CHAPTER – 09 ( Colonialism and the Countryside )

TOPIC AND SUBTOPIC

1. INTRODUCTION 1.Colonial Rule in the Countryside 2. Establishment of English East India Company's Rule 3. Impact of
Revenue Policies 4. Consequences of State Laws 5.Resistance to Colonial Laws 6. People's Influence on
Law Operation 7.Historical Sources and Interpretation Challenges 8.Historical Documentation.
2. Bengal and the Zamindars
2.1 An auction in 9. Revenue Default by the Raja of Burdwan 10. Purchasers at the Auction 11. Fictitious Nature of the
Burdwan Auction 12. Control Retention by the Raja 13. Rural Realities in Eastern India 14. Effects of the Permanent
Settlement
2.2 The problem of 15. Objective of the Permanent Settlement 16. Implementation of the Permanent Settlement 17. Role
unpaid revenue of Zamindars under the Permanent Settlement 18. Revenue Collection and Estate Management 19.
Consequences of Revenue Default 20. Formation of a Class of Landowners 21. Challenges and Criticisms
of the Permanent Settlement
2.3 Why zamindars 22. High Initial Revenue Demands 23. Challenges in Agricultural Economy 24. Rigid Revenue
defaulted on Collection Policies 25. Restrictions on Zamindari Power 26. Role of Company Officials 27. Challenges
payments in Rent Collection 28. Legal Proceedings and Litigation
2.4 The rise of the 29. Emergence of Rich Peasant 30. Description of Jotedars 31. Control and Influence 32. Local Power
jotedars Dynamics 33. Resistance against Zamindari Authority 34. Involvement in Estate Auctions 35. Regional
Influence and Variations 36. Impact on Zamindari Authority
2.5 The zamindars 36. Survival Strategies of Zamindars 37. Fictitious Sale Tactics 38. Scale of Fictitious Transactions 39.
resist Other Methods of Avoiding Displacement 40. Ryot Loyalty and Identity 41. Consolidation of Zamindar
Power 42. Decline of Zamindari Authority
2.6 The Fifth Report 43. Background of the Fifth Report: 44.Debates and Opposition in Britain 45. Regulation of Company
Rule 46.Significance of the Fifth Report 47.Critical Evaluation of the Fifth Report 48.Contrast with
Recent Research
3. The Hoe and the Plough
3.1 In the hills of 49. Impenetrable Rajmahal Hills 50.Identity of the Hill Folk - Paharias 51.Subsistence Practices 52.
Rajmahal Utilization of Forest Resources 53.Role of Forest Environment 54.Paharia Lifestyle and Connection to the
Forest 55.Territorial Identity and Resistance to Outsiders 56.Raids on the Plains 57.Tribute Payments and
Traders' Toll 58.Negotiated Peace and Fragility 59.British Perceptions of Forests and Forest People
60.Expansion of Settled Agriculture and Conflict 61.Paharia Raids and Colonial Response 62.Brutal
Policies and Pacification Attempts 63.Response of Paharia Chiefs and Community 64.Paharia Withdrawal
and War with Outsiders 65. Suspicion of British Infiltration 66. Emergence of New Threats 67.
Symbolism of Conflict
3.2 The Santhals: 68. Arrival in Bengal (1780s) 69.Role of Zamindars and British Officials 70.Comparison with Paharias
Pioneer settlers 71.Perception as Ideal Settlers 72.Land Grant and Settlement (1832) 73.Demarcation and Boundary
74.Rapid Expansion of Santhal Settlements 75.Impact on Revenue and Economy 76.Transition from
Mobility to Settlement 77.Impact on Paharias 78.Consequences of Paharias' Displacement 79.Shift in
Livelihoods 80.Creation of Santhal Pargana 81.Colonial State's Response
3.3 The accounts of 82.Purpose of Buchanan's Journeys 83.Employment by the British East India Company 84.Directive
Buchanan Nature of Buchanan's Mission 85.Implications of Buchanan's Association with the Company
86.Company's Economic Agenda 87.Buchanan's Observations and Expertise 88.Assessment of
Landscapes for Productivity 89.Divergence from Local Priorities 90.Legacy of Buchanan's Observations

4. A Revolt in the 91. Introduction to Peasant Revolts 92. Historical Context 93. Role of Peasant Revolts in
Countryside The Historical Records 94. Significance of the Deccan Revolt 95. Historical Interpretation
Bombay Deccan
4.1 Account books 96.Initial Incidents at Supa 97.Spread of Revolt 98.Response of British Authorities
are burnt 99.Suppression Efforts 100.Legacy and Historical Significance
4.2 A new revenue 101.Introduction to Revenue Systems 102.Permanent Settlement in Bengal 103.Limitations of Extending
system Permanent Settlement 104.Introduction of Temporary Revenue Settlements 105.Colonial Government's
Financial Objectives 106.Impact on Landholding Communities 107.Introduction to Economic Influences
108.Ricardian Theory and Land Taxation 109.Observations in Bengal 110.Introduction of Ryotwari
Settlement 111.Key Differences from Permanent Settlement 112.Impact and Legacy
4.3 Revenue demand 113.Introduction to Revenue Demands 114.Peasant Migration and Desertion 115.Harsh Revenue

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 CHAPTER – 09 ( Colonialism and the Countryside )
TOPIC AND SUBTOPIC

and peasant debt Collection Practices 116.Economic Downturn and Famine 117.Survival Strategies of Cultivators
118.Impact on Livelihoods and Social Fabric 119.Introduction to Indebtedness 120.Increased
Dependence on Moneylenders 121.Realization of Harsh Revenue Settlements 121.Moderation of
Revenue Demands 122.Economic Recovery and Expansion of Cultivation 123.Continued Dependence on
Moneylenders
4.4 Then came the 124.Dependence on American Cotton 125.Formation of Cotton Supply Association and Manchester Cotton
cotton boom Company 126.India as an Alternative Cotton Supplier 127.Panic in British Cotton Circles 128. Efforts to Increase
Cotton Exports from India 129.Role of Credit in Facilitating Cotton Trade 130.Abundance of Credit for Cotton
Cultivation 131.Rapid Expansion of Cotton Production 132.Heavy Debt for Majority of Cotton Producers
133.Limited Prosperity Amidst Debt
4.5 Credit dries up 134.Failed Vision of Cotton Dominance 135.Reality Check Post-Civil War 136.Shift in Attitude and
Practices 137.Increased Revenue Demands 138.Struggle to Meet Demands 139.Refusal of Credit by
Moneylenders
4.6 The experience 140.Ryots' Outrage at Moneylenders 141.Prevalence of Customary Norms 142.Norms Regarding Interest
of injustice Rates 143.Injustice and Excessive Exactions 144.Ryots' Petitions Against Injustice 145.Manipulation of
Limitation Law 146.Deception and Fraudulent Practices 147.Transition to Formal Legal Contracts
148.Association of Misery with Legal Bonds
5. The Deccan Riots 149.Initial Government Response 150.Pressures from the Government of India 151.Establishment of a
Commission Commission of Enquiry 152.Production of the Deccan Riots Report 153.Compilation of Data and Reports
154.Presentation to British Parliament 155.Significance for Historical Study

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