CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW OF COMPANY ORGANIZATION

1.1 Brief History
Innovis Telecom Service Company Ltd started in 2009 in Bangladesh to provide
reliable telecom services. The company quickly grew, offering more services like
network planning, site development, and maintenance. As technology improved, Innovis
adopted new tools to enhance its services. The company expanded beyond Bangladesh,
establishing a presence in different countries and becoming an important player in the
telecom industry.
In 2014, Innovis started operations in Myanmar, located at No.252/19, Shwe Pyi
Soe Street, 14th Ward, South Okkalapa Township, Yangon Division. This expansion was
a key step in its growth, allowing Innovis to bring its quality services to a new market.
Innovis works closely with telecom operators and equipment makers, forming strong
partnerships. The company is dedicated to innovation and customer satisfaction,
continually investing in its team and technology.

Figure 1.1 Location of Innovis Telecom Services Co.Ltd

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1.2 Bridging Communication Worldwide

Innovis stands out as a leading provider of telecommunications solutions,
facilitating global connectivity. With a primary aim of simplifying communication for all,
it offers an extensive array of services such as network planning and tower maintenance.
Operating in various countries, including Myanmar, Innovis collaborates with industry
leaders to deploy cutting-edge technology. Additionally, they prioritize environmental
sustainability and community engagement. Innovis ensures customer satisfaction by
delivering seamless communication solutions across the globe.

1.3 Policy of Organization

1. Providing high-quality services.
2. Ensuring customer satisfaction.
3. Supporting employee development.
4. Promoting environmental responsibility.
5. Engaging with communities.
6. Continuously improving operations.

1.4 Product Lines

1.4.1 Telecom Infrastructure Solutions
With a focus on equipment installation, site development, and maintenance
services, Innovis provides the necessary support to optimize network performance and
reliability. Their expertise in tower construction and upgrades, coupled with
comprehensive maintenance services, ensures that telecom infrastructure operates at its
peak efficiency, even in challenging environments.
Moreover, Innovis offers innovative power and security solutions to address the
unique needs of telecom infrastructure. By providing reliable power solutions and
implementing robust security measures, Innovis safeguards critical equipment and
facilities, minimizing downtime and ensuring uninterrupted service for telecom operators
and their end-users. Through these Telecom Infrastructure Solutions, Innovis plays a vital
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role in enabling communication networks to thrive, supporting the growth and

development of the telecommunications industry.
1.4.2 Network Planning and Optimization
Innovis specializes in Network Planning and Optimization, essential for the
efficient functioning of telecommunications infrastructure. This service involves the
strategic design and refinement of telecom networks to improve performance, coverage,
and capacity. By harnessing advanced technologies and industry expertise, Innovis
supports telecom operators in fine-tuning their networks to meet the growing demands of
consumers for seamless connectivity.
Network Planning entails the systematic design and layout of telecom
infrastructure, taking into account various factors such as geographical considerations,
population density, and projected usage patterns. Innovis utilizes sophisticated modeling
and simulation tools to evaluate network performance and identify areas requiring
enhancement. Additionally, the company offers Optimization services aimed at adjusting
existing network parameters, optimizing antenna configurations, and optimizing
frequency allocation to enhance network efficiency and minimize interference. Through
rigorous planning and continuous optimization, Innovis empowers telecom operators to
provide superior service quality and meet the dynamic needs of their customers in an
increasingly interconnected world.

1.5 Brief Summary of All Departments

Table 1.1 List of Employee
No Position Total
1 Organizational Director 1
2 Human Resource Manager 1
3 Health, Safety and Environmental Manager 1
4 Quality Control Manager 1
5 Quality Control Coordinator 6
6 Network Operation Center Manager 1
7 NOC Engineer 5
8 Project Coordinator 3
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9 Yangon Regional Manager 1

10 Lower Myanmar Regional Manager 1
11 Power Manager 1
12 Team Leader 18
13 Field Maintenance Engineer 150
14 Rigger 40
15 Driver 22
16 Admin 1
 CHAPTER 2
TRAINING PROGRAM

2.1 Radio Access Network

A radio access network (RAN) is a major component of a wireless
telecommunications system that connects individual devices to other parts of a network
through a radio link. The RAN links user equipment, such as a cellphone, computer or
any remotely controlled machine, over a fiber or wireless Backhaul connection. That link
goes to the core network, which manages subscriber information, location and more.
The RAN, which is sometimes also called the access network, is the radio
element of the cellular network. A cellular network is made up of land areas called cells.

Figure 2.1 RAN Core Network

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2.2 Cellular and Mobile Telecommunication Network

A cellular network is a wireless communication network which provides services
to mobile users covered by a region consisting of multiple cells. Frequency reuse is a
fundamental concept in cellular networks.

2.2.1 Evolution and Standard of Mobile Telecommunication Network

RANs have evolved from the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G) of
cellular networking. With the development of fourth generation (4G) technology in the
2000s, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project introduced Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
RAN, and the radio access network and the core network changed significantly.
1. First Generation ( 1G ) : Cell phones began with 1G technology in the 1980s. 1G is the
first generation of wireless cellular technology. 1G supports voice only calls. 1G is
analog technology, and the phones using it had poor battery life and voice quality, little
security, and were prone to dropped calls. The maximum speed of 1G technology is 2.4
Kbps.
2. Second Generation ( 2G ) : The second generation of wireless networks, 2G, was
introduced in the early 1990s. 2G networks marked a significant step forward in mobile
communication technology. The main advantage of 2G was digital transmission, which
provided better voice quality, improved security, and increased capacity for data
transmission. One of the most significant developments of 2G was the introduction of
Short Message Service (SMS), commonly known as texting. SMS allowed for the
exchange of short text messages between cell phones.
3. Third Generation ( 3G ) : The third generation of wireless networks, 3G, was introduced
in the early 2000s. 3G networks marked a significant leap in terms of data transfer speed
and capacity. 3G networks allowed for faster internet browsing and more efficient
communication between devices. One of the most significant developments of 3G was
the ability to support multimedia applications such as video calls, video streaming, and
web browsing. The speed of 3G networks also allowed for the introduction of mobile
gaming and more sophisticated apps.
4. Fourth Generation ( 4G ) : The fourth generation of wireless networks, 4G, was
introduced in the late 2000s. 4G networks marked a significant improvement over the 3G
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technology, with even faster internet speeds, download and upload speeds up to 100
Mbps, and a broader coverage area. One of the most significant developments of 4G was
the ability to support high-quality video streaming and conferencing, allowing people to
communicate visually in real-time.
5. Fifth Generation ( 5G ) : 5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global
wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network
that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including
machines, objects, and devices. 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-
Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity,
increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher
performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new
industries.

Figure 2.2 Evolution of Cellular Network

2.2.2 Frequency and Spectrum Allocation in Transmission Network

Frequency and spectrum are the backbone of wireless communication. The
efficient use of the spectrum ensures that multiple services can coexist without
interference, providing reliable and high-quality communication channels. Radio waves
are a type of electromagnetic radiation that travels through the air such as listening to the
radio, watching TV, and even cooking our food in a microwave. When it comes to mobile
technologies, radio waves are used to send and receive data between devices.
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Spectrum is a key resource for any radio access network. The availability of
spectrum has consistently driven the mobile communication industry through four
generations of cellular radio systems, providing telecommunications services with ever-
increasing capacity. Spectrum is like a highway that radio waves travel on. It’s divided
into different lanes, each with a different frequency. Just like cars on a highway, radio
waves need to stay in their own lane to avoid crashing into each other. If they don’t, they
can interfere with each other, causing problems with the signal.
A frequency is the number of waves that pass a certain point in one second. It’s
measured in Hertz (Hz). The higher the frequency, the more waves pass in one second.
Higher frequencies allow for faster data transfer rates, but they also have a shorter range
and are more easily absorbed by obstacles like walls and trees. Mobile technologies use a
range of frequencies to send and receive data. For example, Wi-Fi networks use
frequencies between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, while mobile networks use frequencies
between 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz.
Each frequency band has its own advantages and disadvantages, which is why
different devices use different frequencies.
Table 2.1 Radio Frequency Spectrum : Ranges
Designation Frequencies Wavelengths

Very Low Frequency 3 kHz – 30 kHz 100 km – 10 km

Low Frequency 30 kHz – 300 kHz 10 km – 1 km

Medium Frequency 300 kHz – 3 MHz 1 km – 100 m

High Frequency 3 MHz – 30 MHz 100 m -10 m

Very High Frequency 30 MHz – 300 MHz 10 m – 1 m

Ultra High Frequency 300 MHz – 3 GHz 1 m – 100 mm

Super High Frequency 3 GHz – 30 GHz 100 mm – 10 mm

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Extremely High Frequency 30 GHz – 300 GHz 10 mm – 1 mm

2.3 Life Cycle of a Typical Mobile Network Operator

Market Research Decide on Buy frequency

for Business case Technology and spectrum
Buy License

Deploy Passive Conduct Surveys Prepare Network

Infrastructure and Acquire Sites Plan ( Core,
Radio &
Transmission )

Deploy Active Validate Network Launch

Infrastructure Functionality Commercial
Network

Benchmark Identify Maintain the

Network for Coverage, Network
different operators Capacity, Quality Availability
Gaps by Drive O&M

Identify Sites for Rollout Next

Next Phase of Phase
Rollout

- Planning
- Deployment
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- Network Operations

Figure 2.3 Life Cycle of Mobile Network Operator

2.4 Telecommunication Transmission Networks

Telecommunication transmission networks form the backbone of modern
communication systems, facilitating the transfer of data, voice, and video across vast
distances. These networks are essential for ensuring reliable, high-speed connectivity,
serving as the infrastructure that supports various communication services and
technologies. Here are the most common used of data transmission networks:
 Fiber Optic Network
 Microwave Link

2.4.1 Fiber Optic Network

Fiber optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for communication. Fiber
optic is a cable that holds the optical fibers coated in plastic that are used to send the data
by pulses of light. In optical fiber communication, data is transmitted as a single
wavelength light source. The electrical signals converted to this light source can travel
long distances with more power and less distortion.

Figure 2.4 Optical Fiber

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An optical fiber is a long cylindrical dielectric waveguide, usually of circular

cross-section, transparent to light over the operating wavelength. A single solid dielectric
of two concentric layers.

2.4.2 Microwave Link

A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in
the microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or data between two locations,
which can be from just a few feet or meters to several miles or kilometers apart.

Figure 2.5 (a) Microwave Antenna

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Figure 2.5 (b) Microwave Link LOS ( Line of Sight ) Concept

2.4.3 Transmission Connectivity Option

Microwave Communication Optical Fiber Communication

Powerful space cross ability, little land Optical fiber burying and land
occupied, not limited by land occupation required
privatization
Small investment, short construction Large investment, long construction
period, easy maintenance period
Strong protection ability against Outdoor optical fiber maintenance
natural disaster and easy to be recover required and hard to recover from
natural disaster
Limited frequency resources Not limited by frequency, license not
( frequency license required ) required
Transmission quality greatly affected Stable and reliable transmission
by climate and landform quality and not affected by external
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factors
Limited transmission capacity Large transmission capacity
 CHAPTER 3
LEARNING EXPERIENES

3.1 The End-user Experience of Eflow Software

Eflow is a web-based solution that works in all modern browsers such as Edge,
Chrome, Firefox and Safari. There is no client software to install. This reduces support
costs and calls to your organizations help desk. Eflow is in its fourth major release with
heavy emphasis on the UX (User Experiences). Users can quickly and easily navigate the
interface and get to the content they need to complete their work. Documents can be
quickly added to a work item via simply uploading them or dragging them directly to a
specific work item. File formats such as word documents, spreadsheets and images are
converted on the fly to a format that can be directly rendered in the browser. This means
that many file formats are viewable instantly to all without the need of users downloading
compatible viewing software. For example, emails and their attachments can quickly be
added to a work item by dragging the email from outlook straight into Eflow without
other users needing to have outlook installed to view the email.

Figure 3.1 Home Page of Eflow software used in Innovis Telecom

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In Innovis Telecom, Eflow software is the major requirement to proceed the work
processes. Starting from Operational Director, the other employee such as Project
Coordinators, Quality Control Checkers and all Field Maintenance Engineers have to use
it. Home page of the website of Eflow software that use in Innovis Telecom is described
in figure (3.1).

3.2 Basic of Telecommunication Towers

Telecom towers are essential structures used to support antennas and other
equipment for telecommunications services. These towers come in different types and
configurations, each with its own unique features and capabilities. The most commonly
used towers types in Myanmar are the following;
1. Self-supporting towers or Ground Based Towers
Self-supporting towers, also known as freestanding towers, are the most common
type of telecom towers used in the industry. These towers are typically made of steel and
have a triangular or square shape. Self-supporting towers are designed to support heavy
loads and can withstand extreme weather conditions. They are easy to install and require
minimal maintenance, making them a popular choice for telecom companies. They are
also called Ground Based Towers (GBT). The height of GBTs varies from 30 meters to
100 meters.

Figure 3.2 Self-supporting Tower

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Figure 3.3 Ground Based Tower Applications (1)

Figure 3.4 Ground Based Tower Applications (2)

2. Rooftop towers
Rooftop towers are mounted on the roofs of buildings and are commonly used in
urban areas where space is limited. These towers are typically smaller than traditional
towers and are designed to support lighter loads. Rooftop towers require minimal
installation and can be easily integrated into the architecture of the building. Most of the
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pole towers are installed on high buildings and their heights range from 3 meters to 9
meters.

Figure 3.5 Rooftop Tower

3.3 Basic Knowledge of Antennas

Antennas are an essential part of radio telecommunications equipment, bridging
the gap between electronic and electromagnetic signals. The shape and size of an antenna
is a strong clue as to its type, as the design dictates the antenna’s purpose. The antenna’s
length, for example, corresponds to the length of the radio waves the antenna receives or
transmits. The shape affects whether it receives radio waves from different directions or a
single direction. There are two types of antennas used in Myanmar are the following;
1. Microwave Antennas
A microwave antenna is a physical transmission device used to broadcast
microwave transmissions between two or more locations. In addition to broadcasting,
antennas are also used in radar, radio astronomy and electronic warfare. Microwave
antenna is used for radiating microwave signal into space and receiving microwave signal
from space. Microwave antenna acts as a transition region between free space and
guiding structure like a transmission line in order to communicate between two or more
locations. In Ooredoo towers, diameter of 0.3 to 1.8 meter microwave antenna sizes are
used.
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Figure 3.6 Microwave Antennas

2. GSM Antennas
A GSM antenna, also called sector, is a type of antenna used in mobile
communication networks to transmit and receive radio signals between mobile devices
and the network. It is designed to be mounted on a tower or rooftop and is connected to
the base station through a coaxial cable. The performance of a GSM network depends on
the quality of the antenna used, as it determines the signal strength and coverage area of
the network. In Ooredoo towers, dual GSM antennas are mostly used and there are three
sectors in each tower in average.

Figure 3.7 GSM Antennas

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3.4 Power Solution Models

To maintain a reliable supply of electricity, telecom towers are often connected to
the grid and often have backup power sources such as batteries, diesel generators, or
renewable energy systems.

Figure 3.8 Basic Single Line Diagram of a Telecommunication Power System

3.4.1 Alternate Current Power Distribution Box

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Figure 3.9 Internal Applications of ACPDB

Alternating Current (AC) Power Distribution Board (PDB) complete with
switchgear, surge and lightning protection class 1/2. The ACPDB makes provision for
host and sharing parties. A manual generator changes over and input plug is provided.
The ACPDB is designed to be pole mounted outdoors to provide AC power to an outdoor
type (Base Station) with its own internal switchgear for power rectification and cooling.

3.4.2 Direct Current Distribution Box

DCDB box is generally used to distribute the DC power to different equipment in
a proper method and especially the balanced load with the help of protection devices and
other testing/measuring instrument. It can facilitate the testing of incoming power with
the help of test instrument on DCDB.

Figure 3.10 Internal Applications of DCDB

3.4.3 Diesel Generators

A diesel generator is made up of a diesel engine and an alternator to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy. Diesel generator sets are widely used in places
without connection to the power grid and for emergency power supply. The specifications
of the most commonly used DG in telecom are the following;

Table 3.1 Specifications of DG

Voltage 440V (3 phase), 230V (1 phase)
Frequency 50Hz
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Engine RPM 1500 rpm

Capacity 15kW (18 kVA)
Sound Level <75 Dba or even lesser

Figure 3.11 Diesel Generator

3.4.4 Battery Banks

Telecom batteries are the power backup system used in the telecommunication
industry. The batteries are installed in the telecom towers in the form of combination, and
are termed as “Battery Bank (BB)” or “Telecom battery bank”. These battery banks are
installed in the cell towers to power the base stations.

Figure 3.12 2V Battery Banks in series

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3.5 Cabinets of Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Telecommunications enclosures, which are also referred to as telecommunications
cabinets, are fully enclosed cabinets that help protect electrical cabling and other
equipment from potentially damaging environments, including those that contain dust,
rain, ice, and external heat. Telecom cabinets also enable efficient and organized cable
management, which reduces the risk of cable damage and downtime, and optimizes the
use of space and resources. There are several types of telecom cabinets are available;
Wall-mount cabinets, Floor-mount cabinets, Outdoor cabinets and Colocation cabinets.

3.5.1 Outdoor Cabinet for BTS Site

An Outdoor Telecom Cabinet is a secure and weather-resistant enclosure that
houses telecommunications equipment such as switches, routers, and other network
components. These cabinets are typically installed outdoors and must withstand harsh
weather conditions, such as rain, snow, heat, and wind. When selecting outdoor telecom
cabinets, several important considerations must be considered. Some of them are
operating environment, equipment requirements, size and space considerations and
protection against theft and unauthorized access.

Figure 3.13 Outdoor Cabinet on Site

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Figure 3.14 Internal diagram of An Outdoor Cabinet

3.5.2 Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

A SMPS power supply transfers power from a source; usually an AC outlet to a
DC device. What sets the SMPS apart is its ability to regulate the output voltage. It can
increase or decrease the output voltage to maintain a constant output regardless of
changes in load.

Figure 3.15 SMPS Power Shelf in AC Connected Site

In the first stage, the incoming AC power runs through a rectifier and undergoes
filtration to produce DC. The SMPS works at high frequencies, so a high-frequency
switch processes the DC signal, which creates a high-frequency pulsating DC signal. The
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power transformer steps down the high-voltage DC signal to a DC signal of the

appropriate level. The stepped-down DC signal is rectified and filtered to a achieve a
steady, constant DV output. The control circuitry monitors the output voltage and adjusts
the high-frequency switch on-the-fly to ensure a continuous output stream of the desired
voltage.

Figure 3.16 SMPS Power Shelf in DC Connected Site

3.5.2.1 Measuring Total Load of the Site

In AC power supply connected site, the total load used on the site is measured
with SMPS controller and in DC connected site, the total DC load is measured with
Clamp Meter. A clamp meter is a clothespin-shaped instrument that can be clamped
around a live wire in order to measure the current it's carrying. As a measurement
principle, clamp meters detect the magnetic field emitted by current flowing in a wire in
order to measure the current value.
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Figure 3.17 Clamp Meter

Figure 3.18 Delta Power Controller

3.5.3 Indoor Unit (IDU) and Outdoor Unit (ODU)

The terms IDU and ODU are used in microwave communication systems to refer
to the indoor and outdoor units, respectively. The IDU is typically located in an indoor
location, such as a building or cabinet, while the ODU is mounted on an antenna tower or
other outdoor structure. The IDU contains the majority of the intelligence of the system,
including the data interface, error correction, modulation and demodulation, alarm status
monitoring, and site-to-site communications. The ODU is responsible for the RF
processing, including the conversion of IF signals to RF signals and the transmission of
those signals to the antenna.
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Figure 3.19 Indoor Unit (IDU)

The main difference between the IDU and ODU is their location. The IDU is
located indoors, while the ODU is located outdoors. This difference in location means
that the IDU is typically subjected to less harsh environmental conditions than the ODU.
Another difference between the IDU and ODU is their size. The IDU is typically smaller
than the ODU, since it does not need to be as ruggedized. Finally, the IDU and ODU use
different types of interfaces. The IDU typically uses a standard Ethernet interface, while
the ODU uses a proprietary interface that is specific to the microwave system.

Figure 3.20 IDU and ODU Connection

3.5.4 Baseband Unit (BBU)

A baseband unit (BBU) is a unit that processes baseband in telecom systems. A
typical wireless telecom station consists of the baseband processing unit and the RF
processing unit (remote radio unit - RRU). The baseband unit is placed in the equipment
room and connected with RRU via optical fiber. The BBU is responsible for
communication through the physical interface. It is also called Note B module.
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Figure 3.21 Node B Module

3.5.4.1 Checking Node B Module
Node B module can be checked by logging in with IP address and can be known
all the 2G,3G and 4G(LTE) cells are working or not. 2G is a short notation for second-
generation cellular network, a group of technology standards employed for cellular
networks. 2G was commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland. 3G is the
third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade to
2G, 2.5G, GPRS and 2.75G Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution networks, offering
faster data transfer, and better voice quality. This network was superseded by 4G, and
later by 5G.
2G cells are called U-900 and it is the name for the deployment of the Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in the 900 MHz GSM band. This band
ranges from 880-915 MHz (mobile transmit) paired with 925-960 MHz (base station
transmit). 3G, also called WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), cell is
called U-2100 because the frequency band for WCDMA is 2100MHz for Asia and
Europe. For 4G (LTE), the frequency band range is 1800MHz and it is called L-1800.
The L-1800 is the purest cell among the other cells.
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Figure 3.22 Node B Module Log-in Photo

3.6 RRU in Telecommunications
A Remote Radio Unit (RRU), also known as a Remote Radio Head (RRH) is a
transceiver deployed on base stations. A transceiver combines the functionality of both a
transmitter and receiver in one unit. Due to its features, RRU is used as a transceiver in
telecommunications.
An RRU is a device that connects wireless devices with wireless networks to
ensure the transmission and reception of data, including text messages, and various other
forms of communication. In other words, it establishes a connection between an operator
network with mobile devices, cell phones, or other users’ equipment (UE).
The RRU is typically located close to the antenna, commonly on top of the base
station. RRUs can amplify, filter, and receive and transmit RF signals.
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Figure 3.23 RRU Installed on a Tower

Figure 3.24 RF Module U900 MHz (FXDB)

Additionally, the RRU unit establishes a connection to the base station through a
bidirectional fiber optic link. A common public radio interface (CPRI) is this optical
interface link. CPRI is an interface protocol developed by telecommunications equipment
manufacturers, including Huawei, Cisco, Nokia, and many more.
 30

Figure 3.25 RF Module U2100 MHz (FRGP)

Figure 3.26 RF Module U900 (FXDB) and U2100(FRGP) Installation

3.6.1 Functions of RRU

The RRU in a BTS performs some key functions which may include the
following:
1. Facilitates the transmission and reception of user signals to and from the base station.
 31

2. Offers seamless support and connectivity for user equipment, including functions such as
power management and signal delay.
3. Controls and processes electromagnetic signals received from the through via a hollow
guide known as a Jumper.
4. Serves as an interface between two different physical links, such as optical and
electromagnetic connections.
5. Manages and controls auxiliary equipment, such as the Remote-Control Unit (RCU), for
tasks like remote electrical tilt adjustment (commonly referred to as RET).
6. Generates and transmits various signals, including but not limited to VSWR, RET, and
ACT, among others.

3.6.2 RF Jumper Cable

Coaxial jumper cables are commonly used to transmit signal and radio frequency
(RF) in the multi megahertz range. Coaxial cable jumpers can be built with various types
of connectors and cable types, with varying lengths depending on the intended use or
application. Coaxial jumper cables are also referred to as RF jumper cables, or more
simply as coax jumpers or RF jumpers.

Figure 3.27 On Site RF Jumper Cables Connection to Antenna

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(i) (ii)
Figure 3.28 RF antenna connections with RF jumper cables (i)Multiband antenna
(ii)Single band antenna

3.6.3. Filter
Filter is a frequency selectivity device for radio frequency signal in the mobile
communication equipment which is mainly used to filter the interference and clutter in
the receiving or transmitting channels. At present, the product has been widely applied in
CDMA, GSM, DCS, WCDMA (UMTS) and WLAN and other mobile communication
systems.

Figure 3.29 Filter

3.7 Antenna Tilt
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Antenna tilt refers to the angle at which an antenna is physically inclined in both
the vertical and horizontal planes. It is used in wireless communication systems, such as
cellular networks, to optimize signal coverage and improve network performance. In a
cellular network, multiple sectors are often created to divide the coverage area. Each
sector has its own antenna with adjustable tilt. By adjusting the tilt, operators can shape
the coverage area and direct the signal toward areas with high user demand, maximizing
the capacity and throughput of the network.

3.7.1 Mechanical Tilt

Mechanical tilt is the process of physically tilting the antenna in space. This can
be done by adjusting the mounting bracket or by using a tilt actuator. Mechanical tilt is
typically used to improve the coverage of an antenna in a specific direction. Mechanical
tilt refers to the physical inclination of the antenna, which can be adjusted by physically
changing its angle. Mechanical tilt is typically adjusted during the installation or
maintenance of an antenna system. It involves physically tilting the entire antenna or
adjusting the individual elements of the antenna array to achieve the desired coverage
pattern.

Figure 3.30 Measuring Antenna’s Mechanical Tilt with Inclinometer

3.7.2 Electrical Tilt

Electrical tilt is the process of adjusting the phase of the signal that is fed to the
antenna. This can be done by using a phase shifter. Electrical tilt is typically used to
 34

improve the gain of an antenna in a specific direction. Electrical tilt, also known as
electronic tilt, is an adjustable parameter that controls the radiation pattern of an antenna.
It is achieved by modifying the phase and amplitude of the signals sent to different
antenna elements within an array. Electrical tilt allows for beamforming, which shapes
and directs the radio frequency (RF) energy in specific directions. By adjusting the
electrical tilt, the coverage area of the antenna can be modified without physically
moving the antenna itself.
Electrical tilt is typically adjusted remotely by network operators through the base station
or antenna control system.

3.7.2.1 Remote Electrical Tilt (RET)

RET or Remote Electrical Tilt is a feature found in Sector and Base Station
Antennas that allow the tilt angle of the antenna to be controlled remotely. This way a
technician does not need to climb a tower to adjust the angle of the antenna and can do so
from the base station or a computer.

Figure 3.31 Remote Electrical Tilt (RET)

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Figure 3.32 All RET detected Snap

3.8 Antenna Azimuth
The Antenna Azimuth is the direction of Microwave and RF antenna. For
example: if three identical 120° sectors are used on one tower site, the points would have
at 0°, 120° and 240°. These three sectors will create overlapping 360° coverage from
tower site. To get the most accurate coverage area results, a coverage map for each of the
three sectors should be created. The difference between the coverage maps for these
sectors will be the Antenna Azimuths (0°, 120° and 240°). The direction should be clear
at required height for signal to travel for MW LOS. The RF antenna should be oriented
toward target population. All azimuth readings are based on true north value in clockwise
direction.

Figure 3.33 Antenna azimuth checking on site

3.9 Grounding and Lightning Protection in Telecommunication

Grounding, lightning protection and surge protection are critical parts of a
telecommunications facility installation as large towers are constructed from metal which
makes them subject to extreme electrical events such as lightning strikes.

3.9.1 Lightning Arrestor

It is placed on the top of the tower in order to protect the tower and its mounted
elements from lightning strikes and also from external surge protection. The external
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surge pass through the lightening arrestor into the ground through earthing bus bars
directly to earth pits and the tower is protected.

Figure 3.34 Lightening arrestor on the top of the tower

Figure 3.35 Copper cable from lightning arrestor directly connected to earth pit

3.9.2 Equipments Grounding

Connecting the communications system and permanently joining all that metal
conducting portions of the communications pathway to earth in such a manner as to
prevent potential electrical loops and transients that can cause damage to
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telecommunications equipment, networks and personnel. Yellow green insulated cables

are the standardized conductors used for earthing and grouding applications.

Figure 3.36 Cabinet grounding end to end photo

Figure 3.37 IDU grounding end to end photo

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Figure 3.38 Node B grounding end to end photo

Figure 3.39 ODU grounding end to end photo

Figure 3.40 RRU grounding end to end photo

3.10 Line of Sight (LOS)

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Line of sight is the direct path from a transmitter to the receiver and the
obstructions that may fall in that path. A clear line of sight is important to high-speed
communication. Line of sight is the direct path between two points. FM radio, microwave
and satellite transmission are examples of line-of-sight communication.

Figure 3.41 Line of Sight (LOS)

In telecommunications, LOS is crucial in the deployment of wireless
technologies, particularly in the installation of cellular towers, antennas, and other
communication equipment. A clear LOS between the sender and receiver is necessary for
uninterrupted signal transmission, higher bandwidth, and better signal strength. LOS is
affected by several factors, including the curvature of the earth, atmospheric conditions,
and obstructive objects or terrains. For instance, tall buildings, large trees, hills,
mountains, and even rainfall or fog can obstruct the direct line, thus affecting the
transmission of signals or visual cues.

Figure 3.42 GSM Antenna LOS Snap

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Figure 3.43 Microwave Antenna LOS Snap

3.11 Inspection and Cleaning Devices for Telecom Tower Cabinet

Regular maintenance and inspections are crucial for ensuring uninterrupted
communication services and the overall integrity of the tower infrastructure.
Implementing preventive maintenance strategies, such as regular inspections, repairs, and
comprehensive record-keeping, can prevent equipment failures and extend the tower's
service life. Maintenance schedule optimization is also indeed critical factor in avoiding
downtime in telecom networks. Downtime in telecommunications operations can lead to
operational disruptions, financial losses, lost opportunities, customer churn, and a
damaged reputation, highlighting the critical impact of maintenance on business revenue.

3.11.1 Preventative Maintenance on Telecom Towers

Preventative maintenance on telecom towers involves a series of routine
inspections, tests and servicing tasks to ensure the equipment is functioning properly and
to prevent potential issues. Here are the key activities typically involved in preventative
maintenance for telecom towers:
(1) Visual inspections (Structural integrity, and cable connections),
(2) Environmental controls (Weatherproofing),
(3) Electrical systems (Power supply and surge protection),
(4) Equipment testing (Performance metrics),
(5) Cleaning (Cabinets and shelters),
(6) Documentation and Reporting (Maintenance logs and compliance) and
(7) Safety checks (Relevant safety and regulatory standards).
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By systematically performing these preventative maintenance tasks, telecom

operators can enhance the reliability of their tower infrastructure, minimize the risk of
unplanned downtime, and ensure optimal performance of their network equipment.

Figure 3.44 Procedure of Preventative Maintenance

Figure 3.45 Cabinet Fan and Filter Cleaning Snaps

3.11.2 Safety and Operational Efficiency
Preventative maintenance for telecom towers on the ground includes a series of
crucial steps to ensure both safety and operational efficiency. The process begins with
verifying the site ID, safety warning signage, site type, visit date, and site access time. It
also involves taking sign-in and sign-out photos to document the visit. Technicians must
carry necessary identification, including an ID card, skill card, and HSE card. Checking
the toolbox and first aid kit is essential to ensure all required tools and emergency
supplies are available. The surrounding area of the site is inspected to ensure it is free of
rubbish, and the availability of drinking water is confirmed. During the maintenance
work, guidance and supervision by a supervisor are required to maintain safety and
adherence to protocols. Additionally, ensuring the availability of a fire extinguisher is a
critical safety measure. These procedures help maintain a safe and effective maintenance
environment.
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Figure 3.46 Open Toolbox and First Aid Kit Snap

Figure 3.47 Full Site View from Main Gate and Tower
3.11.3 Optimal Functionality and Reliability
Preventative maintenance for telecom towers on the ground involves a
comprehensive inspection and servicing of various components to ensure optimal
functionality and reliability. This process includes checking the stability of the cabinet
foundation, securing cabinet doors, and verifying the integrity of sealing inlet and outlet
holes to prevent water and dust ingress. It also involves inspecting the cabinet grounding,
grounding bus bar connections, and the grounding of internal devices such as the IDU,
ODU, MDU and PBA units. Maintenance tasks include examining the fan and filter for
proper airflow and cleanliness, checking the cabinet down site cover for any damage, and
inspecting MCB connections for integrity. Additionally, measuring the total DC load is
crucial to confirm that the power supply is within safe operating limits. These activities
are essential to maintaining the reliability and performance of telecom equipment.
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Figure 3.48 Cabinet Sealing Inlet-Outlet Snaps

Figure 3.49 Cabinet Door Open, Close and Cabinet Foundation Snaps

3.12 Health and Safety Absolute Requirements

1. All members must be wear full PPE. If onsite activity related with electricity,
must use electrical protective shoes and electrical safety gloves.
2. Everyone must use full body harness and do not allow to climb above 2m without
working at height (WAH) certificate when working at 2m above height. (tower,
scaffolding, etc.,)
3. PPE must be inspected before using on site and must be qualified as per standard
requirement.
4. Site warning sign and all HS requirements must be on site.
5. Site construction and installation area must be firmly barricaded with green-net
and fence barrier tape.
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6. All members must fill daily safety checklist, health checklist and keep all
documents onsite (CPR instruction paper, ECC document).
7. It is not allowed to work without fire extinguisher, first aid, purified drinking
water.
8. Authorize sub con supervisor must be onsite for any activity.
9. Not allow child labor under 18 or any other form of unsuitable labor.
10. All member must be hold company ID cards, HS cards, skill card, working at
height certificate and electrical certificate when working onsite.

Figure 3.50 Export Control Compliance Training Document

3.13 Basic PPE for Each Type of Work

Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn
to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.

Table 3.2 PPE for Ground Work Activities

Head Full Hand Eye Foot Vest
Protection Body Protection Protection Protection
Harness

N/A

Table 3.3 PPE for Power Work Activities

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Head Full Body Hand Eye Foot Vest

Protection Harness Protection Protection Protection

N/A

Table 3.4 PPE for Working at Height Activities

Head Full Body Hand Eye Foot Vest
Protection Harness Protection Protection Protection

Table 3.5 PPE for Welding Work Activities

Head Full Body Hand Eye Foot Vest
Protection Harness Protection Protection Protection

N/A

Table 3.6 Certification Requirements for Each Person

ID card HS card Skill card WAH card ESC card
Team Leader Yes Yes Yes Optional Optional
FME Yes Yes Yes Optional Optional
Single FME Yes Yes Yes Yes Optional
Rigger Yes Yes No Yes Optional
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Figure 3.51 All HS, skill card and WAH photo

3.14 Most Challenging Tasks Performed

In Innovis Telecom Service Company, We have performed in each role according
to roles and responsibilities. Two students were assigned in Project Coordinator role,
another two students in Quality Control Coordinator role and one last student in Field
Maintenance Engineer role.

3.14.1 Project Coordinator Role

During our internship as a Project Coordinator at Innovis Telecom Services, we
were improved our communication skills with both local team members and foreign
regional managers. Starting in the 13th cycle of a four-month system that began in 2020,
we were responsible for monitoring site statuses like Preventive Maintenance Done,
Upload Pending, Wait Accept, Rejected, and Resubmit, tracked through Excel files. Our
tasks included checking the Eflow website three times a day, generating daily reports on
site IDs and responsible FMEs, and ensuring timely completion of maintenance tasks.
One challenge was bridging communication gaps between local team members and
foreign managers, which we addressed with a structured communication approach.
Ensuring accurate data updates required a careful checking process and setting reminders.
Encouraging FMEs involved regular follow-ups and support.
This internship enhanced our communication, project management, and data analysis
skills, providing valuable experience which are essential in the engineering field.
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3.14.2 Quality Control Coordinator Role

As a Quality Control Coordinator intern, our primary responsibility was to ensure
that preventive maintenance conducted by Field Maintenance Engineers (FMEs) met the
standards set by customers such as ZTE and Ooredoo. We communicated with team
leaders and FMEs to address any rejected sites, explaining the reasons for rejection and
providing necessary requirements for rectification.
The most significant challenge we faced was in addressing rejected sites. It
required thorough analysis and communication to understand why sites did not meet the
standards and to provide clear guidance for improvement. Additionally, learning about
the equipment and standards in the telecom field was crucial to effectively evaluate the
maintenance work done by FMEs. Another important aspect of our role was reviewing
and assessing the sites uploaded by FMEs within 48 hours to ensure timely verification
and compliance with standards.
Through these duties, we honed our skills in quality assurance, communication,
problem-solving, and technical understanding, preparing us for future roles in the
engineering field.

3.14.3 Field Maintenance Engineer Role

As an FME intern, I focused on maintaining sites according to customer
standards, like ZTE and Ooredoo. Communication was key, as I worked with team
leaders, QC Coordinator, and project coordinators to coordinate tasks effectively.
My duties included cleaning fans, filters, and fixing any issues that could cause
site problems, such as clearing bushes. I also took photos as per customer instructions,
capturing 179 points for RAN sites and 89 points for DWDM sites and then, report to QC
team.
Safety was crucial, so I always wore PPE in extreme weather. Sites had risks, so I
stayed alert to prevent accidents.
This internship taught me practical skills in maintenance, communication, and
safety, preparing me for future roles in the site engineering field.
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

We are glad to have like this internship program. This program is very useful to
us. First, we met a lot of people so we know how dealing with people approximately.
And, we gained many experiences, new knowledge and skills. Moreover, we know what
we need to prepare to get a job and to be convenient with other people in the job.
In this training, we studied many sectors such as basic telecommunication
infrastructure, radio access network, telecommunication transmission system and
telecommunication power structure. Moreover, we studied basic knowledge of
telecommunication components and absolute requirement of health and safety
environment.
The internship was very good to find out what we are interested in. And we can
choose a field that we really interested among many fields. We are interested in
Telecommunication Power System. So, we choose to go to telecom services company.
And we find out what our strength and weakness are. This helped us to know what
knowledge and skills we have to improve in the future.
At last, we gained new experiences and knowledge to success the professional life
in electrical power sector.