending upon how much force they can generate and in which direction.
Third Law A swimmer propels herself through the water because the water offers enough counter force to
NCERTthe
oppose SOLUTIONS RD SHARMA
action of her hands CLASS
pushing allowing her12to move.
CLASS 11
An athlete CLASS
can jump10 CLASS
higher off 9 surface
a solid
because it opposes his body with as much force as he is able to generate in contrast to sand or another
unstable surface.PAPERS
CBSE SAMPLE TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

Question 11.
“Friction is a necessary evil.” Justify your answer with suitable examples from sport. (CBSE Model Question
Paper 2015)
Answer:
Friction is usually called a necessary evil. It means that it is essential in games and sports. Without friction
we cannot give a better performance in the field of sports.

Examples are spikes used by athletes for running and studs used in football boots of the players. However,
friction has disadvantages also. In cycling, there should not be more friction between road and the tyres of
the cycle.

5 Marks Quest ions

Question 12.
Describe different types of movements.
Answer:
Physical activity is made possible by movements and motions. Every movement takes place in one plane
and around one axis.
They are categorised by movement type as follows

1. Flexion It takes place when the angle decreases between the two bones attached to a joint.
2. Extension It takes place when the angle between the two bones attached to a joint increase. Both
flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane about the frontal axis.
3. Adduction It is a movement laterally toward the middle of the body.
4. Abduction It is a movement laterally away from the middle of the body. Both adduction and abduction
occur in the frontal plane about the sagittal axis.

Question 13.
What are the major muscles that we use while we run?
Answer:
Following are the four muscles that we use while we run
(i) Quads (Quadriceps Femoris) Quads are muscle groups of four basic muscles located on our front thighs.
They are
 The rectus femoris
NCERT
The SOLUTIONS
vastus medialis RD SHARMA CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
The vastus lateralis
TheSAMPLE
CBSE vastusPAPERS
intermedius. TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

Our quads are responsible for moving two of the joints used in running our knee joint and our hip joint. They
work together to straighten our knees and bend our hips.
(ii) Quads (Quadriceps Femoris) Our hamstrings are made up of four muscle-parts on the back of your
thighs. These are known as

The semitendinosus
The semimembranosus
The biceps femoris
(two parts long head and short head).

These four parts of our hamstrings allow us to flex our knees. The semitendinosus semimembranosus and
the long head biceps femoris work together to extend the hips.
(iii) Hip Flexors (Iliopsoas) Our hip flexors (or iliopsoas) like our quads is comprised of a muscle group of
two muscles

The iliacus
The psoas major

To our right the shortest muscle the iliacus begins on our pelvic crest (the iliac fossa) and stretches over to
our thigh bone (femur). The larger of the muscles the psoas major stretches from our T-12 spinal vertebrae
to our L-5 spinal vertebrae and there attaches to the femur. These two muscles work together to help our
hips flex.

(iv) Calf Muscles Our calf muscles are located on the back of our leg below our knee. Though many
anatomists see the calf muscle to be a single muscle (triceps surae) most say that it is a muscle group like
our quads and hip flexors. This group consists of two main muscles

The gastrocnemius
The soleus

Our calf muscles will allow us to flex our knee and planter flex our ankle. Like our quads our calf muscles
can be strengthened by doing squats. Other good strength-building exercises would include calf muscle
raises and skipping!
Question 14.
NCERT
Which SOLUTIONS
muscles RD SHARMA
are used in jumping? CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
Answer:
Following muscles
CBSE SAMPLE are used inTEXTBOOK
PAPERS jumping SOLUTIONS
1. Quadriceps The quadriceps rest on the front of thethighs and they have four components: the vastus
medial vastus lateral rectus femoris and vastus intermedius. During a jump you perform hip flexion and knee
extension which both activate the quadriceps. Hip flexion takes place when you move your thigh toward
your stomach; knee extension takes place when you straighten your leg. A squat is a specific exercise that
can help you gain more strength in the quads.

2. Hamst rings The hamstrings are opposing muscles to the quadriceps and have an opposite function. You
activate your hamstrings through hip extension and knee flexion. Hip extension takes place when you bend
your knee and move your heel toward your butt. Hip extension also causes you to work the glutes. From an
anatomical standpoint the hamstrings have three parts: the biceps femoris semimembranosus. All parts get
activated during the lowering phase and the explosive phase of a jump. A squat works the hamstrings but
you can place more emphasis on them by doing a lunge.

3. Hip Flexors The hip flexors run from the lower stomach to the top of the thighs. They consist of the psoas
major and iliacus and because of this they are often referred to as the iliopsoas. As the name implies these
muscles get activated when you flex your hip in similar fashion to the quads.
Although these muscles are small they are important for explosive motions like sprinting a jumping. A lying
leg raise is a good exercise to strengthen the hip flexors.

4. Calves The calyes hav.e two parts the gastrocnemius and soleus. The gastrocnemius has a lateral head
and medial head and it is easily seen on the back of the leg right below the knee. The soleus sits anterior or
in front of the gastrocnemius-. Both parts function to plantar-flex the foot. This motion occurs when you
jump off the ground and point your toes downward.
Jumping rope is a good cardiovascular exercise to train these muscles because of the repetitive hopping
you do on your toes. A tuck jump is a good exercise to.work your calves because it is specific to jumping.

Question 15.
Which muscles do we use in throwing?
Answer:
Following are the muscles which are used While throwing anything like ball football etc

1. Shoulder Muscles The deltoids are the muscles of your shoulder which play a crucial role in rotating
your arm. Always warm up adequately by performing arm circles to avoid injuring your rotator cuff
while performing shoulder exercises.
 2. Triceps Your triceps are located on the back of your upper arm and aid in the process of extending
NCERT
yourSOLUTIONS
arm at the elbow.RD SHARMA
This action helpsCLASS 12
you release theCLASS 11 forceCLASS
ball with 10 in the
and pushlt CLASS 9
desired
direction. To strengthen your triceps efficiently perform exercises such as triceps pushdowns with a
rope
CBSE or pulley
SAMPLE and close-grip
PAPERS benchSOLUTIONS
TEXTBOOK presses.
3. Latissimus Dorsi Your latissimus dorsi often referred to as your lats are located on either side of your
spine. These large muscles help produce force for throwing and help transfer epergy from your legs to
your upper body. Among the best exercises for strengthening your lats are pull upsseated cable rows
and bent-over barbell rows.
4. Abdominals While many people exercise their abdominal muscles in hopes of attaining a six-pack this
muscle group is highly functional as well. A strong core facilitates the transfer of power from your
lower body to your upper body enabling your throws to benefit from the strength of your legs. Among
the best exercises for your abs are hanging leg raises and Swiss ball crunch.
5. Quadriceps The quadriceps is the major muscle group located on the front of your thigh. This large
group of muscle tissue helps you power the ball toward your intended target as you step into your
throw. Among the most effective exercises for the quadriceps are the barbell step-up barbell lunge
and barbell squats which also work your abdominal muscles.

Question 16.
Define trajectory. Describe the factors affecting the trajectory of a projectile. Delhi 2016
Answer:
A trajectory is a path described by a moving object or the path followed by a projectile. Examples are
kicking a soccer ball a throw in cricket throwing a hammer etc.
Factors affecting projectile trajectory are
1. Propelling Force The propelling force produces certain effects depending upon its point and direction of
application. If the application is directly through the projectiles centre of gravity only linear motion results
from the force.

As the projecting force is moved further from the centre of gravity rotatory motion of the object increases
at the expense of linear motion.

If the force is below the objects centre of gravity backspin results. Forward spin results when the force is
above the centre of gravity. When the force is off centre to the left clockwise spin results and when it is off
centre to right counter-clockwise spin occurs.

2. Force of Gravit y As soon as contact is broken with a projected object the force of gravity begins to
diminish the upward velocity of the object. Finally gravity overcomes the effects of the upward component
of the projectile’s motion and the object begins to descend. The factors that determine how soon gravity
will cause the object to descend are
 weight (mass) of the object
NCERT SOLUTIONS
amount RDitSHARMA
of force driving upward CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
the effects of air resistance on the object.
CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS
3. Effect of Air Resist ance As the speed of an object increases air resistance has a greater retarding
effect. The more surface area an object presents in the direction of movement the greater will be the effect
of air resistance.

Question 17.
Elucidate the types of friction.
Answer:
The force acting along two surfaces in cozntact which opposes the motion of one body over the other is
called the force of friction. It is very important in sports. The larger the area of contact between the
surfaces the greater is the force of friction. When both the surfaces are smooth the force of friction
reduces to almost zero.
Two types of friction are

1. St at ic Frict ion The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over another
surface but the actual motion has not yet started.
2. Dynamic Frict ion It is the friction between two surfaces that are in relative motion with respect to
each other. It is the opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually moving over the
surface of another body. Dynamic friction may be of two types i.e. sliding friction and rolling friction.

Question 18.
What is friction? Is it advantageous and disadvantageous in the field of games and sports? All Indio 2017
Answer:
Friction is the force acting along two surfaces in contact which opposes the motion of one body over the
other. It has very importance in sports. For example when a cricket ball or hockey ball is hit it moves very
fast in the direction of force in the ground. After sometimes its motion becomes less and ultimately it
comes in static position.

Advant ages
Friction has a great significance in the field of sports. Many sports require more friction and other need
lesser friction. In some sports we can not give a better performance without friction. For example in
athletics the shoes are designed to increase friction so that better speed can be generated.

The spikes have small nails to crease the friction. Gymnasts sometimes use lime on their palms to perform
on horizontal bar uneven bars to increase friction. In these sports friction is necessary thus regarded as
advantageous.
NCERT SOLUTIONS RD SHARMA CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
Disadvant ages
OnCBSE
the other hand
SAMPLE some games
PAPERS do not require
TEXTBOOK friction. For example the games like snow skiing the skiis are
SOLUTIONS
designed to have minimum friction. In cycling there should not be more friction between road and tyres of
the cycle. Thus the tyre should be fully inflated to reduce the force of friction. If there is more friction it will
be more wastage of energy of the cyclist. Moreover the cyclists use pointed helmets silk body fitted
costume and bend their bodies while cycling to reduce air friction.

Swimmers use goggles cap and full body swimsuit to reduce the force of friction caused by water. In roller
skating less friction is also needed for better performance. Thus in these games friction is regarded as
disadvantageous.

1 Mark Quest ions

Quest ion.1. Elaborat e t he t erm Biomechanics.
Answer. Biomechanics is the science that examines the internal and external forces acting on a human
body and the effects produced by these forces.

Quest ion.2. Elucidat e project ile mot ion.

Answer. When a body is thrown at a certain angle with a certain amount of force into the air, it travels in the
air and covers some distance following a curved path called a parabola. This is called projectile motion.

Quest ion.3. Define linear mot ion.

Answer. Linear motion occurs when all the parts of a body move the same distance in the same direction in
the same time. The term linear refers to a straight line.

Quest ion.4. Give one most import ant mechanical difference bet ween walking and running.
Answer. The body is totally airborne for a period of time during running, whereas at least one foot contacts
the ground for the whole cycle during walking.

Quest ion.5. Enlist t he met hods of reducing frict ion.

Answer. Methods of reducing friction are

1. Polishing surfaces in contact

2. Lubrication
3. Use of ball bearings
4. Streamlining
5. Changing the type of material used
3 Marks Quest ions
NCERT
Quest SOLUTIONS
ion.6. RDfor
Writ e t he formula SHARMA
calculat ing CLASS 12
work, energy CLASS
and 11
power? CLASS 10 CLASS 9
Answer.
CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

Quest ion.7. What do you mean by work? If a person applies a force of 10 pounds t o an object and
displaces it 21 feet , calculat e t he work done.
Answer. Work is defined as the product of force and the distance through which the object moves in the
direction of application of the force.
Applied force = 10 pounds
Displacement = 21 feet Work = Force x Displacement Work = 10 x 21 = 210 ft -lb

Quest ion.8. What is power? What will be t he unit s of power expressed using foot , pound and second? If a
weight lift er does 1500 ft -lb of work in raising a barbell overhead and does it for 5 seconds, calculat e t he
power applied by t he at hlet e.
Answer. Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of energy expenditure.
NCERT SOLUTIONS RD SHARMA CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9

CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

Quest ion.9. Briefly explain at which angle we t hrow an object t o cover t he maximum dist ance.
Answer. Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object projected into the air at an angle. A few
examples of this include a soccer ball being kicked, a baseball being thrown or an athlete long jumping.
For covering maximum horizontal distance the thrower must ideally throw the implement at 45° at maximum
velocity. However, this angle is generally less than 45° actually depending on the weight of the implement.

Quest ion.10. Enumerat e t he laws of mot ion.

Answer. The three Laws of Motion are

1. Newton’s First Law of Motion This law is also known as law of inertia. This law states that a body at
rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same
direction till any external force is applied on it to change that state.
2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion This law states that the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional tathe force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass.

3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion This law states that to every action, there is always an equal and
opposite reaction.

Quest ion.11. Explain why t he angles of release for shot put , javelin and discus t hrow are different ?
Answer. To achieve maximum distance for any of these events, the athlete will have to balance three
components – speed, technique and strength. As the angle of release increases, the athlete must expend
more energy in overcoming the weight of the object thrown and so less effort is available to develop the
release speed of the object. Further, the structure of the body favours a throw in the horizontal direction. As
the three objects are differing in weight, the athlete expends different amounts of energy in overcoming their
weight. Accordingly, the athlete will release the javelin at a smaller angle of release than the shot put, as the
NCERT
javelin SOLUTIONS
is lighter. RD SHARMA
The same reason holds for theCLASS 12
discus. CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9

Quest
CBSEion.12. “Frict
SAMPLE ion is a necessary
PAPERS evil ”.SOLUTIONS
TEXTBOOK Just ify your answer wit h suit able examples from sport .
Answer. Friction is usually called a necessary evil. It means that it is essential in games and sports. Without
friction, we cannot give a better performance in the field of sports. Examples are spikes used by athletes
for running and studs used in football boots of the players. However, friction has disadvantages also. In
cycling, there should not be more friction between road and the tyres of the cycle.

Quest ion.13. Explain t he funct ioning of Levers.

Answer. The functioning of a lever is characterised by three main parts. These are

1. The Fulcrum It is the point at which the lever rotates or turns and which identifies the lever class by its
position in relation to the other two parts. In human movement, the fulcrum is the joint which dictates
the kind of action.
2. The Force Arm It is the point at which the force is applied.
3. The Load / Resistance Arm It is the point where the load or resistance is located.

5 Marks Quest ions

Quest ion.14. Describe t he fact ors affect ing t he t raject ory of a project ile.
Answer. Factors affecting projectile trajectory are

1. Propelling Force The propelling force produces certain effects depending upon its point and direction
of application. If the application is directly through the projectile’s centre of gravity, only linear motion
results from the force. As the projecting force is moved further from the centre of gravity, rotatory
motion of the object increases at the expense of linear motion. If the force is below the object’s
centre of gravity, backspin results. Forward spin results when the force is above the centre of gravity.
When the force is off centre to the left, clockwise spin results and when it is off centre to right,
counter clockwise spin occurs.
2. Force of Gravity As soon as contact is broken with a projected object, the force of gravity begins to
diminish the upward velocity of the object. Finally, gravity overcomes the effects of the upward
component of the projectile’s motion and the object begins to descend. The factors that determine
how soon gravity will cause the object to descend are
(a) weight (mass) of the object
(b) amount of force driving it upward
(c) the effect of air resistance on the object.
3. Effect of Air Resistance As the speed of an object increases, air resistance has a greater retarding
effect. The more surface area an object presents in the direction of movement, the greater will be the
 effect of air resistance.
NCERT SOLUTIONS RD SHARMA CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
Quest ion.15. Mechanically analyse an at hlet e walking on t he road.
Answer.
CBSE Walking
SAMPLE can be studied
PAPERS in two phases,
TEXTBOOK called as stance phase and swing phase. It proceeds as
SOLUTIONS
given below

1. Heel Strike This stage starts the stance phase. It begins when the heel first touches the ground and
continues until the complete foot is on the ground.
2. Early Flat Foot It starts from the moment when the complete foot is on the ground. It occurs when
the body’s centre of gravity passes over the top of the toe. The main purpose is to allow the foot to
act as a shock absorber.
3. Late Flat Foot This stage starts when the body’s Centre of Gravity passes in front of the neutral
position. This stage lasts till when the heel lifts off the ground.
4. Heel Rise This stage starts when the heel begins to leave the ground. In this stage, the ground forces
that go through the foot are very significant.
5. Toe Off This stage begins when the toes leave the ground completely. This stage continues until the
beginning of the swing phase.
6. Swing Phase This stage starts when one foot is on the ground and the other one in the air. This is
shorter than the stance phase.

Quest ion.16. Elucidat e t he t ypes of frict ion.

Answer. The force acting along two surfaces in contact which opposes the motion of one body over the
other is called the force of friction. It is very important in sports. The larger the area of contact between the
surfaces, the greater is the force of friction. When both the surfaces are smooth, the force of friction
reduces to almost zero.
Three types of friction are:

1. Static Friction The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over the
another surface but the actual motion has not yet started.
2. Limiting Friction Limiting friction is the maximum opposing force that comes into play when one body
is just on the verge of moving over the surface of another body.
3. Kinetic Friction Kinetic friction is the opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually
moving over the surface of another body.

Quest ion.17. Describe linear and angular mot ion wit h t heir charact erist ics.
Answer. Linear Motion This occurs when all the parts of a body move the same distance in the same
direction in the same time. The term linear refers to straight line motion of a body from one point to another
point.
 NCERT SOLUTIONS RD SHARMA CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
Straight line is defined as the shortest distance between two points.
It can take
CBSE placePAPERS
SAMPLE in two ways :TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

1. Going Straight (Rectilinear) Covering a straight distance.

2. Going in a Curved Path (Curvilinear) It is possible for a body to move along a curved path and still
satisfy the conditions of linear motion.
Angular Motion Also known as rotation, rotatory motion or circular motion. This occurs when a body
moves on a circular path about a central line so that all parts of the body move through the same
angle in the same direction in the same time.

The central line which lies at right angles to the plane of motion is known as the axis of rotation. It may
be physical or imaginary. It also may be inside or outside the body.

Quest ion.18. Discuss t he mechanical analysis of Running.

Answer. Running is an important skill in almost every sports event. The mechanics of running are similar in
several respects to those of walking. The most notable factors differentiating a run from a walk is the
period of double support, which is not present in running.
Running has the following phases:

1. Swing Phase The swing phase begins with the toe off the ground and ends with the foot landing.
Since the body moves faster in running, the leg should move forward with more speed. It is flexed
considerably more as compared to walking. The leg’s weight is brought closer to the hip, since the
lever is shortened by flexion of the knee, reducing the moment of inertia and increasing the angular
velocity.
2. Support Phase The foot strikes the ground under the knee and under the centre of gravity. The leg
strikes the ground with the ball of the foot. During the propulsive action, the vertical components
should be kept as small as possible, being just enough to counteract gravity’s downward pulj-so that a
great proportion of the force can be used effectively in driving the body forward , rather than be